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Lifespan, longevity, and ageing

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Maximum longevity: 24 years (captivity) Observations: A highly endangered species, not much is known about the longevity of these animals. One captive specimen lived for 22.5 years (Richard Weigl 2005) and they can live up to 24 years in the wild (Ronald Nowak 2003). Nonetheless, their maximum longevity is likely underestimated.
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Trophic Strategy

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The diet of baiji consists of mainly, if not entirely, of fish. They use their long beaks to probe muddy bottoms for food. Their dives are short, lasting only 10-20 seconds. Baiji have poor eyesight but use a highly developed echolocation faculty to find food. These creatures seek food in the shallow water near sandbanks or close to the mouth of tributaries of the river.

Animal Foods: fish

Primary Diet: carnivore (Piscivore )

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Grigg, S. 2003. "Lipotes vexillifer" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Lipotes_vexillifer.html
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Sarah Grigg, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Allison Poor, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Behavior

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In the turbid waters of the Yangtze, vision is mostly useless, so baiji use echolocation to navigate and find food. They communicate with one another using whistles and other acoustic signals.

Communication Channels: acoustic

Perception Channels: tactile ; acoustic ; echolocation ; chemical

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Grigg, S. 2003. "Lipotes vexillifer" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Lipotes_vexillifer.html
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Sarah Grigg, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Conservation Status

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Lipotes vexillifer is probably the most endangered of all cetaceans. It is listed as critically endangered on the IUCN's Red List of Threatened Species, it is listed as endangered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and it is on CITES appendix I. The total population is estimated at less than 100 animals; surveys in the late 1990s put the minimum population estimate at 13. A 2006 survey of the entire range of L. vexillifer failed to find any individuals at all, and it is probable that the species is now extinct.

There are three major factors that threaten baiji survival: dams and floodgates that block fish migration in the river's tributaries and lakes, fisheries accidentally killing dolphins, and boat propellers. Population numbers also declined through hunting and development of irrigation facilities. The heavy pollution and underwater noise characteristic of the Yangtze also affects the Baiji. These stresses, as well as lack of food, can inhibit reproduction.

China began providing legal protection in 1975. Programs are being established to breed Lipotes vexillifer in captivity, though no one has yet succeeded at housing wild baiji for long. In 1992 an oxbow jutting off from the main Yangtze river was set aside as a reserve where baiji could be relocated and allowed to live under semi-natural conditions. In the face of ongoing degradation of the Yangtze river, this "ex-situ" conservation strategy may be the species' only hope for survival. In 2006, a survey of the entire range of baiji will be carried out by the baiji.org foundation in collaboration with Chinese administrators and the Institute for Hydrobiology. Scientists are hopeful this survey will give them a better idea of exactly how many baiji remain and where they are located, so that they can eventually be relocated to reserves.

US Federal List: endangered

CITES: appendix i

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: critically endangered

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Grigg, S. 2003. "Lipotes vexillifer" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Lipotes_vexillifer.html
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Sarah Grigg, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Benefits

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Baiji have no known negative effects on humans.

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Grigg, S. 2003. "Lipotes vexillifer" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Lipotes_vexillifer.html
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Sarah Grigg, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Benefits

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Baiji are important culturally as they have long been protected by custom. In the past, the fat of accidentally killed individuals was used for medicinal purposes and the flesh consumed. The current plight of baiji--designated a national treasure "of the first order" by China--has raised awareness of the need for conservation of river systems worldwide.

Positive Impacts: food ; source of medicine or drug ; research and education

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Grigg, S. 2003. "Lipotes vexillifer" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Lipotes_vexillifer.html
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Sarah Grigg, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Associations

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Baiji are top-level consumers in the Yangtze ecosystem.

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Grigg, S. 2003. "Lipotes vexillifer" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Lipotes_vexillifer.html
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Sarah Grigg, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Distribution

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Lipotes vexillifer, also known by the common name baiji, is found in China in the mouth of the Chang Jiang (Yangtze) to a point about 1900 km up the river, as well as in the middle and lower regions of the Quintangjiang River and in the Dongting and Poyang lakes.

Biogeographic Regions: palearctic (Native )

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Grigg, S. 2003. "Lipotes vexillifer" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Lipotes_vexillifer.html
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Sarah Grigg, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Habitat

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Baiji are freshwater dolphins that inhabit the lower reaches of China's Yangtze and Quintangjiang rivers, and in the Poyang and Dongting lakes. They prefer to stay near large eddies that form next to sandbars.

Habitat Regions: freshwater

Aquatic Biomes: lakes and ponds; rivers and streams

Other Habitat Features: riparian ; estuarine

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Grigg, S. 2003. "Lipotes vexillifer" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Lipotes_vexillifer.html
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Sarah Grigg, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Life Expectancy

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One wild-caught baiji was estimated to be 24 years of age; this number provides a minimum estimate of the lifespan of this species.

Range lifespan
Status: wild:
24 (low) years.

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Grigg, S. 2003. "Lipotes vexillifer" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Lipotes_vexillifer.html
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Sarah Grigg, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Allison Poor, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Morphology

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Baiji, like other dolphins, have streamlined, fusiform bodies. They have rounded flippers and long, beaklike, upturned snouts, which are completely hairless. Their small but functional eyes sit high on their heads, and their blowholes are elliptical and oriented longitudinally. Baiji are pale blue-grey dorsally and white ventrally. They have 30-36 teeth per side of both the upper and lower jaws. Baiji have no fore-stomachs but their main stomachs consist of three chambers, and they lack ceca. The skulls of these dolphins lack maxillary crests, and the palatal portions of the maxillae contact one another.

Female baiji are larger than males. Females range from 185 to 253 cm in length and weigh 64-167 kg, while males range from 141 to 216 cm in length and weigh 42-125 kg.

Range mass: 42 to 167 kg.

Range length: 141 to 253 cm.

Sexual Dimorphism: female larger

Other Physical Features: endothermic ; bilateral symmetry

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Grigg, S. 2003. "Lipotes vexillifer" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Lipotes_vexillifer.html
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Sarah Grigg, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Associations

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There are no reports of predation on baiji, except by humans.

Known Predators:

  • humans (Homo sapiens)
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Grigg, S. 2003. "Lipotes vexillifer" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Lipotes_vexillifer.html
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Sarah Grigg, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Reproduction

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The mating system of baiji is unknown.

Little is known about the reproductive activities of baiji. Ovulation in females is periodic and sperm density in males varies seasonally. The mating season peaks twice a year, in spring and in autumn. The gestation period estimates range from 6 to 12 months. Females give birth to one 80 cm long calf every two years. Baiji reach sexual maturity at 3 to 8 years of age.

Breeding interval: Female baiji breed once every two years.

Breeding season: The mating season peaks twice a year, in spring and in autumn.

Range number of offspring: 1 to 1.

Range gestation period: 6 to 12 months.

Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 3 to 8 years.

Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 3 to 8 years.

Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; viviparous

Average number of offspring: 1.

Mothers carry their calves close to the side of their bodies while swimming, diving, and coming up to breathe. It is unknown how long they nurse their young, and whether there is any association between mother and offspring after the young are weaned.

Parental Investment: pre-fertilization (Provisioning, Protecting: Female); pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female)

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Grigg, S. 2003. "Lipotes vexillifer" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Lipotes_vexillifer.html
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Sarah Grigg, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Allison Poor, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Biology

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Baijis have long been recognised as one of the world's rarest mammals, and are extremely shy animals, making observation of them in the wild extremely difficult. Consequently, relatively little is known of the species (6). They are most active through the night from early evening to early morning (3). They tend to live in small groups of three to four individuals, with the largest group ever seen comprising of 16 (2). A recent study found that they often swim with finless porpoises (Neophocaena phocaenoides), the only other cetacean in the Yangtze River, which is also threatened (classified as Endangered on the IUCN Red List) (1) (6). Baijis break the surface of the water without creating a splash and breathe smoothly (2). They feed on a wide range of freshwater fish (2), which are eaten whole (7). It is thought that breeding occurs in the first part of the year, with most births peaking between February and April (2).
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Conservation

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In Chinese folklore, the baiji is dubbed 'Goddess of the Yangtze', a beneficent animal once revered by the fishing people of the river. The species was declared a National Treasure of China and has been a protected species since 1975 (3). However, this had very little effect on the population, which continued to decline despite conservation efforts and legal protection. It was thought that the only chance to save the species from extinction would be to remove all of the surviving individuals from the Yangtze into the 'Baiji Semi-natural Reserve' which was created in 1992 (6). However, since the unsuccessful search for any surviving baijis in 2006, it is unlikely that a captive breeding programme will now ever be possible (4). The World Conservation Union (IUCN) has now classified the baiji as Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct); it cannot be definitively classified as Extinct until further surveys are undertaken (1). Sadly, it seems that this goddess of the Yangtze will be the first cetacean species to become extinct in modern times as a result of human activities (5).
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Description

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After an intensive, but fruitless, search for this rare cetacean in 2006, it is now believed that the baiji may be extinct; which would earn this dolphin the grim record of being the first cetacean to disappear as a result of human activity (4). It is a very shy and graceful freshwater dolphin, with a rather stocky body, roughly the size of an adult human (3). It is bluish-grey in colour becoming whitish on the underside, but seems white or greyish from a distance (3). In common with other river dolphins, it has a very long, narrow beak with a slightly upturned tip, and small eyes placed high up on the face (2). The dorsal fin is positioned low on the body and is triangular in shape, and the flippers are rounded (2) (5). Females tend to be larger than males (2). The baiji is the only species in this genus, the name of which, Lipotes, derives from the Greek for 'left behind', referring to its limited range (3).
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Habitat

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The baiji is an exclusive freshwater species (2). Within the Yangtze River, they are attracted to areas where tributaries meet the river, particularly where there are sand bars with large eddies (3) (6).
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Range

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In the past, this river dolphin's range extended from the mouth of the Yangtze River, China, upstream to 50 kilometres above the Gezhouba Dam (1). More recently, it was found only in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River (6), between two large tributary lakes, Dongting and Poyang (1). In 1997, just 17 individuals of this extremely rare species were seen; in 1999 this number fell to just four (6). During an expedition in November and December 2006 an intensive search was undertaken in the Yangtze River, but scientist failed to find a single baiji. It is now thought that the baiji may be extinct (4).
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Status

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Classified as Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct) [CR (PE)] on the IUCN Red List 2007 (1).
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Threats

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The Yangtze River is one of the world's busiest waterways (3), and is subject to a great range of human pressures that have had a devastating effect on the baiji. The main threat causing the decline of this species in recent years is illegal fishing using electricity, which has accounted for 40 percent of known deaths. The dolphins have also become caught in fishing gear, and engineering explosions used to keep navigation channels open are another source of mortality. Vessels carrying pesticides occasionally overturn, causing poisoning of the ecosystem, resulting in further deaths (6). An additional source of pollution comes from the 15.6 billion cubic meters of wastewater discharged into the Yangtze every year, 80 percent of which is not treated. A huge volume of boat traffic uses the river; noise levels are high and boat strikes a possibility. Furthermore, the banks of the Yangtze have been greatly modified in order to prevent flooding of adjacent land; such projects have great impacts on the ecosystem, both during construction and from the resulting habitat changes. Dam construction has been shown to reduce the availability of fish, which is exacerbated by over-fishing and pollution. The recent construction of the infamous Three Gorges Dam, the largest dam in the world, is likely to affect fish stocks and natural flooding patterns (2). For many years the baiji population is thought to have been very small, which in itself may have caused serious problems; small populations often suffer low genetic fitness and are often less able to adapt to environmental changes (2).
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Benefits

provided by FAO species catalogs
Conservation Status : With the possible exception of the vaquita, this is the most endangered of all cetaceans. The major source of mortality for baiji appears to be incidental catches in fishing gear, especially the so-called "rolling hooks" that are used to snag fish along the bottom of the Yangtze. Other threats include vessel collisions and disturbance, pollution, construction of dams, overfishing of prey species, and general modification of habitat through various human activities. Although China has declared the baiji a "Protected Animal of the First Order", there is still much uncertainty about the future of this species. IUCN: Endangered.
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Marine mammals of the world. Jefferson, T.A., S. Leatherwood & M.A. Webber - 1993. FAO species identification guide. Rome, FAO. 320 p. 587 figs. . 
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Diagnostic Description

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Outside of China, very little was known of the baiji's biology until recently. These animals are moderately robust, with long, slightly upturned beaks, rounded melons, low triangular dorsal fins (set about two-thirds of the way back from the snout tip), and broad rounded flippers. The eyes are small, compared to those of oceanic dolphins, but not as small as those of Platanista sp. Baiji, or Chinese river dolphins, are predominantly dark bluish grey above and light grey to white below. There are light brushings on the side of the face and the side of the tail stock. Each tooth row contains 31 to 38 conical teeth. Can be confused with: The only other small cetacean in the baiji's range is the finless porpoise, which can be readily distinguished by its darker coloration and absence of a dorsal fin.
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Marine mammals of the world. Jefferson, T.A., S. Leatherwood & M.A. Webber - 1993. FAO species identification guide. Rome, FAO. 320 p. 587 figs. . 
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Size

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Male baiji reach sizes of 2.3 m and 135 kg, and females reach 2.6 m and over 240 kg. Apparently, newborn baiji are less than 95 cm in length.
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Marine mammals of the world. Jefferson, T.A., S. Leatherwood & M.A. Webber - 1993. FAO species identification guide. Rome, FAO. 320 p. 587 figs. . 
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Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN
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Brief Summary

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Groups of 2 to 6 baiji are most commonly seen, but aggregations of up to 13 animals sometimes form. These dolphins are generally shy of boats, and their surfacings are shallow, often exposing only the top of the head, dorsal fin, and a small part of the back. The peak calving season appears to be February to April. A large variety of fish species make up the diet of the baiji.
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Marine mammals of the world. Jefferson, T.A., S. Leatherwood & M.A. Webber - 1993. FAO species identification guide. Rome, FAO. 320 p. 587 figs. . 
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Baiji ( Afrikaans )

provided by wikipedia AF

Die Baiji (Lipotes vexillifer) was 'n varswaterdolfyn wat net in die Yangtzerivier in China voorgekom het. In 2008 is verklaar dat dit funksioneel uitgestorwe is. Dit het vir sowat 20 miljoen jaar op aarde bestaan. Die laaste een is in Augustus 2007 gesien.

Verwysings

  1. Smith, B.D., Zhou, K., Wang, D., Reeves, R.R., Barlow, J., Taylor, B.L. & Pitman, R. (2008). Lipotes vexillifer. 2008 IUBN Rooi Lys van bedreigde spesies. Internasionale Unie vir die Bewaring van die Natuur 2008. Verkry op 7 Oktober 2008.
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Baiji: Brief Summary ( Afrikaans )

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Die Baiji (Lipotes vexillifer) was 'n varswaterdolfyn wat net in die Yangtzerivier in China voorgekom het. In 2008 is verklaar dat dit funksioneel uitgestorwe is. Dit het vir sowat 20 miljoen jaar op aarde bestaan. Die laaste een is in Augustus 2007 gesien.

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Çin çay delfini ( Azerbaijani )

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Göl delfinləri (lat. Lipotidae)balinakimilər dəstəsinə aid heyvan fəsiləsi.

Cinsləri

Mənbə

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Çin çay delfini: Brief Summary ( Azerbaijani )

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Göl delfinləri (lat. Lipotidae)balinakimilər dəstəsinə aid heyvan fəsiləsi.

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Baiji ( Breton )

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Ar Baiji, pe delfin Sina (Lipotes vexillifer) (Sinaeg: 白鱀豚) a zo un delfin dour dous kavet e stêr Yangtze e Sina. Arabat droukveskañ anezhañ gant delfin gwenn Sina (Sinaeg 中华白海豚). Roll ruz an IUCN a lak anezhañ da critically endangered ha disklêriañ a ra e c'hell bezañ aet da get [1]

War zigresk eo aet poblañs ar baijied goude m'he doa kroget Sina da c'hreantelaat ha da implijout ar Yangtze da besketa, treuzdougen traoù ha produiñ tredan. Bez' ez eus bet strivoù a-benn gwareziñ anezhañ met n'eo ket deuet a-benn an ergerzhadeg savet a-fetepañs da gavout baiji ebet er stêr e 2006. Disklêriet e oa bet aet da get en un doare gwerc'hel goude-se [2]. Ar baiji eo ar bronneg dour kentañ o vont da get abaoe morleon Japan ha reunig manac'h Karib.

E miz Eost 2007 en dije Zeng Yujiang filmet un aneval gwenn bras er Yangtze.[3]. Hervez Wang Kexiong eus skol-uhel hidrologiezh Akademizh Skiantoù Sina e c'hellfe bezañ ur baiji [4] met bezañs un aneval hepken n'eo ket a-walc'h da soñjal eo saveteet ar spesad.

Poblañs

Rummatadur

Ar baiji a c'hell bezañ renket er c'herentiad Lipotidae, Iniidae pe Platanistidae.

Ar spesad nemetañ eo er genad Lipotes.

Daveoù

  1. Smith, B.D., Zhou, K., Wang, D., Reeves, R.R., Barlow, J., Taylor, B.L. & Pitman, R. (2008). Lipotes vexillifer. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2008. Retrieved on 7 October 2008.
  2. "The Chinese river dolphin is functionally extinct", baiji.org (2006-12-13).
  3. "Rare Dolphin Seen in China, Experts Say", New York Times (2007-08-30). Retrieved on 2007-08-30.
  4. "White dolphine appears from the brink", AFP (2007-08-29). Retrieved on 2007-08-31.
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Baiji: Brief Summary ( Breton )

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Ar Baiji, pe delfin Sina (Lipotes vexillifer) (Sinaeg: 白鱀豚) a zo un delfin dour dous kavet e stêr Yangtze e Sina. Arabat droukveskañ anezhañ gant delfin gwenn Sina (Sinaeg 中华白海豚). Roll ruz an IUCN a lak anezhañ da critically endangered ha disklêriañ a ra e c'hell bezañ aet da get

War zigresk eo aet poblañs ar baijied goude m'he doa kroget Sina da c'hreantelaat ha da implijout ar Yangtze da besketa, treuzdougen traoù ha produiñ tredan. Bez' ez eus bet strivoù a-benn gwareziñ anezhañ met n'eo ket deuet a-benn an ergerzhadeg savet a-fetepañs da gavout baiji ebet er stêr e 2006. Disklêriet e oa bet aet da get en un doare gwerc'hel goude-se . Ar baiji eo ar bronneg dour kentañ o vont da get abaoe morleon Japan ha reunig manac'h Karib.

E miz Eost 2007 en dije Zeng Yujiang filmet un aneval gwenn bras er Yangtze.. Hervez Wang Kexiong eus skol-uhel hidrologiezh Akademizh Skiantoù Sina e c'hellfe bezañ ur baiji met bezañs un aneval hepken n'eo ket a-walc'h da soñjal eo saveteet ar spesad.

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Dofí de riu xinès ( Catalan; Valencian )

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El dofí del Iang-tsé o dofí de riu xinès (Lipotes vexillifer) és un dofí de riu que només es troba al riu Iang-Tsé de la Xina. Segons la Llista Vermella de la UICN el dofí de riu xinès és una espècie en perill greu (CR).[1] Juntament amb el gènere prehistòric Parapontoporia, forma la família dels lipòtids.

Història

Els registres fòssils indiquen que els dofins de riu xinesos van emigrar de l'oceà Pacífic al riu Iang-Tsé fa 20 milions d'anys. S'estima que hi havia uns 5.000 baijis quan foren descrits al diccionari de la dinastia Han "Erya".

Conservació

A la dècada del 1950, la població estimada de dofins de riu xinesos era d'un 6.000 individus,[2] però va disminuir ràpidament a les següents 5 dècades. Llavors el nombre va baixar als 400 a la dècada del 1980, i després a 13 el 1997. Actualment és el cetaci amb més perill d'extinció, segons el Llibre Guinness dels rècords,[3] l'últim baiji fou vist l'agost del 2007.[4]

Estudis sobre el nombre de baijis

Estudis sobre el nombre de dofins de riu xinesos entre el 1979 i el 1996[5] Any Àrea de l'estudi Núm. de km estudiats Núm. de baijis vistos Núm. estimat de baijis 1979[6] Wuhan-Chenglingji 230 19 - 1979[7] Nanjing-Taiyangzhou 170 10 - 1979-1981[8] Nanjing-Guichi 250 3-6 grups 400 1978-1985[9] Yichang-Nantong 1600 >20 grups 156 1985-1986[10] Yichang-Jiangyin 1510 42 grups 300 1979-1986[11] Fujiangsha-Hukou 630 78-79 100 1987-1990[12] Yichang-Shanghai 1669 108 200 1989-1991[13][14] Hukou-Zhenjian 500 29 120 1991-1996[15] Xinchang-Wuhan 413 42 <100

Camí cap a l'extinció

  • 1979: La Xina el declara en perill d'extinció.
  • 1983: La seva caça és il·legal.
  • 1986: Queden 300 baijis.
  • 1990: Queden 200 baijis.
  • 1994: Comença la construcció de la Presa de les Tres Gorges.
  • 1997: Queden menys de 50 baijis (se'n comptabilitzen 23).
  • 1998: Es troben 7 exemplars.
  • 2006: No es troba cap baiji en una expedició. Els organitzadors van declarar el baiji com a functionally extinct.[3]
  • 2007: Es fa una altra expedició per trobar-ne, però no se'n localitza cap.

Població

La població de dofins de riu xinesos ha disminuït dràsticament les recents dècades a la Xina i s'ha fet molt ús dels rius per pescar, fer hidroelectricitat, etc. L'última vegada que es va veure un dofí de riu xinès fou el 2004, amb una altra aparició d'un baiki no confirmada a l'agost del 2007.[4] Es feren esforços per a salvar l'espècie, però una expedició el 2006 va fallar i no va veure cap baiji al riu. Els organitzadors van declarar el baiji com a functionally extinct.[3]

Referències

  1. . Lipotes vexillifer. UICN 2008. Llista Vermella d'espècies amenaçades de la UICN, edició 2008, consultada el 20 octubre 2008.
  2. «Rescue Plan Prepared for Yangtze River Dolphins». China Daily, 11-07-2002. [Consulta: 18 desembre 2006].
  3. 3,0 3,1 3,2 «The Chinese river dolphin is functionally extinct». baiji.org, 13-12-2006.
  4. 4,0 4,1 «Rare Dolphin Seen in China, Experts Say». , 30-08-2007 [Consulta: 30 agost 2007].
  5. «Report of the Workshop on Conservation of the Baiji and Yangtze Finless Porpoise». [Consulta: 3 desembre 2006].
  6. Chen, P.; Liu, P., Liu, R., Lin, K., Pilleri, G. «Distribution, ecology, behaviour and protection of the dolphins in the middle reaches of the Changjiang River (Wuhan-Yueyang).». Oceanologica Limnologia Sinica, 11, 1980, pàg. 73–84.
  7. Zhou, K.; Pilleri, G., Li, Y. «Observations on baiji (Lipotes vexillifer) and finless porpoise (Neophocaena asiaorientalis) in the lower reaches of the Chiang Jiang.». Scientia sinica, 23, 1980, pàg. 785–795.
  8. Zhou, K.; Li, Y., Nishiwaki, M., Kataoka, T. «A brief report on observations of the baiji (Lipotes vexillifer) in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River between Nanjing and Guichi.». Acta Theriologica Sinica, 2, 1982, pàg. 253–254.
  9. Lin, K.; Chen, P. and Hua, Y. «Population size and conservation of Lipotes vexillifer.». Acta Zoologica Sinica, 5, 1985, pàg. 77-85. [translated by C.H. Perrin, edited by W.F. Perrin, Southwest Fisheries Science Center Administrative Report LJ-86-27]
  10. Chen, P. i Hua, Y. (1989) Distribution, population size and protection of Lipotes vexillifer. pàg. 78–81 In W.F. Perrin, R. L. Brownell, Jr., K. Zhou and J. Liu (editors), Biology and conservation of the river dolphins. Occasional Papers of the IUCN Species Survival Commission, No. 3.
  11. Zhou, K. and Li, Y. 1989. Status and aspects of the ecology and behaviour of the baiji (Lipotes vexillifer) in the lower Yangtze River. pàg. 86–91 In W. F. Perrin, R. L. Brownell Jr., K. Zhou and J. Liu (editors), Biology and conservation of the river dolphins. IUCN Species Survival Commission Occasional Paper 3.
  12. Chen, P.; Zhang, X., Wei, Z., Zhao, Q., Wang, X., Zhang, G. and Yang, J. «Appraisal of the influence upon baiji, Lipotes vexillifer by the Three-gorge Project and conservation strategy.». Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica, 17, 1993, pàg. 101-111.
  13. Zhou, K.; Sun, J. and Gao, A. «Photo-identification and population monitoring of the baiji (Lipotes vexillifer) on the lower Yangtze.». Working paper presented to Baiji Population and Habitat Viability Workshop, Nanjing, China. June 1–4 1993., 1993.
  14. Zhou, K.; Sun, J. and Gao, A. «The population status of the baiji in the lower reaches of the Yangtze.». Working paper presented to Baiji Population and Habitat Viability Workshop, Nanjing, China. June 1–4 1993, 1993.
  15. Wang, D.; Zhang, X., Liu, R. «Conservation status and the future of baiji and finless porpoise in the Yangtze River of China.». Report on the eight international symposium on river and lake environments. ISRLE'96, Wuhan, China., 1998.

Enllaços externs

 src= A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Dofí de riu xinès Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata


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Dofí de riu xinès: Brief Summary ( Catalan; Valencian )

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El dofí del Iang-tsé o dofí de riu xinès (Lipotes vexillifer) és un dofí de riu que només es troba al riu Iang-Tsé de la Xina. Segons la Llista Vermella de la UICN el dofí de riu xinès és una espècie en perill greu (CR). Juntament amb el gènere prehistòric Parapontoporia, forma la família dels lipòtids.

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Delfínovec čínský ( Czech )

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Delfínovec čínský (Lipotes vexillifer, čínsky 白鱀豚) je sladkovodní delfín, který se nalézá pouze v řece Jang-c’-ťiang a v jezeře Tung-tching-chu v Číně. Červený seznam IUCN 2007 jej klasifikuje jako kriticky ohrožený druh a uznává, že pravděpodobně vyhynul[2] v důsledku zhoršení podmínek prostředí, ve kterém žil.[3]

Popis

Je to ozubený kytovec dlouhý 2 až 2,5 metrů a váží průměrně 140 kg. Je zbarven modrošedě až šedě, na břiše je výrazně světlejší. Čelisti má protažené, zobákovité a nachází se v nich průměrně 132 až 144 zubů. Má sice funkční oči, ale jeho zrakové schopností jsou chabé. Při orientaci a lovu využívá echolokace. Je to málo prozkoumaný druh delfínovce. Žije ve skupinách tří až deseti jedinců, živí se převážně rybami.

Perspektiva

Populace delfínovců čínských se drasticky snížila v poslední desetiletích v důsledku industrializace Číny, hojnému lovu, využívání řeky k přepravě a v poslední době také stavby vodní elektrárny Tři soutěsky. Byla vyvíjena snaha o zachování druhu, ale poslední expedici v roce 2006 se nepodařilo v řece najít žádného delfínovce čínského. Pořadatelé expedice jej prohlásili za funkčně vyhynulého.[4]

V srpnu 2007 Zeng Yujiang údajně nahrál velké bílé zvíře plovoucí v řece Jang-c’-ťiang.[5] Ačkoliv Wang Kexiong z Institutu hydrobiologie z Čínské akademie věd předběžně potvrdil,[6] že zvíře na videu je pravděpodobně delfínovec čínský, přítomnost pouze jednoho nebo několika málo jedinců, zvláště v pokročilém věku, není dostatečná pro záchranu funkčně vyhynulého druhu od úplného vyhynutí. Poslední nesporné spatření bylo zaznamenáno v roce 2004.

V roce 1980 žilo v řece asi 400 delfínovců čínských. Pět let poté sotva polovina. A v roce 1998 jich přežívalo pouhých 13.

Odkazy

Reference

V tomto článku byl použit překlad textu z článku Baiji na anglické Wikipedii.

  1. Červený seznam IUCN 2018.1. 5. července 2018. Dostupné online. [cit. 2018-08-10]
  2. SMITH, B.D.; ZHOU, K.; WANG, D., Reeves R.R., Barlow, J., Taylor, B.L. & Pitman, R. Lipotes vexillifer [online]. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, 2008 [cit. 2008-11-15]. Dostupné online. (anglicky)
  3. BERKOVEC, Jiří; PRUDKÝ, Libor. Lipotes vexillifer (delfínovec čínský) [online]. BioLib.cz [cit. 2008-11-15]. Dostupné online.
  4. Overview [online]. Baiji.org foundation, 2006-12-13 [cit. 2008-11-15]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném dne 2007-01-04. (anglicky)
  5. Rare Dolphin Seen in China, Experts Say [online]. Beijing: New York Times, 2007-08-30 [cit. 2008-11-15]. Dostupné online. (anglicky)
  6. AFP. White Dolphin Appears From the Brink [online]. Discovery Channel, 2007-08-29 [cit. 2008-11-15]. Dostupné online. (anglicky)

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Delfínovec čínský: Brief Summary ( Czech )

provided by wikipedia CZ

Delfínovec čínský (Lipotes vexillifer, čínsky 白鱀豚) je sladkovodní delfín, který se nalézá pouze v řece Jang-c’-ťiang a v jezeře Tung-tching-chu v Číně. Červený seznam IUCN 2007 jej klasifikuje jako kriticky ohrožený druh a uznává, že pravděpodobně vyhynul v důsledku zhoršení podmínek prostředí, ve kterém žil.

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Kinesisk floddelfin ( Danish )

provided by wikipedia DA

Kinesisk floddelfin, også kaldet Yangtze floddelfin eller Baiji er en delfinart, med levested i Yangtzefloden i Kina. Dens officielle status er kritisk truet, men efter en månedlang ekspedition i 2006 betragtes den som uddød, da man ikke fandt de mindste spor af delfinen. Hvis det bekræftes at den er uddød, vil det være det første tilfælde af en udryddelse af et større pattedyr siden 1950erne, hvor den karibiske munkesæl og den japanske søløve blev udryddet.

Den sidste kinesiske floddelfin i fangenskab, hannen Qi Qi, døde i 2002 i det hydrobiologiske institut i Wuhan hvor den havde været siden den blev fanget i 1980.

Anatomi og morfologi

Voksne kinesiske floddelfiner blev omkring 2.3 meter lange, hunner omkring 2.5 meter og vægten var mellem 135 og 230 kilogram.[1] De er kendetegnet ved at have en veludviklet melon og et meget langt og smalt næb med mange tænder, velegnet til at fange fisk. Øjnene er næsten helt reducerede og ikke funktionelle. I stedet orienterer delfinen sig ved hjælp af ekkolokalisering. Rygfinnen er aflang, trekantet og ikke særligt høj, hvilket er typisk for arter der lever i floder eller andre lavvandede områder.

Udbredelse

Historisk har den Kinesiske floddelfin været udbredt over en 1,700 km lang strækning af mellemste og nedre Yangtze, fra Yichang i vest til udmundingen nær Shanghai. Siden 1950erne er dens levested blevet reduceret med mange hundrede km i begge ender og var til slut begrænset til strækningen mellem de to store søer Dongting og Poyang.[2]

Årsager til uddøen

World Conservation Union (IUCN) har opgjort følgende trusler mod arten: En periode med jagt under kulturrevolutionen, bifangst i fiskeriredskaber, illegalt elektrofiskeri, kollisioner med skibe, ødelæggelse af levesteder og forurening.[3] Byggeriet af De Tre Slugters Dæmning betød yderligere tab af levesteder og øget skibstrafik.

Tidslinje

  • 1950erne: Bestanden skønnet til ca. 6.000 dyr
  • 1958-1962: Kulturrevolutionen betyder at delfinens traditionelle status som helligt dyr ophæves.
  • 1970: Gezhouba dæmningen påbegyndes
  • 1979: Kina erklærer floddelfinen truet
  • 1983: Jagt forbydes
  • 1984: Folddelfinens kritiske status bliver almindeligt kendt i Kina[4]
  • 1986: Bestanden skønnes til 300 dyr
  • 1989: Gezhouba dæmningen færdigbygget
  • 1990: Bestanden skønnes til 200 dyr
  • 1994: Byggeriet af De Tre Slugters Dæmning begynder
  • 1996: IUCN kategoriserer arten som Kritisk truet
  • 1997: Bestanden skønnet til at være under 50. En optælling finder 13 dyr.
  • 1998: 7 dyr set ved optælling
  • 2003: De Tre Slugters Dæmning begynder at fylde resevoiret
  • 2004: Sidste bekræftede observation
  • 2006: Omfattende optælling finder ingen dyr
  • 2007: Resultaterne af optællingen offentliggjort og arten erklæret funktionelt uddød[5]

Referencer

  1. ^ Nowak, R.M. 1999. Walker's Mammals of the World. 6th Ed. The Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, Baltimore.
  2. ^ Reeves, R.R., Smith, B.D., Crespo,E.A. & Notarbartolo di Sciara, G. (eds.) (2003) Dolphins, Whales and Porpoises: 2002-2010 Conservation Action Plan for the World’s Cetaceans. IUCN/SSC Cetacean Specialist Group. IUCN, Glad, Switzerland and Cambridge, U.K.
  3. ^ Smith, B.D., Zhou, K., Wang, D., Reeves, R.R., Barlow, J., Taylor, B.L. & Pitman, R. 2008. Lipotes vexillifer. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2015.4.
  4. ^ Adams, Douglas. Last Chance to See.
  5. ^ Samuel T. Turvey, Robert L. Pitman m.fl. (2007). First human-caused extinction of a cetacean species? Biology Letters 3(5):537-540.

Henvisninger

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Wikimedia Commons har medier relateret til:
  • US National Marine Fisheries Service baiji web page
  • ARKive – images and movies of the Baiji (Lipotes vexillifer)
  • The Baiji Foundation – Networking Expertise for Conservation of Freshwater Biodiversity
  • The Nature Conservancy's Species Profile: Yangtze Dolphin
  • Animal Info page on Baiji
  • Online documentary about Yangtze River Dolphin – Whale Trackers
  • World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) – species profile for River Dolphins
  • license
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    copyright
    Wikipedia-forfattere og redaktører
    original
    visit source
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    Kinesisk floddelfin: Brief Summary ( Danish )

    provided by wikipedia DA

    Kinesisk floddelfin, også kaldet Yangtze floddelfin eller Baiji er en delfinart, med levested i Yangtzefloden i Kina. Dens officielle status er kritisk truet, men efter en månedlang ekspedition i 2006 betragtes den som uddød, da man ikke fandt de mindste spor af delfinen. Hvis det bekræftes at den er uddød, vil det være det første tilfælde af en udryddelse af et større pattedyr siden 1950erne, hvor den karibiske munkesæl og den japanske søløve blev udryddet.

    Den sidste kinesiske floddelfin i fangenskab, hannen Qi Qi, døde i 2002 i det hydrobiologiske institut i Wuhan hvor den havde været siden den blev fanget i 1980.

    license
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    original
    visit source
    partner site
    wikipedia DA

    Chinesischer Flussdelfin ( German )

    provided by wikipedia DE

    Der Chinesische Flussdelfin (Lipotes vexillifer), auch als Jangtse-Delfin oder Baiji (chinesisch 白鱀豚, Pinyin báijìtún) bekannt, ist ein ausschließlich im mittleren und unteren Einzugsgebiet des Jangtsekiang beheimateter Flussdelfin. Er gilt seit den 1980er Jahren als eines der seltensten Säugetiere der Welt und ist vermutlich bereits ausgestorben.[1]

    Der Name Lipotes leitet sich von dem griechischen Wort leipos ab, welches mit zurückgeblieben oder übriggeblieben übersetzt werden kann und sich auf das sehr begrenzte Verbreitungsgebiet der Art bezieht. Vexillifer leitet sich ab von den Silben vexillum für Fahne und fer für tragen, bedeutet also fahnentragend.

    Merkmale

    Der Chinesische Flussdelfin wird bis zu 2,40 Meter lang und bis zu 160 Kilogramm schwer. Dabei bleiben die Männchen wahrscheinlich mit etwa 2,20 Metern und einem Gewicht von 125 Kilogramm etwas kleiner als die Weibchen. Er ist oberseits blassgrau bis -bläulich und unterseits weiß gefärbt. Die weißliche Bauchfärbung reicht im Wangenbereich und an der Schwanzwurzel weit nach oben. Auch die Fluken und die Flipper tragen oberseits eine graue und unterseits eine weiße Färbung. Er hat eine kleine dreieckige Rückenfinne mit abgestumpfter Spitze. Die fast schnabelartige Schnauze ist deutlich vom Kopf abgesetzt und zur Spitze leicht aufwärts gebogen. Sie ist sehr schmal und hat pro Kieferhälfte zwischen 31 und 35 gleichartig geformte, kegelförmige Zähne. Die Stirn ist steil abfallend, und die Augen sind verkümmert, aber nicht funktionslos. Sie sitzen relativ hoch am Kopf.[2]

    Verbreitung

     src=
    Verbreitung des Chinesischen Flussdelfins

    Ursprünglich glaubte man, dass der Chinesische Flussdelfin auf den Dongting-See beschränkt sei, ehe man in den 1970er Jahren erkannte, dass er auf einer Länge von 1600 Kilometer von der Mündung des Jangtsekiang aufwärts bis etwa auf die Höhe von Yichang[2] sowie im benachbarten ostchinesischen Fluss Qiantang zu finden war. Etwa alle vier Kilometer konnte ein Flussdelfin gefunden werden. Bei Hochwasser drangen die Tiere auch in Nebenarme des Flusses und Seen vor. Aus dem Dongting-See verschwand er, nachdem sich in dem Gewässer durch die Landwirtschaft sehr große Mengen Sediment angesammelt hatten. Danach wurde er nur noch im breiten, langsam fließenden Mittelteil des Jangtsekiang gesichtet.

    Lebensweise

     src=
    Das Kladogramm aus der Erstbeschreibung von Inia ara­guai­aen­sis zeigt den Chinesischen Flussdelfin als Schwestergruppe einer Klade aus der Gattung Inia und dem La-Plata-Delfin.

    Über die Lebensweise ist wenig bekannt. Wegen der verkümmerten Augen sind Chinesische Flussdelfine auf Echo-Ortung beim Beutefang angewiesen. Ihre Nahrung sind ausschließlich Fische, die sie auf nur 20 Sekunden währenden Tauchgängen erbeuten. Das Spektrum der Beutefische ist sehr groß, die Hauptbeute stellen dabei aalartig langgestreckte Welsarten dar, die sie am Gewässerboden jagen.

    Der Chinesische Flussdelfin lebt als Einzelgänger. Früher war er eher in Paaren oder Kleingruppen von drei bis sechs Tieren anzutreffen, gelegentlich wurden auch Gruppen bis zu zehn Tieren gesichtet. Die meiste Zeit hält sich der Flussdelfin knapp unter der Wasseroberfläche auf. Beim Auftauchen kommt zuerst der Kopf zum Vorschein, und das Tier taucht mit einer buckelförmigen Krümmung wieder ab. Die Fluke taucht dabei nicht auf.

    Über das Fortpflanzungsverhalten der Chinesischen Flussdelfine ist so gut wie nichts bekannt. Die Jungtiere kamen mit weniger als 95 Zentimeter Körperlänge und zehn Kilogramm Körpergewicht auf die Welt.

    In Gefangenschaft wurden nur zwei Tiere gehalten. Dabei handelte es sich um das männliche Tier Qiqi, das von einem Fischer verletzt und danach von 1980 bis 2002 im Wuhan Institute of Hydrobiology gehalten wurde, sowie um ein weiteres Tier, das ein Jahr lang (1996 bis 1997) im Shishou Semi-natural Baiji Dolphin Sanctuary lebte und dann verstarb. 1998 wurde außerdem ein Weibchen nahe Shanghai eingefangen, es verweigerte allerdings die Nahrung und starb einen Monat später.

