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Brief Summary ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من EOL authors
There are around 100 species of daffodil, or narcissus. Daffodil flowers have six leaves, including three petals and three sepals. The inner part of the flowers is bowl-shaped. Daffodils are often yellow, but other colors can be found. Daffodil bulbs and leaves are poisonous. The wild daffodil is often found in gardens in Europe and North America.
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Narcissus ( الأستورية )

المقدمة من wikipedia AST

Narcissus ye un xéneru de la familia Amaryllidaceae orixinariu de la cuenca mediterránea y Europa. Entiende numberoses especies bulboses, la mayoría con floriamientu primaveral, anque hai delles especies que florien na seronda. Narcisu ye'l nome común n'español pa Narcissus. La mayoría de les sos especies son natives de la rexón Cuenca del Mediterraneu mediterránea, pero unes cuantes especies atopar a lo llargo de Asia Central y China. La cantidá de formes cultivaes aumentaron en gran midida con nueves variaciones nos viveros de cultivu práuticamente cada añu.

Descripción

Flores en umbela o solitaries, con una espata membranosa d'una sola bráctea. Periantio con tubu xeneralmente bien desenvueltu. Corona de normal bien desenvuelta. Estambres insertos nel tubu del periantio o na base de la corona. Anteres medifijas, introrses.

Etimoloxía

El nome del mozu narcisista de la mitoloxía griega Νάρκισσος (Narkissos) fíu del dios río Cephissus y de la ninfa Leiriope; que s'estremaba pola so guapura.

El nome deriva de la pallabra griega ναρκὰο, narkào (= narcóticu) y refierse al golor caltriante y embriagante de les flores de delles especies (dalgunos sostienen que la pallabra deriva de la pallabra persa نرگس y que se pronuncia Nargis, qu'indica qu'esta planta ye embriagadora).

Los narcisos en Norteamérica denominar jonquils, pero falando con propiedá esti nome solo débese d'aplicar a la especie Narcissus jonquilla (L.) Pourr. ex Nyman 1882 (junquillos) y a los taxones asemeyaos que tienen fueyes como los xuncos.

Descripción

Los narcisos son plantes bulboses, con fueyes y escapo basales. Les flores, solitaries o en grupos, tienen seis tépalos petaloides. Los estambres, en númberu de seis, tán ensertaos nel tubu del perigonio. Los frutos son cápsules trilobuladas que contienen xeneralmente numberoses tripes.

Clasificación hortícola

Anque conocíos dende tiempos remotos polos horticultores, foi partir de la segunda metá del sieglu XIX cuando empezó la seleición y la producción masiva de cultivares y híbridos; el númberu de los producíos anguaño ye práuticamente innumberable.[2] En horticultura clasificar en 11 grupos[3] que se describen na siguiente tabla. En delles publicaciones suelse añedir el grupu 12 onde s'inclúin los Narcisos que nun pueden pertenecer a nengún de los otros grupos.

Grupu Nome Descripción Florecimiento 1 Narciso trompeta Flor grande y solitaria. La corona o trompeta ye tan llarga o más que los tépalos o pétalos esternos. Primavera. 2 Narcisos de copa grande D'orixe cultiváu con flor grande y solitaria. La copa mide más d'un terciu, pero igual o menor al llargor del perianto. Primavera. 3 Narcisos de copa pequeña D'orixe cultiváu con flor grande y solitaria. La copa más curtia qu'un terciu del llargor de los pétalos. Primavera. 4 Narcisos con flor doble D'orixe cultiváu de flor doble con munchos pétalos. Pétalos y copa nun s'estremen claramente unos d'otros. En cada tarmu apaecen una o más flores, dacuando arumoses. Primavera. 5 Narcisos triandrus D'orixe cultiváu partir de N. triandrus, cuyar carauterístiques tienen. Apurren de dos a seis flores de copa pequeña, que los sos pétalos suelen tar vueltos escontra tras. Primer metá de la primavera. 6 Narcisos cyclamineus Tienen carauterístiques bien marcaes del N. cyclamineus. Cada tarmu presenta una flor con pétalos claramente xiraos escontra tras y con copa xeneralmente llarga Primavera. 7 Narcisos jonquilla Tienen carauterístiques evidentes del N. jonquilla. los tarmos presenten d'una a cinco flores arumoses, con pétalos planos y copes pequeñes xiraes pa escontra fora. Primavera. 8 Narcisos tazetta D'orixe cultiváu con carauterístiques predominantes del N. tazetta. Los de copa pequeña pueden tener hasta 20 flores per tarmu, ente que los de copa llarga namái trés o cuatro. Los sos pétalos son planos con flores de cutiu fragantes. Entrada la primavera. 9 Narcisos poeticus Con carauterístiques fácilmente reconocibles del N. poeticus. tarmos con una sola flor fragante con pétalos blancos y planos. Copa pequeña, anaranxada, abierta y frecuentemente con cantu coloráu. Finales de primavera o principios de branu. 10 Especies y híbridos Tolos que crecen de forma montesa. Primavera. 11 Narcisos de corona biforcada. Copa partida en dos siquier un terciu del so llargor. Tarmos con flor única. Primavera.

Seiciones botániques

  • Sect. Apodanthi
Especies: N. albimarginatus, N. calcicola, N. cuatrecasasii, N. marvieri, N. rupicola, N. scaberulus y N. watieri.
  • Sect. Aurelia
Una sola especie: N. broussonetii.
  • Sect. Bulbocodii
Especies: N. blancoi, N. bulbocodium, N. cantabricus, N. hedraeanthus, N. obesus, N. romieuxii, etc.
  • Sect. Cyclaminei
Una sola especie: N. cyclamineus.
  • Sect. Chloraster
Una sola especie: N. viridiflorus.
  • Sect. Ganymedes
Una sola especie: N. triandrus.
  • Sect. Jonquillae
Especies: N. assoanus, N. cerrolazae, N. baeticus, N. fernandesii, N. gaditanus, N. jonquilla y N. willkommii.
  • Sect. Narcissus
Una sola especie: N. poeticus.
  • Sect. Perezlarae
Una sola especie: N. perezlarae.
  • Sect. Pseudonarcissi
Especies: N. bicolor, N. confusus, N. longispathus, N. minor, N. moschatus, N. muñozii-garmendiae, N. nevadensis, N. perez-chiscanoi, N. pseudonarcissus, etc.
  • Sect. Serotini
Especies: N. elegans y N. serotinus.
  • Sect. Tapeinanthus
Una sola especie: N. cavanillesii.
  • Sect. Tazettae
Especies: N. dubius, N. papyraceus, N. tazetta, N. tortifolius, etc.

Especies

Híbridos naturales

  • Narcissus x abilioi Fern.Cases
  • Narcissus x araniensis Fern.Cases
  • Narcissus x bakeri K.Richt.
  • Narcissus x buxtonii K.Richt.
  • Narcissus x dordae Fern.Cases, 1999
  • Narcissus x incomparabilis Mill.
  • Narcissus x intermedius Loisel.
  • Narcissus x laetus Salisb.
  • Narcissus x magnenii Rouy
  • Narcissus x martinoae Nava & Fern.Casáu, 1991
  • Narcissus x medioluteus Mill.
  • Narcissus x montielanus (Barra & G. López) Barra & G. López, 1992
  • Narcissus x montserratii Fern.Cases & Rivas Ponce, 1988
  • Narcissus x odorus L.
  • Narcissus x paedagogorum Nava & Fern.Casáu, 1991
  • Narcissus x ponsii-sorollae Fern.Cases, 1983
  • Narcissus x pyrenaicus Dorda, Rivas Ponce & Fern.Cases, 1991
  • Narcissus x raianus A.Fernandes, T.Leitao & Aguiar, 1992
  • Narcissus x romoi Fern.Cases, 1993
  • Narcissus x sampaianus A.Fern. 1992 [1993]
  • Narcissus x souliei Guétrot
  • Narcissus x susannae nm. montielanus Barra & G. López
  • Narcissus x tenuior Curtis
  • Narcissus x xaverii Fern.Casáu, 1991

Referencies

  1. Sinónimos en wikispecies
  2. Vease Cultivares de Narcissus
  3. van Dijk, Hanneke (2003). La enciclopedia de les plantes bulboses. Ed. Libsa. ISBN 84-662-0629-9.

Enllaces esternos



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wikipedia AST

Narcissus: Brief Summary ( الأستورية )

المقدمة من wikipedia AST

Narcissus ye un xéneru de la familia Amaryllidaceae orixinariu de la cuenca mediterránea y Europa. Entiende numberoses especies bulboses, la mayoría con floriamientu primaveral, anque hai delles especies que florien na seronda. Narcisu ye'l nome común n'español pa Narcissus. La mayoría de les sos especies son natives de la rexón Cuenca del Mediterraneu mediterránea, pero unes cuantes especies atopar a lo llargo de Asia Central y China. La cantidá de formes cultivaes aumentaron en gran midida con nueves variaciones nos viveros de cultivu práuticamente cada añu.

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Nərgizgülü ( الأذرية )

المقدمة من wikipedia AZ

Nərgizgülü (lat. Narcissus)[1] - nərgizçiçəyikimilər fəsiləsinə aid bitki cinsi.[2] Xoş ətirli, gözəl görunuşlü nərgizin Şimal ölkələrində öz - özünə yetişən 40 növü vardır. Ana vətəni Avropa olan bu bitkiyə İspaniya və Portuqaliyada rast gəlinir. Arıların köməyilə tozlanır. Ancaq təbii olaraq bütün Ağ dəniz sahillərində də bitir. Avropa, Şimali Amerika və Şimali Afrika ölkələrində yetişdirilir.

Narcissus Poeticus növü Türkiyədə Egey bölgəsində yetişdirilir. Yarpaqları və çiçək sapları eyni olsada, çiçəkləri bəyaz, sarı, narıncı, çəhrayı rəngdə olan növlərinə rast gəlmək olar.

Növləri

Azərbaycanın dərman bitkiləri

  • Südrəng nərgizgülü (lat. Narcissus lacticolor (Haw.) Steud. )
  • Yalançı nərgizgülü (lat. Narcissus pseudonarcissus L.)
  • Tazet nərgizgülü (lat. Narcissus tazetta L.)

Əhəmiyyəti

Gözəlliyi və ətirli olması ilə çox sevilən bu çiçəklər həm də müalicəvi əhəmiyyətə malikdir. Dərman məqsədilə onun soğanaqlarından istifadə olunur. Nərgizgülü soğanaqlqrından hazırlanan duru ekstrakt heyvanlar üzərində təcrübədən keçirilmiş və onun çovdar mahmızı preparatlarına oxşar qankəsici təsirə malik olduğu müəyyənləşdirilmişdir.Yalançı nərgizgülünün çiçəklərində likorin adlı zəhərli alkoloid, karotin,flavonoid təbiətli narsissin qlikozoidi müəyyən edilmlşdir. Taset nərgizgülündə tasetin və supsenin alkoloidləri, sairi nərgizgülündə narsin-poetik alkoloidi müəyyən edilmişdir. Çiçəkləri isə xalq təbabətində işlədilir.

Digər növləri

Mənbə

  1. Nurəddin Əliyev. Azərbaycanın dərman bitkiləri və fitoterapiya. Bakı, Elm, 1998.
  2. Elşad Qurbanov. Ali bitkilərin sistematikası, Bakı, 2009.
Convallaria-oliv-r2.jpg Birləpəlilər ilə əlaqədar bu məqalə qaralama halındadır. Məqaləni redaktə edərək Vikipediyanı zənginləşdirin.

