الأسماء في صفحات التنقل
Perception Channels: tactile ; chemical
Pacific white-sided dolphins are not considered to be endangered. A recent estimate of the population of these mammals in the central North Pacific ranged between a minimum of about 500,000, to a maximum of 930,000. Therefore there is not any immediate danger for the extiction of these animals. They are hunted by Japanese coastal fishermen in the East China and Japan seas and taken accidentally in the North Pacific purse-seine fishery.
US Federal List: no special status
CITES: no special status
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern
Pacific white-sided dolphins eat fish that live in large schools, such as anchovies, herring, smelt, capelin, and mackerel. They feed in groups of 10-20 dolphins, each adult eating about 9 kilograms (20 lbs ) of food each day.
Animal Foods: fish
Primary Diet: carnivore (Piscivore )
Pacific white-sided dolphins have a primarily temperate distribution, remaining north of the tropics and south of the colder waters caused by arctic currents. Their range is from the Aleutian Islands through the Gulf of Alaska to the tip of Baja California in the eastern Pacific; and from Japan to the Kuril Islnads in the western Pacific.
Biogeographic Regions: pacific ocean (Native )
They are usually seen in deep waters up to 160 km (100 miles ) offshore. There seem to be local migrations inshore in the winter months.
Aquatic Biomes: coastal
Average lifespan
Status: captivity: 20.0 years.
Pacific white-sided dolphins have torpedo-shaped bodies which help them move quickly through water. Body length of Pacific white-sided dolphins ranges from 150 to 310 cm. Their coloration is one of their most distinguishing features, they are black or dark gray on the dorsal surface with a white underside, and have bicolored fins and flippers. This coloration is believed to act as a form of camouflage in their aquatic environment.
Range mass: 82 to 124 kg.
Other Physical Features: endothermic ; bilateral symmetry
Pods are made up of one dominant male and a number of other males and females. The dominant male mates with reproductively available females.
Mating System: polygynous
Female Pacific white-sided dolphins reach sexual maturity around 5-6 years of age, males are sexually mature at 8-10 years. Generally breeding occurs in the summer or fall, and gestation lasts approximately 11-12 months. Females give brith to a single calf, which is almost 3 feet long and can weigh up to 14 pounds.
Breeding season: Generally breeding occurs in the summer or fall.
Average number of offspring: 1.
Range gestation period: 11 to 12 months.
Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 5 to 6 years.
Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 8 to 10 years.
Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; viviparous
Average birth mass: 14000 g.
Average number of offspring: 1.
The Pacific white-sided dolphin (Lagenorhynchus obliquidens), also known as the hookfin porpoise, is an active dolphin found in the cool or temperate waters of the North Pacific Ocean.[4][5]
The Pacific white-sided dolphin was named by Smithsonian mammalogist Theodore Nicholas Gill in 1865. It is morphologically similar to the dusky dolphin, which is found in the South Pacific.[6] Genetic analysis by Frank Cipriano suggests the two species diverged around two million years ago.
Though traditionally placed in the genus Lagenorhynchus, molecular analyses indicate they are closer to dolphins of the genus Cephalorhynchus, in the Lissodelphininae subfamily, than to both the Atlantic white-sided dolphin and the White-beaked dolphin. It has therefore been proposed to move the Pacific white-sided dolphin to the resurrected genus Sagmatias together with other southern hemisphere Lagenorhyncus species (hourglass dolphin, Dusky dolphin and Peale's dolphin).[7] However, the detailed phylogenetic relationships within this group of dolphins is still not fully elucidated.
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The Pacific white-sided dolphin has three colors. The chin, throat and belly are creamy white. The beak, flippers, back, and dorsal fin are a dark gray. Light gray patches are seen on the sides and a further light gray stripe runs from above the eye to below the dorsal fin, where it thickens along the tail stock. A dark gray ring surrounds the eyes.