    Systematik

    Der Chinesische Flussdelfin wurde 1918 durch den US-amerikanischen Zoologen Gerrit Smith Miller beschrieben.[3] Nach Fossilfunden besiedelte der Flussdelfin den Jangtsekiang vor etwa 20 Millionen Jahren aus dem Pazifik.[4] Er ist der einzige Vertreter der Gattung Lipotes.

    Die Systematik der Flussdelfine ist noch nicht völlig geklärt. Während früher alle Vertreter dieser Gruppe als konvergent und nicht miteinander verwandt betrachtet wurden, ging man später davon aus, dass der Amazonasdelfin (Inia geoffrensis) und der La-Plata-Delfin (Pontoporia blainvillei) miteinander verwandt sind, während der Chinesische Flussdelfin die Schwestergruppe einer gemeinsamen Klade dieser beiden Flussdelfinarten mit den Delfinartigen (Delphinoidea) ist.[5][6] In letzter Zeit zeigen molekulargenetischen Untersuchungen jedoch, dass der Chinesischen Flussdelfin näher mit den übrigen Flussdelfinen verwandt ist als mit den Delfinartigen.[7][8] Wilson & Reeder (2005) klassifizieren sie deshalb in die gemeinsamen Familie Iniidae. Modernere Systematiken klassifizieren den Chinesischen Flussdelfin dagegen in eine eigenständige, monotypische Familie, die Lipotidae.[9][10]

    Bestand und Bedrohung

    Die erste Beschreibung der Tiere stammt aus der Naturenzyklopädie Erya aus der Han-Dynastie (206 v. Chr. bis 220 n. Chr.). Biologen schätzen, dass zu dieser Zeit noch etwa 5.000 Flussdelfine im Jangtsekiang lebten. 1978 wurde zur Erforschung der Tiere das Süßwasserdelfin-Forschungszentrum (淡水海豚研究中心) der chinesischen Akademie der Wissenschaften gegründet.

    Im ostchinesischen Fluss Qiantang war der Flussdelfin schon seit den 1950er Jahren nicht mehr gesehen worden. Um 1980 wurde der Bestand im Jangtsekiang auf rund 400 Tiere geschätzt. Vor allem die chinesische Industrialisierung hatte dem Bestand dieser Tiere sehr zugesetzt. Die Verschmutzung des Jangtse, der übermäßige Schiffsverkehr sowie häufiges Verfangen in Fischernetzen („Beifang“) hatten die Art an den Rand des Aussterbens gebracht. Viele dokumentierte Todesfälle werden der Leinen- und Hakenfischerei auf Störe (Chinesischer Stör, Jangtse-Stör und Schwertstör) zugeschrieben, hinzu kamen häufige Kollisionen mit Motorbooten, deren Anzahl sich auf dem Jangtsekiang massiv vermehrte.

    Obwohl die Volksrepublik China den Delfin bereits 1979 als gefährdete Art erkannte und 1983 unter strengsten Schutz stellte sowie ein Jagdverbot erließ, veränderten sich die für das Tier bedrohlichen Umstände nicht. 1986 wurden bei einer Zählung noch 300 Baijis festgestellt, 1990 lag die Population bei etwa 200 Tieren. Bis 1997 verringerte sich diese Zahl auf geschätzt höchstens 50; 23 Tiere wurden tatsächlich gezählt. 1998 waren es schließlich nur noch sieben Tiere. 2001 wurde ein gestrandetes Weibchen gefunden, und 2002 wurde letztmals ein lebendes Tier fotografiert.

    In den Jahren 2006 und 2007 wurden mehrere Versuche unternommen, lebende Exemplare des Chinesischen Flussdelfins zu finden. Diese waren jedoch erfolglos, weshalb die beteiligten Wissenschaftler davon ausgingen, der Flussdelfin sei endgültig ausgestorben.[11][12] Der Baiji-Delfin wäre damit die erste in historischer Zeit ausgestorbene Walart. Allerdings tauchten 2007 in der Presse auch Berichte auf, dass der Flussdelfin weiterhin von Einheimischen gesehen und sogar gefilmt worden sei.[13] 2016 vermeldete ein Team chinesischer Amateur-Naturschützer die Sichtung eines Flussdelfins in der Nähe der Stadt Wuhu. Zoologen halten die jüngsten Sichtungen für Verwechslungen mit Glattschweinswalen.[14]

    Literatur

    • Mark Carwardine: Wale und Delphine. Delius Klasing, Bielefeld 1996, ISBN 3-7688-0949-8 (hochwertiger Führer)
    • Mark Carwardine: Delphine. Biologie, Verbreitung, Beobachtung in freier Wildbahn. Naturbuch, Augsburg 1996, ISBN 3-89440-226-1 (informativer Bildband)
    • Ralf Kiefner: Wale und Delphine weltweit. Pazifischer Ozean, Indischer Ozean, Rotes Meer, Atlantischer Ozean, Karibik, Arktis, Antarktis. Jahr Top Special, Hamburg 2002, ISBN 3-86132-620-5 (Führer der Zeitschrift „tauchen“, sehr detailliert)
    • R. R. Reeves, B. S. Stewart, P. J. Clapham, J. A. Powell: Sea Mammals of the World. A Complete Guide to Whales, Dolphins, Seals, Sea Lions and Sea Cows. Black, London 2002, ISBN 0-7136-6334-0 (Führer mit zahlreichen Bildern).
    • Gérard Soury: Das große Buch der Delphine. Delius Klasing, Bielefeld 1997, ISBN 3-7688-1063-1 (detailreicher Bildband)
    • Rüdiger Wandrey: Die Wale und Robben der Welt. Franckh-Kosmos Verlags GmbH, 1997, ISBN 3-440-07047-6
    • M. Würtz, N. Repetto: Underwater world. Dolphins and Whales. White Star Guides, Vercelli 2003, ISBN 88-8095-943-3 (Bestimmungsbuch)
    • Douglas Adams, Mark Carwardine: Die Letzten ihrer Art. Heyne, München 1992, ISBN 3-453-06115-2
    • D. E. Wilson und D. M. Reeder: Mammal Species of the World. Johns Hopkins University Press 2005 ISBN 0-8018-8221-4

    Einzelnachweise

    1. sueddeutsche.de: Vergebliche Suche nach dem Letzten seiner Art
    2. a b Wandrey (1997), Seite 121 u. 122.
    3. Gerrit S. Miller (1918). A new river-dolphin from China. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 68 (9): 1–12.
    4. Yongchen Wang: Farewell to the baiji. China Dialogue. 10. Januar 2007. Archiviert vom Original am 28. September 2007. Abgerufen am 24. September 2019.
    5. Insa Cassens, Saverio Vicario, Victor G. Waddell, Heather Balchowsky, Daniel Van Belle, Wang Ding§, Chen Fan, R. S. Lal Mohan, Paulo C. Simoes-Lopesi, Ricardo Bastida, Axel Meyer, Michael J. Stanhope & Michel C. Milinkovitch: Independent adaptation to riverine habitats allowed survival of ancient cetacean lineages. PNAS, Oktober 10, 2000, vol. 97, no. 21
    6. Healy Hamilton, Susana Caballero, Allen G. Collins, Robert L. Brownell: Evolution of river dolphins. Proceedings of the Royal Society, DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2000.1385
    7. etwa Laura May-Collado und Ingi Agnarsson: Cytochrome b and Bayesian inference of whale phylogeny. In: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 38 (2006), S. 344–354. PDF
    8. John Gatesy, Jonathan H. Geisler, Joseph Chang, Carl Buell, Annalisa Berta, Robert W. Meredith, Mark S. Springer, Michael R. McGowen: A phylogenetic blueprint for a modern whale, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 2012, Volume 66, Issue 2, Februar 2013, Pages 479–506, doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2012.10.012
    9. Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier: Handbook of the Mammals of the World - Volume 4, Sea Mammals. Lynx Edicions, Juli 2014, ISBN 978-84-96553-93-4
    10. In webarchive.org: The Society for Marine Mammalogy: List of Marine Mammal Species & Subspecies, vom 6. Januar 2015. Abgerufen am 13. März 2019
    11. Nature, Band 440, S. 1096 (27. April 2006)
    12. GEO.de: Die erste vom Menschen ausgerottete Walart: der Chinesische Flussdelfin. Abgerufen am 13. März 2019
    13. Neue Zürcher Zeitung: Ein Baiji im Jangtse gefilmt?
    14. The Guardian: China's 'extinct' dolphin may have returned to Yangtze river, say conservationists. Bericht vom 11. Oktober 2016. Abgerufen am 13. März 2019
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    Chinesischer Flussdelfin: Brief Summary ( German )

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    Der Chinesische Flussdelfin (Lipotes vexillifer), auch als Jangtse-Delfin oder Baiji (chinesisch 白鱀豚, Pinyin báijìtún) bekannt, ist ein ausschließlich im mittleren und unteren Einzugsgebiet des Jangtsekiang beheimateter Flussdelfin. Er gilt seit den 1980er Jahren als eines der seltensten Säugetiere der Welt und ist vermutlich bereits ausgestorben.

    Der Name Lipotes leitet sich von dem griechischen Wort leipos ab, welches mit zurückgeblieben oder übriggeblieben übersetzt werden kann und sich auf das sehr begrenzte Verbreitungsgebiet der Art bezieht. Vexillifer leitet sich ab von den Silben vexillum für Fahne und fer für tragen, bedeutet also fahnentragend.

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    Baiji ( Scots )

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    The baiji (Cheenese: ; pinyin: Aboot this soondbáijìtún ) (Lipotes vexillifer, Lipotes meanin "left behind", vexillifer "flag bearer") wis a freshwatter dowphin foond anly in the Yangtze River in Cheenae. Nicknamed "Goddess o the Yangtze" (simplifeed Cheenese: 长江女神; traditeeonal Cheenese: 長江女神; pinyin: Cháng Jiāng nǚshén) in Cheenae, the dowphin is an aa cried Cheenese river dowphin, Yangtze River dowphin, whitefin dowphin an Yangtze dowphin. It is nae tae be confused wi the Cheenese white dowphin or the finless porpoise.

    The baiji population declined drastically in decades as Cheenae industrialized an made hivy uise o the river for fishin, transportation, an hydroelectricity. Efforts wur made tae conserve the species, but a late 2006 expedeetion failed tae find ony baiji in the river. Organizers declared the baiji functionally extinct,[4] which wad mak it the first knt aquatic mammal species tae acome extinct syne the demise o the Japanese sea lion an the Caribbean monk seal in the 1950s. It wad an aa be the first recordit extinction o a well-studied cetacean species (it is unclear if some previously extinct varieties wur species or subspecies) tae be directly attributable tae human influence.

    In August 2007, a Cheenese man reportitly videotaped a lairge white ainimal soummin in the Yangtze.[5] Altho it wis tentatively confirmed that the ainimal on the video is probably a baiji,[6] the presence o anly ane or a few ainimals, parteecularly o advanced age, is nae enough tae save a functionally extinct species frae true extinction. The last kent livin baiji wis Qi Qi (淇淇), who died in 2002.

    References

    1. Mead, J. G.; Brownell, R. L., Jr. (2005). "Order Cetacea". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 723–743. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
    2. Smith, B.D., Zhou, K., Wang, D., Reeves, R.R., Barlow, J., Taylor, B.L. & Pitman, R. (2008). "Lipotes vexillifer". IUCN Reid Leet o Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. Internaitional Union for Conservation o Naitur. Retrieved January 18, 2013.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors leet (link)
    3. 3.0 3.1 Miller, Gerrit S (1918). "A new river-dolphin from China". Smithsonian miscellaneous collections. 68 (9): 1–12.
    4. "The Chinese river dolphin is functionally extinct". baiji.org. December 13, 2006. Archived frae the oreeginal on January 4, 2007. Retrieved December 13, 2006. Cite uses deprecated parameter |deadurl= (help)
    5. "Rare Dolphin Seen in China, Experts Say". New York Times. August 30, 2007. Retrieved August 30, 2007.
    6. "White dolphine appears from the brink". AFP. August 29, 2007. Retrieved August 31, 2007.
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    Baiji: Brief Summary ( Scots )

    provided by wikipedia emerging languages

    The baiji (Cheenese: ; pinyin: Aboot this soondbáijìtún ) (Lipotes vexillifer, Lipotes meanin "left behind", vexillifer "flag bearer") wis a freshwatter dowphin foond anly in the Yangtze River in Cheenae. Nicknamed "Goddess o the Yangtze" (simplifeed Cheenese: 长江女神; traditeeonal Cheenese: 長江女神; pinyin: Cháng Jiāng nǚshén) in Cheenae, the dowphin is an aa cried Cheenese river dowphin, Yangtze River dowphin, whitefin dowphin an Yangtze dowphin. It is nae tae be confused wi the Cheenese white dowphin or the finless porpoise.

    The baiji population declined drastically in decades as Cheenae industrialized an made hivy uise o the river for fishin, transportation, an hydroelectricity. Efforts wur made tae conserve the species, but a late 2006 expedeetion failed tae find ony baiji in the river. Organizers declared the baiji functionally extinct, which wad mak it the first knt aquatic mammal species tae acome extinct syne the demise o the Japanese sea lion an the Caribbean monk seal in the 1950s. It wad an aa be the first recordit extinction o a well-studied cetacean species (it is unclear if some previously extinct varieties wur species or subspecies) tae be directly attributable tae human influence.

    In August 2007, a Cheenese man reportitly videotaped a lairge white ainimal soummin in the Yangtze. Altho it wis tentatively confirmed that the ainimal on the video is probably a baiji, the presence o anly ane or a few ainimals, parteecularly o advanced age, is nae enough tae save a functionally extinct species frae true extinction. The last kent livin baiji wis Qi Qi (淇淇), who died in 2002.

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    Baijio ( Ido )

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    Lipotes vexillifer.png

    La baijii (Latina linguo: Lipotes vexillifer) esas delfino fluviala qua nur habitis la Chiniana fluvio Yangce. Altra nomi por tadentizita cetaceo esas: beiji, pai-chi, delfino de blanka floso, delfino di la fluvio Yangce, mem en Chinia onu nomizas olu Deino di la Yangce (長江 女神). Desfortunoze ta deino ne esas nemortiva, fakte grupo de ciencisti exploris ye 2006 la fluvio Yangce dum plura semani e trovis nula delfino. La Deino di la Yangce esas speco fakte extingita.

    Anatomio

    Le “baiji” esas delfini fluviala di qua maxima longitudo esas 2.5 metri e pezo cirkum duacent kilogrami. La quar yari evanta delfinuli e la sis yari evanta delfinini esas sexuale matura. En singla duesma yaro naskas delfino qua alaktesas da lua matro dum un yaro. La baijii povas vivar cirkum 24 yari.

    Malgre ke ta delfini povis natar kun granda rapideso (60 km/h) li preferis natar plu lente, kun rapideso de 10-15 kilometri hore. Dum lenta natado li povis uzar lia povoza “sonaro” por trovar fishi quin li kaptis e devoris da ta blanka cetaceo fluviala. En la ne-diafana aquo di la Yangce la okuli ne esas tre utila, yen pro quo olti di la baijii esis mikra.

    Segun la trovita fosili ta delfini habitis la oceano Pacifiko ma ekmigris olu e habiteskis la fluvio Yangce ye duadek milion yari ante nun. La Yangce esas fluvio tre granda, ma irgakaze ne enorma, do la nombro de delfini nulatempe esis tro granda ma suficanta por la existo de ta speco dum milioni di yari. Dum la ero Han la nombro de ta cetacei esis adminime kinamil, segun esas lektebla en la libro Erya.

    L'extingo, yaro per yaro

     src=
    Kompariva grandeso inter baijio e homo.
    • 1979 - Chinia oficaligas ke la baijio esas speco qua riskas extingesar.
    • 1983 - Interdiktesas lua chaso.
    • 1986 - Duras vivar cirkum triacent delfini.
    • 1989 - Finesas la konstrukto de la digo Gezhouba.
    • 1990 - Duras vivar duacent delfini.
    • 1994 - Konstrukteskas la enorma digo di la Tri Vali.
    • 1997 - Nur 23 delfini esas videbla vivanta, do la nombro totala de delfini vivanta probable ne esas plu granda kam 50.
    • 1998 Nur videblesas sep baijii vivanta en la Yangce.
    • 2003 La digo di la Tri Vali plenigeskas kun la aquo di la fluvio Yangce.
    • 2006 Dum detaloza exploro trovesas nula delfino vivanta, do maxim probable Lipotes vexillifer esas speco extingita.

    Recente Chinia rikonocis la extingo-risko de la fluvio-delfino. En 1978 la Akademio China pri Cienco fondis la Inquesteyo pri la Fluviala Delfino, dependanta de la Instituto Wuhan pri Hidrobiologio. Irgakaze la laboro da ta Instituto nulatempe esis intensa nek efikiva. La unesma organizuro qua protekteskis la baijio esis la Fonduro “Delfino Baijio”, di Wuhan. Ta organizuro naskis en 1996, e kolektis cirkum 100000 dolar qui uzesis por konservar celuli “in vitro” di la delfino di la Yangce e por sustenar la delfineyo di Shishou olqua regretinde inundesis en 1998. Douglas Adams e Mark Carwardine fotografis e video-registragis baijii por la BBC. Lia registraguri spektigesis televizionale kun la titulo “Lastafoye videbla” (Last Chance to See). Libro samtitulizita publikigesis en 1990, en ta libro esis fotografuri di delfinulo kaptita, nomizita Qi Qi, qua vivis en la delfineyo di la Instituto de Hidrobiologio di Wuhan de 1980 til la 14ma di julio 2002. Ta delfino deskovresis da peskisto en la lako Dongting, ed olu esis la unika delfino habitanta la delfineyo. Altra baijio kaptita en 1996 mortis en 1997 en la Rezerveyo Mi-naturala di Shishou Tian-e-Zhou. Delfinino trovesis en la insulo Chongming, proxim Shangai en 1998, ma dum lua kaptiveso, duranta un monato, ta baijio refuzis omna nutrivi e fine mortis pro hungro.

    La baijio observesis lastafoye ye septembro 2004. Ye la 4ma di decembro 2006 la novaji-agenterio Xinhua dissavigis ke dum detaloza serchado durinta sis semani da grupo de triadek ciencisti, mem kun sono-detektili submersebla, nula baijio trovesis en la fluvio Yangce. Certe ankore povas existar ula baijii vivanta qui ne observesis da la ciencisti, ma mem le maxim optimista opinionas ke la nombro de delfini vivanta ne esus irgakaze suficanta por evitar la extingo. La delfino fluviala di la Yangce, la deino di la fluvio, la baijio, deklaresis oficale “speco extingita”.

    Pro quo extingesis?

    Ne esas unika ma plura kauzi qui extingis ta anciena speco. Sendube la nelegala chaso, qua sempre existis, esas kulpanta, ma anke la pesko ecesanta, la dogi, la kontaminita aquo di la fluvio e la shoki kontre motorizita navi.

    La ciencisti intencis kaptar la vivanta baijii e transpozar oli en proxima lago por salvar ta cetaceo, ma ta intenco arivis kun tardeso, desfortunoze ne pluse existas vivanta beijii, la deino di la fluvio Yangce nur existas en la memoro.

    Ica pagino uzas kontenajo de la revuo ADAVANE numero 23, publikigita sub la Creative Commons Licence 2.0.
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    Baijio: Brief Summary ( Ido )

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    Lipotes vexillifer.png

    La baijii (Latina linguo: Lipotes vexillifer) esas delfino fluviala qua nur habitis la Chiniana fluvio Yangce. Altra nomi por tadentizita cetaceo esas: beiji, pai-chi, delfino de blanka floso, delfino di la fluvio Yangce, mem en Chinia onu nomizas olu Deino di la Yangce (長江 女神). Desfortunoze ta deino ne esas nemortiva, fakte grupo de ciencisti exploris ye 2006 la fluvio Yangce dum plura semani e trovis nula delfino. La Deino di la Yangce esas speco fakte extingita.

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    Lipotes vexillifer ( Interlingua (International Auxiliary Language Association) )

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    Lipotes vexillifer es un specie de Lipotes.

    Nota
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    Pe̍h-kî-thûn ( Nan )

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    Pe̍h-kî-thûn (Hoâ-gí: 白鱀/白鰭), Tiong-kok Tn̂g-kang (Tiông-kang) ê 1 chióng hô hái-ti, tī 2006 nî 12 goe̍h hông soan-pò͘ "bia̍t-cho̍at" [1].

    Goā-pō͘ liân-kiat

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    Pe̍h-kî-thûn: Brief Summary ( Nan )

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    Pe̍h-kî-thûn (Hoâ-gí: 白鱀/白鰭), Tiong-kok Tn̂g-kang (Tiông-kang) ê 1 chióng hô hái-ti, tī 2006 nî 12 goe̍h hông soan-pò͘ "bia̍t-cho̍at" [1].

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    யாங்சி ஆற்று ஓங்கில் ( Tamil )

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    யாங்சி ஆற்று ஓங்கில் (Yangtze River Dolphin) ஆசியா கண்டத்தில் சீனா நாட்டின் உள்ளேயே ஓடும் மிக நீளமான நதியான யாங்சியின் நீர்பரப்பில் வாழ்ந்த திமிங்கிலம் ஆகும். இவ்வகையான மீன்கள் பலதொகுதிமரபு உயிரினத் தோற்றம் கொண்டு நண்ணீரில் மட்டுமே வாழும் தகவமைப்பைக்கொண்டது. இவை ஐ.யூ.சி.என்னின் பட்டியல் கணக்குப்படி 2008 ஆம் ஆண்டு முதல் அழிந்துவிட்டதாக கூறப்பட்டுள்ளது.[4]

    மேற்கோள்கள்

    1. Mead, J.G.; Brownell, R. L. Jr. (2005). "Order Cetacea". in Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ). Johns Hopkins University Press. பக். 723–743. பன்னாட்டுத் தரப்புத்தக எண்:978-0-8018-8221-0. இணையக் கணினி நூலக மையம்:62265494. http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?id=14300143.
    2. "Lipotes vexillifer (Chinese river dolphin)".
    3. Smith, B.D.; Zhou, K.; Wang, D.; Reeves, R.R.; Barlow, J.; Taylor, B.L.; Pitman, R. (2008). "Lipotes vexillifer". செம்பட்டியல் (பன்னாட்டு இயற்கைப் பாதுகாப்புச் சங்கம்) 2008: e.T12119A3322533. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T12119A3322533.en.
    4. உயிரின அழிவு: பேசப்படாத இனப்படுகொலைதி இந்து தமிழ் திசை - சனி, செப்டம்பர் 21 2019
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    விக்கிபீடியா ஆசிரியர்கள் மற்றும் ஆசிரியர்கள்

    யாங்சி ஆற்று ஓங்கில்: Brief Summary ( Tamil )

    provided by wikipedia emerging languages

    யாங்சி ஆற்று ஓங்கில் (Yangtze River Dolphin) ஆசியா கண்டத்தில் சீனா நாட்டின் உள்ளேயே ஓடும் மிக நீளமான நதியான யாங்சியின் நீர்பரப்பில் வாழ்ந்த திமிங்கிலம் ஆகும். இவ்வகையான மீன்கள் பலதொகுதிமரபு உயிரினத் தோற்றம் கொண்டு நண்ணீரில் மட்டுமே வாழும் தகவமைப்பைக்கொண்டது. இவை ஐ.யூ.சி.என்னின் பட்டியல் கணக்குப்படி 2008 ஆம் ஆண்டு முதல் அழிந்துவிட்டதாக கூறப்பட்டுள்ளது.

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    விக்கிபீடியா ஆசிரியர்கள் மற்றும் ஆசிரியர்கள்

    Baiji

    provided by wikipedia EN

    The baiji (Chinese: 白鱀豚; pinyin: báijìtún; IPA: [pǎɪtɕîtʰwə̌n] (listen); Lipotes vexillifer, Lipotes meaning "left behind" and vexillifer "flag bearer") is a possibly extinct species of freshwater dolphin native to the Yangtze river system in China. It is thought to be the first dolphin species driven to extinction due to the impact of humans. This dolphin is listed as “critically endangered: possibly extinct” by the IUCN, has not been seen in 40 years, and several surveys of the Yangtze have failed to find it. In China, the species is also called the Chinese river dolphin, Han river dolphin, Yangtze dolphin and whitefin dolphin. Nicknamed the "Goddess of the Yangtze" (simplified Chinese: 长江女神; traditional Chinese: 長江女神; pinyin: Cháng Jiāng nǚshén), it was regarded as the goddess of protection by local fishermen and boatmen.[5] It is not to be confused with the Chinese white dolphin (Sousa chinensis) or the finless porpoise (Neophocaena phocaenoides). This is the only species in the genus Lipotes.

    The baiji population declined drastically in decades as China industrialized and made heavy use of the river for fishing, transportation, and hydroelectricity. It has been credibly claimed,[6] after surveys in the Yangtze River during the 1980s, that baiji could be the first dolphin species in history that humans have driven to extinction. A Conservation Action Plan for Cetaceans of the Yangtze River was approved by the Chinese Government in 2001.[7] Efforts were made to conserve the species, but a late 2006 expedition failed to find any baiji in the river. Organizers declared the baiji functionally extinct.[8] The baiji represents the first documented global extinction of an aquatic "megafaunal" vertebrate in over 50 years[9] since the demise of the Japanese sea lion (Zalophus japonicus) and the Caribbean monk seal (Neomonachus tropicalis) in the 1950s. It also signified the disappearance of an entire mammal family of river dolphins (Lipotidae).[9] The baiji's extinction would be the first recorded extinction of a well-studied cetacean species (it is unclear if some previously extinct varieties were species or subspecies) to be directly attributable to human influence. The baiji is one of a number of extinctions to have taken place due to the degradation of the Yangtze, alongside that of the Chinese paddlefish, as well as the now extinct in the wild Yangtze sturgeon.

    Swiss economist and CEO of the baiji.org Foundation August Pfluger funded an expedition in which an international team, taken in part from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and the Fisheries Research Agency in Japan, searched for six weeks for signs of the dolphin. The search took place almost a decade after the last exploration in 1997, which turned up only 13 of the cetaceans.[10]

    In August 2007, a Chinese man reportedly videotaped a large white animal swimming in the Yangtze.[11] Although the animal was tentatively identified as a baiji,[12] the presence of only one or a few animals, particularly of advanced age, is not enough to save a functionally extinct species from true extinction. The last known living baiji was Qiqi (淇淇), who died in 2002. The World Wildlife Fund is calling for the preservation of any possible baiji habitat, in case the species is located and can be revived.[10]

    Anatomy and morphology

    Baiji were thought to breed in the first half of the year, the peak calving season being from February to April.[13] A 30% pregnancy rate was observed.[14] Gestation would last 10–11 months, delivering one calf at a time; the interbirth interval was 2 years. Calves measured around 80–90 centimetres (31–35 in) at birth, and nursed for 8–20 months.[15] Males reached sexual maturity at age four, females at age six.[15] Mature males were about 2.3 metres (7 ft 7 in) (7.5 ft) long, females 2.5 metres (8 ft 2 in), the longest specimen 2.7 metres (8 ft 10 in).[15] The animal weighed 135–230 kilograms (298–507 lb),[15] with a lifespan estimated at 24 years in the wild.[16] The Yangtze River Dolphin is pale blue to gray on the dorsal (back) side, and white on the ventral (belly) side. It has a long and slightly upturned beak with 31–36 conical teeth on either jaw. Its dorsal fin is low and triangular in shape and resembles a light-colored flag when the dolphin swims just below the surface of the murky Yangtze River, hence the name "white-flag" dolphin. It has smaller eyes compared to oceanic dolphins.[5]

    When escaping from danger, the baiji can reach 60 km/h (37 mph), but usually stays within 30 to 40 km/h (19 to 25 mph). Because of its poor vision, the baiji relies primarily on sonar for navigation.[17] The sonar system also plays an important role in socializing, predator avoidance, group coordination, and expressing emotions. Sound emission is focused and highly directed by the shape of the skull and melon. Peak frequencies of echolocation clicks are between 70 kHz and 100 kHz.[18]

    Distribution

    Historically the baiji occurred along 1,700 kilometres (1,100 mi) of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze from Yichang in the west to the mouth of the river, near to Shanghai, as well as in Poyang and Dongting lakes, and the smaller Qiantang river to the south. This had been reduced by several hundred kilometres both upstream and downstream, and was limited to the main channel of the Yangtze, principally the middle reaches between the two large tributary lakes, Dongting and Poyang.[19] Approximately 12% of the world's human population lives and works within the Yangtze River catchment area, putting pressure on the river.[20]

    Evolutionary history

    relationships of the Baiji (Lipotes) compared to other dolphins

    The Baiji is not closely related to any living species of dolphin, having diverged from the ancestors of the La Plata dolphin and Amazon River dolphin during the Miocene, estimated to be around 16 million years ago. The closest known relative of the Baiji is Parapontoporia, native to the Western Coast of North America during the Latest Miocene and Pliocene.[21] The Baiji was one of five species of dolphins known to have made fresh water their exclusive habitat. The other five species, including the boto and the La Plata dolphin, have survived in the Río de la Plata and Amazon rivers in South America and the Ganges and Indus rivers on the Indian subcontinent.

    It is well known the river dolphins are not a natural group. Their mitochondrial genome reveals a split of two separate lineages, Platanista and Lipotes + (Inia + Pontoporia), having no sister relationship with each other, and the Platanista lineage is always within the odontocete clade instead of having a closer affinity to Mysticeti. The position of the Platanista is more basal, suggesting separate divergence of this lineage well before the other one. The Lipotes has a sister relationship with Inia + pontoporia, and they together formed the sister group to the Delphinoidea. This result strongly supports paraphyly of the classical river dolphins, and the nonplatanistoid river dolphins do represent a monophyletic grouping, with the Lipotidae as the sister taxa to (Iniidae + Pontoporiidae), and is well congruent with the studies based on short interspersed repetitive elements (SINEs).[22]

    Low values of haplotype diversity and nucleotide diversity were found for the baiji of the Yangtze River. The analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) supported a high level of overall genetic structure. The males having a higher genetic differentiation than the females suggested a significant female-biased dispersal.[23]

    The aquatic adaptations of the baiji and other cetaceans have happened slowly and can be linked to positively selected genes (PSGs) and/or other functional changes. Comparative genopic analyses have uncovered that the baiji have a slow molecular clock and molecular adaptations to their aquatic environment. This information leads scientists to conclude that a bottleneck must have occurred near the end of the last deglaciation, a time that coincided with rapid temperature decrease and a rise in eustatic sea level. Scientists have also looked into PSGs in the baiji genome which are used for DNA repair and response to DNA stimulus. These PSGs have not been found in any other mammal species. Pathways being used for DNA repair have been known to have a major impact on brain development and have been implicated in diseases including microcephaly. The slow down of the substitution rate among cetaceans may have been affected by the evolution of DNA damage pathways. Over time, river dolphins, including the baiji, have had a reduction in the size of their eyes and the acuity of their vision. This probably stems from poor visibility in fluvial and estuarine environments. When analyzing the baiji genome, scientists have found that there are four genes that have lost their function due to a frameshift mutation or premature stop codons. The baiji has the lowest single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) frequency reported thus far among mammals. This low frequency could be related to the relatively low rate of molecular evolution in cetaceans; however, considering that the decrease in the rate of molecular evolution in the baiji was not as great as the decrease in heterozygosity rate, it is likely that much of the low genetic diversity observed was caused by the precipitous decline in the total baiji population in recent decades and the associated breedings.[24]

    The reconstructed demographic history over the last 100,000 years featured a continual population contraction through the last glacial maximum, a serious bottleneck during the last deglaciation, and sustained population growth after the eustatic sea level approached the current levels. The close correlation between population trends, regional temperatures, and eustatic sea levels suggest a dominant role for global and local climate changes in shaping the baiji's ancient population demography.[24]

    Folklore

    Per Chinese folklore, a beautiful young girl is said to have lived with her stepfather on the banks of the river Yangtze. He was evil, and a greedy man out for his own self-interest. One day, he took the girl on a boat, intending to sell her on the market. Out on the river, though, he became infatuated with her beauty and tried to take advantage of her. But she freed herself by plunging into the river whereupon a big storm came and sank the boat. After the storm had thus settled, people saw a beautiful dolphin swimming – the incarnation of the girl – which became known as the "Goddess of the Yangtze". The baiji, in the region of Yangtze, is regarded as a symbol of peace and prosperity.[25]

    Conservation

    In the 1950s, the population was estimated at 6,000 animals,[26] but declined rapidly over the subsequent five decades. Only a few hundred were left by 1970. Then the number fell to 400 by the 1980s and then to 13 in 1997 when a full-fledged search was conducted. The baiji was last sighted in August 2004, though there was a possible sighting in 2007.[11] It is listed as an endangered species by the U.S. government under the Endangered Species Act. It is now thought to be extinct.

    Causes of decline

    Baiji killed by Charles Hoy in 1914

    The World Conservation Union (IUCN) has noted the following as threats to the species: a period of hunting by humans during the Great Leap Forward, entanglement in fishing gear, the illegal practice of electric fishing, collisions with boats and ships, habitat loss, and pollution. Further studies have noted that a lack of information on the baiji's historical distribution or ecology, the environmental impact of the construction of the Three Gorges Dam on the living space of the baiji, and the failure to act for the protection of the baiji are also threats to the species.[27]

    During the Great Leap Forward, when traditional veneration of the baiji was denounced, it was hunted for its flesh and skin, and quickly became scarce.[28]

    As China developed economically, pressure on the river dolphin grew significantly. Industrial and residential waste flowed into the Yangtze. The riverbed was dredged and reinforced with concrete in many locations. Ship traffic multiplied, boats grew in size, and fishermen employed wider and more lethal nets. Noise pollution caused the nearly blind animal to collide with propellers. Stocks of the dolphin's prey declined drastically in the late 20th century, with some fish populations declining to one thousandth of their pre-industrial levels.[29]

    A range of anthropogenic led causes (e.g. boat collisions, dam construction) which also threaten freshwater cetaceans in other river systems, have been implicated in the decline of the baiji population. However, the primary factor was probably unsustainable by-catch in local fisheries, which use rolling hooks, nets (gill nets and fyke nets) and electrofishing; similarly by-catch constitutes the principal cause of mortality in many populations of small cetaceans worldwide. Although there are relatively few data available on baiji mortality, at least half of all known baiji deaths in the 1970s and 1980s were caused by rolling hooks and other fishing gear, and electrofishing accounted for 40% of baiji deaths recorded during the 1990s. Unlike most historical-era extinctions of large-bodied animals, the baiji was the victim not of active persecution but of incidental mortality resulting from massive-scale human environmental impacts, primarily uncontrolled fishing.[30]

    Its extinction merely reflects the latest stage in the progressive ecological deterioration of the Yangtze region. In the 1970s and 1980s, an estimated half of baiji deaths were attributed to entanglement in fishing gear and nets. By the early 2000s, electric fishing was considered "the most important and immediate direct threat to the baiji's survival".[28] Though outlawed, this fishing technique is widely and illegally practiced throughout China. The building of the Three Gorges Dam further reduced the dolphin's habitat and facilitated an increase in ship traffic; these were thought to make it extinct in the wild.

    There are some scientists who have found that pollution has resulted in emerging diseases caused by parasitic infection in the Baiji population. The Baiji's reliance on aquatic environments could have resulted in interaction with both terrestrial and marine pathogen risks. Since the Baiji has a limited distribution endemic to the Yangtze River, the freshwater environment may have a higher pathogen level than marine waters (although systematic environmental studies have yet to be conducted). The pathogens in these waters could lead to viral infections that can result in epizootics, which has caused the deaths of thousands of marine mammals over the last twenty years. There have also been captured/killed individuals that have had helminth infestations in the stomach which leads scientists to believe that parasitic infections could be another cause of decline amongst the Baiji.[31]

    It has been noted, however, that the declining geographical range that baiji have been spotted in is not connected to the population loss of baiji. A model provided by Yangtze fishing communities show that the baiji population was not connected by geographical range or fragmentation of location, as the baiji make long-term and periodic movements throughout several years. The movements of the baiji left the species unaffected by dwindling geographical range.[32]

    Surveys

    Conservation efforts

    During the 1970s, China recognized the precarious state of the river dolphin. The government outlawed deliberate killing, restricted fishing, and established nature reserves.

    In 1978, the Chinese Academy of Sciences established the Freshwater Dolphin Research Centre (淡水海豚研究中心) as a branch of the Wuhan Institute of Hydrobiology. In the 1980s and 1990s, several attempts were made to capture dolphins and relocate them to a reserve. A breeding program would then allow the species to recover and be reintroduced to the Yangtze after conditions improve. However, capturing the rare, quick dolphins proved to be difficult, and few captives survived more than a few months.[28]

    The first Chinese aquatic species protection organisation, the Baiji Dolphin Conservation Foundation of Wuhan (武汉白鱀豚保护基金), was founded in December 1996. It has raised 1,383,924.35 CNY (about US$100,000) and used the funds for in vitro cell preservation and to maintain the baiji facilities, including the Shishou Sanctuary that was flooded in 1998.

    Conservation efforts of the baiji along the Yangtze River

    Since 1992, five protected areas of the Yangtze have been designated as baiji reserves. Four were built in the main Yangtze channel where baiji are actively protected and fishing is banned: two national reserves (Shishou City and Xin-Luo) and two provincial (Tongling and Zhenjiang). In the past 20 years, five nature reserves have been established along the river. Imposing maximum prohibition of harmful and illegal fishing methods in the reserves might prolong the process of extinction of these cetaceans in the wild, but so far, the administrative measures taken in the reserves have not yet kept the baiji population from sharply declining. As humans continue to occupy the river and use the natural resources it provided, the question as to whether the river itself can reach a point later in the future to become a habitat for these species to live in once again remained, for the most part, unanswered by conservationists. In Shishou, Hubei Province, and Tongling, Anhui Province, the two semi-natural reserves established in these regions aimed to build in an environment for the baiji, as well as another mammalian species, the finless porpoise, to breed. Through careful management, both these species not only survived, but did in fact reproduce successfully enough to provide some hope that the Baiji may be able to make a comeback.[43]

    The fifth protected area is an isolated oxbow lake located off of the north bank of the river near to Shishou City: the Tian-e-Zhou Oxbow Semi-natural Reserve. Combined, these five reserves cover just over 350 kilometres (220 mi), about 13 of the baijis range, leaving two-thirds of the species' habitat unprotected.[20]

    As well as these five protected areas there are also five "Protection Stations" in Jianli, Chenglingji, Hukou, Wuhu and Zhengjiang. These stations consist of two observers and a motorized fishing boat with the aim of conducting daily patrols, making observations and investigating reports of illegal fishing.[20]

    In 2001, the Chinese government approved a Conservation Action Plan for Cetaceans of the Yangtze River. This plan re-emphasised the three measures identified at the 1986 workshop and was adopted as the national policy for the conservation of the Baiji. Despite all of these workshops and conventions little money was available in China to aid the conservation efforts. It has been estimated that US$1 million was needed to begin the project and maintain it for a further 3 years.[44]

    Efforts to save the mammals proved to be too little and too late. August Pfluger, chief executive of the Baiji.org Foundation, said, "The strategy of the Chinese government was a good one, but we didn't have time to put it into action."[45] Furthermore, the conservation attempts have been criticized, as even with the international attention about the need for conservation for the baiji, the Chinese government did not "[make] any serious investment" to protect the baiji.[46]

    In situ and ex situ conservation

    Most scientists agreed that the best course of action was an ex situ effort working in parallel with an in situ effort. The deterioration of the Yangtze River had to be reversed to preserve the habitat. The ex-situ projects aimed to raise a large enough population over time so that some, if not all, of the dolphins could be returned to the Yangtze, so the habitat within the river had to be maintained anyway.