Nərgizgülü( Narcissus)-nərgizçiçəklilər fəsiləsindən soğanlı bitkicinsi.Yarpağı xətvaridır.Çiçəkləri, adətən açıq-sarı və ya ağ olub tək-tək yaxud bir neçəsi birlikdə çiçək oxununucunda yerləşir.Aralıq dənizi ölkələrində 30 (başqa məlumata görə 60-dək)növü var.SSRİ-də, həmçinin Azərb.SSR-də 1 yabanı,3 becərilən növü məlumdur.Bir çox növünün çiçəklərindəçoxətirli efir yağı var. Soğana-ğında alkaloidlər olur.Park və bağlarda becərilir.

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Nərgizgülü: Brief Summary ( الأذرية )

المقدمة من wikipedia AZ

Nərgizgülü (lat. Narcissus) - nərgizçiçəyikimilər fəsiləsinə aid bitki cinsi. Xoş ətirli, gözəl görunuşlü nərgizin Şimal ölkələrində öz - özünə yetişən 40 növü vardır. Ana vətəni Avropa olan bu bitkiyə İspaniya və Portuqaliyada rast gəlinir. Arıların köməyilə tozlanır. Ancaq təbii olaraq bütün Ağ dəniz sahillərində də bitir. Avropa, Şimali Amerika və Şimali Afrika ölkələrində yetişdirilir.

Narcissus Poeticus növü Türkiyədə Egey bölgəsində yetişdirilir. Yarpaqları və çiçək sapları eyni olsada, çiçəkləri bəyaz, sarı, narıncı, çəhrayı rəngdə olan növlərinə rast gəlmək olar.

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Roz-kamm ( البريتانية )

المقدمة من wikipedia BR
>
Narcissus pseudonarcissus

Ar roz-kamm (Narcissus pseudonarcissus e latin) zo plant hag a gresk war an dour.

Kavout a reer meur a anv brezhonek evit ar genad plant-se: roz-kamm, bokedoù-koraiz, jonkilhez, foeon, bokedoù-santez-Nonna, bokedoù-laezh-ribod[1][2].

Notennoù ha daveoù

kemmañ ar vammenn
  1. "Bokedoù-koraiz", "foeon", "bokedoù-santez-Nonna", "bokedoù-laezh-ribod", Jo Tangi, Plant ar vro, Embannadurioù al Lanv, 2020.
  2. "Boked-koraiz", "boked-laezh-ribod", "foeon(enn)", "jonkilhez(enn)" ha "roz-kamm" war devri.bzh
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Roz-kamm: Brief Summary ( البريتانية )

المقدمة من wikipedia BR
>Narcissus pseudonarcissus

Ar roz-kamm (Narcissus pseudonarcissus e latin) zo plant hag a gresk war an dour.

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Narcís (gènere) ( الكتالونية )

المقدمة من wikipedia CA

Narcís (Narcissus) és un gènere de plantes amb flor. El nom deriva del Narcís de la mitologia grega. Són plantes originàries del mediterrani amb algunes espècies de l'Àsia central a la Xina. Moltes són conreades en jardineria amb formació de noves varietats que els fan de mida més gran i modifiquen la forma de la flor. Tots els narcisos són plantes amb un bulb i tenen la flor amb una corona central en forma de trompeta envoltada per un anell de pètals. Els colors habituals solen ser grocs o taronja. El narcís és la flor nacional del País de Gal·les, a on és tradicional portar aquesta flor al dia de Sant David, se celebra l'1 de març. En la llengua d'aquest país, el gal·lès, és anomenat cenin pedr que vol dir "el porro d'en Pere".

El gènere Narcissus L. es caracteritza per ser un grup bastant dens i heterogeni pel que fa a la seva taxonomia i diversitat degut a l'interès que l'home ha tingut pel seu gran valor ornamental. Des d'antic s'ha tingut la visió romàntica del seu nom Narcís, jove de gran bellesa que rebutjava tota proposta amorosa i va ser castigat pels Déus enamorant-se de la seva pròpia imatge reflectida a l'aigua d'un estany dins el qual va caure i del que va créixer una bonica flor que duu el seu nom.

Espècies

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Narcís (gènere): Brief Summary ( الكتالونية )

المقدمة من wikipedia CA

Narcís (Narcissus) és un gènere de plantes amb flor. El nom deriva del Narcís de la mitologia grega. Són plantes originàries del mediterrani amb algunes espècies de l'Àsia central a la Xina. Moltes són conreades en jardineria amb formació de noves varietats que els fan de mida més gran i modifiquen la forma de la flor. Tots els narcisos són plantes amb un bulb i tenen la flor amb una corona central en forma de trompeta envoltada per un anell de pètals. Els colors habituals solen ser grocs o taronja. El narcís és la flor nacional del País de Gal·les, a on és tradicional portar aquesta flor al dia de Sant David, se celebra l'1 de març. En la llengua d'aquest país, el gal·lès, és anomenat cenin pedr que vol dir "el porro d'en Pere".

El gènere Narcissus L. es caracteritza per ser un grup bastant dens i heterogeni pel que fa a la seva taxonomia i diversitat degut a l'interès que l'home ha tingut pel seu gran valor ornamental. Des d'antic s'ha tingut la visió romàntica del seu nom Narcís, jove de gran bellesa que rebutjava tota proposta amorosa i va ser castigat pels Déus enamorant-se de la seva pròpia imatge reflectida a l'aigua d'un estany dins el qual va caure i del que va créixer una bonica flor que duu el seu nom.

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Narcis (rostlina) ( التشيكية )

المقدمة من wikipedia CZ

Narcis (Narcissus) je rod jednoděložných rostlin z čeledi amarylkovité (Amarylidaceae). Svůj název získal narcis z řeckého jména Narkissos.

Popis

Jedná se o vytrvalé pozemní byliny, s cibulemi. Jsou to rostliny jednodomé s oboupohlavnými květy. Listy jsou po několika v přízemní růžici, jsou jednoduché, přisedlé, s listovými pochvami. Čepele listů jsou celokrajné, většinou čárkovité, často nasivělé, ztlustlé a někdy až polooblé, žilnatina je souběžná. Květy jsou oboupohlavné, jsou jednotlivé na vrcholu stonku nebo ve zdánlivých okolících obsahující zpravidla 2-20 květů. Pod květem popř. květenstvím je toulcovitý listen, který je často membránovitý. Okvětí se skládá z 6 okvětních lístků ve 2 přeslenech (3+3), které jsou v dolní části srostlé v okvětní trubku. V ústí trubky je límcovitá nebo trubkovitá pakorunka. Tyčinek je 6. Gyneceum je složeno ze 3 plodolistů, je synkarpní, semeník je spodní. Plodem je třípouzdrá tobolka.

Rozšíření ve světě

Je známo 27-60 druhů (záleží na pojetí), které jsou rozšířeny v jižní Evropě, v Asii a v severní Africe, jinde se vyskytují pouze adventivně.

Rozšíření v ČR

V ČR není původní žádný druh z rodu narcis (Narcissus). Narcis žlutý (Narcissus pseudonarcissus) a narcis bílý (Narcissus poëticus) jsou hojně pěstované jarní rostliny, které často zplaňují i do volné přírody. Vzácněji se pěstuje narcis taceta (Narcissus tazetta), který má na rozdíl od předchozích druhů květy v květenství. Jako okrasné rostliny se pěstuje množství kultivarů, které jsou odvozeny od výše zmíněných druhů a jejich kříženců, kromě nich se taky ještě jedná o druhy jako Narcissus bicolor, Narcissus moschatus, Narcissus odoratus, Narcissus jonquilla a asi i dalších.

Narcisy v zahradnictví

Narcisy se dělí na:

1 – dlouhotrubkovité – vnitřní korunka je stejně dlouhá jako korunní lístky, na stonku je jeden květ
2 – dlouhokorunní – pakorunka je delší než 1/3 květu, na stonku je jeden květ
3 – krátkokorunní – pakorunka je nízká
4 – plnokvěté – lístky jsou zmnožené a nelze rozlišit korunní lístky od pakorunky
5 – triandrus hybridy – na 1 stonku 2 až 6 květů, mírně převislých, pakorunka je kalichovitá a většina okvětních lístků je otočena dozadu
6 – cydamineus hybridy – 1 květ na stonku, okvětní lístky jsou silně ohnuté dozadu, pakorunka je velmi dlouhá
7 – jonquilla hybridy – 1-5 květů na stonku, květy jsou vonné, ploché, drobné, pakorunka je krátká
8 – tazetta hybridy – malokvěté mají na 1 stonku až 20 květů a velkokvěté mají na 1 stonku 3-4 květy, okvětní lístky jsou ploché, pakorunka malá, jsou to pozdní narcisy
9 – doeticus – bílé korunní lístky a oranžová pakorunka, která je krátká spíše jen naznačená
10 – botanické druhy
11 – narcisy s členěnou pakorunkou – na 1 stonku 1 květ, pakorunka do 1/3 délky rozčleněná

Seznam druhů

Související informace naleznete také ve článku Seznam kultivarů rodu narcis.
 src=
Narcissus poeticus

Odkazy

Literatura

  • Klíč ke Květeně České republiky, Kubát K. et al. (eds.), Academia, Praha
  • Nová Květena ČSSR, vol. 2, Dostál J. (1989), Academia, Praha

Externí odkazy

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Narcis (rostlina): Brief Summary ( التشيكية )

المقدمة من wikipedia CZ

Narcis (Narcissus) je rod jednoděložných rostlin z čeledi amarylkovité (Amarylidaceae). Svůj název získal narcis z řeckého jména Narkissos.

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Narcis ( الدانماركية )

المقدمة من wikipedia DA

Narcis (Narcissus) er en slægt med cirka 50 arter, der er udbredt i Nordafrika, Mellemøsten og Sydeuropa. Det er flerårige urter med ægformede knolde (løg). Bladene sidder enkeltvis eller danner grundstillede rosetter. De er tykke, linjeformede til tungeformede og flade. Blomsterne sidder enkeltvis eller samlet i endestillede stande på særlige skud. Der er seks gule eller hvide blomsterblade, som ofte danner et rør, der udmunder i en flosset krave. Bægerbladene er farvede. Frugterne er kapsler med mange frø.

Plantens navn

Navnet er kendt fra 1540'erne og kommer af latin narcissus, som igen kommer af græsk narkissos, et plantenavn knyttet til sagnskikkelsen Narkissos. Plantenavnet gjaldt dog ikke vore dages narcis, men en art iris eller lilje; måske fra et førgræsk ord, der imidlertid forbindes med græsk narke (= stivnen, lammelse, bedøvelse, hvoraf "narkotika" [1]) som følge af plantens indhold af bedøvende stoffer.[2]

Arter

Til de mere kendte arter i slægten hører:

Andre arter

  • Narcissus abscissus
  • Narcissus albimarginatus
  • Narcissus alcaracensis
  • Narcissus assoanus
  • Narcissus bicolor
  • Narcissus blancoi
  • Narcissus broussonetii
  • Narcissus calcicarpetanus
  • Narcissus calcicola
  • Narcissus canariensis
  • Narcissus cantabricus
  • Narcissus cavanillesii
  • Narcissus corcyrensis
  • Narcissus cordubensis
  • Narcissus cuatrecasasii
  • Narcissus dubius
  • Narcissus elegans
  • Narcissus fernandesii
  • Narcissus gaditanus
  • Narcissus genesii-lopezii
  • Narcissus hedraeanthus
  • Narcissus hesperidis
  • Narcissus jacetanus
  • Narcissus jacquemoudii
  • Narcissus juncifolius
  • Narcissus lacticolor
  • Narcissus lagoi
  • Narcissus longispathus
  • Narcissus minor
  • Narcissus obvallaris
  • Narcissus pachybolbus
  • Narcissus palearensis
  • Narcissus papyraceus
  • Narcissus parviflorus
  • Narcissus patulus
  • Narcissus peroccidentalis
  • Narcissus primigenius
  • Narcissus romieuxii
  • Narcissus rupicola
  • Narcissus scaberulus
  • Narcissus segurensis
  • Narcissus serotinus
  • Narcissus tingitanus
  • Narcissus tortifolius
  • Narcissus viridiflorus
  • Narcissus willkommii
  • Narcissus yepesii

Noter

  1. ^ https://ordnet.dk/ddo/ordbog?query=narkotika
  2. ^ https://www.etymonline.com/word/narcissus
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Narcis: Brief Summary ( الدانماركية )

المقدمة من wikipedia DA

Narcis (Narcissus) er en slægt med cirka 50 arter, der er udbredt i Nordafrika, Mellemøsten og Sydeuropa. Det er flerårige urter med ægformede knolde (løg). Bladene sidder enkeltvis eller danner grundstillede rosetter. De er tykke, linjeformede til tungeformede og flade. Blomsterne sidder enkeltvis eller samlet i endestillede stande på særlige skud. Der er seks gule eller hvide blomsterblade, som ofte danner et rør, der udmunder i en flosset krave. Bægerbladene er farvede. Frugterne er kapsler med mange frø.