The species is an average-sized oceanic dolphin. Females weigh up to 150 kg (330 lb) and males 200 kg (440 lb) with males reaching 2.5 m (8.2 ft) and females 2.3 m (7.5 ft) in length. Pacific white-sided dolphins usually tend to be larger than dusky dolphins. Females reach maturity at seven years. From 1990 to 1991, a study conducted by Richard C. Ferrero and William A. Walker revealed the vast majority of Pacific white-sided dolphins that fell victim to the drift nets were between the ages of 8.3 to 11 when they sexually matured.[8] The gestation period usually last for one year. Individuals are believed to live up 40 years or more.[6]
The Pacific white-sided dolphin is extremely active and mixes with many of the other North Pacific cetacean species. It readily approaches boats and bow-rides. Large groups are common, averaging 90 individuals, with supergroups of more than 300. Prey includes mainly hake, anchovies, squid, herring, salmon, and cod.[9]
They have an average of 60 teeth.[10]
The range of the Pacific white-sided dolphin arcs across the cool to temperate waters of the North Pacific.[6][11][12] Sightings go no further south than the South China Sea on the western side and the Baja California Peninsula on the eastern. Populations may also be found in the Sea of Japan and the Sea of Okhotsk. In the northern part of the range, some individuals may be found in the Bering Sea. The dolphins appear to follow some sort of migratory pattern – on the eastern side they are most abundant in the Southern California Bight in winter, but further north (Oregon, Washington) in summer. Their preference for off-shore deep waters appears to be year-round.[13][14] The only known predator of the Pacific white-sided dolphin is the killer whale,[15] but at least one case of predation by the Great White Shark has been recorded.[16]
The total population may be as many as 1 million.[6] However, the tendency of Pacific white-sided dolphins to approach boats complicates precise estimates via sampling.
These dolphins keep close company.[17] White-sided dolphins swim in groups of 10 to 100, and can often be seen bow-riding and doing somersaults.[6][18] Members form a close-knit group and will often care for a sick or injured dolphin. Animals that live in such large social groups develop ways to keep in touch, with each dolphin identifying itself by a unique name-whistle. Young dolphins communicate with a touch of a flipper as they swim beside adults.
Studies conducted on Pacific white-sided dolphins, as well as Risso's dolphin have revealed a multitude of things about how they communicate as a species, which was revealed to be vastly different from bottlenose dolphins and common dolphins.[19] The studies have revealed that their notches and spectral peaks happen to be more low pitched when juxtaposed with the bottlenose dolphins and common dolphins as mentioned earlier.[20] Other studies have revealed similar behaviors. Two studies conducted back in 2010 and 2011 revealed that the vocalizations of Pacific white-sided dolphins can range differently only from their behavioral states, indicating strong similarities between the acoustic and surface behavior for various foraging behaviors, including the possibility of an undescribed subspecies. The oceanographical data in the area can also effect the behavioral patterns of the dolphins. The studies also revealed that the different types of echolocations do vary based on the geographical locations; the first population of Pacific white-sided dolphins that were observed, inhabiting the waters near the Pacific United States seemed to more activity during the night while the second population of Pacific white-sided dolphins, that were also observed, inhabiting areas near Baja California, were observed to be more active during the day, possibly due the seasons and the dolphins' search for prey.[21][22]
The first sighting of the species on Commander Islands involved a single dolphin to travel along with a pod of killer whales in 2013.[23]
Pacific white-sided dolphins are known to sleep on average seven hours a night.[24]
Until the United Nations banned certain types of large fishing nets in 1933, many Pacific white-sided dolphins were killed in drift nets. Some animals are still killed each year by Japanese hunting drives.
Although overshadowed in popularity by bottlenose dolphins, Pacific white-sided dolphins are also a part of some marine theme park shows. Roughly 100 reside in dolphinaria in North America and Japan. In captivity, they tend to consume less amounts of food when compared to their wild counterparts, this could be the case due to the fact of temperatures changing in the water based on the seasons. However, the condition in which the dolphins lives, most likely in an aquarium tank, will impact how much energy is required for a captive dolphin to thrive in captivity. Studies have also shown that the highest amount of food intake that a captive Pacific white-sided dolphin displays in autumn when the dolphin increase their food intake as well as their body mass.[25][26]
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) The Pacific white-sided dolphin (Lagenorhynchus obliquidens), also known as the hookfin porpoise, is an active dolphin found in the cool or temperate waters of the North Pacific Ocean.