    The Shishou Tian-e-Zhou is a 21-kilometre (13 mi) long, 2-kilometre (1.2 mi) wide oxbow lake located near Shishou City in Hubei Province. Shishou has been described as being "like a miniature Yangtze ... possessing all of the requirements for a semi-natural reserve". From the designation as a national reserve in 1992 it has been intended to be used for not only the baiji but also the Yangtze finless porpoise. In 1990 the first finless porpoises were relocated to the reserve and since then have been surviving and reproducing well. As of April 2005 26 finless porpoises were known to live in the reserve. A baiji was introduced in December 1995, but died during the summer flood of 1996. To deal with these annual floods a dyke was constructed between the Yangtze and Shishou. Now water is controlled from a sluice gate located at the downstream mouth of the oxbow lake. It has been reported that since the installation of this sluice gate, water quality has declined since no annual transfer of nutrients can occur. Roughly 6,700 people live on the island within the oxbow lake and so some limited fishing is permitted.[20]

    The success of Shishou with the porpoises and with migratory birds and other wetland fauna encouraged the local Wetlands Management Team to put forward an application to award the site Ramsar status.[47] It has also been noted that the site has incredible potential for ecotourism, which could be used to generate much needed revenue to improve the quality of the reserve. The necessary infrastructure does not currently exist to realize these opportunities.

    Captive specimens

    Lianlian and Zhenzhen

    A baiji conservation dolphinarium was established at the Institute of Hydrobiology (IHB) in Wuhan in 1980, and rebuilt in 1992. This was planned as a backup to any other conservation efforts by producing an area completely protected from any threats, and where the baiji could be easily observed. The site includes an indoor and outdoor holding pool, a water filtration system, food storage and preparation facilities, research labs and a small museum. The aim is to also generate income from tourism which can be put towards the baiji plight. The pools are not very large (25 metres (82 ft) arc [kidney shaped] × 7 metres (23 ft) wide × 3.5 metres (11 ft) deep, 10 metres (33 ft) diameter, 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) deep and 12 metres (39 ft) diameter, 3.5 metres (11 ft) deep) and so are not capable of holding many baijis at one time.[48][49]

    Douglas Adams and Mark Carwardine documented their encounters with the endangered animals on their conservation travels for the BBC programme Last Chance to See. Through firsthand experience, they went to China, drinking Baiji beer and Baiji cola, staying in the Baiji Hotel and using Lipotes vexillifer toilet paper. They came across Baiji weighing scales and Baiji fertilizer. They met Qi Qi, the beautiful bluish-grey dolphin with a long, narrow, slightly upturned beak, a low triangular dorsal fin, broad flippers with tiny eyes. Qi-Qi was just a year old then, injured by fishing hooks in 1980 and taken into captivity to be nursed back to health. Out of the seven times Mark and Douglas had visited China, never did they encounter a wild and free Yangtze river dolphin. It is even more impossible now with the likelihood that Lipotes vexillfer may be the first cetacean to have been driven to extinction by human activity.[50] The book by the same name, published in 1990, included pictures of a captive specimen, a male named Qi Qi (淇淇) that lived in the Wuhan Institute of Hydrobiology dolphinarium from 1980 to July 14, 2002. Discovered by a fisherman in Dongting Lake, he became the sole resident of the Baiji Dolphinarium (白鱀豚水族馆) beside East Lake. A sexually mature female was captured in late 1995, but died after half a year in 1996 when the Tian-e-Zhou Oxbow Nature Reserve (石首半自然白鱀豚保护区), which had contained only finless porpoises since 1990, was flooded.[51]

    Current status

    The Xinhua News Agency announced on December 4, 2006, that no Chinese river dolphins were detected in a six-week survey of the Yangtze River conducted by 30 researchers. The failure of the Yangtze Freshwater Dolphin Expedition (simplified Chinese: 长江淡水豚类考察; traditional Chinese: 長江淡水豚類考察; pinyin: Cháng Jiāng dànshuǐ túnlèi kǎochá) raised suspicions of the first unequivocal extinction of a cetacean species due to human action[52] (some extinct baleen whale populations might not have been distinct species). Poor water and weather conditions may have prevented sightings,[8] but expedition leaders declared it "functionally extinct" on December 13, 2006, as fewer are likely to be alive than are needed to propagate the species.[8] However, footage believed to be a baiji from August 2007 was released to the public.[12]

    The Japanese sea lion and Caribbean monk seal disappeared in the 1950s, the most recent aquatic mammals to become extinct. Several land-based mammal species and subspecies have disappeared since then. If the baiji is extinct, the vaquita (Phocoena sinus) has become the most endangered marine mammal species.

    Some scientists retain hope for the species:

    The fact that the expedition didn't see any baiji dolphins during this expedition does not necessarily mean that the species is extinct or even 'effectively extinct', because it covered a considerable distance in a relatively short period of time... However, we are extremely concerned. The Yangtze is highly degraded, and we spotted dramatically fewer finless porpoises than we have in the past.

    — Wang Limin, director of the World Wide Fund for Nature, Wuhan office[53]

    A report of the expedition was published online in the journal Biology Letters on August 7, 2007, in which the authors conclude "We are forced to conclude that the baiji is now likely to be extinct, probably due to unsustainable by-catch in local fisheries".[54]

    "Witness to Extinction: How We Failed To Save The Yangtze River Dolphin", an account of the 2006 baiji survey by Samuel Turvey, the lead author of the Biology Letters paper, was published by Oxford University Press in autumn 2008. This book investigated the baiji's probable extinction within the wider-scale context of how and why international efforts to conserve the species had failed, and whether conservation recovery programmes for other threatened species were likely to face similar potentially disastrous administrative hurdles.

    Some reports suggest that information about the baiji and its demise is being suppressed in China.[55] Other reports cite government media English language reports in China Central Television and Xinhua News Agency as evidence to the contrary.[56]

    Sightings

    In August 2007, Zeng Yujiang reportedly videotaped a large white animal swimming in the Yangtze in Anhui Province.[11][57] Wang Kexiong of the Institute of Hydrobiology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences has tentatively confirmed that the animal on the video is a baiji.

    On October 11, 2007, Chinese state media announced that under a development plan an additional 4,000,000 people will be relocated from their homes near the dam by 2020 due to ecological concerns, while a forum of officials and experts warned of a possible "environmental catastrophe" if preventive measures are not taken.[58][59][60] Currently, the quality of water in the Yangtze is falling rapidly, due to the dam's preventing dispersal of pollutants; algae blooms have risen progressively since the dam's construction; and soil erosion has increased, causing riverbank collapses and landslides.[61] The report detailing this was officially released in September 2007.[62] Senior Chinese government officials and scholars said the dam could cause a "huge disaster ... if steps are not taken promptly."[61] The same scholars and officials previously had defended the Three Gorges Dam project.[63] Xinhua also reported that tens of billions of yuan had been spent to prevent pollution and geological disasters by tree planting, measures to maintain species diversification, shutting down 1,500 polluting industrial and mining enterprises and building 70 sewage and waste treatment plants, all of which are "progressing well."[63]

    In October 2016 several news sources announced a recent sighting of what has been speculated to be a baiji.[64] However, the purported re-discovery was disputed by the conservation biologist Samuel Turvey, who was a member of the 2006 survey team. Turvey instead proposed to shift conservation focus to the critically endangered Yangtze finless porpoise, the only freshwater cetaceans left in China.[65]

    There was a sighting claimed to belong to Baiji surfacing along with a pod of finless porpoises at Tongling in Anhui province in April 2018.[66]

    See also

    References

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    2. ^ Smith, B.D.; Wang, D.; Braulik, G.T.; Reeves, R.; Zhou, K.; Barlow, J.; Pitman, R.L. (2017). "Lipotes vexillifer". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T12119A50362206. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T12119A50362206.en. Retrieved November 19, 2021.
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    66. ^ "The Search for the Baiji".

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    Baiji: Brief Summary

    provided by wikipedia EN

    The baiji (Chinese: 白鱀豚; pinyin: báijìtún; IPA: [pǎɪtɕîtʰwə̌n] (listen); Lipotes vexillifer, Lipotes meaning "left behind" and vexillifer "flag bearer") is a possibly extinct species of freshwater dolphin native to the Yangtze river system in China. It is thought to be the first dolphin species driven to extinction due to the impact of humans. This dolphin is listed as “critically endangered: possibly extinct” by the IUCN, has not been seen in 40 years, and several surveys of the Yangtze have failed to find it. In China, the species is also called the Chinese river dolphin, Han river dolphin, Yangtze dolphin and whitefin dolphin. Nicknamed the "Goddess of the Yangtze" (simplified Chinese: 长江女神; traditional Chinese: 長江女神; pinyin: Cháng Jiāng nǚshén), it was regarded as the goddess of protection by local fishermen and boatmen. It is not to be confused with the Chinese white dolphin (Sousa chinensis) or the finless porpoise (Neophocaena phocaenoides). This is the only species in the genus Lipotes.

    The baiji population declined drastically in decades as China industrialized and made heavy use of the river for fishing, transportation, and hydroelectricity. It has been credibly claimed, after surveys in the Yangtze River during the 1980s, that baiji could be the first dolphin species in history that humans have driven to extinction. A Conservation Action Plan for Cetaceans of the Yangtze River was approved by the Chinese Government in 2001. Efforts were made to conserve the species, but a late 2006 expedition failed to find any baiji in the river. Organizers declared the baiji functionally extinct. The baiji represents the first documented global extinction of an aquatic "megafaunal" vertebrate in over 50 years since the demise of the Japanese sea lion (Zalophus japonicus) and the Caribbean monk seal (Neomonachus tropicalis) in the 1950s. It also signified the disappearance of an entire mammal family of river dolphins (Lipotidae). The baiji's extinction would be the first recorded extinction of a well-studied cetacean species (it is unclear if some previously extinct varieties were species or subspecies) to be directly attributable to human influence. The baiji is one of a number of extinctions to have taken place due to the degradation of the Yangtze, alongside that of the Chinese paddlefish, as well as the now extinct in the wild Yangtze sturgeon.

    Swiss economist and CEO of the baiji.org Foundation August Pfluger funded an expedition in which an international team, taken in part from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and the Fisheries Research Agency in Japan, searched for six weeks for signs of the dolphin. The search took place almost a decade after the last exploration in 1997, which turned up only 13 of the cetaceans.

    In August 2007, a Chinese man reportedly videotaped a large white animal swimming in the Yangtze. Although the animal was tentatively identified as a baiji, the presence of only one or a few animals, particularly of advanced age, is not enough to save a functionally extinct species from true extinction. The last known living baiji was Qiqi (淇淇), who died in 2002. The World Wildlife Fund is calling for the preservation of any possible baiji habitat, in case the species is located and can be revived.

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    Blanknaĝila delfeno ( Esperanto )

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    La blanknaĝila delfenoĉina rivera delfeno (Lipotes vexilifer) vivas en la rivero Jangzio, propra al Ĉinio. Ĝi vidiĝas en rivero kaj lagoj de la provincoj Hunano, Hubejo, Ĝjangŝio kaj Anhujo, kaj estas alinomata pando en akvo. Ĝi estas formortanta specio. Lastatempe specialistoj de akvoanimaloj de Ĉinio avertis, ke oni nun (2006) nombras 17 blanknaĝilajn delfenojn, la unuaklasajn protektatajn bestojn de Ĉinio. Se oni baldaŭ ne alprenos specialan rimedon por urĝa helpo, la speco pereos en la venontaj 20 jaroj. Oni planas liveri ilin al lago Tian-e-Zhou, iama parto de Jangzio. En decembro 2006, sciencistoj proklamis la specion "formortinta besto".

    Priskribo

    La femalo estas pli granda ol la maskla kaj ĝia korpo longas 2,5 m kaj pezas 170 kg, dum la maskla longas 2,2 m kaj pezas 125 kg. La dorso estas helgriza kaj la ventro neĝblanka. Ĝi havas longan muzelon, ĉe kies supra kaj malsupra makzeloj dense viciĝas pli ol 130 dentoj. Ĝia frunto rondforma kaj elstara estas voĉorgano. Blanknaĝila delfeno ŝatas vivi grupe kaj la idoj ĉiam naĝas inter la maturiĝintaj. La okuloj estas malgrandaj kaj preskaŭ degenerintaj. La orelkavoj malgrandaj kiel kudrila trueto troviĝas malantaŭ-alsupre de la okuloj. La blanknaĝila delfeno vivis tiom longe en malklara akvo de la rivero, kaj ĝia vidado degeneris. Sed ĝi havas bonan aŭdon pro la sonricevilo sur la globforma nazpinto. Pere de sonondoj ĝi trovas kaj kaptas manĝaĵon. La okuloj estas malgrandaj kaj preskaŭ degenerintaj. La orelkavoj malgrandaj kiel kudrila trueto troviĝas malantaŭ-alsupre de la okuloj. Ankaŭ la haŭto de delfeno estas neordinara, ke ĝi konsistas el du tavoloj, inter kiuj estas multaj tubformaj spongecaj substancoj, kiuj glitas por moderigi la baron de la akvo dum naĝado. Kiam la delfeno naĝas en ekstrema rapideco, eĉ torpedo ne povas superi ĝin.

    Vivmaniero

    Blanknaĝila delfeno, vivanta en Jangzi-rivero jam 25 milionojn da jaroj, estas unu el la kvin specoj de delfenoj, en plej malgranda nombro. Ĝi estas unuaklasa protektata animalo de Ĉinio kaj unu el la 12 pereontaj animaloj de la mondo. La blanknaĝila delfeno estas grizeta kaj havas belan formon de la korpo. Ĝi apartenas al balena familio kaj havas senŝanĝan temperaturon. Ĝi spiras per la pulmoj kaj fekundiĝas en la korpo. Ĝi estas mamulo kaj havas evoluintan cerbon sama al tiu de gorilo.

    Blanknaĝila delfeno maturiĝas en la aĝo de 6 jaroj kaj la femala gravediĝas en ĉiu dua jaro kaj naskas unu au du idojn post 10 monatoj.

    Ĝi malsupre spiras per la pulmoj kaj vivas ĉiam en akvo. Dum naĝado ĝi svingas la grandan kaj platan vostnaĝilon supren kaj malsupren. Elspirante ĝi produktas laŭtan sonon. La blanknaĝilaj delfenoj vivas en la mez- kaj malsupra partoj de Jangzi-rivero kaj la lagoj Dongting, Pojang kaj Honghu, kiuj ligiĝas kun la rivero. Ili ŝatas vivi pare aŭ grupe, iam eĉ dekkelkope. Dum naĝado antaŭe gvidas virdelfenoj kaj la delfeninoj kun siaj idoj sekvas ilin. La blanknaĝilaj delfenoj manĝas dolcakvajn fiŝojn, akvoherbojn kaj insektojn. Ili glutas la manĝajojn sen maĉado. Ili moviĝas malrapide kaj spiras post ĉiu 20a aŭ 30a sekundo. Surprizite ili rapidas en profundan akvon kaj restas tie 135 sekundojn. Blanknaĝilaj delfenoj pariĝas en la fino de vintro kaj komenco de printempo. Post unujara gravedeco delfenino naskas ĉiufoje unu idon. Post 5-6 jaroj la ido maturiĝas.

    Scienca valoro

    La blanknaĝila delfeno estas unu el la du specoj de dolĉakvaj balenoj en Cinio. Ĝi havas gravan sciencan valoron, en biologio, bioniko kaj fiziologio. Nun ĝia nombro estas ege malgranda. En 1980 oni kaptis virdelfenon kaj bredis ĝin en la Instituto de Akvaj Vivuloj sub la Ĉina Akademio de Sciencoj. Nun ĝi, nomata "Ĉjiĉji", bone vivas tie (1987).

    Sciencistoj diris, ke blanknaĝila delfeno valoras ne nur por homa distrado, sed ankaŭ por scienca esplorado rilate bionikon, biologion, arkeologion, militan sciencon kaj multajn aliajn fakojn.

    Situacio

    Komence de la 1980-aj jaroj oni nombris ĉirkaŭ 400 blanknaĝilajn delfenojn. Sed en 1986 oni nombris nur 300 en 48 grupoj. En 1990 oni nombris malpli ol 200 kaj en 1994 malpli ol 100. Kiam ĝi reduktiĝas al la nombro nemultigebla, ĝi jam venas al pereo. Kalkulante laŭ la rapideco de malmultiĝo de la nombro de la blanknaĝilaj delfenoj en Jangzio, la specialistoj avertis, ke en malpli ol 10 jaroj restos nur kelkaj blanknaĝilaj delfenoj kaj la speco nesaveble malaperos pro endogamio kaj genodegenero, malgraŭ ajna klopodo de homoj.

    Oni atribuas la danĝeran situacion de blanknaĝilaj delfenoj al la homoj. Enketado montris, ke perforta morto de blanknaĝilaj delfenoj estis kaŭzita de ŝiphelicoj. Kaj la aliaj kaŭzoj de malmultiĝo de blanknaghilaj delfenoj estas kontrauleĝa kaptado, malpuriĝo de la akvo de Jangzio, kontraŭleĝa sablofosado ktp.

    La situacio de la blanknaĝilaj delfenoj en la naturo estas ege maltrankviliga, kaj ankaŭ la stato de la bredataj delfenoj ne vidigas luman estontecon. Qiqi estis la unika bredata delfeno, kiun oni kaptis en 1980. Ĝi mortis en la 14-a de julio de 2002 pro senileco, en la aĝo de 25 jaroj.

    Oni neniam sukcesis en ĝia arta reproduktado, sed maltrankvilaj sciencistoj multe klopodis por savi la specon kaj elmetis multajn metodojn, ekzemple surloka protektado, arta reproduktado, klonado, aliloka protektado k.s. Pro la pli kaj pli vigla homa aktivado kaj daŭra malboniĝo de la akva medio de Jangzio, la blanknaĝilaj delfenoj jam ne povas vivi kaj generi en Jangzio. Evidente la metodo de surloka protektado ne efikos.

    Arta reproduktado estas unu el la efikaj metodoj por savi la pereontajn animalajn specojn. Sukcesa arta reproduktado de pando, aligatoro de Jangzio kaj aliaj raraj animaloj savis ilin el pereo. Sed arta reproduktado de delfenoj estas tre malfacila. En la pasintaj 20 jaroj oni multe klopodis por arta reproduktado de blanknaĝila delfeno, sed longa distanco restos por atingi la sukceson.

    Specialistoj montris, ke transloĝigo de delfenoj estas la sola kaj lasta praktikebla metodo por savi la blanknaĝilajn delfenojn el pereo. Ili proponis kapti laŭeble pli multajn delfenojn en Jangzio kaj transloĝigi ilin en la rezervejon Tian'ezhou speciale pretigita por ili proksime de Shishou kaj en la basenon speciale pretigitan por blanknaghilaj delfenoj en la Instituto de akvoanimaloj de Wuhan sub la China Akademio de Sciencoj. Alia speco de delfeno -- rivera delfeno -- jam estis sukcese transloĝigita kaj reproduktita en Tian'ezhou. El tio oni povas cherpi sperton por transloĝigi blanknaĝilajn delfenojn. Se oni sukcesos kapti dekkelke da blanknaĝilaj delfenoj masklaj kaj femalaj kaj bredos ilin en la rezervejo Tian'ezhou, reproduktiĝo de blanknaĝilaj delfenoj espereble eblos.

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    Blanknaĝila delfeno: Brief Summary ( Esperanto )

    provided by wikipedia EO

    La blanknaĝila delfeno aŭ ĉina rivera delfeno (Lipotes vexilifer) vivas en la rivero Jangzio, propra al Ĉinio. Ĝi vidiĝas en rivero kaj lagoj de la provincoj Hunano, Hubejo, Ĝjangŝio kaj Anhujo, kaj estas alinomata pando en akvo. Ĝi estas formortanta specio. Lastatempe specialistoj de akvoanimaloj de Ĉinio avertis, ke oni nun (2006) nombras 17 blanknaĝilajn delfenojn, la unuaklasajn protektatajn bestojn de Ĉinio. Se oni baldaŭ ne alprenos specialan rimedon por urĝa helpo, la speco pereos en la venontaj 20 jaroj. Oni planas liveri ilin al lago Tian-e-Zhou, iama parto de Jangzio. En decembro 2006, sciencistoj proklamis la specion "formortinta besto".

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    Lipotes vexillifer ( Spanish; Castilian )

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    El baiji (chino tradicional: 白鱀豚, chino simplificado: 白暨豚, pinyin: Báijìtún) , también llamado delfín chino de río, (Lipotes vexillifer) es una especie de cetáceo odontoceto de la familia Iniidae. Era un delfín de río endémico del río Yangtsé (China).

    Apodado "la diosa del Yangtze" (長江女神) en China, se declaró extinto a finales del 2006 después de que una expedición no pudiera encontrar ejemplares en el río. Sin embargo, en 2007, un baiji fue avistado por un vecino de la provincia china Anhui, llamado Zeng Yujiang. Las imágenes fueron revisadas en el Instituto de Hidrobiología de la Academia de Ciencias China, quien confirmó su autenticidad, pero en los meses de mayo-junio de 2008, se volvió a declarar al baiji completamente extinto.[2]

    Otros nombres para Lipotes vexillifer: Pai-chi, delfín de río chino, delfín de aleta blanca, delfín de bandera blanca, delfín del Yangtsé.

    Distribución

    Históricamente el baiji habitó a lo largo de 1 700 kilómetros del curso medio e inferior del río Yangtsé, al oeste hasta la desembocadura del río, cerca de Shanghái. Actualmente su hábitat se ha reducido cientos de kilómetros. Aproximadamente el 12% de la población humana del mundo vive y trabaja en el río Yangtze, ejerciendo presión sobre el río. La construcción de la represa de las Tres Gargantas, también dio lugar a la pérdida de hábitat.

    Conservación

    Tan pronto como China decidió modernizarse reconoció el estado precario del delfín de río. En 1978 la Academia China de Ciencias estableció el Centro de Investigación del Delfín de Agua Dulce, como una rama del Instituto Wuhan de Hidrobiología. De todos modos los esfuerzos de este instituto para salvar a estos mamíferos probaron ser pocos y tardíos.

    La primera organización de protección de especies acuáticas chinas, la Fundación de Conservación de Wuhan “Delfín Baiji”, fue fundada en diciembre de 1996. Recaudó 1 383 924,35 yuanes (alrededor de USD 100 000) y usó esos fondos para la preservación de células in vitro y para mantener las instalaciones del delfín de río chino, incluyendo el Santuario de Shishou que fue inundado en 1998.

    Douglas Adams y Mark Carwardine documentaron sus encuentros con los animales en peligro en sus viajes de conservación para el programa de la BBC La última oportunidad para ver (Last Chance to See). El libro del mismo nombre, publicado en 1990, incluyó fotos de un ejemplar en cautiverio, un macho llamado Qi Qi, que vivió en el delfinario del Instituto Wuhan de Hidrobiología desde 1980 hasta el 14 de julio de 2002. Este delfín, descubierto por un pescador en el lago Dongting, se convirtió en el único residente del delfinario de Baiji, al lado del lago del Este. Otro delfín capturado falleció después de un año (de 1996 a 1997), en la Reserva Seminatural de Shishou Tian-e-Zhou, la cual contenía solamente marsopas sin aleta (Neophocaena phocaenoides) desde 1990. Otro delfín, una hembra hallada en la isla de Chongming cerca de Shanghái en 1998, falleció de hambre después de un mes ya que no aceptó la comida que se le proveía.

    La especie de cetáceo en mayor peligro en el mundo según el Libro Guinness de los récords, fue avistada por última vez en el mes de septiembre de 2004. La agencia de noticias Xinhua anunció el 4 de diciembre de 2006 que ningún delfín de río chino fue detectado tras una búsqueda visual y acústica realizada por 30 investigadores durante seis semanas en el río Yangtze. El fracaso de la “expedición del delfín de agua dulce del río Yangtze” levantó sospechas sobre la inequívoca extinción de una especie de cetáceo debido a la acción humana (la extinción de algunas poblaciones de ballenas francas pueden o no haber sido especies distintivas). La escasa visibilidad del agua y las condiciones climáticas pueden haber dificultado los avistamientos, pero de todos modos algunos científicos declararon a la especie “funcionalmente extinta” el 13 de diciembre de 2006. La población actual de este delfín es difícil de calcular, pero se piensa que son menos de los que se necesitan para la propagación de la especie.

    Línea de tiempo

    • 1979: China lo declara en peligro de extinción.
    • 1983: La caza del delfín es declarada ilegal.
    • 1986: Quedan 300 individuos.
    • 1989: Se completa la represa Gezhouba.
    • 1990: Quedan 200 individuos.
    • 1994: Empieza la construcción de la Presa de las Tres Gargantas.
    • 2006: No se encuentra ningún individuo, lo cual indica que están "extintos con toda probabilidad".
    • 2007: Se realiza una expedición a lo largo del río para saber cuantos animales quedan. No se encuentra ningún animal, por lo que la especie es declarada completamente extinta. A partir de aquí el gobierno chino tratará de evitar la extinción de la marsopa sin aleta, otro cetáceo que también vive en el río y que se halla en grave peligro de extinción. Sin embargo ese año un baiji fue avistado por un vecino de la provincia china Anhui.
    • 2007: Quedan menos de 50 ejemplares (se cuentan solo 23).
    • 2010: Empieza a llenarse la citada presa.
    • 2013: Se encuentran solo 7 ejemplares.

    Muestreo

    Causas de la extinción

    Las causas de la extinción del Lipotes vexillifer son muy diversas, aunque concretamente, el fin de la especie se ha atribuido a la sobrepesca, a la construcción de represas, a la degradación ambiental y a las colisiones de embarcaciones con estos animales.[14]

    La represa de las Tres Gargantas alteró de manera irrecuperable el hábitat de este delfín. Científicos esperaron poder salvarlos trasladándolos a un lago cercano, para luego reintroducirlos nuevamente al río cuando sus oportunidades de supervivencia fuesen mayores. Otras especies que han sido amenazadas por la represa son la grulla siberiana y el pez espátula chino.

    Referencias

    1. Smith, B. D., Wang, D., Braulik, G. T., Reeves, R., Zhou, K., Barlow, J. & Pitman, R. L. (2017). «Lipotes vexillifer». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2020.2 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 28 de septiembre de 2020.
    2. Avistamiento de un baiji
    3. «Report of the Workshop on Conservation of the Baiji and Yangtze Finless Porpoise». Consultado el 10 de septiembre de 2012.
    4. Chen, P.; Liu, P.; Liu, R.; Lin, K.; Pilleri, G. (1980). «Distribution, ecology, behaviour and protection of the dolphins in the middle reaches of the Changjiang River (Wuhan-Yueyang)». Oceanologica Limnologia Sinica 11: 73-84.
    5. Zhou, K.; Pilleri, G.; Li, Y. (1980). «Observations on baiji (Lipotes vexillifer) and finless porpoise (Neophocaena asiaorientalis) in the lower reaches of the Chiang Jiang». Scientia sinica 23: 785-795.
    6. Zhou, K.; Li, Y.; Nishiwaki, M.; Kataoka, T. (1982). «A brief report on observations of the baiji (Lipotes vexillifer) in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River between Nanjing and Guichi». Acta Theriologica Sinica 2: 253-254.
    7. Lin, K.; Chen, P.; Hua, Y. (1985). «Population size and conservation of Lipotes vexillifer». Acta Zoologica Sinica 5: 77-85.
    8. Chen, P. & Hua, Y. (1989) Distribution, population size and protection of Lipotes vexillifer. pp. 78–81 In W.F. Perrin, R. L. Brownell, Jr., K. Zhou and J. Liu (eds.), Biology and conservation of the river dolphins. Occasional Papers of the IUCN Species Survival Commission, No. 3.
    9. Zhou, K. and Li, Y. 1989. Status and aspects of the ecology and behaviour of the baiji (Lipotes vexillifer) in the lower Yangtze River. pp. 86–91 In W. F. Perrin, R. L. Brownell Jr., K. Zhou and J. Liu (eds.), Biology and conservation of the river dolphins. IUCN Species Survival Commission Occasional Paper 3.
    10. Chen, P.; Zhang, X.; Wei, Z.; Zhao, Q.; Wang, X.; Zhang, G.; Yang, J. (1993). «Appraisal of the influence upon baiji, Lipotes vexillifer by the Three-gorge Project and conservation strategy». Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica 17: 101-111.
    11. Zhou, K.; Sun, J.; Gao, A. (1993). «Photo-identification and population monitoring of the baiji (Lipotes vexillifer) on the lower Yangtze». Working paper presented to Baiji Population and Habitat Viability Workshop, Nanjing, China. June 1–4, 1993.
    12. Zhou, K.; Sun, J. and Gao, A. (1993). «The population status of the baiji in the lower reaches of the Yangtze». Working paper presented to Baiji Population and Habitat Viability Workshop, Nanjing, China. June 1–4, 1993. La referencia utiliza el parámetro obsoleto |coauthors= (ayuda)
    13. Wang, D.; Zhang, X.; Liu, R. (1998). «Conservation status and the future of baiji and finless porpoise in the Yangtze River of China». Report on the eight international symposium on river and lake environments. ISRLE'96, Wuhan, China.
    14. National Geographic News - January 23, 2009

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    Lipotes vexillifer: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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    El baiji (chino tradicional: 白鱀豚, chino simplificado: 白暨豚, pinyin: Báijìtún) , también llamado delfín chino de río, (Lipotes vexillifer) es una especie de cetáceo odontoceto de la familia Iniidae. Era un delfín de río endémico del río Yangtsé (China).

    Apodado "la diosa del Yangtze" (長江女神) en China, se declaró extinto a finales del 2006 después de que una expedición no pudiera encontrar ejemplares en el río. Sin embargo, en 2007, un baiji fue avistado por un vecino de la provincia china Anhui, llamado Zeng Yujiang. Las imágenes fueron revisadas en el Instituto de Hidrobiología de la Academia de Ciencias China, quien confirmó su autenticidad, pero en los meses de mayo-junio de 2008, se volvió a declarar al baiji completamente extinto.​

    Otros nombres para Lipotes vexillifer: Pai-chi, delfín de río chino, delfín de aleta blanca, delfín de bandera blanca, delfín del Yangtsé.

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    Lipotes vexillifer ( Basque )

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    Lipotes vexillifer Lipotes generoko animalia da. Zetazeoen barruko Iniidae familian sailkatuta dago. Yangtzen ibaian baino ez da bizi, non baiji (txinera tradizionalez: 白鱀豚; pinyinez: báijìtún) diote.

    Erreferentziak

    1. (Ingelesez)Mammals - full taxonomy and Red List status Ugaztun guztien egoera 2008an
    2. Miller (1918) 9 68 Smithson. Misc. Coll. 1. or..

    Ikus, gainera

    (RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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    Lipotes vexillifer: Brief Summary ( Basque )

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    Lipotes vexillifer Lipotes generoko animalia da. Zetazeoen barruko Iniidae familian sailkatuta dago. Yangtzen ibaian baino ez da bizi, non baiji (txinera tradizionalez: 白鱀豚; pinyinez: báijìtún) diote.

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    Kiinanjokidelfiini ( Finnish )

    provided by wikipedia FI

    Kiinanjokidelfiini[3][4] eli baiji[3] (Lipotes vexillifer) on tai oli Kiinassa Jangtsejoessa elävä lähes sokea valaslaji. Sitä on Kiinassa kutsuttu "Jangtsen jumalattareksi".[5] Vaikka Kansainvälinen luonnonsuojeluliitto IUCN luokittelee lajin äärimmäisen uhanalaiseksi,[1] jotkut katsovat sen kuitenkin kuolleen sukupuuttoon, koska tutkijat eivät onnistuneet löytämään laskennassa ainuttakaan yksilöä.[6] Kiinanjokidelfiinin arvioidaan eläneen maapallolla 20 miljoonaa vuotta.[5] Se on niin kutsuttu elävä fossiili, sillä se on säilynyt esihistoriallisista ajoista katoamiseensa saakka lähes muuttumattomana.

    Joukko tutkijoita julisti kiinanjokidelfiinin sukupuuttoon kuolleeksi 8. elokuuta 2007, kun ainoatakaan yksilöä ei havaittu Jangtsejoella kuusi viikkoa kestäneiden etsintöjen jälkeen.[5] Jotkut uskovat delfiinin kuolleen sukupuuttoon jo vuonna 2002, kun viimeinen tiedetty kiinanjokidelfiini Kigi kuoli. Joitakin päiviä aiemmin eräs kiinalaismies oli kuvannut videokameralla suurta joessa liikkuvaa eläintä, joka oli todennäköisesti baiji. Jotkut tutkijat pitävät lajia kuitenkin jo hävinneenä, sillä yksi tai muutama yksilö ei riittäisi pelastamaan kantaa. Tutkijoiden mielipiteet eivät ole kuitenkaan muuttaneet Kansainvälisen luonnonsuojeluliiton IUCN:n näkemystä siitä, että laji saattaa olla vielä elossa.[1] Vuonna 2016 amatööritutkimusryhmä väitti havainneensa kiinanjokidelfiinin lähellä Wuhun kaupunkia[7].

    Vuonna 1997 laskennassa kiinanjokidelfiinejä löydettiin enää 13,[8] kun vielä 1980-luvulla niitä eli vielä noin 400.[6] Suurin syy tähän ovat olleet salametsästykset ja jokiin viritettävät verkot. Myös Kolmen rotkon pato muutti pysyvästi delfiinien elinympäristöä. Delfiinejä pyrittiin pelastamaan siirtämällä niitä läheiseen järveen.

    Koko ja ulkonäkö

    Kiinanjokidelfiinillä on pitkä ja kapea nokka. Kiinanjokidelfiini painaa noin 125–230 kg,[9] joidenkin lähteiden mukaan enimmäispaino olisi kuitenkin 160 kg[8]. Pituutta uroksilla saattaa olla jopa 2,5 metriä[9][8] ja naarailla 2,3 metriä. Useimmat yksilöt ovat 2,0-2,5 m pitkiä. Väritykseltään baiji on yläpuolelta siniharmaa ja alapuolelta valkoharmaa.[9]

    Elinympäristö

    Kiinanjokidelfiini elää vain makeavetisissä joissa ja järvissä. Jangtsejoella kiinanjokidelfiinit ovat eläneet syvemmissä osissa ja ne ovat tulleet matalammalle ainoastaan pyydystämään kaloja ravinnokseen.[9]

    Lisääntyminen

    Kiinanjokidelfiininaaras saavuttaa sukukypsyyden noin kuuden ja uros neljän vuoden iässä. Tiineys kestää noin 10–11 kuukautta. Naaraat synnyttävät noin kahden vuoden välein yhden jälkeläisen kerrallaan.[9] Syntynyt jälkeläinen on noin metrin mittainen ja emo hoitaa sitä 8–20 kuukautta.

    Erään yksilön on arveltu eläneen luonnossa 24-vuotiaaksi.[9]

    Ravinto

    Kiinanjokidelfiinit syövät alle 6,5 cm leveitä makean veden kaloja.[9]

    Käyttäytyminen

    Kiinanjokidelfiinit ovat sosiaalisia eläimiä, ja elävät pienissä, 3–4 yksilön ryhmissä. Ryhmät saattavat muodostaa suurempia, 9–16 delfiinin joukkoja. Ravintoa kiinanjokidelfiinit hakevat päivisin ja lepäävät öisin hiljaa virtaavissa kohdissa.[9]

    Vaaran uhatessa kiinanjokidelfiini saattaa paeta 60 km/h nopeudella, mutta useimmiten se liikkui vain noin 10–15 km/h nopeudella.

    Kaikilla jokidelfiineillä on heikko näkö, ja osa lajeista on lähes täysin sokeita. Baiji ei ole täysin sokea, vaikka sen silmät ovatkin pienet ja näkökyky heikko. Pääosin se kuitenkin käyttää kaikuluotausta suunnistaessaan.

    Lähteet

    1. a b c Smith, B.D., Zhou, K., Wang, D., Reeves, R.R., Barlow, J., Taylor, B.L. & Pitman, R.: Lipotes vexillifer IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.2. 2008. International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN, Iucnredlist.org. Viitattu 1.8.2014. (englanniksi)
    2. Wilson & Reeder: Lipotes vexillifer Mammal Species of the World. Bucknell University. Viitattu 21.04.2010. (englanniksi)
    3. a b Delfiinit WWF Suomi. Viitattu 31.5.2008.
    4. Nisäkäsnimistötoimikunta: Nisäkäsnimistö luomus.fi. 2008. Viitattu 18.3.2010.
    5. a b c Sami Sillanpää: Jangtsen valkoinen delfiini kuoli sukupuuttoon HS.fi. 14.12.2006. Helsingin Sanomat. Viitattu 31.5.2008.
    6. a b China's white dolphin called extinct after 20 million years 14.12.2006. RichardDawkins.net. Viitattu 31.5.2008. (englanniksi)
    7. Phillips, Tom: China's 'extinct' dolphin may have returned to Yangtze river, say conservationists The Guardian. 11.10.2016. Viitattu 12.10.2016. (englanniksi)
    8. a b c Prieme, Anders; Varonen, Jukka-Pekka: Delfiinit tekevät kuolemaa. Tieteen Kuvalehti, 2007, nro 15, s. 75 ja 77.
    9. a b c d e f g h Paul Massicot: Animal Info - Baiji animalinfo.org. Viitattu 31.5.2008. (englanniksi)
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    Kiinanjokidelfiini: Brief Summary ( Finnish )

    provided by wikipedia FI

    Kiinanjokidelfiini eli baiji (Lipotes vexillifer) on tai oli Kiinassa Jangtsejoessa elävä lähes sokea valaslaji. Sitä on Kiinassa kutsuttu "Jangtsen jumalattareksi". Vaikka Kansainvälinen luonnonsuojeluliitto IUCN luokittelee lajin äärimmäisen uhanalaiseksi, jotkut katsovat sen kuitenkin kuolleen sukupuuttoon, koska tutkijat eivät onnistuneet löytämään laskennassa ainuttakaan yksilöä. Kiinanjokidelfiinin arvioidaan eläneen maapallolla 20 miljoonaa vuotta. Se on niin kutsuttu elävä fossiili, sillä se on säilynyt esihistoriallisista ajoista katoamiseensa saakka lähes muuttumattomana.

    Joukko tutkijoita julisti kiinanjokidelfiinin sukupuuttoon kuolleeksi 8. elokuuta 2007, kun ainoatakaan yksilöä ei havaittu Jangtsejoella kuusi viikkoa kestäneiden etsintöjen jälkeen. Jotkut uskovat delfiinin kuolleen sukupuuttoon jo vuonna 2002, kun viimeinen tiedetty kiinanjokidelfiini Kigi kuoli. Joitakin päiviä aiemmin eräs kiinalaismies oli kuvannut videokameralla suurta joessa liikkuvaa eläintä, joka oli todennäköisesti baiji. Jotkut tutkijat pitävät lajia kuitenkin jo hävinneenä, sillä yksi tai muutama yksilö ei riittäisi pelastamaan kantaa. Tutkijoiden mielipiteet eivät ole kuitenkaan muuttaneet Kansainvälisen luonnonsuojeluliiton IUCN:n näkemystä siitä, että laji saattaa olla vielä elossa. Vuonna 2016 amatööritutkimusryhmä väitti havainneensa kiinanjokidelfiinin lähellä Wuhun kaupunkia.

    Vuonna 1997 laskennassa kiinanjokidelfiinejä löydettiin enää 13, kun vielä 1980-luvulla niitä eli vielä noin 400. Suurin syy tähän ovat olleet salametsästykset ja jokiin viritettävät verkot. Myös Kolmen rotkon pato muutti pysyvästi delfiinien elinympäristöä. Delfiinejä pyrittiin pelastamaan siirtämällä niitä läheiseen järveen.