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Narzissen ( الألمانية )

المقدمة من wikipedia DE

Die Narzissen (Narcissus) bilden eine Pflanzengattung in der Unterfamilie der Amaryllidoideae innerhalb der Familie der Amaryllisgewächse (Amaryllidaceae). Die Art Narcissus pseudonarcissus wird oft auch Osterglocke genannt. Der natürliche Verbreitungsschwerpunkt liegt in Südwesteuropa und Nordwestafrika. Nur wenige Arten kommen auch im Küstengebiet des östlichen Mittelmeers vor. Innerhalb der Gattung bzw. der Systematik der Narzissen unterscheidet man je nach Autor zwischen 52 und 85 Arten und Hybriden.

Eine Bedeutung in der mitteleuropäischen Gartenkunst haben Narzissen seit der sogenannten orientalischen Phase von 1560 bis 1620, als sie gemeinsam mit Tulpen und Hyazinthen in die Gartenkultur gelangten. Heute gibt es mehr als 24.000 Kulturformen. Im Spätwinter und Frühjahr gehören Narzissen zu den wichtigsten Pflanzen des Blumenhandels.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Etymologie

Die Bezeichnung Narzisse leitet sich von dem griechischen Wort νάρκειν narkein ab, welches „betäuben“ bedeutet (vgl. Narkose). Die Weiße oder Dichternarzisse, die auch in Griechenland wächst, strömt tatsächlich einen sehr intensiven und betäubenden Geruch aus. Die Römer übernahmen den griechischen Pflanzennamen νάρκισσος[1] als narcissus. Ovid hatte in seinen Metamorphosen die Sage von dem Jüngling Narkissos geschildert und dabei die Pflanze so eindeutig beschrieben, dass es sich zweifelsfrei um die heute als Narzissen bezeichneten Pflanzen handelte. Als Carl von Linné sein binäres System der Pflanzennamen (Binomen) schuf, behielt er das Wort Narcissus bei. Die Bezeichnung Narcissus poeticus für die Dichternarzisse ist allerdings erstmals von Matthias Lobelius verwendet worden.

Beschreibung und Ökologie

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Austreibende Narzissen – deutlich zu erkennen sind die Scheidenblätter, die die Blätter köchergleich zusammenhalten
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Illustration der Weißen Narzisse, auch Dichternarzisse genannt
(Narcissus poeticus)

Erscheinungsbild

Narzissen-Arten sind ausdauernde krautige Pflanzen, die je nach Art Wuchshöhen von 5 bis 80 Zentimetern erreichen. Zu den „Zwergen“ unter den Narzissen-Arten zählt Narcissus asturiensis, die von 5 bis 8 Zentimeter hoch wird. Zu den größten Arten zählt die in Mitteleuropa nur sehr selten angebaute Italienische Narzisse, die bis zu 80 Zentimeter lange Blütenstandsschäfte ausbildet.

Zwiebeln

Als Überdauerungsorgane bilden Narzissen-Arten Zwiebeln. Die Zwiebelbasis bei Narzissen wird von einer korkartigen Bodenplatte gebildet. Aus dieser entspringen die Saugwurzeln, die sich ringförmig am äußeren Rand befinden und bis zu 40 Zentimeter lang werden. Wenn die Pflanze im Hochsommer ihre Blätter einzieht, werden diese Saugwurzeln gleichfalls abgebaut.

Ab dem dritten Jahr bilden Sämlinge auch Zugwurzeln aus. Diese verkürzen sich im Laufe einer Wachstumsperiode um mehrere Millimeter und sind daher in der Lage, die Zwiebeln tiefer in den Boden zu ziehen. Das Wachstum der Zwiebel erfolgt von innen nach außen, so dass die im Vorjahr gebildeten Zwiebelschalen nach außen gedrängt werden. Diese verfärben sich braun und werden trocken, so dass sie die Zwiebel als eine gegen Austrocknung schützende, jedoch lose sitzende Schale umgeben. Insbesondere die Wildarten können sehr viele solcher Zwiebelhäute ausbilden. Bei einigen Naturarten hat man bis zu 60 gezählt.

Auf dem Zwiebelboden entwickelt sich der Blütenstängel, auf dem in einem knospigen Zustand die Blütenanlage des folgenden Frühjahrs vorhanden ist. Darum herum befinden sich jeweils zwei bis drei Laub- und Scheidenblätter. Der Blütenstängel und die Blütenanlage des übernächsten Jahres befinden sich in der Achsel des zweiten Laubblattes.

Laubblätter

Die Formen der Laubblätter von Narzissen-Arten reichen von linealisch bis riemenförmig. Bei einigen Arten wirken die Laubblätter fast grasartig oder sie sind gar stielrund. Blühstarke Narzissen haben drei, in seltenen Fällen sogar vier Laubblätter. Noch nicht blühfähige Zwiebeln bilden dagegen meist nur zwei Laubblätter aus. Die Laubblätter besitzen eine dicke, stark Cutin-haltige Cuticula. Dies verleiht ihnen eine glatte, wachsartige Oberfläche.

Bei den meisten Arten überragen die Laubblätter im ausgewachsenen Zustand den Blütenstandsschaft. Bei wenigen Arten biegen sich die Laubblätter während der Blütezeit in Richtung Boden. Am unteren Ende, knapp über dem Boden, werden die Laubblätter von zwei farblosen Scheidenblättern umfasst. Die Blattfarbe variiert zwischen mittelgrün und blaugrün. Bei im Frühjahr blühenden Narzissen vergilben die Laubblätter im Hochsommer und sterben ab, sobald die Samen reif werden: Die Pflanzen „ziehen ein“, wie die Gärtner sagen.

Blütenstände und Blüten

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Noch knospige Blüte einer Narzissensorte mit nur einer Blüte je Blütenstand, der spathaartige Schutz ist noch gut zu erkennen

Narzissen-Arten haben blattlose und ungeteilte Blütenstandsschäfte. Die Form des Blütenstandsschaftes ist artabhängig. Einige Arten haben etwas zusammengedrückte Blütenstandsschäfte mit einem deutlich sichtbaren Kiel. Bei anderen Arten ist der Blütenstandsschaft rund. Grundsätzlich steht der Blütenstandsschaft aufrecht und befindet sich in der Mitte der Laubblätter, da das apikale Meristem erst die Laubblätter und zuletzt die Blüte anlegt. Der Blütenstandsschaft ist dabei im oberen Teil hohl und in Richtung Zwiebel zunehmend mit einem schwammigen Gewebe gefüllt. Bei einigen wenigen Arten wie etwa Narcissus hedraeanthus steht der Blütenstandsschaft schräg.

Die stark gestauchten, traubigen Blütenstände erscheinen doldig und enthalten ein bis zwanzig Blüten. Die Tragblätter sind spathaartig und umhüllen die Blütenknospen.

Die zwittrigen Blüten sind dreizählig. Die Blütenfarbe der Narzissen-Arten reicht von Weiß über Gelb bis Orange. Die Blütenhülle ist, wie bei monokotylen Pflanzen üblich, nicht in Kelch und Krone gegliedert, sondern besteht aus gleichaussehenden Blütenhüllblättern. Man spricht daher von einem Perigon mit sechs Tepalen (Perigonblätter). Zusätzlich besitzen Narzissen eine Nebenkrone.

Die Blütenform ist sehr variabel. Die Perigonblätter – im Folgenden auch zusammenfassend als Hauptkrone bezeichnet – können je nach Art im rechten Winkel zur Blütenachse stehen, sich nach vorne neigen oder nach hinten umgeschlagen sein. Letzteres ist vor allem bei den Alpenveilchen-Narzissen und der von ihr abstammenden Sorten typisch. Bei einigen Arten wie beispielsweise der Reifrock-Narzisse ist die Hauptkrone sehr klein und unauffällig. Der Reiz dieser Narzissen liegt in der dominierenden Nebenkrone.

Die Nebenkrone (manchmal auch Paracorollar genannt) wurde im Lauf der Entwicklung der Narzissen-Blüte aus den in der Blüte vorhandenen Staubfäden gebildet. Diese verwuchsen zu einem röhrenförmigen Gebilde. Anfangs noch vorhandene, innen anheftende Staubbeutel wurden reduziert. Im Laufe der weiteren Entwicklung bildete die Blüte neue Staubblätter aus. Die übrig gebliebene Nebenkrone bildet an ihrer Basis intensiv riechende Duftstoffe, weshalb sie auch als Duftmal bezeichnet wird. Aufgrund dieser Funktion fördert die Nebenkrone den Besuch der Blüte durch potentielle Bestäuber. Die Nebenkrone war und ist das Ziel intensiver züchterischer Bearbeitung und bildet je nach Länge eine Trompete, einen Becher oder eine Schale aus oder ist, wie bei der Dichternarzisse, sehr stark zurückgebildet.

Die Blüte enthalten sechs Staubblätter und einen Stempel mit einem dreinarbigen Griffel. Bei den meisten Arten enthält jede der Fruchtknotenkammern 12 Samenanlagen.

Früchte und Samen

Aus befruchteten Blüten entwickeln sich dreikammerige Kapselfrüchte mit zahlreichen Samen. Bei den meisten Arten enthält die Kapselfrucht maximal 36 Samen; bei einigen wenigen Arten, wie beispielsweise der Reifrock-Narzisse ist die Zahl der Samen höher. Keine der Arten bildet jedoch mehr als 60 Samen aus. Bis zu ihrer Reife benötigen Samen etwa fünf bis sechs Wochen. Bei den Narzissen der Sektion Jonquillae und der Sektion Bulbocodium sind die reifen Samen keilförmig und mattschwarz, bei den anderen Sektionen länglichrund und glänzend schwarz.

Bei den Kapselfrüchten handelt es sich um Spaltkapseln, die bei Reife an den Rückennähten jeden Fruchtblattes aufreißen. Man bezeichnet diese Kapseln entsprechend auch als rücken- oder fachspaltig beziehungsweise als lokulizid. Narzissen sind dabei Wind- und Tierstreuer. Ein Windstoß oder die Bewegung durch ein vorbeistreifendes Tier reicht aus, um den Samen aus der Kapselfrucht herausfallen zu lassen.

Verbreitung

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Stern-Narzisse in der Steiermark (Österreich) auf etwa 1750 m Höhe
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Wildnarzissen im Eifeler Perlenbachtal

Narzissen waren ursprünglich im südlichen Europa beheimatet mit Hauptverbreitungsschwerpunkt auf der Iberischen Halbinsel. Von dort aus haben einige Arten den Sprung über die Meerenge von Gibraltar geschafft und besiedeln heute auch die nordwestafrikanische Küste. Die herbstblühende Narcissus elegans ist beispielsweise heute an der Küste von Marokko bis Libyen zu finden. Sie kommt außerdem an den Küsten Korsikas, Sardiniens und Italiens vor. Ähnliches gilt für die Reifrock-Narzisse (Narzissus bulbocodium), die in Nordafrika in einem schmalen Verbreitungsband von Tanger bis nach Algier vorkommt. Zwischen Tanger und Marrakesch weist sie außerdem ein disjunktes Verbreitungsgebiet auf und ist außerdem auf der westlichen Iberischen Halbinsel zu finden. Die Küsten des gesamten Mittelmeerraumes dagegen hat Narcissus serotinus besiedelt. Die Tazette findet man auch im Iran und im Kaschmir. Da diese Narzissenart zu den ältesten in Kultur befindlichen und am frühesten züchterisch bearbeiteten Narzissen gehört, muss man davon ausgehen, dass sie zumindest im Kaschmir eingeführt wurde.

Besonders großräumige Verbreitungsgebiete weisen die Dichter-Narzisse (Narcissus poeticus) und die als Osterglocke bekannte Narcissus pseudonarcissus auf. Das Verbreitungsgebiet der Dichternarzisse reicht in östlicher Richtung von den Pyrenäen entlang der rumänischen Karpaten bis zum Schwarzen Meer und entlang der dinarischen Küste bis nach Griechenland. Die Osterglocke kommt von der Iberischen Halbinsel über die Vogesen bis nach Nordfrankreich und Belgien vor und hat auch den Sprung nach Großbritannien geschafft, wo es wilde Bestände noch in Südschottland gibt. Das einzige Vorkommen in Luxemburg befindet sich in der Nähe von Lellingen, einem Ortsteil der Gemeinde Kiischpelt. In Deutschland ist es vor allem das Naturschutzgebiet Perlenbach-Fuhrtsbachtal und der Nationalpark Eifel, wo man im Frühjahr unweit von Monschau auf Wiesen mit den gelbblühenden Wildnarzissen trifft. Eines der östlichsten Vorkommen findet man in Misselberg bei Nassau an der Lahn.

Die überwiegende Zahl der Narzissenarten hat, verglichen mit den oben genannten Arten, nur ein sehr kleines Verbreitungsgebiet. Die Verbreitungsgebiete der Arten überlappen sich dabei und bilden an diesen Stellen auch Naturhybriden aus. So findet man in der Nähe der portugiesischen Stadt Porto eine Region, in der sowohl die Osterglocke als auch Narcissus triandrus vorkommen. Dort treten verschiedene Kreuzungen aus den beiden Arten auf. In einem kleinen Teilabschnitt entlang des portugiesischen Flusses Montego findet man dagegen Kreuzungen zwischen Narcissus scaberulus und Narcissus triandrus.

Standortanforderungen

Die Standortanforderungen der einzelnen Narzissenarten sind sehr variabel. Überwiegend bevorzugen sie jedoch saure Böden; einige wenige Arten wachsen allerdings auch auf Kalk, andere, wie etwa Narcissus scaberulus, wachsen auf Granitböden, die während der Wachstumsperiode sehr feucht sind, aber in den Sommermonaten vollständig austrocknen. Auch Narcissus dubius gedeiht nur in Regionen mit heißen und trockenen Sommern.

Die auch in Deutschland wildwachsende Osterglocke schätzt dagegen kalkarme, lichte Standorte auf Bergwiesen oder in Mischwäldern aus Tannen, Buchen, Eichen, Erlen, Eschen und Birken und bevorzugt einen gut dränierten Stand in kleinen Gruppen.

Krankheiten und Schädlinge

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Virus- und Pilzkrankheiten

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Osterglocke. Die Krankheiten und Schädlinge der Narzissen können vor allem im kommerziellen Anbau erhebliche finanzielle Schäden nach sich ziehen.

Vor allem durch Blattläuse werden gelegentlich Virenkrankheiten auf Narzissen übertragen[2], die Färbung und Form der Blätter verändern. Dazu zählen Narzissen-Mosaik, Narzissen-Grauvirus, Braunfleckigkeit und Silberblättrigkeit. Problematisch sind diese Krankheiten nur in auf Narzissen spezialisierte Gärtnereien, da Blattläuse nur selten Narzissen befallen. Die Wachstumshemmungen, die durch die Virenkrankheiten ausgelöst werden können, können einen erheblichen wirtschaftlichen Schaden anrichten.

Problematischer auch für Privatgärtner ist dagegen die Zwiebelbasalfäule, eine durch den Pilz Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. narcissi verursachte Krankheit, bei der die Zwiebeln verfaulen und die Narzissenblätter weit vor der normalen Zeit vergilben.[3] Befallene Pflanzen müssen sofort entfernt werden, da der Pilz für mehrere Jahre im Erdboden verbleiben kann. An den Stellen, an denen erkrankte Narzissen gestanden haben, sollten für die nächsten fünf Jahre keine Narzissen mehr gepflanzt werden. Einige Narzissenarten und die von ihnen abstammenden Sorten sind jedoch resistent gegen diese Pilze. Dazu zählen die Engelstränen-Narzissen, die Tazetten und die Jonquillen. Befall mit dem Schimmelpilz Botrytis narcissicola führt gleichfalls zum Verlust der Zwiebeln. Er entsteht vor allem bei nicht sachgerechter Lagerung. Gärtnereien behelfen sich mit kupfersulfathaltigen Mitteln oder verbrennen stark infizierte Zwiebeln.

Der Pilz Sclerotinia polyblastis greift dagegen nicht die Zwiebeln an, sondern bildet auf den Blütenknospen und schnittreifen Stängeln kleine wässrige oder braune Flecken. Diese Krankheit ist vor allem für den kommerziellen Anbau bedrohlich, da sie insbesondere bei feuchter Witterung zum völligen Ausfall der Schnittblumenernte führen kann. Zu einer Blattschädigung führt auch der Schimmelpilz Ramularia vallisumbrosae, der nur in wärmeren Regionen auftritt. Er führt zu gräulichen oder gelblichen Flecken auf den Laubblättern. Der Pilz Stagonospora curtisii dagegen führt zu bräunlichen Blattspitzen beziehungsweise zu bräunlichen Flecken auf den Blättern. Beide letztgenannten Pilze greifen jedoch nur die Blätter an. Die Zwiebeln werden nicht befallen. Bei dem Pilz Radopastie leksose werden die Blattspitzen bräunlich, zudem wird der Blattwuchs eingeschränkt.

Tierische Schädlinge

Es gibt drei Fliegenarten, deren Larven Narzissenzwiebeln schädigen. Dies sind die Große Narzissenfliege (Merodon equestris) und die zwei Fliegenarten Eumerus tuberculatus und Eumerus strigatus, die im Deutschen beide als Kleine Narzissenfliege bezeichnet werden. Die Fliegen legen bis Ende Juni ihre Eier am Grund der Narzisse ab, wobei ein einziges Fliegenweibchen bis zu fünfzig Eier legen kann. Die schlüpfenden Maden bohren sich durch den Boden zur Zwiebel und fressen deren Inneres. Sie überwintern in der leeren Zwiebelhülle, verlassen diese im April und verpuppen sich dann im Boden, um im Mai auszufliegen.

Milben befallen vor allem gelagerte Zwiebeln und vermehren sich besonders bei hoher Umgebungstemperatur. Bei gepflanzten Zwiebeln können sie keinen großen Schaden mehr anrichten. Hier sind es vor allem Nematoden, die bei starkem Befall das Leitungssystem verstopfen können, so dass die Laubblätter langsam verkrüppeln oder vergilben, während gleichzeitig höckerige Ausbuchtungen sichtbar werden. Hauptverantwortlich für dieses Erscheinungsbild ist vor allem Ditylenchus dipsaci, der auch andere Pflanzen wie Allium, Stellaria, Plantago und Hieracium befällt. Befallene Zwiebeln müssen vernichtet werden. Auf Flächen, auf denen Narzissen einen starken Nematodenbefall aufwiesen, sollten für die nächsten fünf Jahre keine anfälligen Pflanzenarten gepflanzt werden. Im Hausgarten werden solche Flächen häufig mit Tagetes bepflanzt.

Schnecken schädigen bei aus kräftigen Zwiebeln hervorwachsenden Narzissen weder Laub noch die Zwiebel. Sie können jedoch die Blüten abfressen. Gefährdet sind außerdem die Sämlinge aus Narzissensamen.

Gift- und Heilpflanze Narzisse

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Narzissen enthalten wie alle Amaryllisgewächse „Amaryllidaceen-Alkaloide“. Je nach Art können dies unterschiedliche sein. Die Gelbe Narzisse beispielsweise enthält die Alkaloide Narcissin, Galantamin und Lycorin. Die Dichternarzisse enthält statt des Lycorins Narcipoetin. Für die Pflanze stellen die Alkaloide einen natürlichen Schutz gegen Parasitenbefall und weidende Pflanzenfresser dar: „Fraßschutzgifte“. Narzissen enthalten außerdem Fructane und niedermolekulare Glucomannane, die unter anderem in den Blättern und Pflanzenstängeln reichlich enthalten sind.

Zu Vergiftungen kommt es gelegentlich, weil die Zwiebeln im Ruhezustand denen der Küchenzwiebel sehr ähnlich sehen. Der Verzehr von Narzissenzwiebeln kann zu Würgereiz, Erbrechen, Diarrhoe, Schläfrigkeit, Schweißausbruch, Benommenheit, Kollaps und Lähmungserscheinungen führen. Bei sehr großen Dosen kann es auch zum Tod kommen. Ärzte behandeln Vergiftungen durch Narzissenzwiebeln häufig mit Kohlegaben und symptomatischen Therapien. Bei Tieren hat man bei Narzissenvergiftungen eine Degeneration der Leber festgestellt.

Durch den Pflanzensaft können lokal Hautreizungen auftreten. Es handelt sich dabei um eine Kontaktdermatitis, die auch als „Narzissenkrankheit“ bezeichnet wird und vor allem bei Gärtnern auftritt. Die Symptome klingen nach der Narzissenernte auch ohne Behandlung wieder ab. Es handelt sich dabei um eine toxische Reaktion auf Inhaltsstoffe der Narzissen wie Oxalsäure, Chelidonsäure und Lycorin.

Das Alkaloid Galantamin, das beispielsweise in der Gelben Narzisse vorkommt, hat eine Zulassung zur symptomatischen Behandlung leichter bis mittelgradiger Demenz bei Alzheimer-Erkrankten erhalten. Es wurde 1953 erstmals aus den Zwiebeln des Kaukasischen Schneeglöckchens isoliert und anfangs unter anderem zur Aufhebung der durch Curare-Verbindungen ausgelösten Muskelentspannung bei Operationen und krankhafter Muskelschwäche eingesetzt. Narzissen besitzen heute allerdings keine arzneiliche Bedeutung mehr. Die Galantamin-Synthese ist in industriellem Maßstab möglich. In der Volksheilkunde haben Narzissen nur gelegentlich eine Rolle gespielt und wurden überwiegend für Hauterkrankungen, als Brechmittel sowie als Heilmittel bei Erkältungskrankheiten und Keuchhusten verwendet.