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    Dauphin de Chine ( French )

    provided by wikipedia FR

    Lipotes vexillifer

    Le dauphin de Chine ou Baiji (Lipotes vexillifer) est un dauphin d'eau douce vivant uniquement dans le fleuve Yangzi Jiang, en Chine. Il est avec le marsouin du golfe de Californie le cétacé le plus menacé d'extinction. Aujourd'hui il est peut-être même éteint[2]. C'est le seul membre de son genre. D'autres noms communs lui sont connus : dauphin du Chang Jiang, dauphin du Yangzi, déesse du Yangzi et en chinois baiji[3].

    Description

     src=
    Taille comparée de l'homme et du dauphin de Chine.

    Ce dauphin mesurait entre 1,40 m et 2,50 m de long et pesait entre 100 et 160 kg.

    Son rostre, qui pouvait atteindre 58 cm de long, était légèrement spatulé. Il était adapté pour attraper les poissons ou les crabes qui composaient sa nourriture.


    Histoire

     src=
    Dauphin de Chine abattu en 1914 par Charles Hoy.

    Bien qu'il fût déjà connu par les populations locales, le Baiji a été connu internationalement au début du XXe siècle, lorsqu'un Américain alors âgé de 17 ans appelé Charles Hoy tua un spécimen en 1914.

    Ensuite ce jeune américain écrivit une simple description visuelle disant :

    "Dauphin tourné dans le lac Dongting, Longueur-7 pieds 6, Colonne vertébrale cervicale 7 os simples. Nombre total de vertèbres cervicales-45. Couleur dos bleu-gris, ventre blanc. Yeux très petits. Acupuncture en forme d'oreille. Bouches d'aération divisées en deux canaux à une profondeur de 1 pouce.

    Long nez et mince . Dents 129, mâchoire supérieure 65, mâchoire inférieure 64. Quand il a été abattu, il a pleuré, ressemblant à un veau de buffle.[4]"

    Les découvertes fossiles indiquent que le dauphin de Chine a migré du Pacifique vers le fleuve Yangzi Jiang il y a 20 000 ans.

    Ces dauphins sont déjà décrits sous la dynastie Han dans une encyclopédie biologique, Er ya.

    On estime qu’au début du XXe siècle la population des dauphins de Chine comptait environ 5 000 individus.

    En 1978, l'Académie chinoise des sciences créa une branche de l'Institut d'hydrobiologie de Wuhan : le Centre de recherche sur le dauphin d'eau douce[5].

    Chronologie déclin de l'espèce

    • Début du XXe siècle : 5 000 individus[6].
    • 1979 : La République populaire de Chine déclare le dauphin de Chine « en danger ».
    • 1983 : Une loi nationale interdit la chasse du dauphin de Chine.
    • 1986 : Population de 300 individus.
    • 1990 : Population de 200 individus.
    • 1997 : Population de moins de 50 individus (13 trouvés[6]).
    • 1998 : Seulement 7 dauphins comptabilisés.
    • 2002 : Mort du dernier spécimen captif[7].
    • 2006 : L'espèce est considérée comme fonctionnellement éteinte après qu'une expédition de 39 jours échoue à retrouver un seul spécimen[8],[9],[10],[11].
    • 2007 : L'Académie chinoise des sciences annonce officiellement la disparition du dauphin de Chine, unique espèce de dauphin d’eau douce du pays.
    • 2016 : Des naturalistes chinois affirment avoir aperçu un dauphin de Chine dans le Yang-Tsé[12],[13].

    La taille de la population a toujours été difficile à estimer. Mais en décembre 2006, l'espèce a été déclarée fonctionnellement éteinte à la suite de l'incapacité d'une expédition de trouver le moindre individu. S'il s'est vraiment éteint, il s'agira du premier cétacé déclaré éteint à cause de l'activité humaine. En outre, cela faisait une cinquantaine d'années qu'aucune espèce de grand vertébré n'avait été déclarée éteinte[14]. La dernière en date est l'otarie du Japon.

    Un spécimen captif, un mâle nommé Qi Qi, vécut à l'Institut d'hydrobiologie de Wuhan de 1980 au 14 juillet 2002. Qi fut capturé par un pêcheur dans le fleuve Yangzi Jiang. Il y eut un autre dauphin capturé, qui mourut après un séjour d'un an (1996 à 1997) dans le sanctuaire semi-naturel du dauphin de Chine à Shishou qui était vide depuis 1980. Une femelle fut également trouvée près de Shanghai en 1998, mais celle-ci ne se nourrit pas suffisamment et mourut un mois plus tard.

    Pour un des membres de l'expédition de 2006, le biologiste Sam Turvey de la Société de zoologie de Londres, cette perte est une tragédie : « elle représente la disparition d'une branche complète dans l'évolution de l'arbre de vie. Cela met bien en avant que nous n'avons pas encore pris nos complètes responsabilités en tant que gardiens de la planète [11]».

    Malgré l'annonce officielle de sa disparition le 11 août 2007 par l'Académie chinoise, une photographie d'un individu aurait été prise le 13 août 2007 dans la ville de Tongling dans la province chinoise du Anhui[15]. Authentifiée par les scientifiques, cette photo serait bien celle d'un dauphin de Chine qui, bien qu'il n'ait peut-être pas encore totalement disparu, est en très grand danger d'extinction.

    Dernières observations

    Les dernières observations confirmées ont eu lieu au début du XXIe. Une femelle enceinte avait été retrouvée bloquée à Zhenjiang en novembre 2001. Un spécimen a été photographié dans la section de la rivière Tongling en mai 2002[16]. La dernière observation confirmée aurait eu lieu en août 2004[17],[18].

    Les causes de l'extinction

    Les causes de l'extinction du dauphin de Chine sont multiples :

    Conservation

     src=
    Qi Qi, le dernier spécimen captif naturalisé.

    Dans les années 1980 et 1990, plusieurs tentatives pour capturer des dauphins et les placer dans des réserves eurent lieu. Les dauphins devaient ensuite être réintroduits dans le fleuve, après que leur nombre eut augmenté. Cependant, il se révéla difficile de capturer les rares dauphins, et seule une petite partie des dauphins capturés survécut plus de quelques mois.

    La Fondation pour la conservation du dauphin de Chine de Wuhan, la première organisation chinoise de protection d'une espèce aquatique, fut fondée en décembre 1996. La fondation a récolté 1 383 924,35 yuans (environ 134 571,94 euros) et a financé la préservation de cellules in vitro et la maintenance des équipements ainsi que le sanctuaire de Shishou créé en 1998.

     src=
    Un crâne d'un spécimen conservé à l'Institut d'hydrobiologie de Wuhan.

    Cinq zones protégées du Yangzi Jiang ont été désignées comme réserves pour le dauphin de Chine après 1992. Quatre ont été créées dans le bras principal du fleuve, où le dauphin était activement protégé et où la pêche était interdite : deux réserves nationales (Shishou et Xinluo) et deux provinciales (Tongling et Zhenjiang). La cinquième zone protégée était un bras-mort isolé. À elles cinq, les réserves s'étendaient sur un peu plus de 350 kilomètres, soit à peu près un tiers de l'étendue du Yangzi Jiang, laissant non protégés les deux tiers de l'habitat de l'espèce.

    Le Dauphin de Chine avait été déclarée fonctionnellement éteinte depuis 2006. Mais en 2016, une équipe d'écologistes amateurs chinois affirment avoir aperçu un Baiji. Entre l'année 2016 et 2018, des étudiants bénévoles et des pêcheurs affirment avoir observés des Baijis près de Tongling. En Mai 2018, la CBCGDF (China Biodiversity Conservation and Green Development Foudation[20]) dévoile une photo prise de loin de ce qui semble être un Baiji, cette photo a été identifié par des chercheurs internationaux comme étant réellement un Baiji[21],[22].

    Les efforts pour sauvegarder l'espèce furent insuffisants et trop tardifs, ainsi August Pfluger, le directeur de la fondation Baiji.org dit que

    « la stratégie du gouvernement chinois était bonne, mais le temps a manqué pour la mettre en application[23] ».

    Possible réapparition

    Le 30 septembre 2016, des naturalistes amateurs chinois lancent une expédition de 7 jours à Anqing pour trouver des Baijis[réf. souhaitée].

    Le 4 octobre 2016, les naturalistes aperçoivent un animal de couleur blanche près de la ville de Wuhu (province d'Anhui). Tous les témoins de la scène affirmait qu'il s'agissait d'un Baiji, y compris les pêcheurs[24].

    Song Qi, le chef de l'expédition affirme avoir vu un "point blanc", puis il a vu l'animal sauter une deuxième puis une troisième fois avant de disparaître si rapidement[24].

    Cependant, ils n'ont pas eu le temps de prendre une photo de l'animal observé. Immédiatement après l'observation, Song Qi a contacté des spécialistes de l'Académie chinoise des sciences de Wuhan qui les ont rejoints pour le reste de leur expédition, mais ils n'ont plus aperçu le mystérieux animal[24].

     src=
    Le dauphin de Chine que les photographes disent avoir vu.

    En 2018, un groupe de photographes bénévoles à la China Biodiversity Conservation and Green Development Foundation disent avoir vu un Baiji et l'ont même photographié[25].

    Notes et références

    1. « Page IUCN Red List de Lipotes vexillifer », 20 août 2017 (consulté le 20 janvier 2020)
    2. « Dauphin de Chine - Baiji ou dauphin du Yangzi Jiang », sur www.especes-menacees.fr, 2 mai 2016 (consulté le 11 février 2020)
    3. L'espèce a pour nom chinois baiji ou baijitun (白鱀豚 ; pinyin : báijìtún), soit dauphin d'eau douce blanc.
    4. « 美国牧师海维礼父子与“长江女神”白鱀豚的奇缘(连载3)_海翁伯_新浪博客 », sur blog.sina.com.cn (consulté le 23 février 2020)
    5. En chinois : 淡水海豚研究中心.
    6. a et b « Le dauphin blanc du Yangtsé se serait éteint », dans Le Monde du 08/08/2007, [lire en ligne]
    7. « La mort du baiji », sur Books, 26 mars 2009 (consulté le 23 février 2020)
    8. Article de la baiji.org Foundation du 13 décembre 2006
    9. First human-caused extinction of a cetacean species?
    10. A part of China's soul has gone, 8 août 2007.
    11. a et b Mélanie Gouby, « Le dauphin de rivière s'est éteint », sur liberation.fr, Libération, 9 août 2007
    12. (en) « China's 'extinct' dolphin may have returned to Yangtze river, say conservationists », sur the Guardian, 11 octobre 2016 (consulté le 19 février 2022)
    13. (en) « Reported Sighting of Extinct River Dolphin is Unlikely », sur Animals, 11 octobre 2016 (consulté le 19 février 2022)
    14. La fin de « baiji », déesse du fleuve, Christiane Galus, Le Monde, 11 août 2007
    15. Rare dolphin spotted in Yangtze River ScienceDaily 31 août 2007
    16. (en-US) « Baiji – IUCN – SSC Cetacean Specialist Group » (consulté le 7 mai 2020)
    17. (en-US) Reuters, « Rare Dolphin Seen in China, Experts Say », The New York Times,‎ 30 août 2007 (ISSN , lire en ligne, consulté le 21 janvier 2020)
    18. (en) Stuart Winter, « Back from extinction: Has the Yangtze river dolphin returned from oblivion? », sur Express.co.uk, 6 octobre 2016 (consulté le 7 mai 2020)
    19. reportage France 5 du 19/08/08
    20. [1]
    21. « Dauphin baiji : une espèce disparue... Revue 12 ans plus tard? », sur Baleines en direct, 11 juin 2018 (consulté le 2 juillet 2020)
    22. « Why CBCGDF Looks for Yangtze River Dolphin?- 中国生物多样性保护与绿色发展基金会 », sur www.cbcgdf.org (consulté le 2 juillet 2020)
    23. Chinese river dolphin almost certainly extinct, Reuters AlertNet, 13 12 2006.
    24. a b et c (en-GB) Fiona MacDonald, « China’s 'Extinct' Dolphin Has Reportedly Been Spotted in The Yangtze River », sur ScienceAlert (consulté le 19 janvier 2020)
    25. « Critically endangered Chinese dolphin 'spotted' in Yangtze River », sur news.cgtn.com (consulté le 17 mai 2021)

    Voir aussi

    Références taxinomiques

    Genre Lipotes

    Espèce Lipotes vexillifer

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    Dauphin de Chine: Brief Summary ( French )

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    Lipotes vexillifer

    Le dauphin de Chine ou Baiji (Lipotes vexillifer) est un dauphin d'eau douce vivant uniquement dans le fleuve Yangzi Jiang, en Chine. Il est avec le marsouin du golfe de Californie le cétacé le plus menacé d'extinction. Aujourd'hui il est peut-être même éteint. C'est le seul membre de son genre. D'autres noms communs lui sont connus : dauphin du Chang Jiang, dauphin du Yangzi, déesse du Yangzi et en chinois baiji.

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    Deilf na hIaing-tsí ( Irish )

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    Ainmhí mara is ea an deilf na hIaing-tsí.


    Ainmhí
    Is síol ainmhí é an t-alt seo. Cuir leis, chun cuidiú leis an Vicipéid.
    Má tá alt níos forbartha le fáil i dteanga eile, is féidir leat aistriúchán Gaeilge a dhéanamh.


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    Lipotes vexillifer ( Galician )

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    Lipotes vexillifer é unha especie de cetáceo odontoceto, único membro da familia dos lipótidos.

    É un golfiño de río endémico do río Yangtzé (China). O seu nome chinés é baiji (白鱀豚) ou baijitun (en pinyin, báijìtún), que quere dicir "golfiño de auga doce branco".

    Coñecido como "a deusa do Yangtzé" (長江女神) en China, creuse que se extinguira a finais do ano 2006, despois de que unha expedición non puido encontrar exemplares no río.

    Porén, en 2007, foi avistado un por un veciño da provincia chinesa de Anhui, chamado Zeng Yujiang. As imaxes tomadas por el foron revisadas no Instituto de Hidrobioloxía da Academia de Ciencias Chinesa, que confirmou a súa autenticidade.[3]

    Etimoloxía

    O nome do xénero, Lipotes, deriva do grego antigo λειποτήσ leipotés, do verbo λείπω leípo, "deixar" (a vida), "abandonar", "ser abandonado", "subsistir", en referencia á moi restrinxida zona onde vivía o animal.

    En canto ao nome específico, vexillifer, significa "abandeirado" (do latín vexillum, -i, "estandarte", "bandeira", e fer, imperativo de ferre, "levar".[4]

    Descrición

    As principais características de Lipotes vexillifer son as seguintes:[5]

    • Este golfiño mide entre 1,40 e 2,50 m de lonxitude, e pesa entre os 100 e os 160 kg.
      O seu peso ao nacer é de entre 2,5 e 4,8 kg.
    • O corpo é robusto, coas partes superiores e os flancos de cor gis azulada pálida e as inferiores abrancazadas.
    • A aleta dorsal é moi baixa, de forma triangular, coa base moi ancha e rematada nunha punha roma.
    • A cabeza presenta unha fronte abrupta, ollos pequenos, situados a bastante altura.
    • O bico é longo e estreito (pode chegar aos 58 cm de lonxitude), lixeiramente espatulado e curvado cara a arriba, adaptado para apañar os peixes e os cangrexos dos que se alimenta.

    Distribución

    Historicamente vivía ao longo de 1 700 km nos cursos medio e inferior do río Yangtzé(China), até a desembocadura do río, cerca de Shanghai, aínda que a súa presenza era rara máis arriba de Zhicheng e máis abaixo de Nanjing, sendo máis común desde Loushan a Xintankou e de Anqing a Heishazhou. Aparecía alí onde os afluentes desembocaban no río principal, sobre todo antes e despois de enseadas e bancos de area. Antes, vivía tamén nos lagos Dongting e Poyang, durante as inundacións de primavera, pero os niveis da auga actuais xa non son suficientes para iso.[5]

    Aproximadamente o 12 % da poboación humana do mundo vive e traballa nas beiras do río Yangtzé, exercendo presión sobre o río. A construción do encoro das Tres Gargantas tamén deu lugar a perda de hábitat.

    Comportamento

    Pouco se sabe do comportamento deste golfiño, xa que moi poucos exemplares puideron identificarse e é un animal difícil de estudar en liberdade (o único macho cativo, Qi Qi, foi unha fonte crucial de información desde 1980 até que morreu en 2002). Vive en pequenos grupos, de até 6 individuos (en zonas de abundante alimento poden reunirse máis). Nos períodos de actividade nada con rapidez, variando con frecuencia a dirección e o estilo (moitas veces, sobre o dorso ou os flancos), con inmersións frecuentes e curtas. Pero tamén pode nadar lentamente, polo xeral na mesma dirección, e con inmersións escasas e prolongadas. Habitualmente repousa en remansos de augas profundas durante 5 ou 6 horas.[5]

    Historia antiga

    Os achados fósiles indican que este golfiño migrou desde o Pacífico cara ao río Yangtzé hai 20.000 anos.[Cómpre referencia]

    Estes golfiños foron xa descritos na época da dinastía Han, nunha enciclopedia biolóxica, Erya. Estímase que nesa época a súa poboación era duns 5.000 individuos.[Cómpre referencia]

    Conservación

    Tan pronto como China decidiu modernizarse recoñeceu o estado precario do seu golfiño de río.

    En 1978, a Academia Chinsesa de Ciencias creou unha rama do Instituto de Hidrobioloxía de Wuhan, o Centro de Investigación do Golfiño de auga doce.[6]. De todos modos os esforzos deste instituto para salvar a estes mamíferos foron moi poucos e chegaron demasiado tarde.

     src=
    Mapa dos lugares onde se centraron os esforzos para a conservación de Lipotes vexillifer.

    A primeira organización de protección de especies acuáticas chinesas, a Fundación de Conservación de Wuhan Golfiño baiji, fundouse en decembro de 1996. Recadou 1 383 924,35 iuans (ao redor de 100 000 dólares) e usou eses fondos para a preservación de células in vitro e para manter as instalacións do golfiño de río chinés, incluíndo o santuario de Shishou, que foi inundado en 1998.

    Douglas Adams e Mark Carwardine documentaron os seus encontros cos animais en perigo nas súas viaxes de conservación para o programa da BBC "A última oportunidade para ver" (Last Chance to See). O libro do mesmo nome, publicado en 1990, incluíu fotos dun exemplar en catividade, un macho chamado Qi Qi, que viviu no delfinario do Instituto Wuhan de Hidrobioloxía desde 1980 até o 14 de xullo de 2002. Este golfiño, descuberto por un pescador no lago Dongting, converteuse no único residente do delfinario de Baiji, ao lado do lago do Leste. Outro delfín capturado faleceu despois dun ano (de 1996 a 1997), na Reserva Seminatural de Shishou Tian-e-Zhou, que contiña soamente toniñas da especie Neophocaena phocaenoides desde 1990. Outro golfiño, unha femia achada na illa de Chongming cerca de Shangai en 1998, faleceu de fame despois dun mes, xa que non aceptou a comida que se lle daba.

    A especie de cetáceo en maior perigo no mundo, segundo o Libro Guinness dos Récords, foi avistada por última vez no mes de setembro de 2004. A axencia de noticias Xinhua anunciou o 4 de decembro de 2006 que ningún golfiño de río chinés fora detectado tras unha busca visual e acústica realizada por 30 investigadores durante seis semanas no río Yangtzé. O fracaso da Expedición do golfiño de auga doce do río Yangtzé levantou sospeitas sobre a inequívoca extinción dunha especie de cetáceo debido á acción humana. A escasa visibilidade da auga e as condicións climáticas poderían dificultar os avistamentos, pero de todos os modos algúns científicos declararon a especie funcionalmente extinta o 13 de decembro de 2006.

    A poboación actual deste golfiño é difícil de calcular, pero se pensa que son menos dos que se necesitan para a propagación da especie.

    Cronoloxía

    • 1979: China declara a especie en perigo de extinción.
    • 1983: A caza do golfiño de auga doce declárase ilegal.
    • 1986: Quedan 300 individuos.
    • 1989: Finaliza a construción do encoro Gezhouba.
    • 1990: Quedan 200 individuos.
    • 1994: Comeza a construción do encoro das Tres Gargantas.
    • 1997: Quedan menos de 50 exemplares (cóntanse só 23).
    • 1998: Encóntranse só 7 exemplares.
    • 2003: Comeza a encherse o devandito encoro.
    • 2006: Non se encontra ningún individuo, o cal indica que especie está extinta con toda probabilidade.
    • 2007: Realízase unha expedición ao longo do río para saber cantos animais quedan. Non se encontra ningún, polo que a especie é declarada completamente extinta. A partir de aquí o goberno chinés tratará de evitar a extinción da Neophocaena phocaenoides, outro cetáceo que tamén vive no río e que está en grave perigo de extinción. Porén ese ano un baiji foi avistado por un veciño da provincia de Anhui.

    Causas da extinción

    As causas da posíbel extinción do Lipotes vexillifer son moi diversas, aínda que concretamente o fin da especie se atribúe á sobrepesca, á construción de encoros, á degradación ambiental e ás colisións de embarcacións con estes animais.[7]

    O encoro das Tres Gargantas alterou de maneira irrecuperábel o hábitat deste golfiño. Algúns científicos esperaban poder salvar aos últimos individuos trasladándoos a un lago próximo, para logo reintroducilos novamente no río cando as súas oportunidades de supervivencia foran maiores.

    Notas

    1. "Lipotes vexillifer". Lista Vermella de especies ameazadas. (en inglés). Unión Internacional para a Conservación da Natureza.
    2. 2,0 2,1 Miller, Gerrit S (1918). "A new river-dolphin from China". Smithsonian miscellaneous collections 68 (9): 1–12.
    3. Avistamiento de un baiji
    4. Aínda que o auténtico termo para "abandeirado" ou "portaestandarte" no latín clásico era vexilliarius, -ii.
    5. 5,0 5,1 5,2 Carwardine, M. (1995), pp. 228-229.
    6. En chinés, 淡水海豚研究中心.
    7. National Geographic News - January 23, 2009

    Véxase tamén

    Bibliografía

    Outros artigos

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    Lipotes vexillifer: Brief Summary ( Galician )

    provided by wikipedia gl Galician

    Lipotes vexillifer é unha especie de cetáceo odontoceto, único membro da familia dos lipótidos.

    É un golfiño de río endémico do río Yangtzé (China). O seu nome chinés é baiji (白鱀豚) ou baijitun (en pinyin, báijìtún), que quere dicir "golfiño de auga doce branco".

    Coñecido como "a deusa do Yangtzé" (長江女神) en China, creuse que se extinguira a finais do ano 2006, despois de que unha expedición non puido encontrar exemplares no río.

    Porén, en 2007, foi avistado un por un veciño da provincia chinesa de Anhui, chamado Zeng Yujiang. As imaxes tomadas por el foron revisadas no Instituto de Hidrobioloxía da Academia de Ciencias Chinesa, que confirmou a súa autenticidade.

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    Baiji ( Croatian )

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    Baiji (lat. Lipotes vexillifer), vrsta riječnih dupina kojeg nazivaju i kineski riječni dupin, kineski jezerski dupin ali i Jangce dupin, živio je isključivo u velikoj kineskoj rijeci Jangce i njenim pritocima.

    Smatralo ga se 2000-ih najrjeđim sisavcem na svijetu, a o njegovoj izumiranju se još onda govorilo. Iako je kineska vlada 2001. godine pokrenula „Akcijski plan za spas sisavaca rijeke Yangtze”, kasnija ekspedicija 2006. god. nije uspjela pronaći niti jednu jedinku u rijeci i organizatori ekspedicije su objavili kako je Baiji službeno izumrla vrsta[1].

    Osobine

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    Usporedba veličine s čovjekom.

    Kineski riječni dupin narastao je do 2,5 metara i težak je bio do 160 kilograma. Pri tome, mužjaci su s oko 2,2 m nili nešto manji od ženki. Gornja strana tijela mu je bila blijedo siva do plavkasta, dok je donja strana bijela. Jednako tako su obojene bile i prednje i repna peraja, gornja strana sivkasta, a donja bijela. Leđna peraja je imala oblik trokuta zaobljenog vrha.

    Izraženo kljunasta njuška mu je prema vrhu bila blago svinuta prema gore. Vrlo je uska i u svakoj čeljusti je imala između 30 i 35 zubi čunjastog oblika. Oči su mu bile zakržljale, ali nije izgubio osjetilo vida.

    Rasprostranjenost

    Ranije se mislilo, da živi samo u Dongtinškom jezeru (Što mu je, vjerojatno, i donijelo jedno od imena koja se za njega koriste, kineski jezerski dupin), dok nije tijekom 1970-tih otkriveno, da ga se može sresti u dužini od 1900 km uzvodno od ušća Jangcea. Živjeli su od prilike na svakih četiri kilometra po jedan cijelom dužinom rijeke. Kod visokih voda, dolazili su i u riječne rukave i jezera. Iz Dongtinškog jezera je nestao kad se u njemu skupila velika količina sedimenta kao posljedica intenzivirane poljoprivrede. Nakon toga, moglo ga se vidjeti još samo u srednjem, mirnijem dijelu Jangcea.

    Način života

    O načinu života ove vrste je bilo vrlo malo poznato. Kako su im oči a s njima i vid zakržljali, u lovu na plijen su bili ovisni o svojoj sposobnosti eho lociranja. Hranili su se isključivo ribama koje su lovili za vrijeme svojih urona koji su trajali samo dvadesetak sekundi. Spektar lovine im je bio vrlo širok, a lovili su pretežno ribe koje se drže dna.

    Baiji su zadnja desetljeća svog postojanja živili samotnjački. Ranije ih se sretalo u parovima ili manjim grupama do šest jedinaka, a povremeno se viđalo grupe i do deset životinja.

    Većinu vremena ovaj dupin je provodio tik ispod površine vode tako da mu je leđna peraja virila iz vode. Kod izranjanja prvo izlazila glava, a zatim se savije i ponovo glavom uranja. Repna peraja se pri tome ne vidi. Žijveli su u skupinama od po 10 životinja. O razmnožavanju se nije znalo gotovo ništa. Mladunci su se rađali dugi manje od 95 cm i teški oko 10 kilograma.

    Sistematika i etimologija

    Prema fosilnim nalazima zaključuje se, da je baiji prije oko 20.000 godina ušao u Jangce iz Pacifika. On je istovremeno bio jedini pretstavnik roda Lipotes i porodice Lipotidae. Do unatrag nekoliko godina svrstavalo ga se u istu porodicu s Boto, La Plata i Indijskim riječnim dupinom nazvanu riječni dupini. Sličnosti između ovih vrsta nisu proizašle iz njihove srodnosti, nego su posljedica konvergentnog prilagođavanja životu u velikim riječnim sistemima.

    Ime Lipotes izvedeno je iz grčkog 'leipos' što se može prevesti kao 'preostali' ili 'onaj koji je ostao', a zasniva se na činjenici da živi na vrlo ograničenom području. Drugi dio imena, vexillifer, izvedeno je iz riječi 'vexillum' koja znači 'zastava' i 'fer' što znači 'nositi', dakle, 'nosač zastave'.

    Stanje i ugroženost

    Prvi opis ove životinje potiče iz jedne enciklopedije o prirodi napisane u vrijeme dinastije Han, što znači iz razdoblja oko Kristovog rođenja. 1978. je kineska Akademija znanosti osnovala Centar za istraživanje slatkovodnog dupina.

    Iako je dupin još 1979. prepoznat kao ugrožena vrsta a 1983. stavljen pod strogu zaštitu, uvjeti koji ga ugrožavaju se nisu promijenili. Jedno brojanje provedeno 1986. utvrdilo je broj od oko 300 jedinki, dok ih je brojanje 1998. utvrdilo još samo sedam.

    Smatralo ga se najrjeđim kitom i jednim od najrjeđih sisavaca uopće. Najveća ugroza im je bila industrijalizacija i kao njena posljedica veliko zagađivanje Jangcea, zatim masivan promet brodova rijekom kao i utapanje dupina kad se upletu u ribarske mreže. Sve to dovelo je vrstu na granicu istrjebljenja. Mnoga dokazana uginuća posljedica su raznih načina lova na kečige, a zatim sudara s motornim čamcima čiji broj se također jako povećao.

    Postojeći broj jedinaka 2000-ih bilo je vrlo teško procijeniti. Pretpostavljalo se da gradnju poznate brane Tri sutjeske vrsta vjerojatno neće preživjeti, jer bi tom branom populacija bila zauvijek podijeljena. Može se pretpostaviti, da se baiji pod tim uvjetima više ne bi mogli razmnožavati, te da će zadnji preostali primjerci vrste uginuti bez potomaka.


    Posljednji poznati baiji bio je Qi Qi koji je uginuo 2002. godine. [2]

    Izumiranje

    U studenom 2006. bilo je u planu nekoliko preživjelih primjeraka pronaći, uloviti i ponovo pustiti u jedan oko 20 km dugačak rukavac Jangcea. Prema pisanju www.monitor.hr, od 8. kolovoza 2007., a pozivajući se na NewScientist od 8. kolovoza 2007., rijetki dupin iz rijeke Jangce, službeno je izumro. Tijekom istraživanja koje je trajalo šest tjedana u rijeci nije primijećen ni jedan dupin. Uzroci izumiranja su teška industrijalizacija, zagađenje, ribolov s velikim mrežama i drugi.

    Izvori

    1. Stefan Lovgren, "China's Rare River Dolphin Now Extinct, Experts Announce", National Geographic News, Washington, D.C., National Geographic Society, 14. prosinca 2006. (engl.) Pristupljeno 9. lipnja 2019.
    2. http://web.ipac.caltech.edu/staff/hoard/baiji/baiji14.html
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    Baiji: Brief Summary ( Croatian )

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    Baiji (lat. Lipotes vexillifer), vrsta riječnih dupina kojeg nazivaju i kineski riječni dupin, kineski jezerski dupin ali i Jangce dupin, živio je isključivo u velikoj kineskoj rijeci Jangce i njenim pritocima.

    Smatralo ga se 2000-ih najrjeđim sisavcem na svijetu, a o njegovoj izumiranju se još onda govorilo. Iako je kineska vlada 2001. godine pokrenula „Akcijski plan za spas sisavaca rijeke Yangtze”, kasnija ekspedicija 2006. god. nije uspjela pronaći niti jednu jedinku u rijeci i organizatori ekspedicije su objavili kako je Baiji službeno izumrla vrsta.

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    Baiji ( Indonesian )

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    Untuk kegunaan lain, lihat Baiji (disambiguasi).

    Baiji (Hanzi: ; Pinyin: báijìtún) (Lipotes vexillifer, Lipotes berarti "tertinggal di belakang", vexillifer "pembawa bendera") adalah lumba-lumba air tawar yang hanya dapat ditemui di sungai Yangtze, Tiongkok. Lumba-lumba ini disebut "Dewi Yangtze" (Hanzi: 长江女神; Hanzi tradisional: 長江女神; Hanzi: Cháng Jiāng nǚshén) di Tiongkok, selain itu, lumba-lumba ini juga disebut Lumba-lumba sungai Tiongkok, Lumba-lumba sungai Yangtze, Beiji, Lumba-lumba sirip putih dan Lumba-lumba Yangtze. Daftar merah IUCN tahun 2007 mengklasifikasi Baiji sebagai spesies kritis, dan kemungkinan spesies ini telah punah.[1]

    Populasi Baiji menurun dengan drastis pada beberapa dekade karena industrialisasi Tiongkok dan penggunaan sungai untuk memancing, transportasi dan hidrolistrik. Penglihatan Baiji terakhir dikonfirmasi tahun 2004, dengan penglihatan yang tidak dapat dikonfirmasi pada Agustus 2007.[2] Usaha dilakukan untuk menyelamatkan spesies ini, tetapi ekspedisi lumba-lumba air tawar Yangtze 2006 gagal untuk menemukan Baiji di sungai ini. Organisator menyatakan Baiji "punah secara fungsional",[3] yang akan membuatnya sebagal spesies mamalia air pertama yang punah sejak kepunahan singa laut Jepang dan anjing laut biarawan Karibia tahun 1950-an. Kepunahannya juga akan menjadi kepunahan pertama spesies cetacean.

    Catatan kaki

    1. ^ a b Smith, B.D., Zhou, K., Wang, D., Reeves, R.R., Barlow, J., Taylor, B. and Pitman, R. (2007). Lipotes vexillifer. 2007 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2007. Diakses pada 2007-09-13.
    2. ^ "Rare Dolphin Seen in China, Experts Say". New York Times. 2007-08-30. Diakses tanggal 2007-08-30.
    3. ^ "The Chinese river dolphin is functionally extinct". baiji.org. 2006-12-13. Teks "accessdate - 2006-12-13" akan diabaikan (bantuan); Periksa nilai tanggal di: |date= (bantuan)

    Pranala luar

    Berita

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    Baiji: Brief Summary ( Indonesian )

    provided by wikipedia ID
    Untuk kegunaan lain, lihat Baiji (disambiguasi).

    Baiji (Hanzi: ; Pinyin: báijìtún) (Lipotes vexillifer, Lipotes berarti "tertinggal di belakang", vexillifer "pembawa bendera") adalah lumba-lumba air tawar yang hanya dapat ditemui di sungai Yangtze, Tiongkok. Lumba-lumba ini disebut "Dewi Yangtze" (Hanzi: 长江女神; Hanzi tradisional: 長江女神; Hanzi: Cháng Jiāng nǚshén) di Tiongkok, selain itu, lumba-lumba ini juga disebut Lumba-lumba sungai Tiongkok, Lumba-lumba sungai Yangtze, Beiji, Lumba-lumba sirip putih dan Lumba-lumba Yangtze. Daftar merah IUCN tahun 2007 mengklasifikasi Baiji sebagai spesies kritis, dan kemungkinan spesies ini telah punah.

    Populasi Baiji menurun dengan drastis pada beberapa dekade karena industrialisasi Tiongkok dan penggunaan sungai untuk memancing, transportasi dan hidrolistrik. Penglihatan Baiji terakhir dikonfirmasi tahun 2004, dengan penglihatan yang tidak dapat dikonfirmasi pada Agustus 2007. Usaha dilakukan untuk menyelamatkan spesies ini, tetapi ekspedisi lumba-lumba air tawar Yangtze 2006 gagal untuk menemukan Baiji di sungai ini. Organisator menyatakan Baiji "punah secara fungsional", yang akan membuatnya sebagal spesies mamalia air pertama yang punah sejak kepunahan singa laut Jepang dan anjing laut biarawan Karibia tahun 1950-an. Kepunahannya juga akan menjadi kepunahan pertama spesies cetacean.

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    Lipotes vexillifer ( Italian )

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    Il lipote, noto anche come delfino dello Yangtze (Lipotes vexillifer Miller, 1918) o baiji (, in cinese: 白鱀豚S, báijìtúnP), è una specie, probabilmente estinta, di delfino di acqua dolce che popolava le acque del Fiume Azzurro in Cina,[2] dichiarato estinto nel 2006.[3] Un presunto esemplare è stato avvistato nell'agosto del 2007[4], ma resta il dubbio che si trattasse di una neofocena[5]. È l'unica specie del genere Lipotes e della famiglia Lipotidae.

    Morfologia

     src=
    L. vexillifer

    Ha un corpo tozzo delle dimensioni di un uomo. Come altri delfini di fiume possiede occhi molto piccoli e un rostro lungo e stretto. A distanza, il colore della livrea appariva bianco o grigio, ma da vicino è grigio-bluastro scuro sul dorso per sfumare al bianco-grigiastro sul ventre. La pinna dorsale, di forma triangolare, è bassa, mentre quelle pettorali sono larghe e talvolta arrotondate.

    Biologia

     src=
    Lianlian e Zhenzhen, due delfini dello Yangtze[6]

    È più attivo dal crepuscolo all'alba. Chi ha avuto la fortuna di incontrarlo riferisce di aver avvistato esemplari solitari o in gruppi al massimo di 6 individui alla confluenza dei fiumi, soprattutto in prossimità di bassi sbarramenti di sabbia. La specie è tranquilla, riservata e difficile da avvicinare. In condizioni di riposo il soffio può essere avvertito come una sorta di squillante starnuto, ed è difficile da distinguere da quello della neofocena, l'unico altro cetaceo che vive nell'areale del lipote. I cetacei avvistati nel Fiume Azzurro molto spesso sono infatti neofocene, più numerose e più facili da vedere e da avvicinare.

    Conservazione

     src=
    Lipote ucciso dal naturalista Charles M. Hoy nel 1914
     src=
    Sforzi di conservazione del baiji nelle acque del Fiume Azzurro

    La Zoological Society of London, in base a criteri di unicità evolutiva e di esiguità della popolazione, considera il Lipotes vexillifer una delle 100 specie di mammiferi a maggiore rischio di estinzione.

    Nel 2006 il Lipotes vexillifer era stato dichiarato estinto:[3] una spedizione scientifica risalita lungo il corso del Fiume Azzurro non era stata in grado di censire neanche un esemplare della specie. Un successivo avvistamento[4] ha fatto riclassificare la specie come in pericolo critico.[7]
    La popolazione residua probabile di lipoti sarebbe comunque bassa (circa una decina; comunque intorno ai 10-11 esemplari) e destinata a scomparire: non vivono, per quanto si sappia, esemplari in acquario e l'ultimo, un maschio di nome Qi Qi, perì nel 2002.

    Ecco la cronologia del rapido declino della specie:

    • 1979: la Repubblica Popolare Cinese dichiara il lipote specie a rischio
    • 1983: dichiarata illegale la caccia ai lipoti
    • 1986: popolazione sui 300 individui
    • 1990: popolazione sui 200 individui
    • 1997: popolazione stimata a meno di 50 individui
    • 1998: sono in vita solo 7 lipoti[7]
    • 13 dicembre 2006: il cetaceo è dichiarato formalmente estinto
    • 9 agosto 2007: l'Accademia delle Scienze cinese conferma la sua estinzione.[8]
    • 29 agosto 2007: si suppone sia stato avvistato un esemplare.

    Note

    1. ^ (EN) Smith, B.D., Wang, D., Braulik, G.T., Reeves, R., Zhou, K., Barlow, J. & Pitman, R.L. 2017, Lipotes vexillifer, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020. URL consultato il 1º giugno 2019.
    2. ^ (EN) D.E. Wilson e D.M. Reeder, Lipotes vexillifer, in Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 3ª ed., Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005, ISBN 0-8018-8221-4.
    3. ^ a b A freshwater dolphin found only in China is "effectively extinct", an expedition has declared following a fruitless six-week search, su news.bbc.co.uk, BBC news. URL consultato il 13 dicembre 2006.
    4. ^ a b Cina, nuove speranze per il delfino bianco: "Non è estinto: avvistato un esemplare", in la Repubblica, 30 agosto 2007. URL consultato il 17 giugno 2008.
    5. ^ Il ritorno del delfino di fiume? Improbabile, in National Geographic Italia, 12 ottobre 2016. URL consultato il 13 maggio 2018 (archiviato dall'url originale il 14 maggio 2018).
    6. ^ (EN) Kaiya Zhou e Xingduan Zhang, Baiji: The Yangtze River Dolphin and Other Endangered Animals of China, traduzione di Luo Changyuan, Nanchino, Yilin Press, 1991, ISBN 0-913276-56-1, OCLC 24064736.
    7. ^ a b (EN) Smith, B.D., Zhou, K., Wang, D., Reeves, R.R., Barlow, J., Taylor, B.L. & Pitman, R, Lipotes vexillifer, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020.
    8. ^ [1]Lo Yangtze ha perso il suo delfino Arianna editrice,10 agosto 2007 [2] Archiviato il 25 settembre 2018 in Internet Archive. il manifesto, 9 agosto 2007

    Bibliografia

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    Lipotes vexillifer: Brief Summary ( Italian )

    provided by wikipedia IT

    Il lipote, noto anche come delfino dello Yangtze (Lipotes vexillifer Miller, 1918) o baiji (, in cinese: 白鱀豚S, báijìtúnP), è una specie, probabilmente estinta, di delfino di acqua dolce che popolava le acque del Fiume Azzurro in Cina, dichiarato estinto nel 2006. Un presunto esemplare è stato avvistato nell'agosto del 2007, ma resta il dubbio che si trattasse di una neofocena. È l'unica specie del genere Lipotes e della famiglia Lipotidae.