Die antike Medizin setzte die Pflanze Narcissus (wohl Narcissus poetica L.) bei Husten und Koliken ein.[4]

Analytik der Inhaltsstoffe

Zur Analytik der Inhaltsstoffe der Pflanze und ihrer Zwiebeln kommen nach angemessener Probenvorbereitung chromatograpische Verfahren in Kopplung mit der Massenspektrometrie zum Einsatz.[5][6][7][8]

Kulturgeschichte

Altertum

Der älteste Beleg, dass Narzissen als Blumenschmuck verwendet wurden, ist ein in einem altägyptischen Grab gefundener Kranz aus weißblühenden Tazetten.

Der im achten oder siebten Jahrhundert vor Christus lebende griechische Dichter Stasinos erwähnt sie im Epos Kypria (Κύπρια), "Zyprische Gesänge", in dem er die Blumenpracht der Insel Zypern besingt, ebenfalls Narzissen (Wie Ambrosia die Blüten der Narzissen). Theophrast (371-287) erwähnt gleichfalls eine Blume mit der Bezeichnung narkissos und dürfte damit die Narcissus serotinus gemeint haben, die in den Küstengebieten Griechenlands und im südlichen Kleinasien vorkommt.

Die in Pompeji ausgegrabenen Wandgemälde weisen darauf hin, dass die Römer neben der Dichternarzisse auch die Osterglocke bereits kannten.

Gartenkultur im westlichen Europa

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Dichter Bestand von Tazetten – Tazetten wurden bereits im alten Ägypten als Blumenschmuck verwendet

In Mitteleuropa wird die Narzisse bis nach dem Mittelalter kaum in Schriften erwähnt. Sie ist gelegentlich in der Buchmalerei zu sehen und erscheint im späten Mittelalter auch auf mittelalterlichen Tafelgemälden, und zwar insbesondere auf solchen, die die Kreuzigungsszene darstellt. Im Wallraf-Richartz-Museum in Köln gibt es ein als „Kalvarienberg“ bezeichnetes Gemälde eines unbekannten Meisters aus dem ausgehenden Mittelalter, auf dem Narzissen als Symbol der Hoffnung auf die Wiederauferstehung zu sehen sind. Zu den wenigen, die die Narzisse auch schriftlich erwähnen, zählt Albertus Magnus (um 1200-1280) (De vegetabilibus et plantis), der ein Kraut namens narcissus erwähnt, dessen Blätter er mit denen von Lauch vergleicht.

Während der Renaissance wurde es in Mittel- und Zentraleuropa üblich, Gärten und Parkanlagen mit möglichst exotischen Zierpflanzen zu gestalten. In der als orientalische Periode bezeichneten Zeit von 1560 bis 1620 wurden insbesondere aus dem südlichen und südöstlichen Europa vor allem Tulpen, Hyazinthen sowie Narzissen eingeführt. Joachim Camerarius (1534-1598) pflegte 1588 in seinem Nürnberger Garten bereits neun unterschiedliche „Sippen“ von Narzissen; der Hortus Eystettensis verzeichnet für das Jahr 1613 bereits 43. Die Narzisse erlangte in dieser Zeit keine so große Popularität wie die Tulpe, die vor allem in der sogenannten Tulpenmanie zu einem begehrten Spekulationsobjekt wurde. Man baute aber bereits im größeren Stile Trompetennarzissen an und verkaufte Dichter- und Reifrocknarzissen. Auch erste gefüllte Narzissen wurden aus Istanbul importiert. Im frühbarocken Garten zählte die Narzisse gemeinsam mit den Tulpen zu den wichtigsten Blütenprachtpflanzen im Frühjahr. Und der Pfarrer und Kirchenlieddichter Paul Gerhardt (1607–1676) widmete ihnen eine Strophe seines bekannten Liedes Geh aus, mein Herz, und suche Freud:

Narzissus und die Tulipan
Die ziehen sich viel schöner an,
Als Salomonis Seide

Ein Katalog einer niederländischen Gärtnerei aus dem Jahre 1739 zählte bereits 50 Sorten auf, darunter mit 'Soleil d'Or' sogar eine Sorte, die bis heute im Handel erhältlich ist. Narzissen wurden zu dieser Zeit vor allem im Haus gepflegt; ein besonderes Interesse brachte man mehrblütigen Tazetten entgegen. Zu Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts wurden allein 50 Millionen Zwiebeln der Tazettensorte 'Paper White' von den Niederlanden aus in die USA exportiert.

Insbesondere Großbritannien hat in der Narzissenkultur eine große Rolle gespielt. 1804 widmete William Wordsworth (1770-1850), eine der führenden Figuren der englischen Romantikbewegung den Narzissen sein Gedicht I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud, dessen erste Strophe lautet:

I wandered lonely as a cloud
That floats on high o'er vales and hills,
When all at once I saw a crowd,
A host, of golden daffodils;
Beside the lake, beneath the trees,
Fluttering and dancing in the breeze

Die erste Narzissenkonferenz wurde 1884 von der Royal Horticultural Society in Großbritannien veranstaltet. 1898 folgte in Birmingham die Gründung der Vorläuferorganisation der jetzigen Daffodil Society, einer Organisation, die besonders attraktive Narzissen jährlich mit Preisen auszeichnet. Die weltweit bekannteste Fachzeitschrift zur Narzissenkultur wird allerdings heute von der American Daffodil Society herausgegeben.

Narzissen in der chinesischen Kultur

Narzissen, die zu der Gruppe der Tazetten zählen, gelangten vermutlich durch arabische Händler über die Seidenstraße nach China. Als Gartenpflanze hat sie in der chinesischen Gartenkunst keine besondere Bedeutung errungen. Sie gilt jedoch als Glückssymbol. Marianne Beuchert, die zu den besten Kennern der chinesischen Gartenkunst zählt, schildert, dass Narzissen bis heute als sogenannte einhundertköpfige Wasserfee beim chinesischen Neujahrsfest als besonderes Glückszeichen gelten. Die Narzissenzwiebeln werden dazu nach ihrer Rodung mehrfach eingeschnitten, so dass bis zu zehn Blütenstiele aus einer Narzissenzwiebel wachsen. Da es sich um mehrblütige Narzissen handelt und mehrere Zwiebeln eng in Schalen gepflanzt werden, können so in einer kleinen Schale bis zu 100 Blüten entstehen.

Narzissen in der islamischen Kultur

Narzissen zählen in der islamischen Kultur zu den beliebtesten Gartenblumen. Vom persischen Herrscher Chusrau Anuschirwan, der von 537 bis 579 regierte, wird überliefert, dass er Narzissen so sehr verehrte, dass er nicht an Gelagen teilnehmen könne, da ihre Blüte ihn an Augen erinnere. In der arabischen Dichtkunst ist seit dem ausgehenden 8. Jahrhundert die Gleichsetzung von Narzisse und Auge festgelegt. Dieses Bild besteht bis heute. Im 19. Jahrhundert hat der indische Urdu-Dichter Mirza Ghalib deshalb festgehalten:

Damit sie das Grün und die Rose erblicken kann,
hat Gott dem Auge der Narzisse die Kraft zum Sehen verliehen (zit. n. Schimmel, 2001, S. 103)
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Blüte einer Dichternarzisse – in der arabischen Dichtkunst wird die Blüte dem Auge gleichgesetzt

Nicht immer ist das Bild so positiv. Das weiße Auge der Narzisse kann auch ein blindes Auge sein oder auch ein von Schlaflosigkeit gezeichnetes. Gelegentlich wird die Narzissenblüte auch als Symbol für ein von Liebessehnsucht blind geweintes Auge verwendet.

Eines der berühmtesten Narzissengedichte der arabischen Dichtkunst stammt von Abu Nuwas aus dem 9. Jahrhundert.

Schau an der Erde Gärten und betrachte
die Spur des Künstlerwerks von Gott dem Herrn,
wo Silberaugen, in die Höhe blickend
mit wie aus Gold geschmolznem Augenstern
auf dem smaragdnen Stiele Zeugnis geben,
dass Gott erkennet keinen Nebenherrn.

(zit. n. Schimmel, 2001, S. 99)

Die Islamwissenschaftlerin Annemarie Schimmel hat dazu auf die im arabischen Raum verbreitete Legende hingewiesen, dass der wegen seiner Trinklieder und obszönen Liebeslieder eigentlich zum Sünder verdammte Abu Nuwas eben wegen dieses Narzissengedichtes doch noch in das Paradies aufgenommen wurde. Die hohe Wertschätzung, die Narzissen im Vorderen Orient erfuhren und erfahren, drückt sich auch in einem Mohammed zugeschriebenen Ausspruch aus:

Wer zwei Brote hat, verkaufe eines und kaufe sich Narzissenblüten dafür; denn Brot ist nur dem Körper Nahrung, die Narzisse aber nährt die Seele. (zit. n. Krausch, 2003, S. 305)

Narzissen als Gartenpflanzen

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Großblütige und kleinblütige Sorten von Narzissen – Osterglocken (gelb und weiß) mit verschieden geformten und verschieden gefärbten Nebenkronen bzw. gefüllten Blüten
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Während einige Wildnarzissenarten spezielle Anforderungen an den Boden stellen, kommen die Narzissensorten, die im Gartenhandel angeboten werden, mit den meisten Gartenböden gut zurecht. Bei wasserspeichernden und lehmigen Böden muss allerdings dafür gesorgt werden, dass durch Beimischung von Sand ein besserer Wasserabzug gewährleistet ist. Neutrale Böden mit einem pH-Wert von 7 sind am besten für die Narzissenkultur geeignet.

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Narzissenblüte Anfang April in einem Garten in der Südsteiermark (Österreich)

Narzissenzwiebeln kommen entweder als Rundnasen oder Doppelnasen in den Handel. Als „Nase“ bezeichnet man dabei die Zwiebelenden, an denen die Laubblätter entsprangen. Doppelnasen bilden in der Regel zwei Gruppen von Laubblättern aus und dementsprechend auch zwei Blütenstängel. Zwiebeln mit mehr Nasen sind überaltert und werden im Handel normalerweise nicht angeboten.

Während der Anlage einer Hauptknospe bildet die Tochterzwiebel einer gepflanzten Doppelnase eine Nebenknospe in der Blattachsel einer Zwiebelschale aus. Diese rückt mit dem Absterben der äußeren Speicherblätter langsam nach außen und wird zu einer weiteren Tochterzwiebel werden. Um zu verhindern, dass eine einmal eingepflanzte Zwiebel immer mehr kleine und damit blühfähige Zwiebeln ausbildet, ist es daher notwendig, die Zwiebeln nach fünf bis sieben Jahren auszugraben. Tochterzwiebeln werden dann von der Hauptzwiebel abgenommen und getrennt eingepflanzt. Wesentlich ist dabei, dass die Zwiebeln ein Stück der Bodenplatte der Zwiebel mitenthalten, da hier die Saugwurzeln gebildet werden.

Narzissen eignen sich besonders gut zur Unterpflanzung von Gehölzgruppen, wo sie in Gruppen von sechs bis zwölf Zwiebeln je Sorte eingesetzt werden. Im Staudenbeet eignen sie sich besonders für die Kultivierung in Nachbarschaft mit Taglilien. Taglilien beginnen mit dem Austrieb ihrer Blätter zur Blütezeit der Narzissen. Sie erleben einen Wachstumsschub etwa um die Zeit, zu der die Narzissenblüten verblüht sind und die Narzissenlaubblätter anfangen zu vergilben. Sehr viele Wildarten und einige der Hybriden wie etwa 'Dutch Master', 'Golden Harvest', 'Carlton', 'Kings Court' und 'Yellow Sun' eignen sich auch für die Verwilderung in Rasenflächen. Narzissen sollten nicht abgemäht werden, bevor das Laub vergilbt, da ihre Zwiebeln sonst nicht ausreichend Nährstoffe für die nächste Blüte sammeln können. Blaublühende Zwiebelgewächse wie die der Gattungen Scilla und Muscari eignen sich ebenfalls zur Verwilderung in Rasenflächen und ergeben mit diesen gelbblühenden Narzissen einen reizvollen Farbkontrast.

Narzissenzwiebeln werden im Gegensatz zu Tulpenzwiebeln nicht von Wühlmäusen gefressen. Diese Gattung eignet sich daher besonders für Gärtner, die gelegentlich Probleme mit diesen Nagetieren haben. In Obstgärten werden Narzissen daher sogar gelegentlich auf die sogenannten Baumscheiben, um die Obstbäume herum gepflanzt, um deren Wurzeln auf diese Weise vor einer Benagung durch Wühlmäuse zu schützen.

Narzissen im kommerziellen Anbau

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Feldspritze im Einsatz in der europäischen Narzissenproduktion
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Narzissenanbau in den Niederlanden

Hauptanbauland Niederlande

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Straßenbild in Yate, Großbritannien – nach den Niederlanden zählt Großbritannien zu den großen Anbauländern von Narzissen

Die Niederlande sind das Land, das im Anbau von Blumenzwiebeln weltweit eine Sonderstellung einnimmt. Auch der kommerzielle Anbau von Narzissen findet vor allem hier statt. Auf etwa 16.700 Hektar werden Blumenzwiebeln angebaut, davon entfallen auf Narzissen etwa 1.800. In den 1990er Jahren wurden hier jährlich etwa 260 Millionen Narzissenzwiebeln herangezüchtet. Bedeutsamer als diese Gattung sind lediglich die Tulpen, Gladiolen, Schwertlilien (Iris), Krokusse und Lilien.

Die Anzahl der produzierten Sorten ist verhältnismäßig gering. Auf 20 Hybriden entfallen etwa zwei Drittel der Anbaufläche. Wichtigste Sorten sind die gelbe 'Carlton' und die weiße 'Ice Follies', die beide in der weiter unten dargestellten Klassifikation von Narzissensorten zur Klasse zwei gehören. Ebenso wie die beiden weiteren Hauptanbausorten 'Dutch Master' und 'Golden Harvest' handelt es sich um Sorten, die schon lange angebaut werden. 'Carlton' und 'Golden Harvest' wurden bereits 1927 als Sorte eingeführt, 'Ice Follies' ist die jüngste Sorte und stammt aus dem Jahre 1953.

Neben den Niederlanden bestehen vor allem in Großbritannien große kommerzielle Betriebe, die sich auf den Anbau von Narzissen spezialisiert haben.

Der kommerzielle Anbau

Kommerziell werden Narzissenzwiebeln über das sogenannte Twin-scaling vermehrt. Dazu werden Zwiebeln in kleinste Teile zerteilt, so dass zwei nebeneinanderliegende Zwiebelschalen noch durch ein winziges Stück Zwiebelboden miteinander verbunden sind. Nach einer Desinfektion werden sie auf speziellen Nährböden herangezogen. Aus einer einzigen Mutterzwiebel können so etwa 25 bis 35 neue Pflanzen gezogen werden, die nach vier Jahren blühfähig sind.

Die „Ernte“ von Zwiebeln, die in den Handel kommen sollen, erfolgt im Sommer. Aufgenommene Zwiebeln werden zunächst sortiert. Um einen Schädlingsbefall zu verhindern, werden Narzissenzwiebeln üblicherweise nach einer Lagerphase von zwei bis drei Wochen einer Heißwasserbehandlung unterzogen. Dieses Bad in 43,5 °C heißem Wasser, dem meist noch ein Beizmittel beigegeben ist, beugt sowohl der Schädigung durch Narzissenfliegen als auch dem Befall durch Nematoden vor. Anschließend werden die Zwiebeln bei relativ hoher Temperatur getrocknet. Große kommerzielle Anbauer, die sich vor allem in den Niederlanden befinden, lagern ihre Zwiebeln bis zum Verkauf in speziellen Schuppen, in denen eine konstante Raumtemperatur von 15,5 °C herrscht.

Der Handel

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Narzissenanlage auf dem niederländischen Keukenhof, einer aus einem Sichtungsgarten hervorgegangenen Touristenattraktion

Früher ersteigerten Großkunden auf Feldern mit blühenden Pflanzen ganze Flächen und erhielten dann die geernteten Zwiebeln dieser Fläche. Dies ist heute nicht mehr üblich. Vermarktungsbüros verkaufen die Zwiebeln, wobei die Zwiebeln allerdings immer noch weit vor der Ernte verkauft werden. Für Aufkäufer von Blumenzwiebeln gibt es in den Niederlanden spezielle Sichtungsgärten, wo sich Großkunden einen Eindruck von blühenden Pflanzen verschaffen und verschiedene Sorten miteinander vergleichen können. Ausgestellt werden dort neben Narzissen auch andere Zwiebelgewächse wie etwa Tulpen und Hyazinthen. Einzelne sehr große Sichtungsgärten zeigen dabei mehr als 1.000 Narzissenhybriden. Anders als der Keukenhof, eine sehr bekannte niederländische Gartenanlage, die vor allem im Frühjahr von tausenden von Touristen besucht wird und auf dessen Fläche nur etwa 100 Narzissenhybriden angebaut werden, sind in diesen Sichtungsgärten Bustouristen nicht erwünscht. Für Individualbesucher sind dagegen diese Gärten frei zugänglich. Ein Kauf von Zwiebeln ist hier für den Einzelkunden allerdings nicht möglich. Kommt es in Sichtungsgärten zu Geschäftsabschlüssen, werden meist mehrere Zentner Narzissenzwiebeln verkauft.

Schnittblumen gelangen über die üblichen Handelswege in den Handel. Hochwertige Narzissen werden gelegentlich auch in Treibkisten an Floristen ausgeliefert. Im Einzelhandel werden die Blüten dann je nach Bedarf geerntet.

Narzissentreiberei

Narzissen kommen bereits ab Weihnachten als Schnitt- oder blühende Topfpflanzen in den Handel und werden bis in die Osterzeit angeboten. Um den Markt über diese lange Periode mit Narzissen versorgen zu können, müssen die Anbaubetriebe die Narzissenzwiebeln entsprechend vorbehandeln. Sollen sie bereits im Dezember blühen, werden die Zwiebeln im Juni gerodet, anschließend getrocknet und dann zunächst vier Tage lang bei einer Raumtemperatur von 34 Grad gelagert. Dem folgen zwei Wochen Lagerung bei 30 Grad und weitere zwei Wochen bei 17 Grad Raumtemperatur. Die Blühfähigkeit wird über eine dann anschließende Kältelagerung bei konstant 9 Grad erreicht. Pflanzen, die zu Weihnachten zur Blüte gebracht werden sollen, werden in der Regel dicht in magerer Komposterde in Obststeigen ausgepflanzt. Bei einer Kultur im Gewächshaus dauert es je nach Sorte zwischen 19 und 30 Tagen, bis die Pflanzen blühen.

Bei Narzissen, die man als Schnitt- oder Topfpflanzen ab Mitte Januar ernten möchte, entfällt die Lagerung bei hohen Temperaturen. Nach der Ernte werden sie zunächst bei 17 Grad zwischengelagert und ab September auf 9 Grad heruntergekühlt. Sie können dann auch schon im Freiland ausgepflanzt werden, wenn sie durch sogenannte Rollhäuser vor zu starken Kälteeinbrüchen geschützt werden. Oft werden in Gärtnereien Narzissen- und andere Blumenzwiebeln auch in mit Erde gefüllten Holzsteigen ausgelegt, mit einer dicken Sandschicht bedeckt und in mit Strohmatten abgedeckten Frühbeetkästen im Freiland ausgestellt. Je nach Bedarf werden dann die Steigen freigelegt und im Gewächshaus bis zur Blüte vorgetrieben.

Zuchtziele

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Blüte einer unbekannten Narzissensorte: Die Heranzüchtung neuer Sorten mit deutlich farbig abgesetzten Nebenkronen gehört zu den Zuchtzielen

Die Royal Horticultural Society ist die internationale Registrierungsstelle für neue Narzissenhybriden. Anfang der 1990er Jahre waren mehr als 24.000 Sorten eingetragen. Bei Sorten, die sich auch für den kommerziellen Anbau eignen sollen, gehört es zu den Zuchtzielen, dass die Stiellänge 30 Zentimeter nicht unterschreitet. Dadurch eignen sie sich für den Anbau als Schnittblumen. Knospig geschnittene Blüten sollen außerdem erst nach einigen Tagen aufgehen. Dies ermöglicht, sie als Bundware in den Handel zu bringen und zu gewährleisten, dass sie erst beim Floristen, der sie verarbeitet, aufzublühen beginnen.

Trotz der sehr hohen Zahl von Sorten werden auch für die Anpflanzung im Garten immer neue Sorten gezüchtet. Hier sind die Zuchtziele vor allem neue Farbkombinationen. So gibt es heute Sorten, deren Nebenkrone rosafarben ist. Gerne im Garten gepflanzt werden vor allem die kleinwüchsigen Sorten. Hier gehört es zu den Zuchtzielen, die Farbpalette der Blüte zu erweitern und vor allem winterharte Hybriden heranzuziehen.

Einteilung der Arten und Sorten

Systematik der Wildarten

Die Artenzahl innerhalb der Gattung der Narzissen ist nach wie vor umstritten. Walter Erhardt (1993) geht in seiner sehr umfassenden Darstellung der Gattung von 66 verschiedenen Arten aus, The International Daffoldil Register and Classified List 2008 akzeptiert 85 Arten.

Die Gattung der Narzissen ist im Laufe der botanischen Geschichte mehrfach nach unterschiedlichen Kriterien klassifiziert worden. 1966 wurde eine Einteilung durch Frederick Gustav Meyer vorgenommen, der bis heute viele deutsche Gärtnereien folgen. In England und in wissenschaftlichen Kreisen wurde dagegen lange Zeit der 1968 veröffentlichten Einteilung von Abilio Fernandes gefolgt. 1990 erfolgte eine neue Klassifikation durch John W. Blanchard, bei der auch Unterarten und Varietäten berücksichtigt wurden. Die Darstellung der Narzissenarten im Artikel Systematik der Narzissen gibt diese Systematik wieder.

Die Einteilung der Narzissen in Klassen

Aus gärtnerischer Sicht werden die Narzissenarten und ihre Hybriden in 12 Klassen, gelegentlich auch als Divisionen bezeichnet, eingeteilt. Ausschlaggebend für diese Einteilung ist meist die Form und Länge der Nebenkrone, die Anzahl der Blüten je Stängel, aber auch die Blütezeit. Diese Form der Klassifizierung ist ein Hilfsmittel, um Bepflanzungen zu planen. Die meisten im Handel erhältlichen Narzissen stammen aus der Klasse 1, den Trompetennarzissen; der Klasse 2, den großkronigen Narzissen und der Klasse 8, den Tazetten, die allerdings in der Gartenkultur bereits anspruchsvoller sind.

Die Wildarten stellen innerhalb dieser Klassifizierung eine Ausnahme dar, da sie und die in der Natur vorkommenden Arthybriden grundsätzlich in die Klasse 10 gestellt werden.

Eine ausführliche Beschreibung dieser Klassifizierung und den jeweiligen Kulturbedingungen ist im Artikel Klassifizierung der Narzissen wiedergegeben.

Die Narzisse in der griechischen Mythologie

In zwei Sagen der griechischen Mythologie spielt die Narzisse eine Rolle. Sie sind von Homer beziehungsweise von Pausanias überliefert und wurden später von den römischen Dichtern wie etwa Ovid in ihren Dichtungen verarbeitet.