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    Kininis ežerinis delfinas ( Lithuanian )

    provided by wikipedia LT
    Binomas Lipotes vexillifer
    Paplitimo arelas

    Kininis ežerinis delfinas (lot. Lipotes vexillifer) – praktiškai išnykusi upinių delfinų (Platanistidae) rūšis.

    Rūšis buvo atrasta 1918 m. gėlame Duntinhu ežere, Kinijos Hunano provincijoje.

    Užauga iki 2,2-2,5 m ilgio ir iki 120-160 kg svorio. Nugara melsvai pilka arba ruda. Turi lankstų kaklą ir ilgą „snapą“, kuriuo ieško maisto dumblėtame Jangdzės vandenyje. Viršutiniame ir apatiniame žandikaulyje yra 30-35 poros dantų. Akys nevisiškai susiformavusios. Gyvena mažomis grupėmis, dažniausiai po 2-6 individus.

    Sparčiai nykstanti (arba jau išnykusi[2]) rūšis, nes nelegaliai medžiojamas dėl maisto ir naudojimo tradicinėje medicinoje.

    Šaltiniai

    1. „IUCN Red List - Lipotes vexillifer“. IUCN Red list. Nuoroda tikrinta 2011-10-26.
    2. Rare river dolphin 'now extinct', BBC, 2007-08-08

    Vikiteka

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    Kininis ežerinis delfinas: Brief Summary ( Lithuanian )

    provided by wikipedia LT

    Kininis ežerinis delfinas (lot. Lipotes vexillifer) – praktiškai išnykusi upinių delfinų (Platanistidae) rūšis.

    Rūšis buvo atrasta 1918 m. gėlame Duntinhu ežere, Kinijos Hunano provincijoje.

    Užauga iki 2,2-2,5 m ilgio ir iki 120-160 kg svorio. Nugara melsvai pilka arba ruda. Turi lankstų kaklą ir ilgą „snapą“, kuriuo ieško maisto dumblėtame Jangdzės vandenyje. Viršutiniame ir apatiniame žandikaulyje yra 30-35 poros dantų. Akys nevisiškai susiformavusios. Gyvena mažomis grupėmis, dažniausiai po 2-6 individus.

    Sparčiai nykstanti (arba jau išnykusi) rūšis, nes nelegaliai medžiojamas dėl maisto ir naudojimo tradicinėje medicinoje.

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    Chinese vlagdolfijn ( Dutch; Flemish )

    provided by wikipedia NL

    De Chinese vlagdolfijn of baiji (Lipotes vexillifer) is een walvisachtige. Hij komt enkel voor in de Jangtsekiang, een rivier die door China stroomt. Het is de enige soort uit het geslacht Lipotes. De soort is pas in 1918 wetenschappelijk beschreven. Hoewel er in het midden van de 20e eeuw nog een populatie van enkele duizenden individuen was, nam het aantal daarna snel af. In 2006 werd de soort verklaard te zijn uitgestorven.

    Kenmerken

    De Chinese vlagdolfijn is een gedrongen rivierdolfijn, met een bol voorhoofd en een lichtelijk omhoog gebogen snuit. De ogen zijn klein en slecht ontwikkeld en bevinden zich hoog in de kop. De soort heeft een kleine, driehoekige rugvin, korte, brede flippers en een brede staart, die spits is aan de uiteinden. In de boven- en onderkaak staan 30 tot 35 paar wigvormige tanden. De vlagdolfijn is blauwig grijs van kleur, met een witte buikzijde. Vrouwtjes worden groter dan mannetjes. Vrouwtjes zijn gemiddeld 240 centimeter lang en 160 kilogram zwaar, mannetjes 220 centimeter lang en 125 kilogram zwaar.

    Leefwijze

    De vlagdolfijn is een schuw dier en leeft solitair of in kleine groepjes van 2 tot 6 individuen. Ze jagen voornamelijk op meervallen en andere vissoorten.

    Bedreiging

    De Chinese vlagdolfijn komt enkel voor in het zeer troebele water van de Jangtsekiangrivier. Bij zijn ontdekking in 1918 kwam de soort nog vrij algemeen voor langs de gehele rivier, alsmede enkele zijtakken. Vanaf de "Grote Sprong Voorwaarts" in 1958 werd er intensief op de soort gejaagd voor het vlees, de huid en de olie. Later werd de soort streng beschermd. Toch raakten Chinese vlagdolfijnen regelmatig verstrikt in vissersnetten en in aanvaring met motorbootjes. Ook werd er soms op de soort gejaagd door plaatselijke vissers, die het dier als voedselconcurrent zien. Een andere belangrijke bedreiging voor de soort was de aanleg van de Drieklovendam. Die vormde een belemmering voor de doorgang voor de dolfijnen. Ook veroorzaakt de toename van scheepsverkeer problemen voor de soort.

    Bij een telling in 1997 werden slechts 13 dieren waargenomen, en de kans werd groot geacht dat de soort binnen niet al te lange tijd zou uitsterven. Bij een laatste telling in de zomer van 2006 is het dier niet meer waargenomen. Wetenschappers maakten op 14 december 2006 bekend dat de Chinese vlagdolfijn waarschijnlijk uitgestorven is.[2] Een artikel in Biology Letters (augustus 2007) bevestigde dit.[3]

    Het Chinese persbureau Xinhua meldde echter op 29 augustus 2007 dat in de Jangtsekiang een Chinese vlagdolfijn is gezien. Een bewoner van de provincie Anhui filmde de dolfijn op 19 augustus met een digitale camera. Het Instituut van Hydrobiologie bevestigde later dat het om een Chinese vlagdolfijn ging.[4]

    In 2012 vonden wetenschappers tijdens een onderzoek op de rivier opnieuw geen sporen van de Chinese vlagdolfijn, wat nog meer doet vermoeden dat de soort is uitgestorven.[5][6]

    Externe link

    Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
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    Chinese vlagdolfijn: Brief Summary ( Dutch; Flemish )

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    De Chinese vlagdolfijn of baiji (Lipotes vexillifer) is een walvisachtige. Hij komt enkel voor in de Jangtsekiang, een rivier die door China stroomt. Het is de enige soort uit het geslacht Lipotes. De soort is pas in 1918 wetenschappelijk beschreven. Hoewel er in het midden van de 20e eeuw nog een populatie van enkele duizenden individuen was, nam het aantal daarna snel af. In 2006 werd de soort verklaard te zijn uitgestorven.

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    Kinesisk elvedelfin ( Norwegian )

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    Kinesisk elvedelfin (Lipotes vexillifer) eller baiji er ein elvedelfinart frå Yangtze i Kina. Han er rekna som kritisk truga eller utrydda.

    Spire Denne dyreartikkelen er ei spire. Du kan hjelpe Nynorsk Wikipedia gjennom å utvide han.
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    Baji chiński ( Polish )

    provided by wikipedia POL
    Commons Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons

    Baji chiński[3] (Lipotes vexillifer), delfin chiński[4] – gatunek ssaka z rodziny iniowatych (Iniidae). Występuje w Chinach, w środkowym i dolnym biegu rzeki Jangcy[5][2]. W Czerwonej Księdze IUCN zaliczony do kategorii CR - krytycznie zagrożonych wyginięciem. W 1997 roku żyło jeszcze 13 osobników, a ostatniego żywego widziano w 2004[6]. W 2006 roku został uznany za prawdopodobnie wymarły[7][8]. W trakcie kilkutygodniowych poszukiwań delfinów chińskich przeprowadzonych przez grupę biologów w 2007 nie odnaleziono ani jednego osobnika[9].

    Za główne czynniki, jakie mogły spowodować wymarcie gatunku, uznaje się nadmierny połów ryb w rejonie jego występowania oraz zbyt duży ruch statków i łodzi w ich środowisku.

    Systematyka

    Rodzaj i gatunek po raz pierwszy opisane naukowo przez G. S. Millera w 1918 roku[10]. Opis ukazał się w czasopiśmie Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. Jedyny przedstawiciel rodzaju Lipotesbaji[3].

    Cechy gatunku

    • Długość – średnio do 2,6 m (samice) i 2,3 m (samce).
    • Masa ciała – średnio do 160 kg (samice) i 125 kg (samce).
    • Ubarwienie – ciemno szaro niebieskie, strona brzuszna jaśniejsza.
    • Pożywienie – ryby słodkowodne.
    • Rozród – słabo poznany, młode rodzą się w okresie między lutym i kwietniem; noworodek ma ok. 95 cm długości.
    • Występowanie – wody płynące z piaszczystymi łachami.
    • Status – najprawdopodobniej wymarły (prawdopodobnie w wodach Jangcy we wschodnich Chinach żyje jeszcze kilka delfinów baiji, ale nie w liczbie, która mogłaby zapewnić przetrwanie gatunku)[11].

    Kultura

    Chińska legenda głosi, że gdy dawno temu księżniczka odmówiła poślubienia człowieka, którego nie kochała, rodzina skazała ją na śmierć przez utopienie w rzece Jangcy. Dziewczyna odrodziła się jednak pod postacią delfina i stała się symbolem pokoju i dobrobytu.[potrzebny przypis]

    Przypisy

    1. Lipotes vexillifer, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.).
    2. a b Smith, B.D., Zhou, K., Wang, D., Reeves, R.R., Barlow, J., Taylor, B.L. & Pitman, R. 2008, Lipotes vexillifer [w:] The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015 [online], wersja 2015-3 [dostęp 2015-09-20] (ang.).
    3. a b Włodzimierz Cichocki, Agnieszka Ważna, Jan Cichocki, Ewa Rajska, Artur Jasiński, Wiesław Bogdanowicz: Polskie nazewnictwo ssaków świata. Warszawa: Muzeum i Instytut Zoologii PAN, 2015, s. 190. ISBN 978-83-88147-15-9.
    4. K. Kowalski (redaktor naukowy), A. Krzanowski, H. Kubiak, G. Rzebik-Kowalska, L. Sych: Ssaki. Wyd. IV. Warszawa: Wiedza Powszechna, 1991, s. 43, seria: Mały słownik zoologiczny. ISBN 83-214-0637-8.
    5. Wilson Don E. & Reeder DeeAnn M. (red.) Lipotes vexillifer. w: Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (Wyd. 3.) [on-line]. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005. (ang.) [dostęp 17 stycznia 2010]
    6. Focus(magazyn popularnonaukowy nr 4(139),strona 84, kwiecień 2007
    7. Gazeta Wyborcza, Chiński biały delfin przetrwał 20 milionów lat, 13 grudnia 2006
    8. Kopalnia Wiedzy, Delfin biały prawdopodobnie wyginął, 9 sierpnia 2007
    9. "Yangtze river dolphin driven to extinction", The Guardian, 8 sierpnia 2007
    10. G. S. Miller. A new river-dolphin from China. „Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections”. 68 (9), s. 1, 1918 (ang.).
    11. Chiński biały delfin przetrwał 20 milionów lat, wiadomosci.gazeta.pl [dostęp 2017-11-22] (pol.).
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    Baji chiński: Brief Summary ( Polish )

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    Baji chiński (Lipotes vexillifer), delfin chiński – gatunek ssaka z rodziny iniowatych (Iniidae). Występuje w Chinach, w środkowym i dolnym biegu rzeki Jangcy. W Czerwonej Księdze IUCN zaliczony do kategorii CR - krytycznie zagrożonych wyginięciem. W 1997 roku żyło jeszcze 13 osobników, a ostatniego żywego widziano w 2004. W 2006 roku został uznany za prawdopodobnie wymarły. W trakcie kilkutygodniowych poszukiwań delfinów chińskich przeprowadzonych przez grupę biologów w 2007 nie odnaleziono ani jednego osobnika.

    Za główne czynniki, jakie mogły spowodować wymarcie gatunku, uznaje się nadmierny połów ryb w rejonie jego występowania oraz zbyt duży ruch statków i łodzi w ich środowisku.

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    Lipotes vexillifer ( Portuguese )

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    O Baiji (Lipotes vexillifer), também conhecido como golfinho-lacustre-chinês, golfinho-branco ou golfinho-do-yang-tsé, é um mamífero de água doce, da ordem Cetacea, encontrado no rio Yang-Tsé na China. É uma das quatro espécies de golfinhos de água doce restantes no mundo (tal como o Boto, na Amazônia), todas elas em sério risco de extinção.[2]

    Características

    O golfinho-lacustre-chinês possui uma coloração que vai do cinza ao azul-pálido no dorso, e uma coloração branca no ventre. Possui uma barbatana dorsal triangular e muito vestigial, as suas barbatanas caudais e peitorais são curtas e arredondadas. Tem olhos pequenos e é praticamente cego. O golfinho-lacustre-chinês tem, em média, 31 a 36 dentes cônicos em cada uma das duas filas de mandíbula. Acredita-se que se acasala na primeira metade do ano, principalmente de fevereiro a abril.[3] Foi observada uma taxa de trinta por cento de gravidez.[4] A gestação dura de dez a onze meses, com o nascimento de um indivíduo por vez. O intervalo entre dois nascimentos é de dois anos. Os filhotes, ao nascer, medem de oitenta a noventa centímetros. Eles são cuidados durante oito a vinte meses.[5] Os machos alcançam a maturidade sexual aos quatro anos de idade, e as fêmeas aos seis.[5] Os machos maduros têm um comprimento de aproximadamente 2,3 metros, as fêmeas 2,5 metros, e o espécime mais longo media 2,7 metros.[5] Pesa de 135 a 230 quilogramas.[5] Vive aproximadamente 24 anos em condições naturais.[6] Possui um bico longo e ligeiramente curvado para cima.

    Quando fugindo de alguma ameaça, pode alcançar sessenta quilômetros por hora, mas normalmente nada a uma velocidade de trinta a quarenta quilômetros por hora. Por causa de sua visão deficiente, depende da ecolocalização para navegar.[7] A ecolocalização também é importante na socialização, para evitar predadores, para coordenação grupal e para expressar emoções. A emissão de som é focada e grandemente direcionada pelo formato do crânio e do melão. As frequências de pico da ecolocalização variam de setenta a cem quilohertz.[8]

    Distribuição

    Historicamente, o golfinho-do-yang-tsé ocorria ao longo de 1 700 quilômetros do médio e do baixo Yang-tsé, de Yichang no oeste até a foz perto de Xangai, assim como nos lagos de Poyang e Dongting, e no pequeno rio Qiantang no sul. Ao longo do tempo, esse trecho foi reduzido em centenas de quilômetros, passando a abranger apenas o canal principal do Yang-tsé, principalmente entre os dois grandes lagos tributários Poyang e Dongting.[9] Aproximadamente doze por cento da população mundial vive e trabalha na área de captação do Yang-tsé, pressionando o rio.[10] A construção da Hidrelétrica das Três Gargantas, assim como de outras represas menores, também levaram à perda de habitat.

    História evolutiva

    Registros fósseis sugerem que o golfinho surgiu há 25 000 000 de anos atrás e migrou do oceano Pacífico para o rio Yang-tsé há 20 000 000 de anos atrás.[11] É uma das quatro espécies de golfinho que vivem apenas em água-doce. Estima-se que existiam 5 000 golfinhos-do-yang-tsé quando eles foram descritos no antigo dicionário Erya por volta do século III a.C.

    É amplamente reconhecido que os golfinhos de rio não são um grupo natural. Seu genoma mitocondrial revela uma divisão em duas linhagens separadasː de um lado, Platanista; de outro lado, Lipotes, Inia e Pontoporia. Não há um parentesco entre as duas linhagens. A linhagem de Platanista faz parte do clado Odontoceti, ao invés de ter uma maior afinidade com o clado Mysticeti. A posição de Platanista é mais basal, sugerindo divergência separada desta linhagem bem antes da outra. Lipotes possui uma relação de parentesco com Inia e Pontoporia, e todos eles formam um grupo aparentado a Delphinoidea. Isto apoia fortemente a parafilia dos clássicos golfinhos de rio, sendo que os golfinhos de rio não platanistoides formam um grupo monofilético, com os Lipotidae como táxons irmãos de Iniidae e Pontoporiidae. Isso é congruente com os estudos baseados em elementos repetitivos pequenos intercalados.[12]

    Baixos valores de diversidade haplotípica e de diversidade de nucleótidos foram encontrados no golfinho-do-yang-tsé. A análise de variância molecular apoiou um alto nível de estrutura genética média. Os machos têm uma maior diferenciação genética que as fêmeas, o que sugere uma significativa dispersão causada pelas fêmeas.[13]

    As adaptações aquáticas do golfinho-do-yang-tsé e de outros cetáceos surgiram lentamente e podem ser ligadas a PSGs e e/ou outras mudanças funcionais. Análises genéticas comparativas mostraram que o golfinho-do-yang-tsé tem um lento relógio molecular e adaptações moleculares para o ambiente aquático. Essa informação levou os cientistas a concluir que um efeito de gargalo deve ter ocorrido perto do fim da última deglaciação, quando houve um rápido decréscimo de temperatura e um aumento do nível médio do mar. Os cientistas também investigaram genes selecionados positivamente no genoma do golfinho-do-yang-tsé que são usados para reparo de DNA e resposta a estímulo de DNA. Estes genes selecionados positivamente não haviam sido encontrados previamente em nenhum outro mamífero. Atalhos usados para reparo de DNA são reconhecidos como importantes na evolução do cérebro e em doenças como microcefalia. A diminuição da taxa de substituição entre os cetáceos pode ter afetado a evolução dos atalhos de dano do DNA. Ao longo do tempo, os golfinhos de rio sofreram uma redução do tamanho dos olhos e da acuidade dos olhos, provavelmente devido à baixa visibilidade dos ambientes fluviais e estuarinos.

    Ao analisar o genoma do golfinho-do-yang-tsé, os cientistas encontraram quatro genes que perderam sua função devido a mutação com deslocamento do marco de leitura ou a mutação sem sentido. O golfinho-do-yang-tsé tem a mais baixa frequência de polimorfismo de nucleotídeo único encontrada até agora em mamíferos. Esta baixa frequência pode estar relacionada à relativamente baixa taxa de evolução molecular em cetáceos; entretanto, considerando que o decréscimo na taxa de evolução molecular do golfinho-do-yang-tsé não foi tão grande quanto o decréscimo na taxa de heterozigosidade, é provável que muita da baixa diversidade genética observada tenha sido causada pelo declínio precipitado da população total de golfinho-do-yang-tsé e de seus cruzamentos associados em décadas recentes.[14]

    A história demográfica reconstruída dos últimos 100 000 anos apontam uma contínua contração populacional através do último apogeu glacial, um sério gargalo durante a última deglaciação, e contínuo crescimento populacional depois que o nível médio do mar chegou aos níveis atuais. A correlação entre movimento populacional, temperaturas regionais e nível médio do mar sugere um papel dominante das mudanças climáticas locais e globais na antiga demografia populacional do golfinho-do-yang-tsé.[15]

    Folclore

    No folclore da China, conta-se que uma linda jovem vivia com seu pai adotivo nos bancos do rio Yang-tsé. Ele era mau e ganancioso. Um dia, ele a colocou num barco com a intenção de vendê-la num mercado. Já no rio, ele ficou seduzido pela beleza da jovem e tentou se aproveitar dela, mas ela saltou do barco ao mesmo tempo em que uma grande tempestade afundava o barco. Depois da tempestade, o povo viu um belo golfinho nadando no rioː era a reencarnação da jovem, que ficou conhecida como "a deusa do Yang-tsé". Na região do rio Yang-tsé, o golfinho é considerado um símbolo de paz e prosperidade.[16]

    Conservação

    Na década de 1950, a população de golfinho-do-yang-tsé era estimada em 6 000 animais,[17] mas esta viria a diminuir rapidamente nas cinco décadas seguintes. Por volta de 1970, restavam apenas algumas centenas de animais. Na década de 1980, o número caiu para quatrocentos indivíduos. Em 1997, para treze indivíduos, quando foi efetuada uma ampla pesquisa. Atualmente, é o cetáceo mais ameaçado do mundo segundo o Guinness World Records. Ele foi visto pela última vez em agosto de 2004, embora tenha sido possivelmente avistado em 2007.[18] É listada como espécie ameaçada pelo governo dos Estados Unidos através do Ato das Espécies Ameaçadas.

    Causas do declínio

    A União Internacional para a Conservação da Natureza listou como ameaças para a espécieː o período de caça pelo homem durante o Grande Salto Adiante, aprisionamento em rede de pesca, a prática ilegal de pesca elétrica, colisões com barcos, destruição de habitat e poluição. Estudos posteriores apontaram que a falta de informações sobre a distribuição e a ecologia históricas da espécie, o impacto ambiental da construção da Hidrelétrica das Três Gargantas e o fracasso das ações de proteção à espécie também são ameaças à espécie.[19]

    Durante o Grande Salto Adiante, a tradicional veneração pelo golfinho-do-yang-tsé foi denunciada, e o golfinho foi caçado pela sua carne e pele, se tornando rapidamente escasso.[20]

    Conforme o país se desenvolveu economicamente, a pressão sobre a espécie aumentou. Resíduos industriais e domésticos foram despejados sobre o rio Yang-tsé. O leito do rio foi dragado e reforçado com concreto em muitos pontos. A navegação fluvial aumentou, os barcos aumentaram de tamanho e os pescadores passaram a empregar redes maiores e mais letais. A poluição sonora fez com que o quase cego animal colidisse com as hélices. As presas do golfinho diminuíram drasticamente em número no final do século XXː algumas populações de peixes chegaram a ser um milésimo dos níveis pré-era industrial.[21]

    Muitos motivos vinculados à ação humana (colisões com barcos, construção de represas etc.) que também ameaçam cetáceos de água-doce em outros sistemas hídricos estão implicados no declínio do golfinho-do-yang-tsé. Entretanto, o fator primário provavelmente foi a insustentável captura acidental usando artifícios como rede de emalhar, rede de pesca e pesca elétrica, o que também é a principal causa de mortalidade de pequenos cetáceos no mundo inteiro. Embora existam relativamente poucos dados referentes à mortalidade do golfinho-do-yang-tsé, ao menos a metade de todas as mortes registradas da espécie nos anos 1970 e 1980 foi causada por ganchos móveis e outros artefatos de pesca. Nos anos 1990, a pesca elétrica foi responsável por quarenta por cento das mortes. Ao contrário da maioria das extinções de animais de grande porte na era histórica, o golfinho-do-yang-tsé foi vítima não de perseguição ativa mas de mortalidade acidental resultante de impacto ambiental de larga escala causado por seres humanos, principalmente pesca descontrolada.[22]

    Sua extinção apenas reflete o último estágio da progressiva deterioração ecológica da região do rio Yang-tsé. Nos anos 1970 e 1980, aproximadamente metade das mortes de golfinho-do-yang-tsé era atribuída ao aprisionamento em artefatos de pesca. No início dos anos 2000, a pesca elétrica foi considerada "a principal ameaça à sobrevivência do golfinho-do-yang-tsé".[23] Embora ilegal, esta modalidade de pesca é largamente praticada no país. A construção da Hidrelétrica das Três Gargantas reduziu ainda mais o habitat da espécie, além de ter facilitado o aumento da navegação no rio.

    Alguns cientistas descobriram que a poluição aumentou a incidência de parasitas no golfinho-do-yang-tsé, o que pode resultar em epizootia, a qual vem causando a morte de milhares de mamíferos marinhos no início do século XXI. Também foram capturados indivíduos com verminose, o que levou os cientistas a acreditar que os parasitas podem ser uma das causas da diminuição populacional da espécie.[24]

    Foi notado, entretanto, que o declínio da distribuição geográfica da espécie não está ligado à sua diminuição populacional.[25]

    Cronologia

    • circa século III a.C.: população estimada em 5 000 animais
    • anos 1950: população estimada em 6 000 animais
    • 1958–1962: o Grande Salto Adiante denuncia a veneração ao animal
    • 1970: começa o projeto da represa de Gezhouba
    • 1979: o país declara que a espécie está ameaçada
    • 1983: lei nacional declara que a caça da espécie é ilegal
    • 1984: a situação crítica da espécie alcança as manchetes dos jornais do país[26]
    • 1986: População estimada em 300
    • 1989: Represa de Gezhouba concluída
    • 1990: População estimada em 200
    • 1994: Começa a construção da hidrelétrica de Três Gargantas
    • 1996: a União Internacional para a Conservação da Natureza lista a espécie como espécie em perigo crítico
    • 1997: População estimada em menos de 50 (13 encontrados na pesquisa); um indivíduo foi encontrado morto com 103 feridas abertas[27]
    • 1998: 7 encontrados em pesquisa
    • 2003: a hidrelétrica de Três Gargantas começou a encher seu reservatório de água
    • 2004: o último encontro confirmado
    • 2006: nenhum indivíduo encontrado em pesquisa, declaração de "extinto"
    • 2007: Resultado de pesquisa publicado no jornal Biology Letters.[28]

    Pesquisas

    Esforços de conservação

    Durante os anos 1970, a China reconheceu o estado precário da espécie. O governo, então, tornou ilegal o assassinato deliberado da espécie, restringiu sua pesca e estabeleceu reservas naturais.

    Em 1978, a Academia Chinesa de Ciências criou o Centro de Pesquisa do Golfinho de Água-doce, um ramo do Instituto de Hidrobiologia de Wuhan. Nos anos 1980 e 1990, foram feitas várias tentativas para capturar golfinhos e realocá-los em reservas. Um programa de cruzamentos permitiria, então, que a espécie se recuperasse e fosse reintroduzida no rio Yang-tsé depois que as condições deste melhorassem. Entretanto, revelou-se ser difícil capturar a espécie, por esta ser rara e rápida. Poucos cativos sobreviveram mais do que alguns poucos meses.[40]

    A primeira organização chinesa de proteção às espécies aquáticas, a Fundação de Conservação do Golfinho Baiji de Wuhan, foi fundada em dezembro de 1996. A organização conseguiu arrecadar 1 383 924,35 iuanes (por volta de 100 000 dólares estadunidenses). Os fundos foram usados para a preservação de células in vitro e para manter as instalações dedicadas à espécie, como o Santuário de Shishou, que foi inundado em 1998.

    Desde 1992, cinco áreas protegidas do rio Yang-tsé foram designadas como reservas do golfinho-do-yang-tsé. Quatro foram criadas no canal principal do rio, onde a espécie é ativamente protegida e a pesca é proibida, sendo duas reservas nacionais (Shishou e Xin-Luo) e duas provinciais (Tongling e Zhenjiang). Impor proibição máxima aos métodos de pesca ilegais e dolorosos nas reservas poderia prolongar o processo de extinção desses animais no ambiente selvagem, mas, até agora, as medidas administrativas tomadas nas reservas não impediram a queda acentuada da população da espécie. Enquanto os seres humanos continuam a ocupar o rio e usar os seus recursos naturais, permanece, sem resposta, a questãoː poderia o rio, no futuro, ter condições de voltar a ser o habitat dos golfinhos? Em Shishou, na província de Hubei, e em Tongling, na província de Anhui, as duas reservas seminaturais estabelecidas nessas regiões desejavam criar um ambiente para o golfinho-do-yang-tsé e o boto-do-índico se reproduzirem. Através de manejo cuidadoso, ambas as espécies não apenas sobreviveram, mas também conseguiram se reproduzir, dando alguma esperança de sobrevivência ao golfinho-do-yang-tsé.[41]

    A quinta área protegida é um lago em ferradura isolado localizado além do banco norte do rio perto da cidade de Shishouː a Reserva Seminatural da Ferradura Tian-e-Zhou. Combinadas, estas cinco reservas cobrem aproximadamente 350 quilômetros (1/3 da área de ocorrência do golfinho), deixando os restantes 2/3 desprotegidos.[42]

    Assim como estas cinco áreas protegidas, também existem cinco "estações de proteção" em Jianli, Chenglingji, Hukou, Wuhu e Zhengjiang. Estas estações consistem em dois observadores e um barco de pesca motorizado com o objetivo de realizar patrulhas diárias, fazer observações e investigar denúncias de pesca ilegal.[42]

    Em 2001, o governo chinês aprovou o Plano de Ação de Conservação dos Cetáceos do Rio Yang-tsé. O plano reenfatizava as três medidas identificadas na oficina de 1986 e foi adotada como a política nacional para a conservação da espécie. Apesar de todas as oficinas e convenções, entretanto, pouco dinheiro estava disponível na China para as ações de conservação. Foi estimado que era necessário 1 000 000 de dólares estadunidenses para iniciar o projeto e mantê-lo por três anos.[43]

    Esforços para salvar os mamíferos se revelaram pequenos e tardios. August Pfluger, diretor executivo da fundação Baiji.org, disseː "a estratégia do governo chinês era boa, porém não tivemos tempo de pô-la em ação".[44] Além disso, os esforços de conservação foram criticados, pois, mesmo com toda a atenção internacional quanto à conservação do golfinho, o governo chinês não fez nenhum "sério investimento" para proteger a espécie.[45]

    Conservação in situ

    A maioria dos cientistas concorda que a melhor linha de ação seria um esforço de conservação ex situ paralelo a um esforço de conservação in situ. A deterioração do rio Yang-tsé teria que ser revertida para poder se preservar o habitat. Projetos ex situ objetivavam fazer crescer uma população que poderia, um dia, ser reintroduzida no rio Yang-tsé.

    Conservação ex situ

    Shishou Tian-e-Zhou é um lago em ferradura com 21 quilômetros de comprimento e dois quilômetros de largura localizado perto da cidade de Shishou, na província de Hubei. Ele já foi descrito "como uma miniatura do Yang-tsé... possuindo todos os requerimentos de uma reserva seminatural". Desde a sua designação como reserva nacional em 1992, objetivou-se utilizá-lo para conservação não só do golfinho-do-yang-tsé, mas também do boto-do-índico. Em 1990, os primeiros botos-do-índico foram realocados na reserva. Desde então, estão sobrevivendo e se reproduzindo bem. Em abril de 2005, se sabia que 26 botos-do-índico estavam vivendo na reserva. Um golfinho-do-yang-tsé foi introduzido em dezembro de 1995, mas morreu durante a enchente de 1996. Para lidar com essas enchentes anuais, foi construído um dique entre o rio Yang-tsé e o lago. Desde então, o nível da água é controlado através de uma eclusa no lago. Verificou-se, no entanto, que a qualidade da água do lago piorou com a instalação da eclusa devido à ausência da transferência anual de nutrientes. Aproximadamente 6 700 pessoas vivem na "ilha" formada dentro do lago e, portanto, alguma pesca controlada é permitida.[46]

    O sucesso da iniciativa em Shishou com botos-do-índico, aves migratórias e fauna de terras alagadas encorajou a Equipe Local de Manejo de Terras Alagadas a lutar pela inclusão da região na Convenção sobre as Zonas Húmidas de Importância Internacional.[47] Também foi observado que a região tem um grande potencial para o ecoturismo, o que poderia gerar a renda necessária para a melhoria da reserva, que, atualmente, não possui a infraestrutura necessária para a atividade.

    Espécimes cativos

    Foi construído um delfinário para a conservação do golfinho-do-yang-tsé no Instituto de Hidrobiologia de Wuhan em 1992. Ele foi concebido como um espaço livre de qualquer ameaça, onde o golfinho poderia ser facilmente observado. Ele inclui uma piscina parcialmente coberta e parcialmente ao ar livre, um sistema de filtração de água, espaços para armazenagem e preparo de alimentos, laboratórios de pesquisa e um pequeno museu. A intenção é gerar renda através do turismo, que poderia ser revertida para a conservação do golfinho. As piscinas não são muito grandes (25 metros de arco em forma de rim, 7 metros de largura, 3,5 metros de profundidade. 10 metros de diâmetro, 2 metros de profundidade. 12 metros de diâmetro, 3,5 metros de profundidade) e, portanto, não podem abrigar muitos golfinhos ao mesmo tempo.

    Douglas Adams e Mark Carwardine documentaram seus encontros com animais em perigo nas suas viagens de conservação do programa da BBC Last chance to see. Eles viajaram à China, beberam cerveja Baiji e bebida de cola Baiji, se hospedaram no hotel Baiji e usaram papel higiênico Lipotes vexillifer. Eles encontraram balanças Baiji e fertilizantes Baiji. Eles encontraram Qi qi, o deslumbrante golfinho cinza-azulado com bico longo, fino e ligeiramente curvado para cima, barbatana dorsal baixa triangular, nadadeiras largas e pequenos olhos. Qi qi tinha apenas um ano de idade, havia se machucado com anzóis em 1980, havia sido capturado e estava sendo tratado. Nas sete vezes em que Douglas e Mark visitaram o país, eles nunca encontraram um golfinho-do-yang-tsé em ambiente natural.[48] O livro de mesmo nome, publicado em 1990, possuía fotos do macho cativo Qi qi, que viveu no delfinário do Instituto de Hidrobiologia de Wuhan de 1980 a 14 de julho de 2002. Descoberto por um pescador no lago Dongting, ele tornou-se o único residente do delfinário. Uma fêmea sexualmente madura foi capturada no final de 1995, mas morreu após um semestre em 1996, quando a reserva natural Tian-e-Zhou foi inundada.

    Estado atual

    A agência de notícias Xinhua anunciou, em 4 de dezembro de 2006, que não foi encontrado nenhum golfinho-do-yang-tsé numa busca de seis semanas no rio conduzida por trinta pesquisadores. Isso levantou a suspeita da primeira extinção de um cetáceo por ação humana.[49] Más condições da água e do clima dificultaram a observação,[50] mas os líderes da expedição declararam que a espécie estava "funcionalmente extinta" em 13 de dezembro de 2006, pois a quantidade de indivíduos que estariam vivos seria inferior à necessária para a perpetuação da espécie.[50] Entretanto, foram divulgadas, em agosto de 2007, cenas presumidamente da espécie.[51][2][52][53]

    O leão-marinho-japonês e a foca-monge-das-caraíbas desapareceram na década de 1950, tendo sido os últimos mamíferos aquáticos a se extinguirem. Várias espécies e subespécies de mamíferos terrestres desapareceram desde então. Se o golfinho-do-yang-tsé estiver extinto, a vaquita se tornará a espécie mais ameaçada de mamífero marinho.

    Alguns cientistas ainda têm esperanças em relação à espécieː

    O fato de a expedição não ter visto nenhum golfinho-do-yang-tsé não significa que a espécie está necessariamente extinta ou 'efetivamente extinta', porque a expedição percorreu uma larga extensão em um relativamente curto período de tempo... Entretanto, estamos extremamente preocupados. O rio Yang-tsé está extremamente degradado, e nós localizamos muito menos botos-do-índico do que no passado.
    — Wang Limin, diretor do escritório de Wuhan do Fundo Mundial para a Natureza.

    Um informe da expedição foi publicado online no jornal Biology Letters em 7 de agosto de 2007. No informe, os autores concluemː "somos forçados a concluir que o golfinho-do-yang-tsé está provavelmente extinto agora, possivelmente em razão da insustentável pesca acidental".[54]

    "Testemunha de extinçãoː como falhamos em salvar o golfinho-do-yang-tsé", um registro da pesquisa de 2006 sobre o golfinho, feito por Samuel Turvey, diretor do jornal Biology Letters, foi publicado pela Oxford University Press no outono de 2008. O livro investigou a provável extinção da espécie dentro da perspectiva maior de como e por que os esforços internacionais para salvar a espécie falharam, e se programas de recuperação para outras espécies ameaçadas podem, de modo similar, se deparar com obstáculos administrativos potencialmente desastrosos. Segundo a Sociedade Zoológica de Londres, caso seja confirmada a sua extinção, será o primeiro cetáceo a desaparecer como resultado direto da influência do homem.[53] As causas principais de sua extinção serão a pesca abusiva (uma vez que a região carece de normas que coíbam os abusos da atividade), a navegação excessiva, a poluição e a construção de usinas hidrelétricas (incluindo a Três Gargantas), que afectaram grandemente o seu habitat natural.[2][52][53]

    Em 19 agosto de 2007, Zeng Yujiang, um morador de Tongling, filmou, com o seu telemóvel, um grande animal branco nadando no rio Yang-tsé na província de Anhui.[55][2] Em outubro de 2016, várias fontes anunciaram a observação do que pode ter sido um golfinho-do-yang-tsé.[56]

    Referências

    1. «Lipotes vexillifer». Lista Vermelha da IUCN. Consultado em 29 de outubro de 2012
    2. a b c d «Lipotes Vexillifer». Folha de S.Paulo
    3. Culik, B. (2003). "Lipotes vexillifer, Baiji".
    4. IWC. 2000. Report of the Standing Sub-Committee on Small Cetaceans. IWC/52/4. 52nd Meeting of the International Whaling Commission, Adelaide, Australia.
    5. a b c d Animal info - Baiji. Disponível em https://web.archive.org/web/20061205061354/http://animalinfo.org/species/cetacean/lipovexi.htm. Acesso em 31 de março de 2018.
    6. Nowak, R.M. 1999. Walker's Mammals of the World. 6th Ed. The Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, Baltimore.
    7. Adams, Douglas (1990). Last Chance To See. Harmony Books.
    8. Wei, Chong; Zhang, Yu; Au, Whitlow W. L. (2014-07-01). "Simulation of ultrasound beam formation of baiji (Lipotes vexillifer) with a finite element model". The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 136 (1): 423–429.
    9. Reeves, R. R.; Smith, B. D.; Crespo, E. A.; Notarbartolo di Sciara, G., eds. (2003). Dolphins, Whales and Porpoises: 2002–2010 Conservation Action Plan for the World's Cetaceans. IUCN/SSC Cetacean Specialist Group. IUCN, Glad, Switzerland and Cambridge, U.K.
    10. Report of the workshop. Disponível em https://web.archive.org/web/20150402113858/http://www.iucn-csg.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/Brauliketal2005.pdf. Acesso em 2 de abril de 2018.
    11. Chinadialogue. Disponível em https://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/673-Farewell-to-the-baiji. Acesso em 2 de abril de 2018.
    12. Molecular phylogenetics. Disponível em https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1055790305002083?via%3Dihub. Acesso em 2 de abril de 2018.
    13. Yang, G.; Liu, S.; Ren, W.; Zhou, K.; Wei, F. (2003). "Mitochondrial control region variability of baiji and the Yangtze finless porpoises, two sympatric small cetaceans in the Yangtze river". Acta Therologica. 48 (4): 469–483.
    14. Nature comunications. Disponível em https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms3708. Acesso em 4 de abril de 2018.
    15. Nature communications. Disponível em https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms3708. Acesso em 5 de abril de 2018.
    16. Current biology. Disponível em http://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(07)01911-2?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0960982207019112%3Fshowall%3Dtrue. Acesso em 5 de abril de 2018.
    17. China.org.cn. Disponível em http://www.china.org.cn/english/environment/36657.htm. Acesso em 5 de abril de 2018.
    18. The New York Times. Disponível em https://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/30/world/asia/30china.html?ref=science. Acesso em 5 de abril de 2018.
    19. Walters, Mark Jerome (November 1993). "Who speak for the baiji?". Animals. EBSCO. 126 (6): 6.
    20. Red List. Disponível em http://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/website/Lipotes%20vexillifer Acesso em 5 de abril de 2018.
    21. BBC News. Disponível em http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/5122074.stm. Acesso em 5 de abril de 2018.
    22. PMC. Disponível em https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2391192/. Acesso em 6 de abril de 2018.
    23. Red List. Disponível em http://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/website/Lipotes%20vexillifer Acesso em 6 de abril de 2018.
    24. PMC. Disponível em https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3260281/. Acesso em 6 de abril de 2018.
    25. The Royal Society. Disponível em http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/277/1697/3139. Acesso em 6 de abril de 2018.
    26. ADAMS, D. Last Chance to See.
    27. Chinadialogue. Disponível em https://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/673-Farewell-to-the-baiji. Acesso em 6 de abril de 2018.
    28. BBC. Disponível em http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/6935343.stm. Acesso em 6 de abril de 2018.
    29. a b «Report of the Workshop on Conservation of the Baiji and Yangtze Finless Porpoise» (PDF). Consultado em 10 de setembro de 2012. Arquivado do original (PDF) em 2 de abril de 2015
    30. Chen, P.; Liu, P.; Liu, R.; Lin, K.; Pilleri, G. (1980). «Distribution, ecology, behaviour and protection of the dolphins in the middle reaches of the Changjiang River (Wuhan-Yueyang)». Oceanologica Limnologia Sinica. 11: 73–84
    31. Zhou, K.; Pilleri, G.; Li, Y. (1980). «Observations on baiji (Lipotes vexillifer) and finless porpoise (Neophocaena asiaorientalis) in the lower reaches of the Chiang Jiang». Scientia Sinica. 23: 785–795
    32. Zhou, K.; Li, Y.; Nishiwaki, M.; Kataoka, T. (1982). «A brief report on observations of the baiji (Lipotes vexillifer) in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River between Nanjing and Guichi». Acta Theriologica Sinica. 2: 253–254
    33. Lin, K.; Chen, P.; Hua, Y. (1985). «Population size and conservation of Lipotes vexillifer». Acta Zoologica Sinica. 5: 77–85
    34. Chen, P. & Hua, Y. (1989) "Distribution, population size and protection of Lipotes vexillifer", pp. 78–81 in W.F. Perrin, R. L. Brownell, Jr., K. Zhou and J. Liu (eds.) Biology and conservation of the river dolphins. Occasional Papers of the IUCN Species Survival Commission, No. 3.
    35. Zhou, K. and Li, Y. (1989). "Status and aspects of the ecology and behaviour of the baiji (Lipotes vexillifer) in the lower Yangtze River", pp. 86–91 in W. F. Perrin, R. L. Brownell Jr., K. Zhou and J. Liu (eds.) Biology and conservation of the river dolphins. IUCN Species Survival Commission Occasional Paper 3.
    36. Chen, P.; Zhang, X.; Wei, Z.; Zhao, Q.; Wang, X.; Zhang, G.; Yang, J. (1993). «Appraisal of the influence upon baiji, Lipotes vexillifer by the Three-gorge Project and conservation strategy». Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica. 17: 101–111
    37. Zhou, K.; Sun, J.; Gao, A. (1993). «Photo-identification and population monitoring of the baiji (Lipotes vexillifer) on the lower Yangtze». Working paper presented to Baiji Population and Habitat Viability Workshop, Nanjing, China. June 1–4, 1993.
    38. Zhou, K.; Sun, J. & Gao, A. (1993). «The population status of the baiji in the lower reaches of the Yangtze». Working paper presented to Baiji Population and Habitat Viability Workshop, Nanjing, China. June 1–4, 1993
    39. Wang, D.; Zhang, X.; Liu, R. (1998). «Conservation status and the future of baiji and finless porpoise in the Yangtze River of China». Report on the eight international symposium on river and lake environments. ISRLE'96, Wuhan, China.
    40. Red list. Disponível em http://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/website/Lipotes%20vexillifer Acesso em 8 de abril de 2018.
    41. Range-wide Yangtze freshwater dolphin. Disponível em https://link.springer.com/article/10.1065%2Fespr2006.10.350. Acesso em 9 de abril de 2018.
    42. a b Report. Disponível em http://www.iucn-csg.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/Brauliketal2005.pdf. Acesso em 9 de abril de 2018.
    43. Conservation. Disponível em https://web.archive.org/web/20070619235441/http://baiji.org/fileadmin/pdf/EmergencyBaijiImplementationMeetingreport.pdf. Acesso em 9 de abril de 2018.
    44. Interview. Disponível em https://web.archive.org/web/20070102091941/http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/PEK307754.htm. Acesso em 9 de abril de 2018.
    45. Realities. Disponível em https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00472.x. Acesso em 9 de abril de 2018.
    46. Report. Disponível em https://web.archive.org/web/20150402113858/http://www.iucn-csg.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/Brauliketal2005.pdf. Acesso em 10 de abril de 2018.
    47. Responsible ecotourism. Disponível em https://web.archive.org/web/20070617043837/http://www.baiji.org/initiatives/ecotourism-tian-e-zhou.html. Acesso em 10 de abril de 2018.
    48. The baiji. Disponível em https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0262407907623501?via%3Dihub. Acesso em 11 de abril de 2018.
    49. Rare yangtze dolphin. Disponível em http://english.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/e_entertainment/176223.html. Acesso em 12 de abril de 2018.
    50. a b National Geographic News. Disponível em https://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/12/061214-dolphin-extinct.html. Acesso em 12 de abril de 2018.
    51. Discovery Channel. Disponível em https://web.archive.org/web/20070904024742/http://dsc.discovery.com/news/2007/08/29/whitedolphin_ani.html?category=animals&guid=20070829130000&dcitc=w19-506-ak-0001. Acesso em 12 de abril de 2018.
    52. a b «Lipotes Vexillifer». Universo Online. Arquivado do original em 20 de agosto de 2007
    53. a b c «Golfinho de água doce». Br.noticias.yahoo.com[ligação inativa]
    54. Biology Letters. Disponível em http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/3/5/537.short. Acesso em 12 de abril de 2018.
    55. The New York Times. Disponível em https://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/30/world/asia/30china.html?ref=science. Acesso em 14 de abril de 2018.
    56. The Guardian. Disponível em https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/oct/11/china-extinct-dolphin-returned-yangtze-river-baiji. Acesso em 14 de abril de 2018.
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    Lipotes vexillifer: Brief Summary ( Portuguese )

    provided by wikipedia PT

    O Baiji (Lipotes vexillifer), também conhecido como golfinho-lacustre-chinês, golfinho-branco ou golfinho-do-yang-tsé, é um mamífero de água doce, da ordem Cetacea, encontrado no rio Yang-Tsé na China. É uma das quatro espécies de golfinhos de água doce restantes no mundo (tal como o Boto, na Amazônia), todas elas em sério risco de extinção.

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    Baiji ( Romanian; Moldavian; Moldovan )

    provided by wikipedia RO

    Delfinul chinezesc (Lipotes vexillifer) este o specie rară pe cale de dispariție, fiind considerat din anul 1980 cel mai rar mamifer din lume. Trăiește în fluviul Yangtze, având lungime 1,50 m.Lățime 30 cm. Numele Lipotes provine din limba greacă și înseamnă cel ce a mai rămas. În perioada împerecherii masculul face un dans specific pentru a atrage femela. Se crede că este dispărut încă din anul 2006.[formulare evazivă]

    Referințe

    1. ^ Smith, B.D.; Zhou, K.; Wang, D.; Reeves, R.R.; Barlow, J.; Taylor, B.L.; Pitman, R. (2008). „Lipotes vexillifer”. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN. 2008: e.T12119A3322533. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T12119A3322533.en.Mentenanță CS1: Utilizează parametrul autori (link)
    2. ^ a b Miller, Gerrit S (1918). „A new river-dolphin from China”. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. 68 (9): 1–12.
    Stub icon Acest articol despre biologie este un ciot. Puteți ajuta Wikipedia prin completarea sa.
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    Baiji: Brief Summary ( Romanian; Moldavian; Moldovan )

    provided by wikipedia RO

    Delfinul chinezesc (Lipotes vexillifer) este o specie rară pe cale de dispariție, fiind considerat din anul 1980 cel mai rar mamifer din lume. Trăiește în fluviul Yangtze, având lungime 1,50 m.Lățime 30 cm. Numele Lipotes provine din limba greacă și înseamnă cel ce a mai rămas. În perioada împerecherii masculul face un dans specific pentru a atrage femela. Se crede că este dispărut încă din anul 2006.[formulare evazivă]

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    Kitajski rečni delfin ( Spanish; Castilian )

    provided by wikipedia SL

    Kitajski rečni delfin ali jangceška pliskavka (znanstveno ime Lipotes vexillifer) je sladkovodni delfin, ki je živel le v reki Jangce na Kitajskem. Druga imena so baidži (白鱀 Pinyin: báijì) in beli delfin, Kitajci pa so mu nadeli tudi vzdevek »jangceška boginja« (長江女神). Naddružina rečnih delfinov vključuje tudi orinoško pliskavko (Inia geoffrensis) in laplatsko pliskavko. Ker odpravi, ki se je to vrsto napotila poiskati leta 2006, ni uspelo najti nobenega primerka, je sporočila, da je vrsta »funkcionalno izumrla«.[1]

    Zgodnja zgodovina

    Fosilni zapisi kažejo, da so se delfini v reko Jangce najbrž priselili pred 20 milijoni let iz Tihega oceana. V času prvega opisa v slovarju Erya v obdobju dinastije Han je po ocenah živelo kakih 5000 kitajskih rečnih delfinov.

    Upad

    • 1979: Ljudska republika Kitajska razglasi rečnega delfina za prizadeto vrsto
    • 1983: lov na kitajskega rečnega delfina postane nezakonit
    • 1984: obupne življenjske razmere jangceške pliskavke se pojavijo na prvih straneh kitajskih občil[2]
    • 1986: populacija šteje 300 osebkov
    • 1989: dokončana je pregrada Gezhouba
    • 1990: populacija obsega 200 osebkov
    • 1994: začetek gradnje Jezu treh sotesk
    • 1997: upad populacije na manj kot 50 osebkov (najdenih 23)
    • 1998: najdenih 7
    • 2003: Jez treh sotesk začne polniti rezervoar
    • 2006: raziskava ni našla nobenega osebka več, zato vrsto razglasi za »po vsej verjetnosti izumrlo«

    Kitajska se je ogroženosti rečnega delfina zavedla malu po začetku modernizacije. Leta 1978 je Kitajska akademija znanosti kot vejo Wuhanski inštitut za hidrobiologijo ustanovila Raziskovalno središče za sladkovodne delfine (淡水海豚研究中心). Vendar pa je bil trud, da bi rešili vrsto, premajhen in prepozen. Prva kitajska organizacija za zaščito vodnih vrst, Wuhanska Fundacija za ohranitev delfina Baidži (武汉白鱀豚保护基金), je bila ustanovljena decembra 1996. Zbrana sredstva 1.383.924,35 CNY (okrog 135,000 EUR) so bila uporabljena za in vitro celično prezervacijo in vitro in za vzdrževanje infrastrukture, med drugim zavetišča Shishou, ki je bilo leta 1998 poplavljeno.

    Svoja srečanja s temi ogroženimi živalmi sta za program televizijske hiše BBC Last Chance to See dokumentirala Douglas Adams in Mark Carwardine. Leta 1990 je izšla knjiga z istim imenom, ki je vsebovala fotografije osebka v ujetništvu, in sicer samca Qi Qi (淇淇), ki je od leta 1980 do 14. julija 2002 živel v delfinariju wuhanskega inštituta za hidrobiologijo. Najden v jezeru Dongting je postal edini prebivalec delfinarija Baidži (白鱀豚水族馆) ob Vzhodnem jezeru. Pozneje najdeni primerek je umrl po letu dni življenja v ujetništvu (1996 do 1997) v Polnaravnem rezervatu Shishou Tian-e-Zhou (石首半自然白鱀豚保护区), kjer so od leta 1990 sicer živeli le brezplavuti svinjeki (Neophocaena phocaenoides). Leta 1998 so blizu Šanghaja na otoku Chongming ujeli samico, ki pa je odklanjala vso ponujeno hrano in je v mesecu dni zaradi lakote poginila.

    Po Guinnessovi knjigi rekordov so najbolj ogroženega kita na svetu[1] zadnjič opazili septembra 2004. Kitajska tiskovna agencija Xinhua je 4. decembra 2006 sporočila, da šesttedenska raziskava, v kateri je sodelovalo 30 strokovnjakov, ni odkrila nobenega rečnega delfina. Neuspeh Ekspedicije za jangceškega sladkovodnega delfina (长江淡水豚类考察) je vzbudil sum na prvo neizpodbitno izumrtje vrste kita zaradi človekovih posegov v okolje [3] (nekatere izumrle vrste vosatih kitov morda niso bile samostojne vrste). K neuspehu odprave so morda prispevale tudi slabe vodne in vremenske razmere,[1] vendar pa so ga nekateri znanstveniki 13. decembra 2006 razglasili za »funkcionalno izumrlega«, saj po vsej verjetnosti živi manj osebkov, kot bi jih moralo za ohranitev vrste.[1]

    Vzroki za izumrtje

    Številčnost vrste je skozi desetletja upadala iz različnih vzrokov, med drugim gradnje jezov, uničevanja okolja, lova in trčenj z ladjami.[4][5] Zaradi onesnaženja s hrupom so se skorajda slepe živali pogosto zaletavale v ladijske vijake, številni osebki pa so se zapletli v ribiške mreže.[2] Habitat kitajskega rečnega delfina je nepopravljivo spremenil Jez treh sotesk. V zadnjih desetletjih se je močno zmanjšala obilnost vrst, s katerimi se je ta delfin prehranjeval, pri mnogih na tisočino predindustrijske ravni.[5]

    Znanstveniki so si vrsto prizadevali ohraniti s preselitvijo v bližnje jezero. V reko naj bi jo znova naselili, ko bi se razmere v njej izboljšale. Druge vrste, ki jih je jez tudi ogrozil, so snežni žerjav (Grus leucogeranus) in kitajski veslokljun (Psephurus gladius). Skrajno ogrožen je tudi jangceški brezplavuti svinjek. Po raziskavah leta 2006 živi le še 400 osebkov.

    Glej tudi

    Viri in opombe

    1. 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 "The Chinese river dolphin is functionally extinct" (angleščina). baiji.org. Pridobljeno dne 2006-12-13.
    2. 2,0 2,1 Last Chance to See. Douglas Adams.
    3. "Rare Yangtze dolphin may be extinct" (angleščina). Pridobljeno dne 2006-12-05.
    4. National Geographic news, 14. december 2006
    5. 5,0 5,1 BBC News, ""Last Chance for China's Dolphin" 27. junij 2006

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    Kitajski rečni delfin: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

    provided by wikipedia SL

    Kitajski rečni delfin ali jangceška pliskavka (znanstveno ime Lipotes vexillifer) je sladkovodni delfin, ki je živel le v reki Jangce na Kitajskem. Druga imena so baidži (白鱀 Pinyin: báijì) in beli delfin, Kitajci pa so mu nadeli tudi vzdevek »jangceška boginja« (長江女神). Naddružina rečnih delfinov vključuje tudi orinoško pliskavko (Inia geoffrensis) in laplatsko pliskavko. Ker odpravi, ki se je to vrsto napotila poiskati leta 2006, ni uspelo najti nobenega primerka, je sporočila, da je vrsta »funkcionalno izumrla«.

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    Asiatisk floddelfin ( Swedish )

    provided by wikipedia SV

    Asiatisk floddelfin (Lipotes vexillifer), ibland kallad Changjiangdelfin, Yangtzedelfin eller, med det vanligaste kinesiska namnet, Baijidelfin (白鱀豚), är en art i underordningen tandvalar. Arten antas vara utdöd, eller mycket nära utrotning. En expedition i december 2006 kunde inte finna några individer.[2] Asiatisk floddelfin förekommer uteslutande i den kinesiska floden Yangtze.

    Systematik

    Den asiatiska floddelfinen är enda arten i släktet Lipotes.[3] Floddelfinernas systematik är omstridd. Tidigare sammanfattades alla floddelfiner i en gemensam familj, Platanistidae. Sedan antogs att alla floddelfiner utvecklade sina liknande egenskaper konvergent och de listades därför i var sin familj. Nyare molekylärgenetiska studier tyder på att asiatisk floddelfin, Amazondelfin och Laplatadelfin är nära släkt med varandra och de listas därför av Wilson & Reeder (2005) i en gemensam familj, Iniidae. Gangesdelfiner som likaså förekommer i Asien listas fortfarande i sin egen familj.[3]

    Utseende

    Asiatisk floddelfin blir cirka 230 (hannar) respektive 250 (honor) centimeter lång[4] och väger upp till 160 kilogram. Troligtvis är hannar lite mindre än honor. Huden på ovansidan är grå- eller blåaktig och på undersidan vit.[4] Fenorna har samma färguppdelning. Delfinen har en liten, trekantig, slö fena på ryggen. Nosen liknar en näbb och är vid spetsen lite uppåtböjd.[4] Den är påfallande smal och har i varje käkhalva 31 till 34 lika formade tänder som liknar koner.[5] Ögonen är bara rudimentära men används fortfarande.[4]

    Utbredning

    Ursprungligen trodde man att den asiatiska floddelfinen bara förekom i sjön Dongting. Under 1970-talet observerade individer i floden Chang Jiangs mynning och upp till 1 900 kilometer uppströms. Vid högt vattenstånd vandrade delfiner även till bifloder och näraliggande sjöar. På grund av jordbruk i flodens omgivning fylls denna allt mer med sediment. Det har till följd att populationen minskar.

    Ekologi

    Man vet inte mycket om artens levnadssätt. Sin föda hittar den med eko-lokalisering. Delfinen livnär sig uteslutande av cirka 40 cm långa fiskar men den är inte specialiserad på enskilda arter.[5] Idag hittar man asiatiska floddelfiner huvudsakligen ensamma. Tidigare påträffades även par eller små grupper av upp till 12 individer (oftast 3 eller 4).[5] Även blandade grupper med asiatisk tumlare har påträffats.[4] Arten är främst aktiv mellan skymningen och gryningen.[4] Den simmar tätt under vattenytan så att den lilla fenan på ryggen är synlig.

    Ungarna är vid födelsen ungefär 95 centimeter långa och väger cirka 10 kilogram. I övrigt vet man så gott som ingenting om fortplantningen hos denna art.

    Asiatisk floddelfin och människan

    Status och hot

    Den första beskrivningen av djuret härstammar från en naturencyklopedi med namnet Erya från Handynastin. Biologerna uppskattade vid denna tid att det fanns omkring 5000 floddelfiner i Chang Jiang. 1978 grundades ett forskningscentrum, som del av den kinesiska vetenskapsakademin, för studier av denna delfin.

    Idag är den asiatiska floddelfinen den val som är mest sällsynt och även ett av de mest sällsynta däggdjuret. Huvudsaklig orsak till beståndets tillbakagång är den kinesiska industrialiseringen. Denna art är nästan utdöd på grund av föroreningar i floden, tät fartygstrafik och fisknät där djuret fastnar. Många dödsorsaker som är fasställda sammanhänger med fiske och med kollisioner med motorbåtar, vilkas antal har ökat kraftigt.

    Trots att denna delfin sattes på röda listan 1979 och skyddet utökades ytterligare 1983 ändrades dessa omständigheter nästan ingenting. 1986 räknade man 300 individer och 1998 hittade man bara sju. Nedgången har fortsatt och 2006 kunde inga individer hittas.

    • 1979, arten blev officiellt betecknad som hotad art av Folkrepubliken Kina.
    • 1983, utökat skydd och jaktförbud.
    • 1986, populationen vid ungefär 300 djur.
    • 1990, populationen vid ungefär 200 djur.
    • 1997, populationen mindre än 50 djur (23 upphittade).
    • 1998, endast sju individer upphittade.
    • 2006, 0 individer hittade, arten antogs vara utdöd.

    Det är svårt att uppskatta antalet individer. Det pågående bygget av världens största damm, De tre ravinernas damm, i floden Chang Jiang kommer att utgöra ett vandringshinder för de befintliga populationerna. Under dessa omständigheter är det troligt att de levande individerna inte förökar sig längre och det leder till artens utdöende.

    Två individer har hittills levt i fångenskap. Det första djuret var en hanne som blev skadad av en fiskare och som efteråt levde från 1980 till 2002 i Wuhan Institute of Hydrobiology. Det andra levde ett år i ett delfinskyddscenter i staden Shishou.

    Etymologi

    Namnet Lipodes kommer från det grekiska ordet "leipos" som betyder ungefär "hamna på efterkälken" eller "kvarbliven" och syftar troligtvis på det avgränsade levnadsområdet.[6] Ordet vexillifer är sammansatt av de latinska orden vexillium (vimpel) och ferre (bära) och kan tolkas som "vimpelbärande".[5]

    Referenser

    Noter

    1. ^ Smith, B.D., Zhou, K., Wang, D., Reeves, R.R., Barlow, J., Taylor, B.L. & Pitman, R. 2008 Lipotes vexillifer Från: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.1 <www.iucnredlist.org>. Läst 3 augusti 2011.
    2. ^ www.baiji.org The Baiji river dolphin is functionally extinct Arkiverad 4 januari 2007 hämtat från the Wayback Machine. läst 2006-12-13
    3. ^ [a b] Wilson & Reeder, red (2005). ”Iniidae” (på engelska). Mammal Species of the World. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-8221-4
    4. ^ [a b c d e f] R. Edwards (27 april 2011). ”Baiji”. ARKive. Arkiverad från originalet den 8 november 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20121108044408/http://www.arkive.org/baiji/lipotes-vexillifer/. Läst 9 november 2012.
    5. ^ [a b c d] Brownell, Robert L.; Herald, Earl (16 juni 1972). Lipotes vexillifer (på engelska). Mammalian Species. American Society of Mammalogists. http://www.science.smith.edu/departments/Biology/VHAYSSEN/msi/pdf/i0076-3519-010-01-0001.pdf. Läst 9 november 2012.
    6. ^ Asiatisk floddelfin Arkiverad 8 november 2012 hämtat från the Wayback Machine., ARKive

    Externa länkar

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    Asiatisk floddelfin: Brief Summary ( Swedish )

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    Asiatisk floddelfin (Lipotes vexillifer), ibland kallad Changjiangdelfin, Yangtzedelfin eller, med det vanligaste kinesiska namnet, Baijidelfin (白鱀豚), är en art i underordningen tandvalar. Arten antas vara utdöd, eller mycket nära utrotning. En expedition i december 2006 kunde inte finna några individer. Asiatisk floddelfin förekommer uteslutande i den kinesiska floden Yangtze.

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    Çin nehir yunusu ( Turkish )

    provided by wikipedia TR

    Çin nehir yunusu (Lipotes vexillifer Çince: Bu ses hakkında 白鱀豚 (yardım·bilgi) pinyin: báijì tún), Lipotidae familyasının tek üyesi olan bazı kaynaklara göre nesli kısmen tükenmiş bir yunus türü.

    Her ne kadar Çin’de "Yangtze’nin Tanrıçası" (Basitleştirilmiş Çince: 长江女神; Geleneksel Çince: 長江女神; pinyin: chángjiāng nǚshén) adı verilen bu yunus türünü korumak için çaba sarfedildiyse de son yıllarda yunus sayısı oldukça azaldı. 2006 yılı sonunda Yangtze nehrinde yapılan yunus araştırması sonucunda bir tane yunus ile bile karşılaşılmayınca soyu kısmen tükenmiş sayılmıştır.[1]

    Tarihçe

    Fosil kalıntılarına göre yunusların Büyük Okyanustan Yangtze Nehrine yirmi milyon yıl önce göçettikleri tahmin edilmektedir. Tatlı suyu yaşam alanı olarak seçtiği bilinen dört yunus türünden biridir. Diğer nehir yunusları olan Ganj ve İndus nehir yunusu Hindistan'da Ganj ve İndus nehirlerinde, La Plata Yunusu Güney Amerika'da Rio de la Plata'da ve Amazon nehir yunusu (Boto) Amazon nehirlerinde yaşamlarını sürdürmektedir.

    MÖ 3. yüzyıl civarlarında eski sözlük Erya'da tanımlandığında yaklaşık olarak 5.000 Çin nehir yunusu bulunduğu tahmin edilmiştir. Bir Çin masalına göre sevmediği bir adamla evlenmeyi reddeden ve ailesi tarafından nehirde boğulan bir prenses Çin nehir yunusu olarak yeniden doğmuştur. Barış ve gönenç simgesi olarak görülen yunusa "Yangtze'nin Tanrıçası" takma adı verilmiştir.

    Doğal yaşam alanı

    Tarihsel olarak Çin nehir yunusu, Yangtze Nehrinin Şangay şehrine yakın olan ağzından orta ve batıda Yiçang şehrinin bulunduğu yukarı kısımlarına kadar olan 1.700 kilometrelik bir bölgede yaşamaktaydı. Bu alan şu anda her iki taraftan da birkaç yüz kilometre azalmış ve Yangtze Nehrini besleyen Dongting ve Poyang gölleri arasında kalan Yangtze'nin ana kolu üzerine sıkışmıştır.[2] Doğal yaşam alanındaki bu daralmanın sebebi kısmen Üç Boğaz barajının inşasıdır ama asıl sebep dünya üzerindeki insan nüfusunun yaklaşık %12'sinin Yangtze Nehri havzasında çalışması ve yaşamasıdır.[3]

    Fiziksel özellikleri

    Erişkin Çin nehir yunuslarının boyu erkeklerde yaklaşık 2,3 metre, dişilerde yaklaşık 2,5 metre civarındadır ve bugüne kadar ölçülen en uzun boy 2,7 metredir.[4] Ağırlık olarak 135-230 kilogram arasında olan [4] yunusların doğadaki ortalama yaşam süreleri 24 yıl olarak tahmin edilmektedir.[5] Erkekler cinsel olgunluğa dört yaşında, dişiler de altı yaşında erişir.[4] Yılın ilk yarısında doğurdukları ve şubat ile nisan ayları arasında en çok yavrulama dönemine girdikleri düşünülmektedir.[6] Hamilelik oranının %30 olduğu gözlemlenmiştir.[7] Her seferinde tek yavru doğuran dişi yunusların hamilelik dönemi 10-11 ay arasındadır ve iki doğum arasında iki yıllık bir süre bulunur. Yavru yunuslar doğduklarında 80-90 santimetre civarındadır ve 8 ile 20 aylık bir süre boyunca anneleri tarafından bakılır.[4]

    Tehlikeden kaçarken 60 kilometre/saatlik bir hıza ulaşabilen Çin nehir yunusları normal şartlarda 10 ile 15 kilometre/saat hızlarda dolaşır. Görme ve işitme duyularının zayıflığı nedeniyle yunus yönbulma için genellikle sonar özelliklerini kullanır.

    Soyunun tükenmesi

    1950'lerde 6.000 Çin nehir yunusu bulunduğu tahmin edilmiştir[8] ancak son elli yılda bu sayı önemli oranda azalmıştır. Guinness Rekorlar Kitabına göre dünyanın en çok soyu tükenme riski altında olan deniz memelisi olan [1] Çin nehir yunusu en son Eylül 2004 tarihinde görülmüştür.

    Yunus nüfusunun azalmasının sebepleri

    Dünya Korunma Birliği'ne (IUCN) göre türün soyunun tükenmesine neden olabilecek tehditler şunlardır: Büyük Atılım sırasında insanlar tarafından avlanma serbestisi, balık ağlarına takılma, yasaklanmış olduğu halde elektrikle balık avlama, tekne ve gemilerle çarpışma, doğal yaşam alanının daralması ve çevre kirliliği.

    Büyük Atılım sırasında Çin nehir yunuslarına duyulan geleneksel saygı kınanarak eti derisi ve yağı için avlanmış ve kısa sürede sayıları azalmıştır.[9]

    Çin ekonomik olarak geliştikçe nehir yunusları üzerindeki baskı da giderek arttı. Sanayi ve yerleşim bölgelerinin atıkları Yangtze Nehrine verildi. Nehir yatağı birçok bölgede beton ile kuvventlendirildi. Gemi boyları büyüdü ve trafiği arttı, balıkçılar daha geniş ve daha ölümcül ağlar kullanmaya başladı. Gürültü kirliliği nedeniyle zaten hemen hemen kör olan hayvanın pervanelerle çarpışma riski arttı. Yunusun beslendiği balıkların sayıları da sanayi öncesi dönemin binde birine kadar düştü.[10]

    1970 ve 1980'lerde tahmin edilen Çin nehir yunusu ölümlerinin yarısının sebebinin balık ağlarına dolanma olduğu sanılmaktadır. 2000'lerin başında ise nehir yunuslarının karşısındaki en büyük doğrudan tehdit elektrikle balık avlanması olarak değerlendirilmiştir.[9] Her ne kadar yasadışı da olsa bu yıkıcı avlanma tekniği Çin'de yaygın olarak uygulanmaktadır. Üç Boğaz barajının inşası ise hem yunusun yaşam alanını daha da daraltmış hem de gemi trafiğinin artmasına neden olmuştur.

    Zaman çizelgesi

    • MÖ 3. yüzyıl civarında: hayvan sayısı 5.000 civarında tahmin edildi
    • 1950ler: hayvan sayısı 6.000 civarında tahmin edildi
    • 1958-1962: Büyük Atılım sırasında geleneksel olarak saygı görülen hayvan statüsünü kaybetti
    • 1979: Çin Çin nehir yunusunun soyunun tükenme tehlikesi altında olduğunu bildirildi
    • 1983: Çin nehir yunusunun avlanmasını yasaklayan ulusal yasa çıkarıldı.
    • 1984: Çin nehir yunusunun kötü durumu Çin'de gazete başlıklarına çıktı[11]
    • 1986: Hayvan sayısı 300 civarında tahmin edildi
    • 1989: Gezhouba barajı tamamlandı
    • 1990: Hayvan sayısı 200 civarında tahmin edildi
    • 1994: Üç Boğaz barajının inşası başladı
    • 1996: IUCN türü soyu tükenmesi çok büyük tehlike altında listesine aldı
    • 1997: Hayvan sayısının 50'den az olduğu tahmin edildi. (İncelemede 23 tane bulundu)
    • 1998: İncelemede 7 tane bulundu
    • 2003: Üç Boğaz barajı su tutmaya başladı
    • 2004: En son görülen yunus, ağlara takılıp ölen bir yunustu
    • 2006: İncelemede hiç karşılaşılmadı, "büyük bir olasılıkla soyunun tükendiği" açıklandı

    İncelemeler

    1979 ile 1996 yılları arasındaki Yangtze Nehri Çin nehir yunusu incelemelerinin sonuçları (* yalnızca nehrin aşağı kısımları) [3] Yıl İnceleme alanı İncelenen mesafe (km) Görülen Çin nehir yunusu sayısı Tahmin edilen Çin nehir yunusu sayısı 1979[12] Wuhan-Chenglingji 230 19 - 1979[13] Nanjing-Taiyangzhou 170 10 - 1979-1981[14] Nanjing-Guichi 250 3-6 grup 400 1978-1985[15] Yichang-Nantong 1600 >20 grup 156 1985-1986[16] Yichang-Jiangyin 1510 42 grup 300 1979-1986[17] Fujiangsha-Hukou 630 78-79 100* 1987-1990[18] Yichang-Shanghai 1669 108 200 1989-1991[19][20] Hukou-Zhenjian 500 29 120 1991-1996[21] Xinchang-Wuhan 413 42 <100

    Koruma çabaları

    Çin tarafından nehir yunuslarının tehlike altında olduğu tanındıktan sonra hükümet yunus avlamayı yasakladı, balık avlamada bazı kısıtlamalar getirdi ve doğal koruma alanları oluşturdu.

    1978 yılında Çin Bilimler Akademisi (中国科学院) tarafından Wuhan Hidrobiyoloji Enstitüsü'nün bir şubesi olarak Tatlısu Yunusları Araştırma Merkezi (淡水海豚研究中心) kuruldu. 1980lerde ve 1990larda yunusları yakalayıp koruma altındaki alanlara yerleştirmek için çeşitli girişimlerde bulunuldu. Güdülen strateji bir yetiştirme programıyla türün nüfusunu artırmak, Yangtze Nehrindeki koşulları iyileştirdikten sonra yunusları tekrar doğal ortamına bırakmaktı. Ancak nadir görülen ve hızlı hareket edebilen yunusları yakalamanın oldukça zor olduğu görüldü, ayrıca yakalanan yunusların hiçbiri birkaç aydan uzun bir süre hayatta kalmadı.[9]

    Çin'in ilk suda yaşayan türleri koruma örgütü olan Wuhan Çin Nehir Yunusu Koruma Vakfı (武汉白鱀豚保护基金) 1996 yılının Aralık ayında kuruldu. Bir fonda 1.383.924,35 CNY (yaklaşık 100.000 USD) toplayan vakıf bu parayı in vitro hücre korunmasında ve 1998'de sel baskınına uğrayan Şişou Korunağı da dahil olmak üzere Çin nehir yunusu tesislerini işletmek için kullanmıştır.

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    Yangtze boyunca Çin nehir yunusu koruma çabaları

    1992'den beri Yangtze üzerinde koruma altında beş bölge ulusal ya da eyalet Çin nehir yunusu koruma bölgesi olarak ayrılmıştır. Çin nehir yunusu aktif olarak koruma altında olduğu ve balık avlamanın yasaklandığı ve Yangtze Nehrinin ana kolunda bulunan bu koruma parklarının dördü şunlardır: Şişou Şehri ve Xin-Luo Ulusal Çin nehir yunusu koruma bölgesi ile Tongling ve Zhenjiang Eyalet Çin nehir yunusu koruma bölgesi. Bunlara ek olarak beşinci bir koruma bölgesi Şişou şehrine yakın, nehrin kuzey kıyısının ötesindeki bir akmazda kurulmuştur ve adı Tian-e-Zhou akmaz yarı doğal koruma bölgesidir. Bir araya geldiğinde bu bölgeler yaklaşık 350 kilometrelik bir alanı yani Çin nehir yunuslarının yaşadığı bölgenin üçte birini kaplar. Dolayısıyla yunusların doğal yaşam alanlarının üçte ikisi koruma altında değildir.[3]

    Bu beş koruma bölgesinin yanı sıra Jianli, Chenglingji, Hukou, Wuhu ve Zhengjiang'da beş “Koruma İstasyonu”da bulunur. BU istasyonlarda iki gözlemci ile yasadışı balık avcılığını araştırmak için günlük devriye görevinde kullanılan motorlu bir tekne bulunur.[3]

    2001 yılında Çin Hükümeti, Yangtze Nehrinin memelilerini korumak için bir eylem planını onayladı. Bu eylem planı, 1968 çalışma grubunda belirlenen ve ulusal Çin nehir yunusunu koruma politikası olarak belirlenen üç önlemi tekrar vurguladı. Tüm bu yasal düzenlemelere ve çalışma gruplarına rağmen Çin'de koruma çabalarına ayıracak çok az bir fon mevcuttu. Projeye başlamak ve üç yıl sürdürebilmek için yaklaşık 1 milyon USD gerektiği tahmin edilmiştir.[22]

    Su memelilerini kurtarmak için yeterli çaba verilmediği ve geç kalındığı kanıtlanmıştır. Baiji.org Vakfının baş yöneticisi August Pfluger "Çin Hükümetinin stratejisi iyi bir stratejiydi ancak eyleme geçecek zamanımız yoktu." demiştir.[23]

    Doğal ortamında koruma

    Biliminsanları en iyi eylem planının türü doğal ortamında koruma çabalarıyla paralel yürüyen doğal ortamı dışında koruma çalışmaları olduğunu kabul etmektedir. Yunusların doğal yaşam ortamını korumak için Yangtze Nehrindeki bozulma geri çevrilmelidir. Doğal ortamı dışında koruma projelerinin amacı zamanla yeterli sayıda yunus yetiştirdikten Tangtze'ye geri bırakılması dolayısıyla da doğal yaşam alanlarının da bu şekilde zaten korunmasının sağlanmasıdır.

    Doğal ortamı dışında koruma

    Şişou Tian-e-Zhou, Hubei eyaletinde Şişou şehrinin yakınında bulunan 21 kilometre boyunda ve 2 kilometre genişliğinde bir akmazdır. Şişou yarı doğal bir koruma alanının gerektirdiklerşne saip olan minyatür bir Yangtze olarak tanımlanmıştır. 1992 yılında ulusal koruma alanı ilan edilen bölgenin yalnızca nehir yunusu için değil aynı zamanda Yangtze sırt yüzgeçsiz yunus için de kullanılması amaçlanmıştır. 1990 yılında ilk sırt yüzgeçsiz yunusların getirildiği koruma bölgesinde o zamandan beri bu yunusların hayatta kaldığı ve ürediği gözlemlenmiştir. 2005 Nisan ayında koruma alanında 26 sırt yüzgeçsiz yunus olduğu bilinmektedir. 1995 Aralık ayında akmaza getirilen dişi bir nehir tunusu 1996 yazında sel baskını sırasında ölmüştür. Her yıl olan sel baskınlarıyla başaçıkmak için Yangtze ile Şişou arasına bir bent inşa edilmiştir. Akmazın su akış yönüne göre aşağıdaki ağzına yapılan bir bent kapısı ile akmazdaki su kontrol altında tutulabilmektedir. Ancak bent kapısı yapıldıktan sonra yıllık besin transferi oluşamadığından akmazdaki suyun kalitesinin kötüleştiği bildirilmiştir. Akmazın içindeki ada da yaklaşık 6.700 kişinin yaşaması nedeniyle kısıtlı olarak balık avlanmasına izin verilmektedir.[3]

    Yakalanmış örnekler

    1992 yılında Wuhan'da Hidrobiyoloji Enstitüsünde (IHB) diğer koruma çalışmalarına ek olarak, tüm tehditlerden uzak ve rahatlıkla gözlem yapılabilecek bir Çin nehir yunusu koruma dolphinaryumu inşa edildi. Bu yerde bir iç ve dış havuzlar, su filtreleme sistemi, besin depolama ve hazırlama birimi, araştırma laboratuvarı ve küçük bir müze bulunur. Aynı zamanda turizm sayesinde para kazanılarak nehir yunusu koruma adına kullanılması da amaçlanmıştır. Havuzlar çok geniş değildir (25 m.'lik yay şeklinde x 7 m genişliğinde x 3.5 m derinliğinde, 10 m çapında, 2 m derinliğinde ve 12 m çapında, 3.5 m derinliğinde) ve aynı anda çok fazla nehir yunusu bir arada bulunamaz.