Der Raub der Persephone

Hauptartikel: Raub der Persephone

Der Raub der jungen Persephone, der Tochter der Demeter, durch Hades wird in der homerischen Hymne (5,21) an Demeter geschildert:

„Fern von Demeter, der Herrin der Ernte, die mit goldener Sichel schneidet, spielte sie und pflückte Blumen mit den Töchtern des Okeanos, Rosen, Krokus und schöne Veilchen, Iris, Hyazinthen und Narzissen. Die Erde brachte die Narzisse hervor als wundervolle Falle für das schöne Mädchen nach Zeus' Plan, um Hades, der alle empfängt, zu gefallen. Sie war für alle, unsterbliche Götter und sterbliche Menschen, ein wundervoller Anblick, aus ihrer Wurzeln wuchsen einhundert Köpfchen, die einen so süßen Duft verströmten, dass der ganze weite Himmel droben und die ganze Erde lachten und die salzige Flut des Meeres. Das Mädchen war bezaubert und streckte beide Hände aus, die Pracht zu greifen. Doch als sie es tat, öffnete sich die Erde und der Herrscher Hades, dem wir alle begegnen werden, brach hervor mit seinen unsterblichen Pferden auf der Ebene von Nysa. Der Herr Hades, Sohn des Kronos, der mit vielen Namen genannte. Um Erbarmen flehend, wurde sie in den goldenen Wagen gezerrt.“ (Zitiert nach Beuchert, S. 233 f.)

Die Sage von Narziss

Hauptartikel: Narziss
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Caravaggio: Narziss

Die Sage von Ovid berichtet von einem Jüngling mit dem Namen Narziss oder Narkissos, der von ungewöhnlich reizvollem Erscheinungsbild war. In ihn verliebte sich die Quellnymphe Echo. Ihr Schicksal war es aber, dass der Jüngling ihr Werben um ihn nicht vernehmen konnte, da sie stets nur die zu ihr gesprochenen Worte zurückgeben konnte. Narziss dagegen spottete über sie, während sie sich so nach ihm verzehrte, dass sie dahinschwand und nur noch ihr Echo zu vernehmen war.

Dafür wurde er von Nemesis dadurch bestraft, dass er in unstillbare Liebe zu seinem eigenen im Wasser widergespiegelten Abbild verfiel. Damit erfüllte sich die Vorhersage des Sehers Teiresias, wonach er ein langes Leben nur dann haben werde, wenn er sich nicht selbst kennenlerne.

Eines Tages setzte Narziss sich an den See, um sich seines Spiegelbildes zu erfreuen. Nach seinem Tode wurde er in eine Narzisse verwandelt. (Pausanias 9.31,7)

Literatur

Einzelnachweise

  1. Hans Zotter: Antike Medizin. Die medizinische Sammelhandschrift Cod. Vindobonensis 93 in lateinischer und deutscher Sprache. Akademische Druck- u. Verlagsanstalt, Graz 1980 (= Interpretationes ad codices. Band 2); 2., verbesserte Auflage ebenda 1986, ISBN 3-201-01310-2, S. 124 f.(zur Pflanze Narcissus).
  2. wissenschaft-online> Lexikon der Biologie> Kartoffel-Y-Virusgruppe: Tabelle I. In: www.spektrum.de. Abgerufen am 11. März 2016.
  3. Fusarium - Pilze - cyclamen.com - Krankheitenblätter. In: www.cyclamen.com. Abgerufen am 11. März 2016.
  4. Hans Zotter: Antike Medizin. Die medizinische Sammelhandschrift Cod. Vindobonensis 93 in lateinischer und deutscher Sprache. Akademische Druck- u. Verlagsanstalt, Graz 1980 (= Interpretationes ad codices. Band 2); 2., verbesserte Auflage ebenda 1986, ISBN 3-201-01310-2, S. 124 f.
  5. Mroczek T, Dymek A, Widelski J, Wojtanowski KK: The Bioassay-Guided Fractionation and Identification of Potent Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors from Narcissus c.v. 'Hawera' Using Optimized Vacuum Liquid Chromatography, High Resolution Mass Spectrometry and Bioautography., Metabolites. 2020 Oct 4;10(10):395, PMID 33020380.
  6. Katoch D, Sharma U: Simultaneous quantification and identification of Amaryllidaceae alkaloids in Narcissus tazetta by ultra performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector-electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry., J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2019 Oct 25;175:112750, PMID 31330284.
  7. Berkov S, Pechlivanova D, Denev R, Nikolova M, Georgieva L, Sidjimova B, Bakalov D, Tafradjiiska R, Stoynev A, Momekov G, Bastida J: GC-MS analysis of Amaryllidaceae and Sceletium-type alkaloids in bioactive fractions from Narcissus cv. Hawera., Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom. 2021 Jul 31;35(14):e9116, PMID 33928691.
  8. Santerre C, Vallet N, Touboul D: Fingerprints of flower absolutes using supercritical fluid chromatography hyphenated with high resolution mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2018 Aug 15;1092:1-6, PMID 29870924.
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Narzissen: Brief Summary ( الألمانية )

المقدمة من wikipedia DE

Die Narzissen (Narcissus) bilden eine Pflanzengattung in der Unterfamilie der Amaryllidoideae innerhalb der Familie der Amaryllisgewächse (Amaryllidaceae). Die Art Narcissus pseudonarcissus wird oft auch Osterglocke genannt. Der natürliche Verbreitungsschwerpunkt liegt in Südwesteuropa und Nordwestafrika. Nur wenige Arten kommen auch im Küstengebiet des östlichen Mittelmeers vor. Innerhalb der Gattung bzw. der Systematik der Narzissen unterscheidet man je nach Autor zwischen 52 und 85 Arten und Hybriden.

Eine Bedeutung in der mitteleuropäischen Gartenkunst haben Narzissen seit der sogenannten orientalischen Phase von 1560 bis 1620, als sie gemeinsam mit Tulpen und Hyazinthen in die Gartenkultur gelangten. Heute gibt es mehr als 24.000 Kulturformen. Im Spätwinter und Frühjahr gehören Narzissen zu den wichtigsten Pflanzen des Blumenhandels.

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Lily ( الإسكتلنديون )

المقدمة من wikipedia emerging languages
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Lilies
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Narcissus poeticus

The lily (Narcissus) aften cried the white-lily or yellae-lily efter the colour o the flouer.

  • the craw-bell Narcissus pseudo-narcissus
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Narcis ( البوسنية )

المقدمة من wikipedia emerging languages
 src=
Narcissus poeticus

Narcis je vrsta cvijeta iz roda Narcissus, porijeklom iz Evrope, Sjeverne Amerike i Azije. Narcisa ima oko 26 divljih i nekoliko stotina kultiviranih vrsta.[1]

Na prvom mjestu u gajenju narcisa nalazi se Engleska, zatim Holandija, Danska i Njemačka.[2]

Uglavnom raste na južnoj polulopti,a mali broj vrsta živi i na sjevernoj.

Etimologija

Postoje dvije teorije o porijeklu imena. Prva je da je cvijet dobio ime po mladiću iz grčke mitologije Narcisu koji je bio opsjednut samim sobom, tako da je jednom prilikom gledajući svoj odraz u bazenu umro od gladi i žeđi sjedeći na rubu bazena, a na mjestu gdje je preminuo izraslo je cvijeće, odnosno narcisi.

Po drugoj teoriji cvijet je dobio ime po svojim narkotičkim svojstvima, i otud naziv narcis (grč. narke - gubitak čula, ukočenost).[3]

Opis

Sve vrste narcisa posjeduju koronu okruženu sa šest cvijetnih listova zvanih perianti koji se spajaju u cijev na kraju cvijeta. Sjemenje je crno, okruglo sa tvrdim omotačem.

Narcisi mogu posjedovati boje identične kod perianta i korone ili mogu varirati u nijansama između perianta i korone. Boje koje se najčešće pojavljuju su nijanse žute, bijele, narandžaste, roza, crvene i zelene.

Toksicitet

Sve vrste narcisa sadržavaju alkaloidni otrov likorin, najčešće u tučku i listovima.[4]

Reference

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Narcis: Brief Summary ( البوسنية )

المقدمة من wikipedia emerging languages
 src= Narcissus poeticus

Narcis je vrsta cvijeta iz roda Narcissus, porijeklom iz Evrope, Sjeverne Amerike i Azije. Narcisa ima oko 26 divljih i nekoliko stotina kultiviranih vrsta.

Na prvom mjestu u gajenju narcisa nalazi se Engleska, zatim Holandija, Danska i Njemačka.

Uglavnom raste na južnoj polulopti,a mali broj vrsta živi i na sjevernoj.

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Narciso ( إيدو )

المقدمة من wikipedia emerging languages
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Narcissus poeticus

Narciso esas narcissus planto ek la familio "amarilidei".

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Narcís ( الأوكيتانية (بعد 1500) )

المقدمة من wikipedia emerging languages

Narcís es un genre d'erbacèa vivaç de la familha de las Amaryllidaceae, o de las Liliaceae segon la classificacion classica. La classificacion filogenetic prepausa de classificar aquel genre d'entre la sosfamilha de las Amaryllidoideae, de la familha de las Amaryllidaceae.

Descripcion

Lo nom Narcís es d'origina persana: es ligat a l'istòria de nargessa (l'uèlh). En grèc, foguèt transposat en νάρκισσος (flor de narcís), puèi en latin narcissus. Dins la mitologia grèga Narcís èra un dels mai bèls òmes de Grècia, mas los dieus avián decidit que jamai poiriá mirar lo seu rebat. La ninfa de las fonts Ecò, qu'aviá estat condamnada per Eras a poder dire al seus interlocutors pas laque la fin des frasas que voliá prononciar, s'enamorèt de Narcís. Foguèt rebutada per la vanitat de Narcís, e per se venjar, Ecò demandèt als dieus de lo punir. Per castig, faguèron que Narcís visqua lo seu rebat e en alara s'enamorèt. Demorèt alara fijat, fàcia a l'aiga que rebatia lo seu roste. Ecò, per desesper, se jetèt del naut d'un mont: s'aquí ven lo mot d'ecò, e Narcís foguèt transformat en planta. Aquela planta pòrta lo seu nom, a causa de clinat de las flors cap a l'aiga.

Los narcises son des plantas de bulbe, de fuèlhas basalas e de tijas craucas, portant una o mai flors. Los flors an sèis tepals petaloíds. Las etaminas, al nombre de sièis, son inseridas dins una corona o paracorola en forma de copa o de trompeta. Lo fruch es una capsula trilobada contenent fòrça granas.

Los narcises son de plantas de bulbe que la beutat es très pron amada dins los jardins. Existís fòrça espècias e varietats orticolas. Son de plantas toxicas, que, comma los galanthus, contenon de la galantamina. La florason se fa de març a junh, las flors essent de color blanca o jauna segon las espècias. Lor odor fòrta pòt donar la mal de cap. Unas espècias pasmens, coma Narcissus serotinus e Narcissus viridiflorus, son de florason automnale.

Lista d'espècias

Galeriá

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Narcís: Brief Summary ( الأوكيتانية (بعد 1500) )

المقدمة من wikipedia emerging languages

Narcís es un genre d'erbacèa vivaç de la familha de las Amaryllidaceae, o de las Liliaceae segon la classificacion classica. La classificacion filogenetic prepausa de classificar aquel genre d'entre la sosfamilha de las Amaryllidoideae, de la familha de las Amaryllidaceae.