    Tabloda kullanılan kısaltmalar

    IHB: Hidrobiyoloji Enstitüsü
    NNU: Nanjing Normal Üniversitesi
    NFRI: Nanjing Balıkçılık Araştırma Enstitüsü

    Yakalanmış Çin nehir yunusları[24] Ad Süre Yer Cinsiyet Bakım durumu Yaşam süresi Qi Qi 12 Ocak 1980 - 14 Temmuz 2002 IHB E Dışarıda ve içeride, filtre edilmemiş su 22,5 yıl Rong Rong 22 Nisan 1981 - 3 Şubat 1982 IHB E Dışarıda filtre edilmemiş su 228 gün Lian Lian 31 Mart 1986 - 14 Haziran 1986 IHB E Dışarıda filtre edilmemiş su 76 gün Zhen Zhen 31 Mart 1986 - Eylül 1988 IHB D Dışarıda filtre edilmemiş su 2.5 yıl Su Su 3 Mart 1981 - 20 Mart 1981 NNU D İçeride 17 gün Jiang Jiang 7 Aralık 1981 - 16 Nisan 1982 NFRI E Dışarıda filtre edilmemiş su 129 gün

    2006 araştırma seferi

    Xinhua Haber Ajansı, 4 Aralık 2006 tarihinde Yangtze Nehrinde 30 araştırmacı tarafından sürdürülen altı haftalık araştırma seferinin sonunda hiçbir Çin nehir yunusunun gözlemlenemediğini bildirilmiştir. Yangtze Tatlısu Yunusları Araştırma Seferinin bu olumsuz haberle sonuçlanması ilk olarak bir deniz memelisinin soyunun tükenmesine insanların neden olduğu şüphelerinin ortaya çıkmasına neden olmuştur.[25] Kötü su ve hava koşulları nedeniyle herhangi bir yunus görülmemiş de olabilir [1] ancak bazı biliminsanları tarafından 13 Aralık 2006 tarihinde Çin nehir yunusunun soyunun kısmen tükenmiş olduğu yani türün soyunu sürdürmek için gereken sayıdan daha az bir yunus kaldığını açıklamıştır.[1]

    Türün geleceği hakkında umut taşıyan Dünya Doğayı Koruma Vakfı Wuhan bürosu müdürü Wang Limin "Araştırma seferi sonucunda hiç nehir yunusu görülmemesi ne türün yokolduğunu ne de soyunun kısmen tükendiğini kanıtlamaz çünkü çok kısa bir sürede çok önemli bir mesafe katedilmiştir... Ancak, oldukça endişeliyiz. Yangtze'nin koşulları oldukça kötüleşti ve geçmişte olduğunda çok daha az sırt yüzgeçsiz yunusla karşılaştık."[26]

    Kaynakça

    1. ^ a b c d "The Chinese river dolphin is functionally extinct". baiji.org. 13 Aralık 2006. Erişim tarihi: 13 Aralık 2006.
    2. ^ Reeves, R.R., Smith, B.D., Crespo,E.A. & Notarbartolo di Sciara, G. (eds.) (2003) Dolphins, Whales and Porpoises: 2002-2010 Conservation Action Plan for the World’s Cetaceans. IUCN/SSC Cetacean Specialist Group. IUCN, Glad, Switzerland and Cambridge, U.K.
    3. ^ a b c d e "Report of the Workshop on Conservation of the Baiji and Yangtze Finless Porpoise" (PDF). Erişim tarihi: 3 Aralık 2006.
    4. ^ a b c d "Animal Info - Baiji". animalinfo.org. 30 Ocak 2016 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 18 Aralık 2006.
    5. ^ Nowak, R.M. 1999. Walker's Mammals of the World. 6th Ed. The Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, Baltimore.
    6. ^ Culik, B. (2003). "Lipotes vexillifer, Baiji". 15 Mart 2016 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 18 Aralık 2006.
    7. ^ IWC. 2000. Report of the Standing Sub-Committee on Small Cetaceans. IWC/52/4. 52nd Meeting of the International Whaling Commission, Adelaide, Australia.
    8. ^ "Rescue Plan Prepared for Yangtze River Dolphins". China Daily. 11 Temmuz 2002. 15 Mart 2016 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 18 Aralık 2006.
    9. ^ a b c "Red List of Threatened Species". International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. 15 Eylül 2008 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 18 Aralık 2006.
    10. ^ "Last Chance for China's Dolphin". BBC News. 27 Haziran 2006. Erişim tarihi: 27 Haziran 2006.
    11. ^ Adams, Douglas. Last Chance to See.
    12. ^ Chen, P. (1980). "Distribution, ecology, behaviour and protection of the dolphins in the middle reaches of the Changjiang River (Wuhan-Yueyang)". Oceanologica Limnologia Sinica. Cilt 11, s. 73–84.
    13. ^ Zhou, K. (1980). "Observations on baiji (Lipotes vexillifer) and finless porpoise (Neophocaena asiaorientalis) in the lower reaches of the Chiang Jiang". Scientia sinica. Cilt 23, s. 785–795.
    14. ^ Zhou, K. (1982). "A brief report on observations of the baiji (Lipotes vexillifer) in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River between Nanjing and Guichi". Acta Theriologica Sinica. Cilt 2, s. 253–254.
    15. ^ Lin, K. (1985). "Population size and conservation of Lipotes vexillifer". Acta Zoologica Sinica. Cilt 5, s. 77-85. [translated by C.H. Perrin, edited by W.F. Perrin, Southwest Fisheries Science Center Administrative Report LJ-86-27}}
    16. ^ Chen, P. & Hua, Y. (1989) Distribution, population size and protection of Lipotes vexillifer. pp. 78–81 In W.F. Perrin, R. L. Brownell, Jr., K. Zhou and J. Liu (eds.), Biology and conservation of the river dolphins. Occasional Papers of the IUCN Species Survival Commission, No. 3.
    17. ^ Zhou, K. and Li, Y. 1989. Status and aspects of the ecology and behaviour of the baiji (Lipotes vexillifer) in the lower Yangtze River. pp. 86–91 In W. F. Perrin, R. L. Brownell Jr., K. Zhou and J. Liu (eds.), Biology and conservation of the river dolphins. IUCN Species Survival Commission Occasional Paper 3.
    18. ^ Chen, P. (1993). "Appraisal of the influence upon baiji, Lipotes vexillifer by the Three-gorge Project and conservation strategy". Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica. Cilt 17, s. 101-111.
    19. ^ Zhou, K. (1993). "Photo-identification and population monitoring of the baiji (Lipotes vexillifer) on the lower Yangtze". Working paper presented to Baiji Population and Habitat Viability Workshop, Nanjing, China. June 1–4 1993.
    20. ^ Zhou, K. (1993). "The population status of the baiji in the lower reaches of the Yangtze". Working paper presented to Baiji Population and Habitat Viability Workshop, Nanjing, China. June 1–4 1993.
    21. ^ Wang, D. (1998). "Conservation status and the future of baiji and finless porpoise in the Yangtze River of China". Report on the eight international symposium on river and lake environments. ISRLE’96, Wuhan, China. 34. harf sırasında bulunan |dergi= parametresi line feed character içeriyor (yardım)
    22. ^ "Conservation of the Yangtze River Dolphin: Emergency Implementation Meeting" (PDF). 26 Mart 2009 tarihinde kaynağından (PDF) arşivlendi.
    23. ^ "INTERVIEW-Chinese river dolphin almost certainly extinct". Reuters AlertNet. 13 Aralık 2006. 5 Temmuz 2009 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 13 Aralık 2006.
    24. ^ baiji.org foundation
    25. ^ "Rare Yangtze dolphin may be extinct". 15 Mart 2016 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 5 Aralık 2006.
    26. ^ "Chinese River Dolphin (Baiji) Feared Extinct, Hope Remains for Finless Porpoise". WWF. 15 Aralık 2006. Erişim tarihi: 15 Aralık 2006.

    Dış bağlantılar

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    Çin nehir yunusu
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    Commons'ta ara Commons'ta dosyalar Vikitür'de ara Vikitür'de taksonomi

    Haberler

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    Çin nehir yunusu: Brief Summary ( Turkish )

    provided by wikipedia TR

    Çin nehir yunusu (Lipotes vexillifer Çince: Bu ses hakkında 白鱀豚 (yardım·bilgi) pinyin: báijì tún), Lipotidae familyasının tek üyesi olan bazı kaynaklara göre nesli kısmen tükenmiş bir yunus türü.

    Her ne kadar Çin’de "Yangtze’nin Tanrıçası" (Basitleştirilmiş Çince: 长江女神; Geleneksel Çince: 長江女神; pinyin: chángjiāng nǚshén) adı verilen bu yunus türünü korumak için çaba sarfedildiyse de son yıllarda yunus sayısı oldukça azaldı. 2006 yılı sonunda Yangtze nehrinde yapılan yunus araştırması sonucunda bir tane yunus ile bile karşılaşılmayınca soyu kısmen tükenmiş sayılmıştır.

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    Дельфін озерний ( Ukrainian )

    provided by wikipedia UK

    Зовнішній вигляд

    Це світло-блакитно-сірий дельфін з білим черевом. Довжина тіла 1,4 — 2,5 м, маса — 42 — 167 кг. Самки більші за самців. Тіло кремезне. Шия рухлива. Грудні плавники широкі, немов обрубані на кінці. Спинний плавець середньої висоти, пологий, розташовується трохи позаду середини тіла. Виставлений з води, нагадує прапорець. Рострум дуже довгий, вузький, трохи загнутий догори, нагадує журавлиний дзьоб. Дихало овальне, зсунуте вліво. Нижня щелепа біла, на верхній щелепі білий край. Зубів на 2 — 3 пари більше, ніж у сусука (62 — 68 зверху і 64 — 72 знизу). На відміну від інших річкових дельфінів, очі озерного дельфіна сильно редуковані, розташовані високо на голові; зір дуже слабкий. За зовнішнім виглядом найближче до амазонської інії.

    Поширення

    Був поширений у центрально-східній частині Китаю у річці Янцзи та нижній течії річки Цяньтан, а також в озерах Дунтинху та Поянху. Рідко спостерігався нижче Нанкіна; лише 1 раз у районі Шанхаю. Спеціальна міжнародна експедиція, що пройшла в листопаді — грудні 2006 року, констатувала, що китайський річковий дельфін, найімовірніше, повністю зник[2].

    Спосіб життя

    Екологія практично не вивчена. Тримаються у гирлах приток, у островів і на мілководді, у каламутній воді, де зір практично не потрібен. Тому ці дельфіни дуже погано бачать та покладаються переважно на ехолокацію. У Янцзи озерні дельфіни випливають на мілководдя лише для полювання за рибою. За способом життя річковий дельфін близький до інії. Спосіб життя денний, вночі відпочивають на ділянках з повільною течією. Живляться переважно дрібною рибою, зокрема вуграми та сомами, яких викопує з донного мулу своїм довгим дзьобом, а також молюсками. Пірнає всього на 10 — 20 секунд. Черепашки молюсків дробить своїми міцними зубами, що мають на широких коренях бічні вирости. Зустрічаються річкові дельфіни зазвичай парами, які іноді збиваються у групи з 3—16 особин, які протягом 5—6 годин тримаються у насичених їжею місцях. Поранений дельфін видає звук, схожий на крик теляти буйвола. Відзначалися сезонні міграції: до озера Дунтинху пізньої осені, у дощовий сезон дельфіни мігрували з озера вгору впадаючими до них річками; у Янцзи влітку при високій воді запливали у дрібні протоки, взимку повертаючись в основне русло річки. Найдовша зафіксована міграція становила понад 200 км. За характером річковий дельфін скритний та полохливий.

    Розмноження

    Розмноження практично не вивчено. Мабуть, носить сезонний характер. Пік розмноження припадає на лютий — квітень. Вагітність імовірно триває до 11 місяців. Самка приносить одного дитинчату довжиною 80 — 90 см раз на 2 роки. Відомо, що дитинчата озерного дельфіна дуже слабкі та практично не вміють плавати, тому попервах самка притримує їх ластами, що спостерігалося й у ряду інших китоподібних. Тривалість лактації невідома; статевої зрілості дельфіни досягають між 3 і 8 роками. Тривалість життя невідома.

    Статус популяції

    Китайський річковий дельфін є одним з найрідкісніших ссавців на Землі. З 1996 його статус у Міжнародній Червоній книзі — «вид у критичному стані» (Critically Endangered). До 1900 його чисельність оцінювалася в 3000 — 5000 особин; 1980 — у 400; 1990 — в 200. Останнім часом річкових дельфінів за оцінками залишилося всього 5 — 13 особин, і вид, імовірно, вимре протягом десятиліття.

    За даними палеонтологічних розкопок річкові дельфіни мігрували у Янцзи з Тихого океану близько 20 000 років тому. Перша згадка про них відноситься до часів династії Хань. Традиційно дельфіни були під охороною звичаїв, оскільки древні китайці вважали їх річковими божествами (长江 女神); природних ворогів вони не мають. Сучасний антропогенний тиск, у тому числі випадковий та браконьєрський вилов, загибель від зіткнень з річковими суднами, завдали чисельності дельфінів сильної шкоди. Іншими факторами зменшення чисельності стало сильне хімічне та шумове забруднення Янцзи, споруда дамб та гребель, що перешкоджають міграції, осушення земель, днопоглиблювальні роботи та скорочення кормової бази. Найбільший удар по популяції річкових дельфінів завдала споруда дамби Санься, яка змінила гідрологічний режим Янцзи.

    Офіційний захист річкового дельфіна КНР почалася з 1975. З 1979 він оголошений вимираючим видом та національним надбанням; з 1983 полювання на нього була заборонене. (Одна з назв дельфіна — «панда Янцзи».) Проте спроби домогтися утримання та розмноження дельфінів у неволі не вдались. Єдиний екземпляр, самець на прізвисько Qiqi (淇淇), виловлений в озері Дунтинху в 1980, прожив у неволі до 14 липня 2004. Два інші дельфіни, піймані 1996 і 1998 років та розміщені в умови, близькі до природних, прожили всього 1 рік і 1 місяць відповідно.

    Примітки

    Посилання та джерела

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    Cá heo sông Dương Tử ( Vietnamese )

    provided by wikipedia VI

    Cá heo sông Dương Tử hay còn được gọi là Nữ thần sông Trường Giang (giản thể: 长江女神; phồn thể: 長江女神; bính âm: Cháng Jiāng nǚshén; danh pháp hai phần: Lipotes vexillifer) hay Cá heo vây trắng[3] là một loài cá heo sông đặc hữu, được phân bố tại khu vực hạ lưu sông Dương Tử, Trung Quốc.

    Quần thể loài này giảm mạnh trong thời kỳ công nghiệp hoá ở Trung Quốc và việc sử dụng sông quá mức trong việc đánh bắt cá, giao thông thuỷ, và thuỷ điện. Đã có nhiều nổ lực để bảo tồn loài này nhưng cuộc thám hiểm cuối năm 2006 đã không tìm thấy cá thể nào trên sông. Nên loài này đã được tuyên bố là tuyệt chủng,[4] nên nó được xem là loài động vật có vú đầu tiên trở nên tuyệt chủng đầu tiên kể từ khi Sư tử biển Nhật BảnMonachus tropicalis tuyệt chủng vào thập niên 1950. Đây cũng là loài trong bộ Cá voi tuyệt chủng được nghiên cứu kỹ chịu tác động trực tiếp từ con người.

    Vào tháng 8 năm 2007, một người đàn ông Trung Quốc đã ghi nhận được hình ảnh loài động vật màu trắng lớn bơi trên sông Dương Tử.[5] Mặc dù được dự kiến xác nhận loài động vật trên video có thể là một con baiji,[6] sự xuất hiện chỉ có một hoặc một vài loài thí, đặc biệt là thời đại công nghệ, cũng không đủ để cứu loài tuyệt chủng một phần này khỏi sự tuyệt chủng thật sự. Cá thể baiji cuối cùng có tên là Qiqi (淇淇) đã chết năm 2002.

    Hình ảnh

    Chú thích

     src= Wikimedia Commons có thêm hình ảnh và phương tiện truyền tải về Cá heo sông Dương Tử  src= Wikispecies có thông tin sinh học về Cá heo sông Dương Tử
    1. ^ Smith, B.D., Zhou, K., Wang, D., Reeves, R.R., Barlow, J., Taylor, B.L. & Pitman, R. (2008). Lipotes vexillifer. Sách Đỏ IUCN các loài bị đe dọa. Phiên bản 2012.2. Liên minh Bảo tồn Thiên nhiên Quốc tế. Truy cập ngày 18 tháng 1 năm 2013.
    2. ^ a ă Miller, Gerrit S (1918). “A new river-dolphin from China”. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 68 (9): 1–12.
    3. ^ “Thông tư Ban hành Danh mục các loài động vật, thực vật hoang dã thuộc quản lý của Công ước về buôn bán quốc tế các loài động vật, thực vật hoang dã nguy cấp”. Bộ Nông nghiệp và Phát triển nông thôn Việt Nam. Truy cập ngày 24 tháng 1 năm 2013.
    4. ^ “The Chinese river dolphin is functionally extinct”. baiji.org. Ngày 13 tháng 12 năm 2006. Bản gốc lưu trữ ngày 4 tháng 1 năm 2007. Truy cập ngày 13 tháng 12 năm 2006.
    5. ^ “Rare Dolphin Seen in China, Experts Say”. The New York Times. Ngày 30 tháng 8 năm 2007. Truy cập ngày 30 tháng 8 năm 2007.
    6. ^ “White dolphine appears from the brink”. Agence France-Presse. Ngày 29 tháng 8 năm 2007. Truy cập ngày 31 tháng 8 năm 2007.


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    Cá heo sông Dương Tử: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

    provided by wikipedia VI

    Cá heo sông Dương Tử hay còn được gọi là Nữ thần sông Trường Giang (giản thể: 长江女神; phồn thể: 長江女神; bính âm: Cháng Jiāng nǚshén; danh pháp hai phần: Lipotes vexillifer) hay Cá heo vây trắng là một loài cá heo sông đặc hữu, được phân bố tại khu vực hạ lưu sông Dương Tử, Trung Quốc.

    Quần thể loài này giảm mạnh trong thời kỳ công nghiệp hoá ở Trung Quốc và việc sử dụng sông quá mức trong việc đánh bắt cá, giao thông thuỷ, và thuỷ điện. Đã có nhiều nổ lực để bảo tồn loài này nhưng cuộc thám hiểm cuối năm 2006 đã không tìm thấy cá thể nào trên sông. Nên loài này đã được tuyên bố là tuyệt chủng, nên nó được xem là loài động vật có vú đầu tiên trở nên tuyệt chủng đầu tiên kể từ khi Sư tử biển Nhật BảnMonachus tropicalis tuyệt chủng vào thập niên 1950. Đây cũng là loài trong bộ Cá voi tuyệt chủng được nghiên cứu kỹ chịu tác động trực tiếp từ con người.

    Vào tháng 8 năm 2007, một người đàn ông Trung Quốc đã ghi nhận được hình ảnh loài động vật màu trắng lớn bơi trên sông Dương Tử. Mặc dù được dự kiến xác nhận loài động vật trên video có thể là một con baiji, sự xuất hiện chỉ có một hoặc một vài loài thí, đặc biệt là thời đại công nghệ, cũng không đủ để cứu loài tuyệt chủng một phần này khỏi sự tuyệt chủng thật sự. Cá thể baiji cuối cùng có tên là Qiqi (淇淇) đã chết năm 2002.

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    Китайский речной дельфин ( Russian )

    provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию
    Царство: Животные
    Подцарство: Эуметазои
    Без ранга: Вторичноротые
    Подтип: Позвоночные
    Инфратип: Челюстноротые
    Надкласс: Четвероногие
    Подкласс: Звери
    Инфракласс: Плацентарные
    Надотряд: Лавразиотерии
    Подотряд: Зубатые киты
    Семейство: † Озёрные дельфины
    Род: † Озёрные дельфины (Lipotes Miller, 1918)
    Вид: † Китайский речной дельфин
    Международное научное название

    Lipotes vexillifer (Miller, 1918)

    Ареал

    изображение

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    ITIS 180409NCBI 118797EOL 328475FW 63539

    Китайский речной дельфин[1][2], или китайский озёрный дельфин[3][4], или китайский пресноводный дельфин[2], или озёрный дельфин[5][6][7][2] (лат. Lipotes vexillifer) — водное млекопитающее подотряда зубатых китов, представитель группы речных дельфинов.

    Китайский речной дельфин был открыт в 1918 году в пресноводном озере Дунтинху, в провинции Хунань (Китай). Это китообразное белого цвета со спинным плавником, похожим на флажок, из-за чего местные жители называли его «байцзи», «белый дельфин» (白鱀). Научное название рода Leipo означает «забытый»; видовое vexillifer — «несущий флаг». В 2006 году экспедиция не обнаружила данный вид. В августе 2007 года житель Китая заснял на видеопленку большое белое животное, плавающее в реке Янцзы.[8]

    C 2017 года комиссия по вымершим животным Китая (КВЖК) объявила вид исчезнувшим.

    Длительное время этот вид относили к семейству Platanistidae; сейчас выделяют в самостоятельное семейство Lipotidae.

    Внешний вид

    Это светло-голубовато-серый дельфин с белым брюхом. Длина тела 1,4—2,5 м, масса — 42—167 кг. Самки крупнее самцов. Тело коренастое. Шея подвижная. Грудные плавники широкие, словно обрубленные на конце. Спинной плавник средней высоты, пологий, располагается немного позади середины тела. Выставленный из воды, напоминает флажок. Рострум очень длинный, узкий, немного загнут кверху, напоминает журавлиный клюв. Дыхало овальное, сдвинуто влево. Нижняя челюсть белая, на верхней челюсти белый край. Зубов на 2—3 пары больше, чем у сусука (62—68 сверху и 64—72 снизу). В отличие от других речных дельфинов, глаза озёрного дельфина сильно редуцированы, расположены высоко на голове; зрение очень слабое. По внешнему виду ближе всего к амазонской инии.

    Распространение

    Был распространён в центрально-восточной части Китая в р. Янцзы и нижнем течении р. Цяньтан, а также в озёрах Дунтинху и Поянху. Редко наблюдался ниже Нанкина; только 1 раз в районе Шанхая. Специальная международная экспедиция, прошедшая в ноябре — декабре 2006 года, констатировала, что китайский речной дельфин, вероятнее всего, полностью исчез[9][уточнить].

    Образ жизни

    Экология практически не изучена. Держатся у устьев притоков, у островов и на мелководье, в мутной воде, где зрение практически бесполезно. Поэтому эти дельфины очень плохо видят и полагаются в основном на эхолокацию. В Янцзы озёрные дельфины выплывают на мелководье только для охоты за рыбой. По образу жизни речной дельфин близок к инии. Образ жизни дневной, ночью отдыхают на участках с медленным течением. Питается преимущественно мелкой рыбой, в частности угрями и сомами, которых выкапывает из донного ила своим длинным клювом, а также моллюсками. Ныряет всего на 10—20 секунд. Раковины моллюсков дробит своими крепкими зубами, имеющими на широких корнях боковые выросты. Встречаются речные дельфины обычно парами, которые иногда сливаются в группы из 3—16 особей, в течение 5—6 часов держащиеся в кормных местах. Раненый дельфин издаёт звук, похожий на крик телёнка буйвола. Отмечались сезонные миграции: в озеро Дунтинху поздней осенью, в дождливый сезон дельфины мигрировали из озера вверх по впадающим в него рекам; в Янцзы летом при высокой воде заплывали в мелкие протоки, зимой возвращаясь в основное русло реки. Самая длинная зафиксированная миграция составляла более 200 км. По характеру речной дельфин скрытен и пуглив.

    Размножение

    Размножение практически не изучено. Видимо, носит сезонный характер. Пик размножения приходится на февраль-апрель. Беременность предположительно длится до 11 месяцев. Самка приносит одного детёныша длиной 80—90 см раз в 2 года. Известно, что детёныши озёрного дельфина очень слабы и практически не умеют плавать, поэтому первое время самка придерживает их ластами, что наблюдалось и у ряда других китообразных. Продолжительность лактации неизвестна; половой зрелости дельфины достигают между 3 и 8 годами. Продолжительность жизни неизвестна.

    Статус популяции

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    Конечно, ученые пытаются сохранить исчезающие виды животных, но в случае с китайским речным дельфином успехов достичь не удалось. Несмотря на то что вид находится под охраной и занесен в Красную книгу, животных в природе фактически не осталось. Последние свидетельства встреч рыбаков с этим видом дельфинов были получены в 2004 году. В 2007 году была отправлена экспедиция, чтобы собрать некоторое количество разнополых особей (около 25 голов). Это могло позволить размножить вид в неволе и частично восстановить популяцию. Но экспедиция вернулась ни с чем. Современная аппаратура не зафиксировала байцзи. Это приводит к печальному выводу: популяция речных дельфинов вымерла и восстановить ее не получится. Как ни прискорбно это осознавать, но с 2007 года китайский речной дельфин официально признан исчезнувшим видом.

    По данным палеонтологических раскопок речные дельфины мигрировали в Янцзы из Тихого океана порядка 20 000 лет назад. Первое их упоминание относится ко временам династии Хань. Традиционно дельфины защищались обычаем, поскольку древние китайцы считали их речными божествами (長江女神); природных врагов они не имеют. Современное антропогенное давление, в том числе случайный и браконьерский вылов, гибель от столкновений с речными судами, строительство ГЭС, мешающее сезонной миграции, нанесли численности дельфинов сильный ущерб. Другими факторами уменьшения численности стало сильное химическое и шумовое загрязнение Янцзы, постройка дамб и плотин, препятствующих миграции, осушение земель, дноуглубительные работы и сокращение кормовой базы. Наибольший удар по популяции речных дельфинов нанесла постройка плотины Санься, изменившей гидрологический режим Янцзы.

    Официальная защита речного дельфина КНР началась с 1975 года. В 1979 году он объявлен вымирающим видом и национальным достоянием; с 1983 года охота на него была запрещена. (Одно из названий дельфина — «панда Янцзы».) Однако попытки добиться содержания и размножения дельфинов в неволе не увенчались успехом. Единственный экземпляр, самец по кличке Qiqi (淇淇), выловленный в озере Дунтинху в 1980 году, прожил в неволе до 14 июля 2004 года. Два других дельфина, пойманные в 1996 и 1998 годах и помещённые в условия, близкие к естественным, прожили всего 1 год и 1 месяц соответственно.[источник не указан 1166 дней]

    Примечания

    1. Полная иллюстрированная энциклопедия. «Млекопитающие» Кн. 1 = The New Encyclopedia of Mammals / под ред. Д. Макдональда. — М.: Омега, 2007. — С. 219. — 3000 экз.ISBN 978-5-465-01346-8.
    2. 1 2 3 Соколов В. Е. Пятиязычный словарь названий животных. Млекопитающие. Латинский, русский, английский, немецкий, французский. / под общей редакцией акад. В. Е. Соколова. — М.: Рус. яз., 1984. — С. 112. — 10 000 экз.
    3. Томилин А. Г. Отряд Китообразные (Cetacea) // Жизнь животных. Том 7. Млекопитающие / под ред. В. Е. Соколова. — 2-е изд. — М.: Просвещение, 1989. — С. 371. — 558 с. — ISBN 5-09-001434-5
    4. Биологический энциклопедический словарь / Гл. ред. М. С. Гиляров; Редкол.: А. А. Баев, Г. Г. Винберг, Г. А. Заварзин и др. — М.: Сов. энциклопедия, 1986. — С. 539—540. — 831 с. — 100 000 экз.
    5. Соколов В. Е. Систематика млекопитающих. Том 3. Китообразные, хищные, ластоногие, трубкозубые, хоботные, даманы, сирены, парнокопытные, мозоленогие, непарнокопытные. — М.: Высшая школа, 1979. — С. 19. — 528 с.
    6. Соколов В. Е. Редкие и исчезающие животные. Млекопитающие : Справ. пособие. — М. : Высшая школа, 1986. — С. 227. — 519 с., [24] л. ил. — 100 000 экз.
    7. Соколов В. Е. Фауна мира: Млекопитающие: Справочник. — М.: Агропромиздат, 1990. — С. 125. — 254 с. — ISBN 5-10-001036-3
    8. Rare Dolphin Seen in China, Experts Say, New York Times (August 30, 2007). Проверено 30 августа 2007.
    9. baiji.org foundation — Overview Архивировано 4 января 2007 года.
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    Авторы и редакторы Википедии

    Китайский речной дельфин: Brief Summary ( Russian )

    provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию

    Китайский речной дельфин, или китайский озёрный дельфин, или китайский пресноводный дельфин, или озёрный дельфин (лат. Lipotes vexillifer) — водное млекопитающее подотряда зубатых китов, представитель группы речных дельфинов.

    Китайский речной дельфин был открыт в 1918 году в пресноводном озере Дунтинху, в провинции Хунань (Китай). Это китообразное белого цвета со спинным плавником, похожим на флажок, из-за чего местные жители называли его «байцзи», «белый дельфин» (白鱀). Научное название рода Leipo означает «забытый»; видовое vexillifer — «несущий флаг». В 2006 году экспедиция не обнаружила данный вид. В августе 2007 года житель Китая заснял на видеопленку большое белое животное, плавающее в реке Янцзы.

    C 2017 года комиссия по вымершим животным Китая (КВЖК) объявила вид исчезнувшим.

    Длительное время этот вид относили к семейству Platanistidae; сейчас выделяют в самостоятельное семейство Lipotidae.

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    白鱀豚 ( Chinese )

    provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科
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    白鱀豚[a]学名Lipotes vexillifer)亦称白鱀鯨白鱀[4]白旗白鳍白夹江马青鱀[5]揚子江豚長江豚長江淡水豚長江女神等,是一种淡水类白鱀豚科动物,仅产于中国长江中下游流域,这是白鱀豚科中唯一的独特物种,至20世纪由于种种原因使其种群数量减少,2002年估计已不足50头[6]

    它是世界上仅存的四种淡水豚中所剩数量最少的一种,是中华人民共和国国家一级野生保护动物[5]。1996年被「世界自然保護聯盟」(現名國際自然保護聯盟,縮寫IUCN)列为最濒危的12种动物之一,同时还被列入《國際自然保護聯盟瀕危物種紅色名錄》、《瀕危物種國際貿易公約》(附录一)以及《美国国家濒危物种法[5]。在2006年11至12月持續六周的野外科考没有发现一头,这物种被确认为功能性灭绝,就算是还有個體仍然生存,其數量也很难維持并延續种群[7]。2007年8月29日,安徽铜陵市有白鱀豚目击报告[8],之后在2011年8月25日的湖北洪湖[9],2016年10月4日的安徽芜湖[10]和2018年5月2日[11]都有过白鱀豚的疑似目击报告。

    命名

    注意:本页面含有Unihan新版用字:「」。有关字符可能會错误显示,詳见Unicode扩展汉字

    白鱀豚最早被人们记载于时期的辞书《尔雅》中,把这种动物定名“鱀”。

    鱀,是鱁[b][12]

    这是因为当时对鲸类等水中哺乳动物认识不多,所以错误地把这鱀归为鱼类,造字时使用了“魚”字旁。长江沿岸的渔民百姓们则将其称为“江猪”。估計在中國曾經有5000頭之多,有長江女神、“长江美人鱼”的美称[5][13][14]东晋郭璞又在《尔雅注》中添注了更为详细的有关白鱀豚生活习性与形态特征的注释,并且第一次正确地把鱀分出鱼类:

    鱀,䱜[c]属也,体似鲟,尾如鱼。喙小,锐而长,齿罗生,上下相衔,鼻在额上,能作声,少肉多膏,胎生,健啖细鱼,大者长丈余。江中多有之。[15]

    北宋孔武仲作有《江豚诗》。诗中的“白鱀”就是白鱀豚,并指出它与江豚不是同一物种

    黑者江豚,白者白鱀。状异名殊,同宅大水,渊有大鱼,掠以肥已。

    此外,在中国的安徽被称为青鱀,江苏称之为白夹、江马,长江中下游的渔民一般都称之为白鱀,用以指称它的肤色比江豚浅。[4]

    1914年,美国青年冒险家霍依Charles M. Hoy)在中国的洞庭湖地区收集到了一个白鱀豚标本,但是当时他对这物种并不熟悉,所以拿着标本询问了当地的渔民,结果他根据当地的口音,在标本上写注为「Pei Chi」(“白旗”)。这个标本带回到美国后,引起了时任美国史密斯研究院学者小格里特·S·米勒Gerrit S. Miller Jr.)的兴趣。米勒依那白鱀豚标本为基础,从形态学、解剖学,以及其骨骼、牙齿位置等方面作了综合且详细的研究。米勒并进一步地与巴西亚马逊河流域采到的亚河豚标本进行了骨骼比较。

    1918年,米勒把他的研究总结發表在史密斯研究院的系列杂志中,研究论文题名为《来自中国的一个淡水豚新种》[16],确认白鱀豚是独特的动物新种,定下了拉丁语学名:“Lipotes vexillifer”。米勒並將白鱀豚的英文名称定為“Chinese river dolphin”(直译为“中国江豚”)。

    中国出版的《辞海》中“鱀”字就是指白鱀豚,但由于“鱀”字在一般的字典中没有被收录所以人们平常几乎没有使用。1955年出版的《脊椎动物名称》称之为白鳍豚,但白鱀豚的并非白色而是青灰色,称为白鳍豚容易发生误解,且这个名字以前也并没有使用过。1970年代末,研究白鱀豚的生物学家提出应该根据使用广泛的名称,称为白暨豚[4][可疑 讨论]。1980年代末期以后,研究论文大多对白鱀豚的名称做了改正。[來源請求]

    分类

    对于白鱀豚的科学分类一直存在某些争议,主要是在白鱀豚属于哪个上意见不一致。例如《国际濒危物种红皮书》将它归为白鱀豚科(Lipotidae)[17],而ITIS则将它归为亚河豚科(Iniidae)[18]

    1918年米勒在比较了白鱀豚和亚河豚的骨骼后,认为二者是近亲,将白鱀豚归入了亚河豚科[16]。大多数生物学家也支持他的这个结论[19]。1979年中国生物学家周开亚等人在比较了白鱀豚和其他淡水豚类的骨骼后,否定了米勒的结论,并建立了白鱀豚科[20],并得到了其他一些学者的认可[21]。但是Barnes对弗西豚科的化石与白鱀豚进行对比后认为白鱀豚应该属于弗西豚科的亚科Lipotinae[22]。而Heyning在进行比较解剖学研究后,把白鱀豚作为了亚河豚科下的一个[23]。而DNA序列的测定结果则表明,亚河豚弗西豚和白鱀豚各属于不同的[19]

    演化

    根据古生物学家们通过化石考证[來源請求],白鱀豚在第三纪中新世上新世就已經出現在长江流域。1981年9月,中国地质學家在广西桂平发现了一块下颌骨化石片段。这件下颌骨化石属于一种古老的白鱀豚,稱為原白鱀豚Parapontoporia)。化石记录着原白鱀豚在大约2000多万年前的古老性状,與現今的白鱀豚相比變化不大。白鱀豚依然保留着不少原白鱀豚的骨骼位置。白鱀豚之所以进化缓慢,可能是因为過去的生存競爭或環境變化較少的緣故,从而保留了祖先的古老形状,因此被称为「活化石」、「水中大熊猫[5]。如果不是很大的生态变迁,它是不会灭绝的。

    分佈

    白鱀豚在历史上曾經广泛分布于长江流域。從三峡地区宜昌葛洲坝上游35千米处,一直到上海附近的长江入海口,包括洞庭湖鄱阳湖在內,全长约1700千米的江水中都有白鱀豚的分佈[4]

    但是长期以来受到人类活动的影响,其种群数量和分佈区域逐渐缩小。今天的长江流域居住着3亿多的人口,相当于全世界5%,他们的江畔活动形成了白鱀豚数量下降的第一大原因。20世纪人们所收集到的白鱀豚标本中,有92%都是來自人为缘故所造成的死亡。到了1990年代,白鱀豚在洞庭湖与鄱阳湖湖区已经绝迹。在长江江水中分布范围的上限也已移至葛洲坝下游170千米处的荆州附近。其下限缩减更为严重,到南京附近就已踪迹罕至。在1997年至1999年的观测中,在南京下游临近的江阴以下就从未再有发现。

    2000年至2004年的几次观测中,其分布主要限于长江流域洞庭湖至铜陵段。其中主要聚集在铜陵段、鄱阳湖段和洪湖段3個區域。最后一次在野外发现白鱀豚,是2004年在长江南京段发现的一头搁浅死去的屍體。

    2007年8月19日,铜陵一市民在长江岸边目击到一头神秘动物并摄下录像,据中国科学院水生动物研究所专家判定为白鱀豚,但是这一发现也没有改变科学界对白鱀豚可能已经灭绝的断定[8]

     src=
    长江中下游卫星图,圖中顯示了白鱀豚的棲息區域

    生理构造

    外部型態

    白鱀豚身体大致呈流线型軀幹部分為纺锤狀。成年白鱀豚体长大約1.4至2.5公尺,体重則大約135至230公斤。雄性體型略小于雌性。至2006年为止,已发现的雌性最大体长為2.53公尺,最大体重為237公斤;而已发现的最大的雄性体长為2.16公尺,最大体重125公斤。

    白鱀豚的皮肤光滑且富有弹性,作用与竞赛式泳衣的尼龙织料相同。能够减少在水中快速游动时,身躯周围产生的湍流。牠的尾鳍分为两叉,扁平宽阔且与水面平行,上下摆动时可以推动身躯前进。而两側的胸鳍呈扁平的手掌状。背中部长出的背鳍則是一个低矮的等腰三角形

    四個鳍给白鱀豚提供了方向与平衡的控制,加上光滑有弹性的皮肤,以及流线型的身躯,白鱀豚在逃避危险的情况下可达速度可達時速80公里。不過牠的游速顺流一般只有7.5-9.7千米,逆流2.7-4.9千米,这是白鱀豚体内生物能量所能保持的最佳游速[5]

    體色

    新生幼体体色略深,成年白鱀豚一般背面呈浅青灰色,腹面呈洁白色。水平伸展的鳍肢尾鳍上下两面分别与背面和腹面同色,这样的颜色分布恰好与环境颜色相符。当由水面上向下看时,背部的青灰色和江水混为一体。当由水面下向上看时,白色的腹部和水面反射的强光颜色相近。這種使其他動物難以辨認的體色稱為反荫蔽保護色,使得白鱀豚在接近敌害或猎物时能夠不被察覺。

    牙齒構造與呼吸孔

    白鱀豚突狭长,呈喙状,伸向前方约30公分左右。其牙齿為圓錐狀,縝密排佈于上下几乎等长的的两側。每侧分别各有牙齿31至36颗,总共约有130多颗同型齿

    白鱀豚的呼吸孔(或稱“鼻孔”)位于头顶的左上方,呈小而长的圆形,孔缘有活瓣,可以自由開閉。出水时鼻孔开启,換氣后便闭紧潜水。日常活动方式为潜水游泳和出水呼吸的交替进行,通常会每隔10至30秒突出水面换气一次,在换气过程中会发出“噗哧噗哧”的响声。在受到惊吓或感觉有危险的特殊情况下,白鱀豚可在水下保持200多秒不進行呼吸。正常情况下,呼吸频率为109-150次/小时[5]

    感官與發聲構造

    白鱀豚的眼睛位于角的后上方,小似绿豆。因为白鱀豚长期生存于长江的浊水中,它的视觉退化严重。外耳已经消失,耳孔仍存在,但小似针眼并且闭塞不通。虽然白鱀豚的耳孔小,但是它的听觉却十分灵敏。

    白鱀豚的前额呈圆形,向前隆起。形狀與照相机中聚焦的透镜相似,被称为“额隆”,是白鱀豚发音器官最重要的部分。白鱀豚的上呼吸道有一个形似头的喉咙,但是因为生存于水中靠水发音,所以并没有陆地动物在空气中发音所需要的声带。此外上呼吸道另外有三对独特的气囊,可能是它的发声部位[24]

    用特制的水听器,可以听到白鱀豚发出的“的答”“嘎嘎”等数十种不同的声音。时常发出的声音可归为两类:一类是“滴答”声,频率为8至160千赫,起着探测目标的作用。另一类是哨叫声,频率稳定于6千赫,是白鱀豚之间的通讯联络信号。这种信号具有良好的绕射传导能力,适应于泥沙较多的长江水域[24]

    白鱀豚在水中主要以发射声纳並接收信号的回声定位方式来识别物体。发出的声音常为两声一对,发出声音后会安静地等待回声,从而辨出自己与产生回声的阻碍物体的距离和大小,并且考虑是否游向目标。波长越宽物体越大,信号越强物体越近。这时它又会发出新的一对信号,稍候又安静一阵等待回声。第二次回声收到后,它便可以分析出目标游动的方向与速度。回声愈来愈密麻说明物体在靠近,愈来愈疏稀说明物体在远移。白鱀豚就这样用它独特的声纳系统,在污浊的江水中捕捉食物。

    大腦活動

    白鱀豚的大脑面积要比海豚的大。大脑的重量约占总体重的0.5%。平均一隻重95公斤的雄性白鱀豚,大脑重470公克,这等重量已接近大猩猩黑猩猩的大脑重量。甚至某些学者认为白鱀豚比黑猩猩或长臂猿还要聪明。

    哺乳动物大脑需要在使用一段时间后进入睡眠狀態,才可以在觉醒后正常地运作。鲸目的水生動物,包含白鱀豚在内,有着独特的大脑系统,可以使大脑的一半休息,另一半醒觉。成熟的白鱀豚的大脑每天有7至8小时(近似成人睡觉习惯)属于半睡半醒状态,其余时间全脑觉醒。半睡半醒状态下,白鱀豚会保持時速1至5公里的度在水面漂浮。白鱀豚跟其他的哺乳动物一样能够做梦,而特點是牠們的大腦能夠大脑一半觉醒一半做梦。

    白鱀豚作为哺乳动物,与人类一样需要给身体中的血液不停地供给氧气。在水中生活的鲸目水生不如同陆地哺乳动物可以由小腦控制不自主呼吸,它们所有的呼吸均是需大脑反应的自主呼吸。因此呼吸时必须在神志清醒的状态下进行,如果某鲸目動物受驚嚇而傷害等原因而失去了知觉,那么便会沉到水底。在豚体血液内所剩氧气使用完毕后,就會进入脑死状态。所以在水中溺死是老弱白鱀豚的正常死亡方式。

    生活习性

    白鱀豚生性胆小,很容易受到惊吓,一般会远离船只,人类很难接近,加之其种群数量很少,活动区域较为广阔,所以在野生状态下对白鱀豚生活习性的研究十分有限。

    白鱀豚一般为群居,但群居特性远不及与其同属鲸目海豚明显,单个种群数量一般在3至4头左右,多可达9至16头,但也经常发现个别白鱀豚单独行动。群居的白暨豚一般有一只成年或老年的大个体豚引路,中间是幼豚,后面是青壮年豚。白鱀豚经常活动于河流交汇处,尤其喜欢在河流冲积的浅滩区活动,常见其与江豚一起嬉戏。同其他江豚一样,白鱀豚一般主要在白天活动,尤其以清晨和午后最为活跃,经常是几只白鱀豚排成一线,在浅水中以每隔10秒至30秒的间隔频频出水换气,急速前进,最快可达每小时80千米。其他时间里,白鱀豚相对安静,一般常在深水中缓慢游动,换气的时间间隔也随之变长,最长可达200秒。在夜间,白鱀豚经常栖息于深水的漩涡中休息,有时会持续在同一地点长达5至6小时。

    白鱀豚是食肉动物,可捕食长江中下流域中的多种淡水鱼类,但一般以体长不超过6.5厘米的小鱼为主,主要对象为草鱼青鱼鳙鱼鲢鱼。群居的白暨豚集体捕食。它用它的牙齿将小鱼的头部狠狠地咬住于颔侧,然后再囫囵吞下,直接吞食,并不咀嚼。食量很大,日摄食量可占总体重的10%至12%。

    繁殖

    白鱀豚与大部分哺乳动物一样是胎生。寿命大约30岁。根据解剖研究的结果,雄性白暨豚0-4岁为幼年,4岁达到性成熟,4-12岁为壮年,12-20岁为成年。而雌兽则相对晚一些,在6岁才达到性成熟。雄性的发情期每年普遍在3至6月和10至12月分别有两次。这期间雄兽肤色发紫红+),不耐烦地时常突水换气;雌性的怀孕率在每隔一年的2至4月达到最高点[25]

    白鱀豚的自然繁殖率比鲸目的其他物种还要低。野生状态下,成年白鱀豚雌雄比例为1:1。雌性只有30%个体成熟,成熟个体中只有30%能怀孕[5]。雌性怀孕会持续10至12个月,每胎生下一仔,但偶尔会有双胞胎。新生的幼小白鱀豚一般体长80至90厘米,体色要比成熟的豚体体色深。主要依靠母豚带游。母豚长有乳裂,哺乳时乳房从乳裂中伸出。小豚会被母亲哺乳8至20月。

    人工饲养环境下,由于长期独居,雄性白暨豚在发情期会进行腹部贴池底、贴池壁和阴茎外露等性自慰的行为。白鱀豚的交配方式,野外观察的结果是雄豚先躺到雌豚背上,然后雌豚侧转身体,雌雄豚相互侧身,头、腹部和尾相对,向水下猛扎,又同时起水呼吸[26]。但是野外观察受到自然状况的限制,不容易分清雌雄。而通过对人工饲养环境下雄性白暨豚的性自慰行为的观察,有学者指出雄性白暨豚交配时很可能是在雌豚上面,但是否受到人工环境的影响而发生了改变则不得而知[27]

    研究

    时期关于白鱀豚的记载丰富详尽。李时珍的《本草纲目》,方旭的《虫荟》和杨承禧的《湖北通志》均描述到了白鱀豚的地域分布、资源数量和其捕捞与利用。

    1923年霍依对他发现的白鱀豚标本发表了一篇文章,并刊登于《中国科学与艺术》杂志上,引起了中国国内外水生届学者的关注。霍依和米勒是中国国外对白鱀豚进行科学研究最早的人士,霍依带到美国的白鱀豚标本也是中国国境外唯一的一个完整的白鱀豚骨架标本,现由美国首都华盛顿国立博物馆收藏。20世纪30年代直至20世纪70年代末,由于战乱、资金有限等种种原因,水生界学者没有对白鱀豚做很多的研究。

    1978年9月中国科学院召开了中国首次“白鱀豚科研工作会议”。由中科院水生生物研究所声学研究所生物物理研究所南京师范学院生物系集体落实了从形态学生态学生物声学行为生物学与资源保护的角度进行针对白鱀豚的研究工作。第二次“白鱀豚科研工作会议”于1979年12月召开。各个科研协作组交流了一年来的科研成果,同时也有一些来自法国瑞士的豚类专家参与会议。直至1980年捕捉到淇淇前,学者们对白鱀豚进行的研究均为原位工作,可谓“纸上谈兵”。

    1980年前,中国内外的学者们对白鱀豚的研究主要基于一些收集到的白鱀豚骨架标本。截止1997年的统计数据[28],全球收藏的白暨豚标本也只有41只。白鱀豚的标本因为数量极少,与其深厚的科学研究价值(在捕捉到淇淇前也是研究白鱀豚的主要材料),尤其珍贵。截至2007年初,中华人民共和国境外仅有美国国立博物馆华盛顿)、自然历史博物馆纽约)和联合王国自然历史博物馆南甘辛顿)藏有白鱀豚的骨骼标本。

    人工饲养

    1981年12月7日,江苏省镇江市渔民于长江谏壁流域用滚钩捕捉到了一头雄性白鱀豚,用干运方式运到了江苏省淡水水产研究所南京总所的养殖试验场内未经过滤的露天水池中进行人工饲养,称作“江江”。1982年4月16日因重伤不治死去了,在人工饲养状态下生存了129日。“淇淇”是人工饲养下生存最长的一头白鱀豚,它1980年1月11日湖北省嘉鱼县,之后一直被饲养在武汉的中科院水生动物所,直到2002年7月14日死亡。他为白鱀豚研究提供了大量的实验数据。

    人工饲养的白鱀豚[29] 昵称 饲养期限 人工饲养下的
    存活时间 体长
    (米) 体重
    (千克) 性别 饲养单位 养殖环境 淇淇 1980年1月12日至2002年7月14日 22.5年 1.43 36.5 雄 中国科学院水生生物研究所 户外和室内;没有水过滤设施 苏苏 1981年3月3日至1981年3月20日 17天 1.82 55.0 雌 南京师范大学生物系 室内;没有水过滤设施 容容 1981年4月22日至1982年2月3日 228天 1.51 59.3 雄 中国科学院水生生物研究所 户外和室内;没有水过滤设施 江江 1981年12月7日至1982年4月16日 129天 1.74 66.6 雄 南京水产研究所 户外和室内;没有水过滤设施 连连 1986年3月31日至1986年6月14日 76天 2.03 100.0 雄 中国科学院水生生物研究所 户外和室内;没有水过滤设施 珍珍 1986年3月31日至1988年9月27日 2.5年 1.52 59.0 雌 中国科学院水生生物研究所 户外和室内;没有水过滤设施

    保护状况

    中国的五所白鱀豚自然保护区

    1978年,中國科學院建立淡水海豚研究中心,作為武漢水生生物研究所的其中一部門,執行白鱀豚的相關研究。1992年,白鱀豚成为中国第四届大学生运动会吉祥物,白鱀豚的保护也越来越受到普通民众的关注。至1993年,中国在湖北洪湖市新滩口到螺山江段建立了新螺江自然保护区,实行迁地保护;在石首市建立了天鹅洲自然保护区,实行原地保护;在安徽铜陵建立了白暨豚养护场,进行人工饲养繁殖[5]。1996年12月25日,中国第一个以水生动物为保护对象的基金会,武汉白鱀豚保护基金会正式成立。但是在2006年12月13日,白鱀豚专家们宣布白鱀豚已经功能性灭绝,即使还有少数个体存在,個體數目也不足以維持族群的繁衍。

    数量急降年表

    白鱀豚的数量在1984年以前约有400头,但是到了1995年已经不到100头[5]

    白鱀豚目前现存数量很难估计,但一般认为目前已经绝灭,或仅有数只个体存活[30],白鱀豚已成鲸目动物最濒危的动物。

    • 1970年代:世界自然保护联盟将白鱀豚物种列为“数据缺乏(DD)”状态
    • 1979年:中华人民共和国水生保护单位将白鱀豚列入中国瀕危物種红皮书,成为国家一级保护动物
    • 1983年:立法規定狩獵白鱀豚乃違法
    • 1984年:白鱀豚的保护工作被中国各大报刊刊登,引起了广大读者的重视,得到了“水中珍兽”的美称
    • 1986年:宏观估计总数不及300头;世界自然保护联盟将白鱀豚物种改为“濒危(EN)”状态
    • 1990年:宏观估计总数不及200头
    • 1996年:世界自然保护联盟将白鱀豚物种提升为“极危(CR)”状态
    • 1997年:年度考察中发现23头,宏观估计总数不及50头
    • 1998年:年度考察中所发现的数量只剩7头,宏观估计总数不及15头
    • 2002年7月14日:淇淇,人工饲养下的最后一头白鱀豚,在中科院水生所白鱀豚馆中去世,提取并保存其脱氧核糖核酸(DNA)后,将它的身体做成了标本
    • 2004年:在长江南京段发现了一头因搁浅而死亡的白鱀豚,这同时也是最后一次在野外发现白鱀豚
    • 2006年12月4日:为时六周的长江淡水豚类考察结束,没有发现任何白鱀豚
    • 2006年12月13日:参与2006年度长江淡水豚类考察的白鱀豚专家们宣布白鱀豚物种可能已经灭绝,即使还有少数个体存在,也不能保持种群成功地繁衍。但中国学者提出根据惯例,要在野外50年未观测到活体才能宣布为灭绝,并且强调在当前情况下不宜宣布白鱀豚为灭绝物种。[31]

    濒危原因

    白鱀豚数量的逐年减少,主要有其自身繁殖能力较差和长江流域人类活动较多两方面的原因。白鱀豚所属的鲸目水生多数早在数万年前迁入海洋的咸水中生存去了,停留在地球各地的淡水流域中生存的鲸目淡水豚类种群数均小,其中至今剩余的五种淡水豚均是濒危物种。此外,根据遗传学的研究发现[32],白鱀豚的遗传多样性很低,这也加剧了灭绝的速度。科学家为此曾提出迁地保护的建议[33]

    由于围湖造田减少了湖泊面积,修坝阻隔了鱼类江湖间洄游,以及长江水污染的加剧,长江里许多被白鱀豚食取的鱼类严重不足,破坏了白暨豚的生存空间,对其种群生存产生了严重威胁。

    长江流域的渔民的捕鱼也导致了白暨豚的死亡。白鱀豚身躯大,入了渔民为捕捞江中小鱼而设下的渔网,会不断地挣扎,使渔网乱杂,很难再及时从渔网中救出。还有不少渔民为了增加捕获量而采用违法式的捕鱼方法,如迷魂阵电打鱼,偶尔白鱀豚会不料落于网中死去,对白鱀豚豚群有着直接的伤害[5]

    长江之上过度繁忙的水上运输、河水的严重污染以及大量水利工程的建设,都在威胁着白鱀豚的生存环境,尤其是各种人类活动造成的噪音污染,对依靠声纳系统进行辨别定位的白鱀豚更是有很大的影响,许多白鱀豚更是葬身于轮船的螺旋桨。长江是中国各水道中最重要的一支,年均运船量数不可计,装备螺旋桨的船只也是成千上万,很容易导致白鱀豚触撞螺旋桨产生意外伤亡。白鱀豚个体小,肤色淡灰淡白,不明显,在透视度不足一米污浊的长江江水中极其难寻辨。在建设大型水利工程或在清除水道轰炸山石时也有几次发现到了被石头压死的白鱀豚[34]

    人类捕捉也是白鱀豚濒临灭绝的一个原因。中国在大跃进时期曾经设立了生产皮包的工厂,所用原料就是江豚的皮(其中可能有白鱀豚的皮),但是不久后便被关闭[35]。尽管1980年代之后保护措施不断加强,但偷猎或误猎现象仍时有发生,许多白鱀豚不敌人类先进的捕捞设备,葬身于此。

    三峡大坝修建于长江的上游出口处,不在白鱀豚的栖息范围内,没有对白鱀豚产生直接的影响[來源請求]。因为约50%的白鱀豚是在由湖北省石首县长江流域的弯曲河段与武汉市上游弯曲分汉河段组成的大回水区中栖息[來源請求]。当三峡水库在长江上游蓄水时,这个大回水区会向长江上游方向移动,灵敏的白鱀豚豚群也会同样的跟着向上游移动;当三峡水库在长江上游泄水时,大回水区的河床受到冲刷,大回水区会向长江下游方向移动,豚群也会同样的跟着向下游移动[來源請求]。一般来说,白鱀豚是可以适应大回水区每年季节性的移动,但是像三峡工程建成的大规模大坝,并不是按照自然的雨季旱季规律蓄泄库水,泄水时水量又是有多有少[來源請求]。水生学家因此担心白鱀豚会一时不适应大回水区无规律的变动[來源請求]。学者提出的最严重的估计是大回水区可能向长江下游迁移150千米左右,不如正常范围的十分之一[來源請求]

    另一方面,三峡大坝修建后,上游水上航运的条件便得到改善,可以航行更大船只,意味着用更少的船只就可以做到以前的运输量,超庞大的水库也增加了鱼类的活动范围,对下游的豚类可能会有帮助。近年铁路和公路运输发达,下游很多航班都已经被取消,白暨豚与船只的螺旋桨触撞而导致意外伤亡的可能性也随之减少,白暨豚死亡的主因应该是污染[來源請求]

    葛洲坝的修建也造成了白暨豚分布区下移,分布密度降低[36]

    文化影响

    中国的古代文学中,白鱀豚常常当作美丽善良的象征。例如清朝蒲松龄的《聊斋志异》中有慕生与白秋练相爱的故事,其中白秋练就是由白鱼精所变成的女子,心地善良。白秋练就是白鱀豚的化身。

    注释

    1. ^ 「鱀」,拼音注音ㄐㄧˋ
    2. ^ 「鱁」,拼音zhú注音ㄓㄨˊ,鱀的别称。
    3. ^ 「䱜」,拼音cuò注音ㄘㄨㄛˋ类。

    参考文献

    1. ^ Fossilworks.
    2. ^ Smith, B.D.; Zhou, K.; Wang, D.; Reeves, R.R.; Barlow, J.; Taylor, B.L. & Pitman, R. Lipotes vexillifer. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (IUCN). 2008, 2008: e.T12119A3322533 [30 November 2017]. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T12119A3322533.en.
    3. ^ 3.0 3.1 Miller, Gerrit S. Jr. A new river-dolphin from China. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections英语Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. 1918, 68 (9): 1–12.
    4. ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 周开亚、钱伟娟、李悦民. 白鱀豚的分布调查. 动物学报. 1977, 23 (1): 72–81 (中文).
    5. ^ 5.00 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08 5.09 5.10 胡本正. 水中国宝白鱀豚. 《野生动物》. 2003, (5): 28–30. ISSN 1000-0127. cnki:ISSN:1000-0127.0.2003-05-013 (中文).
    6. ^ 房宁; 杨希伟. 24岁的白鳍豚“淇淇”将服用保健品“安享晚年”. 新华网. 2002-07-10 [2007-05-16] (中文). 引文使用过时参数coauthors (帮助)
    7. ^ the Baiji river dolphin is functionally extinct. 瑞士白鱀豚保护基金会. 13 December 2006 [2007-05-16]. (原始内容存档于4 一月 2007). 请检查|archive-date=中的日期值 (帮助)
    8. ^ 8.0 8.1 长江安徽铜陵段发现白鳍豚. CCTV. 2007年8月30日 [2007-08-30] (中文).
    9. ^ 洪湖垂钓父子发现白鳍豚踪影?专家近期前往考察. hb.chinadaily.com.cn. [2016-10-17]. (原始内容存档于2016-10-18).
    10. ^ “长江女神”白鱀豚疑现身 已功能性灭绝近10年. news.sina.com.cn. [2016-10-17].
    11. ^ 野外发现白鱀豚?专家:需更多信息确认,该物种被宣布灭绝不代表没有再现可能 |政解. 新京报网. 2018年5月3日.
    12. ^ 尔雅·释鱼第十六》
    13. ^ 长江三年未见活体白鳍豚 物种保护路难行. 荆州交通音乐台 (襄樊人民广播电台). 2005-07-15 [2007-05-16] (中文).[永久失效連結]
    14. ^ 汪永晨. 地理长江女神──白鳍豚. 《南方周末》. 2005年7月21日 [2007-05-16]. (原始内容存档于2007年4月30日) (中文).
    15. ^ 东晋郭璞:《尔雅注》
    16. ^ 16.0 16.1 Gerrit, S.; Miller Jr. A new river dolphin from China. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. 1918, 68 (9). 引文使用过时参数coauthors (帮助)
    17. ^ Lipotes vexillifer. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2006. International Union for Conservation of Nature. 2005.
    18. ^ Lipotes vexillifer. Integrated Taxonomic Information System (英语).
    19. ^ 19.0 19.1 淡水豚类分子系统发生的研究 --万方医学网-医学杂志-医学期刊-医学论文-中华医学会期刊-中国医师协会期刊-医学外文文献. [2018-04-02]. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-1050.1999.01.001.
    20. ^ 周开亚、钱伟娟、李悦民. 白鱀豚的骨骼和分类位置. 《动物学报》. 1979, 25 (1): 58–73 (中文).
    21. ^ de Muizon, C. Les relations phylogenetigues des Delphinida (Cetacea, Mammalia). Annales de Paleontologie (Vert-Invert). 1988a, 74 (4): 159–227.
    22. ^ Barnes, L G. Fossil Pontoporiid dolphins (Mammalia: Cetacea) from the Pacificcoast of North America. Contribution in Science. 1985, (363): 1–34.
    23. ^ Heyning, J E. Comparative facial anatomy of beaked whales (Ziphiidae) and a systematic revision among the families of extant Odontoceti. Contribution in Science. 1989, (405).
    24. ^ 24.0 24.1 王丁、王克雄、赤松友成、藤田薰. 白鱀豚哨叫声的研究. 《海洋与湖沼》. 1999, 30 (4): 349–354 (中文).
    25. ^ 陈佩薰、刘仁俊、王丁、张先锋著,《白鱀豚生物学及饲养与保护》,科学出版社,1997年
    26. ^ 华元渝 等. 长江白暨豚的行为特征. 自然杂志. 1987, 10 (10): 765 (中文).
    27. ^ 陈道权、王克雄、龚伟明、王丁、刘仁俊. 白鱀豚“淇淇”性自慰行为周期的研究. 《水生生物学报》. 2001, 25 (5): 467–473. ISSN 1000-3207 (中文).
    28. ^ 全球白鳍豚标本收藏记录. 中国科学院水生生物研究所. 1997 [2007-05-15]. (原始内容存档于2007年1月29日).
    29. ^ 白鱀豚和长江江豚保护国际学术讨论会 (PDF). 会议报告. 2004年12月3日.
    30. ^ 科學家:長江白鱀豚已基本滅絕. BBC中文网. 2006年12月14日 [2007-05-16] (中文).
    31. ^ 沈翀、代群、程志良. 白鳍豚可能已成为被人类灭绝的首种鲸类. 新华网. 2006年12月14日 [2007-05-16]. (= 原始内容 请检查|url=值 (帮助)存档于2007年1月24日) (中文).
    32. ^ 许黎美、万秋红、王丁. 福尔马林固定白鱀豚标本DNA提取及其遗传多样性的初步研究. 《水生生物学报》. 2005, 29 (03): 272–278. ISSN 1000-3207. cnki:ISSN:1000-3207.0.2005-03-006 (中文).
    33. ^ 刘仁俊、张先锋、王丁. 再论白暨豚和江豚的保护. 长江流域资源与环境. 1996, (5): 220–225 (中文).
    34. ^ Dolphins, Whales and Porpoises: 2002-2010 Conservation Action Plan for the World's Cetaceans,Reeves, R.R., Smith B.D., Crespo E.A., Notarbartolo di Sciara G., 第139页,2003年
    35. ^ Richard, Black. Last chance for China's dolphin. BBC News. 27 June 2006 [2007-05-16].
    36. ^ 华元渝、陈佩薰. 葛洲坝枢纽建成后宜昌-城陵矶河段变化对白暨豚影响的调查. 《水产学报》. 1992, 16 (4): 322–329 (中文).

    外部链接

     src= 维基共享资源中相关的多媒体资源:白鱀豚  src= 维基物种中的分类信息:白鱀豚

    参见

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    维基百科作者和编辑

    白鱀豚: Brief Summary ( Chinese )

    provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科

    白鱀豚(学名:Lipotes vexillifer)亦称白鱀鯨、白鱀、白旗、白鳍、白夹、江马、青鱀、揚子江豚及長江豚、長江淡水豚、長江女神等,是一种淡水类白鱀豚科动物,仅产于中国长江中下游流域,这是白鱀豚科中唯一的独特物种,至20世纪由于种种原因使其种群数量减少,2002年估计已不足50头。

    它是世界上仅存的四种淡水豚中所剩数量最少的一种,是中华人民共和国国家一级野生保护动物。1996年被「世界自然保護聯盟」(現名國際自然保護聯盟,縮寫IUCN)列为最濒危的12种动物之一,同时还被列入《國際自然保護聯盟瀕危物種紅色名錄》、《瀕危物種國際貿易公約》(附录一)以及《美国国家濒危物种法》。在2006年11至12月持續六周的野外科考没有发现一头,这物种被确认为功能性灭绝,就算是还有個體仍然生存,其數量也很难維持并延續种群。2007年8月29日,安徽铜陵市有白鱀豚目击报告,之后在2011年8月25日的湖北洪湖,2016年10月4日的安徽芜湖和2018年5月2日都有过白鱀豚的疑似目击报告。

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    维基百科作者和编辑

    ヨウスコウカワイルカ ( Japanese )

    provided by wikipedia 日本語
    ヨウスコウカワイルカ ヨウスコウカワイルカ
    ヨウスコウカワイルカ Lipotes vexillifer
    保全状況評価[1] CRITICALLY ENDANGERED
    (IUCN Red List Ver.3.1 (2001))
    Status iucn3.1 CR.svg 分類 : 動物界 Animalia : 脊索動物門 Chordata 亜門 : 脊椎動物亜門 Vertebrata : 哺乳綱 Mammalia : クジラ目 Cetacea 亜目 : ハクジラ亜目 Odontoceti : ヨウスコウカワイルカ科 Lipotidae : ヨウスコウカワイルカ属 Lipotes : ヨウスコウカワイルカ
    L. vexillifer 学名 Lipotes vexillifer
    Miller, 1918 和名 ヨウスコウカワイルカ 英名 Chinese River Dolphin 生息域
    生息域

    ヨウスコウカワイルカ(揚子江河海豚、Lipotes vexillifer)は淡水に生息するイルカで、長江(揚子江)の固有種である。ハクジラ亜目ヨウスコウカワイルカ科ヨウスコウカワイルカ属に分類され、本種のみでヨウスコウカワイルカ科ヨウスコウカワイルカ属を形成する。Baijitun(白鱀豚)、Beiji、Pai-chi、Whitefin Dolphin(白ひれイルカ)、Whiteflag Dolphin(白旗イルカ)、Yangtze Dolphin、Yangtze River Dolphin などと呼ばれている。

    概要[編集]

    淡水に生息するイルカは世界に4種が知られており、ヨウスコウカワイルカはその中の1種である。他の3種は、南米アマゾン川およびラプラタ川に生息するアマゾンカワイルカラプラタカワイルカインド亜大陸のガンジス川インダス川に生息するインドカワイルカである。

    紀元前3世紀ごろに書かれた中国の辞典である『爾雅』にヨウスコウカワイルカに関する記述があり、当時の生息数は約5,000頭と推定されている。中国の伝統的な物語において、ヨウスコウカワイルカは、愛していない男との結婚を拒否して家族に溺死させられた姫の生まれ変わりとして描かれている。また平和と繁栄の象徴と考えられ、「長江女神」、すなわち「長江の女神」の愛称でも呼ばれている。

    ヨウスコウカワイルカの個体数は、中国の工業化、魚の乱獲、船舶による水上輸送、水力発電(ダム建設)などの影響により激減しており、三峡ダムの建設は、ヨウスコウカワイルカの生息環境に対し致命的な被害を与えている。本種を保護する努力は行われているが、2006年の大規模な調査でも生息の確認はできなかったため絶滅の可能性が指摘されている[2][3]。ヨウスコウカワイルカが絶滅した場合、1950年代のニホンアシカカリブモンクアザラシの絶滅以来の水生哺乳類の絶滅とされる。

    分類学[編集]

    ヨウスコウカワイルカは、1918年、Gerrit Smith Miller によって新種として報告された。

    ヨウスコウカワイルカ科 Lipotidae Zhou, Qian & Lee, 1978

    • ヨウスコウカワイルカ属 Lipotes Miller, 1918

    形態および生態[編集]

    ヨウスコウカワイルカは1年の上半期が生殖期間であると考えられ、出産は2月から4月にピークを迎える[4]。妊娠率は30%であることが観察された[5]。妊娠期間は10-11か月で、1度につきに1頭の子を生む。出産間隔は2年である。生まれた子イルカの体長は約80-90cmで、育児期間は8-20か月である[6]。雄は4年、雌は6年で性成熟する[6]。成体の雄の体長は約2.3m、雌は約2.5m、最も大きな個体は約2.7mであった[6]。体重は135-230kg[6]、野生下での寿命は約24年と見られている[7]

    遊泳速度は通常時速10-15kmであるが、危険から逃れるときには時速60kmに達する。視覚は弱いため、主にソナーによるエコーロケーションに頼っている。

    分布[編集]

    かつては宜昌から上海近くの河口まで、長江の中流から下流にかけての 1,700km にわたって生息していた。近年、生息域は数百キロメートルにまで減少し、主に付属湖である洞庭湖鄱陽湖の間にある中流域の長江本流に限られた[8]。世界の人口の約12%が長江流域で生活しており、河川の環境に影響を与えている[9]。三峡ダムの建設やその他のダムの計画も生息域の減少を招いている。

    進化史[編集]

    ヨウスコウカワイルカの祖先は約2,500万年前には存在し、約2,000万年前に海を離れて長江に移り住んだことが化石から分かっている[10]

    保護[編集]

    1950年代の個体数はおよそ6,000頭だったと見られており、その後の50年間で急速に減少した[11]。1970年代には数百頭減少しただけだったが、1980年代には400頭まで減少し、本格的な調査をした1997年には13頭にまで減少していた。生息している個体数を見積もることは容易ではないが、2006年11月から12月にかけて行われた大規模な調査では1頭も確認することができず、現時点での生息数はきわめて僅かであると考えられる[2]。クジラ類の中では最も絶滅の危機に瀕している種である。

    個体数減少の原因[編集]

    もともと長江のみの固有種で個体数が少なかったヨウスコウカワイルカは、近年の中国の経済発展で長江沿岸が開発されるに伴い、急速に数を減らしていった。飼育がきわめて困難で、繁殖が難しいことも、保護において大きな足かせとなっていた(飼育成功例自体が極めて少なく飼育下の繁殖成功例に至っては皆無)。

    国際自然保護連合 (IUCN) は、種への脅威として以下を述べている:大躍進政策時に行われた人間による狩猟、漁具への絡まり、違法な電気漁法の慣行、船舶への衝突、生息環境の消失および汚染。大躍進政策の期間には、「長江の女神」としての古くからの尊敬の念は排除され、肉や皮を目当てに狩猟が行われて急速に減少した[1]

    年表[編集]

    • 紀元前3世紀頃 - 推定個体数約5,000頭
    • 1950年代 - 推定約6,000頭
    • 1958-1962年 - 大躍進政策が施行される
    • 1970年 - 葛州覇プロジェクト開始
    • 1979年 - 中国政府が絶滅危惧種に指定
    • 1983年 - 法律で捕獲を禁止
    • 1986年 - 推定約300頭
    • 1989年 - 葛州ダム完成
    • 1990年 - 推定約200頭
    • 1994年 - 三峡ダム建設開始
    • 1996年 - IUCNが「絶滅寸前」としてリストに記載
    • 1997年 - 推定50頭以下(13頭確認)
    • 1998年 - 7頭確認
    • 2003年 - 三峡ダム貯水開始
    • 2006年 - 1頭も確認ができず、"絶滅"が宣言される

    飼育[編集]

    かつて雄の個体が捕獲され、淇淇(チーチー、Qi Qi)と名付けられた。浅水エリアに入った淇淇は1980年1月11日に洞庭湖で漁撈をしている嘉魚県の漁師によって発見された後、武漢市東湖近くの中国科学院水生生物研究所ヨウスコウカワイルカ館(白鱀豚馆)で1980年から2002年7月14日まで飼育され、同館の最後の個体となった。2002年7月14日午前6時半~8時25分の間に死亡。

    淇淇の後に捕獲された個体は、石首天鵝洲ヨウスコウカワイルカ保護区(石首天鹅洲白鱀豚保护区、Shishou Tian'ezhou Yangtze River Dolphin Sanctuary)で、1996年から1997年までの1年間の飼育の後、死亡した(同保護区には1990年から1996年までは飼育されているヨウスコウカワイルカはいなかった)。

    1998年、上海の近くの崇明島において雌の個体が捕獲され飼育された。しかし給餌がうまくいかず、1か月で餓死してしまった。

    保護活動[編集]

    1970年代には中国はヨウスコウカワイルカの生息状況が不安定であると認識しており、政府はイルカの殺傷の禁止、漁業の制限、自然保護区の設立などを行った。

    1978年、中国科学院は、武漢水生生物研究所の支所として、淡水海豚研究センター(淡水海豚研究中心)を開設した。

    1996年12月、中国で最初の水生動物保護組織として、武漢ヨウスコウカワイルカ保護財団(武汉白鱀豚保护基金会、The Baiji Dolphin Conservation Foundation of Wuhan)が設立された。同基金は1,383,924.35人民元(約17万米ドル、約2,000万円)を集め、ヨウスコウカワイルカ保護施設の維持や、細胞の保存などのために使われている。

    2003年から、独立行政法人遠洋水産研究所江ノ島水族館の協力により、日中共同で保護事業を開始している。

    国際自然保護連合 (IUCN) のレッドリストでは、絶滅危惧IA類 (Critically Endangered (CR)) に分類されている[1]。クジラ目の中では、コガシラネズミイルカ (Phocoena sinus) と共に最も絶滅の危機に瀕している種であり、すでに絶滅している可能性も高い。

    現在の状況[編集]

    2006年12月13日、baiji.org Foundation により、ヨウスコウカワイルカはほぼ絶滅していると発表された[2][12]。同年11月から12月にかけて、長江流域ののべ 3,500km に渡る大規模な調査が行なわれたが、ヨウスコウカワイルカは1頭も発見することができなかった。人類が引き起こしたクジラ類の絶滅としては最初のものであり、15世紀以降の哺乳類における全体の絶滅としては4例目で、大型脊椎動物の絶滅としてはここ50年間で唯一の事例であると考えられている[13]。 2007年9月12日にはIUCNも絶滅した可能性があると発表した[3][14]

    2007年8月19日、ヨウスコウカワイルカと思われる動物が撮影されたことにより[15]、再調査が計画されている。また、2016年10月4日に長江でヨウスコウカワイルカの可能性がある動物が目撃[16]されている。しかし、種の維持には最低でも50頭程度が必要と言われており[17]、ヨウスコウカワイルカが危機的状況にあることには変わりがない。

    なお、2009年9月には東洞庭湖保護区で江豚(スナメリ)が約132頭確認されている[18]スナメリは主に海水域に生息するが、淡水である長江に生息する個体群も存在し、中国では江豚と呼ばれている。ヨウスコウカワイルカに比べ、体型は小さく、および背びれがほとんどない。確認された約132頭のイルカはスナメリ属の小型イルカであり、ヨウスコウカワイルカ (L. vexillifer) ではない。一部報道では長江のスナメリ(江豚)のことを「ヨウスコウカワイルカ」と表記している場合がある[19]。長江に生息するスナメリ(N. asiaeorientalis)もヨウスコウカワイルカと同様に絶滅が危惧されている[20][21]

    参考[編集]

    参考文献[編集]

    1. ^ a b c Smith, B.D., Zhou, K., Wang, D., Reeves, R.R., Barlow, J., Taylor, B.L. & Pitman, R. 2008. Lipotes vexillifer. In: IUCN 2009. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>.
    2. ^ a b c "The Chinese river dolphin is functionally extinct" Archived 2007年1月4日, at the Wayback Machine.. baiji.org. 2006-12-13.
    3. ^ a b IUCN, "Extinction crisis escalates: Red List shows apes, corals, vultures, dolphins all in danger" Sep. 12, 2007.
    4. ^ Culik, B. (Lipotes vexillifer, Baiji”. ^ IWC. 2000. Report of the Standing Sub-Committee on Small Cetaceans. IWC/52/4. 52nd Meeting of the International Whaling Commission, Adelaide, Australia.
    5. ^ a b c d Animal Info - Baiji”. animalinfo.org. ^ Nowak, R.M. 1999. Walker's Mammals of the World. 6th Ed. The Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, Baltimore.
    6. ^ Reeves, R.R., Smith, B.D., Crespo,E.A. & Notarbartolo di Sciara, G. (eds.) (2003) Dolphins, Whales and Porpoises: 2002-2010 Conservation Action Plan for the World’s Cetaceans. IUCN/SSC Cetacean Specialist Group. IUCN, Glad, Switzerland and Cambridge, U.K.
    7. ^ Report of the Workshop on Conservation of the Baiji and Yangtze Finless Porpoise”. ^ Yongchen Wang (Farewell to the baiji”. China Dialogue. ^ "Rescue Plan Prepared for Yangtze River Dolphins". China Daily. 2002-07-11.
    8. ^ 「中国・長江のヨウスコウイルカ絶滅か、水質汚染などで」 NIKKEI NET 2006年12月14日
    9. ^ S. T. Turvey et al., "First human-caused extinction of a cetacean species?" Biology Letters, The Royal Society, Aug. 7, 2007. DOI 10.1098/rsbl.2007.0292. Abstract
    10. ^ 中国のヨウスコウカワイルカ、絶滅か…国際自然保護連合 読売新聞 2007年9月13日
    11. ^ Rare dolphin 'sighted' in China BBC NEWS. 29 August 2007.
    12. ^ 「絶滅」ヨウスコウカワイルカの目撃情報、中国 ナショナルジオグラフィック日本版 2016.10.14
    13. ^ Shaffer, ML. and FB. Samson (1985) Population size and extinction: a note on determining critical population sizes. Am. Nat., 125 : 144-152.
    14. ^ 湖南东洞庭湖湿地公园完成规划 生活约132头江豚 news.changsha.cn. Aug. 19, 2009.
    15. ^ サーチナ2009年9月1日「絶滅危惧種のヨウスコウカワイルカ、数の回復が見られる」2012年11月30日閲覧
    16. ^ Cetacean Specialist Group 1996. Neophocaena phocaenoides ssp. asiaeorientalis. In: IUCN 2009. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>.
    17. ^ WWF:河イルカにヨウスコウカワイルカと同じ運命を辿らせるな www.enviroasia.info 2006年12月20日

    関連項目[編集]

     src= ウィキニュースに関連記事があります。  src= ウィキメディア・コモンズには、ヨウスコウカワイルカに関連するメディアがあります。  src= ウィキスピーシーズにヨウスコウカワイルカに関する情報があります。

    外部リンク[編集]

    ニュース[編集]

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    wikipedia 日本語

    ヨウスコウカワイルカ: Brief Summary ( Japanese )

    provided by wikipedia 日本語

    ヨウスコウカワイルカ(揚子江河海豚、Lipotes vexillifer)は淡水に生息するイルカで、長江(揚子江)の固有種である。ハクジラ亜目ヨウスコウカワイルカ科ヨウスコウカワイルカ属に分類され、本種のみでヨウスコウカワイルカ科ヨウスコウカワイルカ属を形成する。Baijitun(白鱀豚)、Beiji、Pai-chi、Whitefin Dolphin(白ひれイルカ)、Whiteflag Dolphin(白旗イルカ)、Yangtze Dolphin、Yangtze River Dolphin などと呼ばれている。

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    wikipedia 日本語

    양쯔강돌고래 ( Korean )

    provided by wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

    양쯔강돌고래(Lipotes vexillifer)는 양쯔 강에 살았던 강돌고래의 멸종된 일종이다. 바이지 또는 바이지툰(중국어: 白鱀豚, 병음: báijìtún)라고도 부른다.

    상태

    2006년 12월 4일, 신화통신사는 30여 명의 학자들을 동원한 6주 간의 조사를 통해 양쯔 강에서 양쯔강돌고래가 멸종한 것으로 추정된다고 보도했다. 12월 13일, 중국정부는 이를 공식확인했다. 이것이 사실이라면 인간의 활동으로 멸종한 첫 고래목의 동물이라고 확실시된다. 이 결과는 2007년 8월 7일, 학술지 Biology Letters에 발표되었으므로, 범세계적인 학자들로 구성된 연구단의 폭넓은 추가조사가 없는 한, 이 고래목의 동물은 멸종되었다고 볼 수 있다. 그러나 멸종 발표 이후 얼마 지나지 않아 느닷없이 양쯔강돌고래가 발견되었다.[2] 2016년에 또 발견되었다.

    이후 IUCN 레드 리스트에서 절멸이 아닌 절멸위급종(CR) 등급으로 지정됐다. 오늘날까지도 여러곳에서 목격담이 많다는 것이 절멸 등급이 아닌 이유이다. 과학자들은 사실상 멸종이거나 일부 개체가 살고 있을 거라고 추측하고 있다.

    계통 분류

    다음은 비남아시아 강돌고래의 계통 분류이다.[3]

    비-남아시아 강돌고래 남아메리카
    강돌고래 아마존강돌고래속      

    아라과이아강돌고래

           

    아마존강돌고래

             

    볼리비아강돌고래

           

    라플라타돌고래

         

    양쯔강돌고래

       

    각주

    1. Smith, B.D., Zhou, K., Wang, D., Reeves, R.R., Barlow, J., Taylor, B.L. & Pitman, R. (2008). “Lipotes vexillifer”. 《멸종 위기 종의 IUCN 적색 목록. 2012.2판》 (영어). 국제 자연 보전 연맹. 2013년 1월 18일에 확인함.
    2. [1]
    3. Hrbek, Tomas; Da Silva, Vera Maria Ferreira; Dutra, Nicole; Gravena, Waleska; Martin, Anthony R.; Farias, Izeni Pires (2014년 1월 22일). Turvey, Samuel T., 편집. “A New Species of River Dolphin from Brazil or: How Little Do We Know Our Biodiversity”. 《PLOS ONE9: e83623. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0083623. PMC 3898917. PMID 24465386.
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    양쯔강돌고래: Brief Summary ( Korean )

    provided by wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

    양쯔강돌고래(Lipotes vexillifer)는 양쯔 강에 살았던 강돌고래의 멸종된 일종이다. 바이지 또는 바이지툰(중국어: 白鱀豚, 병음: báijìtún)라고도 부른다.

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