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Narsiso ( التاغالوغية )

المقدمة من wikipedia emerging languages

Para sa ibang gamit, tingnan ang Narsiso (paglilinaw).
Para sa ibang gamit, tingnan ang Narcissus (paglilinaw).
Para sa ibang gamit, tingnan ang Daffodil (paglilinaw).

Ang narsiso[1] o Narcissus ay isang pang-botanikang pangalan para sa isang sari ng pangunahin na mga balisaksak o matitibay na mga halaman, at karamihan sa mga bulbo, ulo, o bumbilya (halamang parang sibuyas) ng mga ito ang namumulaklak (karaniwan ang kulay dilaw[1] at puti[2]) tuwing tagsibol.[3] Kabilang sila sa pamilya ng mga amaryllid o Amaryllis na katutubo sa Europa, Hilagang Aprika, at Asya. Mayroon din ilang mga uri ng mga narsisong namumulaklak tuwing taglagas. Bagaman sinasabi ng Hortus Third[4] na may 26 mga uring ilang o ligaw. Sinasaad naman ng Daffodils for North American Gardens[5] na mayroong nasa pagitan ng 50 at 100 mga uri, hindi kasali ang mga baryasyon at ligaw na mga haybrid. Sa pamamagitan ng mga pananaliksik na taksonomiko at henetiko, tinatayang mas mapipino o mapapainam pa ang ganitong bilang sa ilalim ng pagdaan ng panahon.[6] Daffodil[2] ang karaniwang katawagan sa Ingles para sa narsiso, minsang ginagamit na para sa lahat ng mga uri nito, at siyang pangunahing karaniwang pangalan sa hortikulturang ginagamit ng American Daffodil Society o "Amerikanong Samahang Pang-narsiso.[7] Mabigat na nabago at nadugtungan ang sakop ng mga anyong inaalagaan o sumailalim sa kultibasyon, na may bagong mga baryasyong makukuha sa mga espesyalista sa halos bawat taon. Kamukha ng narsiso ang jonquil subalit mayroon ang huli ng mga bulaklak na may hugis tasa ang gitna, at may mas makikitid na mga dahon.

Ang isang dilaw o puting bulaklak na kahugis ng trompeta ay tumutubo mula sa duluhan ng isang tangkay na may habang 12 pulgada. Tumutubo naman mula sa bulbo at pumapaligid sa tangkay ang mga dahong patag at hugis espada. Humahabang hanggang 12 pulgada ang dahon.[2]

Mga sanggunian

  1. 1.0 1.1 Gaboy, Luciano L. Narcissus, daffodil - Gabby's Dictionary: Praktikal na Talahuluganang Ingles-Filipino ni Gabby/Gabby's Practical English-Filipino Dictionary, GabbyDictionary.com.
  2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 "Daffodil". The New Book of Knowledge (Ang Bagong Aklat ng Kaalaman), Grolier Incorporated. 1977., pahina 373.
  3. "Daffodil". Hammond Quick & Easy Notebook Reference Atlas & Webster Dictionary. Hammond, ISBN 0843709227., pahina 49.
  4. Hortus Third, mga tauhan ng The L.H. Bailey Hortorium, Pamantasan ng Cornell, 1976, pp. 754-756. (Macmillan Publishing Company, NY, NY; ISBN 0-02-505470-8)
  5. Daffodils For North American Gardens, Brent at Becky Heath, 2001, (Bright Sky Press, Albany, TX; NY, NY; ISBN 0-9704729-7-8)
  6. GardenOpus
  7. American Daffodil Society - ADS
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Narsiso: Brief Summary ( التاغالوغية )

المقدمة من wikipedia emerging languages
Para sa ibang gamit, tingnan ang Narsiso (paglilinaw). Para sa ibang gamit, tingnan ang Narcissus (paglilinaw). Para sa ibang gamit, tingnan ang Daffodil (paglilinaw).

Ang narsiso o Narcissus ay isang pang-botanikang pangalan para sa isang sari ng pangunahin na mga balisaksak o matitibay na mga halaman, at karamihan sa mga bulbo, ulo, o bumbilya (halamang parang sibuyas) ng mga ito ang namumulaklak (karaniwan ang kulay dilaw at puti) tuwing tagsibol. Kabilang sila sa pamilya ng mga amaryllid o Amaryllis na katutubo sa Europa, Hilagang Aprika, at Asya. Mayroon din ilang mga uri ng mga narsisong namumulaklak tuwing taglagas. Bagaman sinasabi ng Hortus Third na may 26 mga uring ilang o ligaw. Sinasaad naman ng Daffodils for North American Gardens na mayroong nasa pagitan ng 50 at 100 mga uri, hindi kasali ang mga baryasyon at ligaw na mga haybrid. Sa pamamagitan ng mga pananaliksik na taksonomiko at henetiko, tinatayang mas mapipino o mapapainam pa ang ganitong bilang sa ilalim ng pagdaan ng panahon. Daffodil ang karaniwang katawagan sa Ingles para sa narsiso, minsang ginagamit na para sa lahat ng mga uri nito, at siyang pangunahing karaniwang pangalan sa hortikulturang ginagamit ng American Daffodil Society o "Amerikanong Samahang Pang-narsiso. Mabigat na nabago at nadugtungan ang sakop ng mga anyong inaalagaan o sumailalim sa kultibasyon, na may bagong mga baryasyong makukuha sa mga espesyalista sa halos bawat taon. Kamukha ng narsiso ang jonquil subalit mayroon ang huli ng mga bulaklak na may hugis tasa ang gitna, at may mas makikitid na mga dahon.

Ang isang dilaw o puting bulaklak na kahugis ng trompeta ay tumutubo mula sa duluhan ng isang tangkay na may habang 12 pulgada. Tumutubo naman mula sa bulbo at pumapaligid sa tangkay ang mga dahong patag at hugis espada. Humahabang hanggang 12 pulgada ang dahon.

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Nartsissu ( ليففي )

المقدمة من wikipedia emerging languages
Nartsissu
Nartsissu

Nartsissu (ven. нарцисс, lat. Narcissus) on yksialgulehtehizien kazviloin roduu, amarillisoin perehty. Nartsissoi on eri luaduu. Niilöin roindumuannu pietäh Suvi-Jevrouppua da Välimeren mualoi: Ispuaniedu da Portugualiedu.

Ulgonägö

Nartissu on heinykazvi, kudamal on luja laukku juurennu da hoikat piduličat lentat rouno lehtet. Net ollah muzavanvihandat da levevyön puoles eriluaduzet. Kukat ollah valgiet, keldazet libo kaksivärizet. Niilöil on äimel juovuttai haju.

Kazvandu

Nartsissu on eräs kallehii dekoratiivizii kevätkukkazii. Sidä istutetah kukkavagoloile, kylvettylöile nurmikkoile. Nartsussu, kui t’ul’pan da kroukussu, on aijoi keviäl kukkii kazvi. Se kukkiu da andau siemendy keviäl da kezän allus. Nartsissu luonnon ololois endizis Nevvostoliiton mualois kazvau vai Karpuatois. Joga vuottu Ukrainah Hust-linnah oraskuun enzimäzenny puoliškonnu tulou äijy turistua ihailemah kazvajua nartsissoin alanguo. Se on Jevroupan suurin nartsissualango. Pienembät alangot ollah Al’pois, Rumiinien mägilöis, Balkuanoil da Suures Brituanies.

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Nartsissu: Brief Summary ( ليففي )

المقدمة من wikipedia emerging languages
Nartsissu Nartsissu

Nartsissu (ven. нарцисс, lat. Narcissus) on yksialgulehtehizien kazviloin roduu, amarillisoin perehty. Nartsissoi on eri luaduu. Niilöin roindumuannu pietäh Suvi-Jevrouppua da Välimeren mualoi: Ispuaniedu da Portugualiedu.

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Narzissen ( اللوكسمبورغية )

المقدمة من wikipedia emerging languages

D'Narzissen (Gattung Narcissus) si Bléieplanzen aus der Famill vun den Amaryllisplanzen. Et gëtt ongeféier 50 Aarten, haaptsächlech an Europa an an Nordafrika. Eng vun de bekanntsten zu Lëtzebuerg ass d'Ouschterblumm (Narcissus pseudonarcissus), am Éislek an der Géigend vu Lellgen als Lohrblumm bekannt.

Klasséierung vun de Gaartnarzissen

Geziichte Narzisse ginn op der Basis vun hire Bléien an 12 Gruppen agedeelt:

  1. Trompetten
  2. Narzisse mat enger grousser Kroun
  3. Narzisse mar enger klenger Kroun
  4. Narzisse mat duebele Bléien
  5. Triandrus
  6. Cyclamineus
  7. Jonquilla
  8. Tazetta
  9. Poeticus
  10. Wëll Narzissen
  11. Narzisse mat gedeelter Kroun (Kolrett)
  12. Verschiddener

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Narzissen: Brief Summary ( اللوكسمبورغية )

المقدمة من wikipedia emerging languages

D'Narzissen (Gattung Narcissus) si Bléieplanzen aus der Famill vun den Amaryllisplanzen. Et gëtt ongeféier 50 Aarten, haaptsächlech an Europa an an Nordafrika. Eng vun de bekanntsten zu Lëtzebuerg ass d'Ouschterblumm (Narcissus pseudonarcissus), am Éislek an der Géigend vu Lellgen als Lohrblumm bekannt.

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Poaskebloume ( Stq )

المقدمة من wikipedia emerging languages
Poaskebloume Poaskebloume

Poaskebloume (Narcissus pseudonarcissus)

Systematik Unnerklasse: Liliidae Oardenge: (Asparagales) Familie: Amaryllidaceae Sleek: Narcissus Oard: Poaskebloume (N. pseudonarcissus)

Ju Poaskebloume af Paaskebloume (Narcissus) is ne Foarjierbloume. Dät rakt deerfon ferskeedene Soarten mäd jeele, wiete, jeel-wiete, jeel-roode un wiet-roode Blöiten. Wäkke Soarten hääbe uk two af tjoo Blöiten an aan Stängel. Do blöie maast tou ju Paasketied in April.

Ne besunners litje Soarte, ju Narzisse Tete-a-Tete blöid al in'n Februoar af Meerte fluks ätter do Krokusse. Do hääbe uk tjoo Blöiten an aan Stängel, wieruum do uk hieren Noome kriegen hääbe.

Ju Plonten sünt oarich giftich un wäide in ju Foulksmedizin oawers uk as Heelplonte bruukt. Ju Narzisse was "Bloume fon dät Jier 1981".

Fon do Narzissen rakt dät fuul ferskeedene Unneroarde, wierunner uk wäkke mäd besunnere Blöiten.

In Fryslân wäide do Narzissen tou do Stinzeplonten täld.

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Poaskebloume: Brief Summary ( Stq )

المقدمة من wikipedia emerging languages

Ju Poaskebloume af Paaskebloume (Narcissus) is ne Foarjierbloume. Dät rakt deerfon ferskeedene Soarten mäd jeele, wiete, jeel-wiete, jeel-roode un wiet-roode Blöiten. Wäkke Soarten hääbe uk two af tjoo Blöiten an aan Stängel. Do blöie maast tou ju Paasketied in April.

Ne besunners litje Soarte, ju Narzisse Tete-a-Tete blöid al in'n Februoar af Meerte fluks ätter do Krokusse. Do hääbe uk tjoo Blöiten an aan Stängel, wieruum do uk hieren Noome kriegen hääbe.

Ju Plonten sünt oarich giftich un wäide in ju Foulksmedizin oawers uk as Heelplonte bruukt. Ju Narzisse was "Bloume fon dät Jier 1981".

Fon do Narzissen rakt dät fuul ferskeedene Unneroarde, wierunner uk wäkke mäd besunnere Blöiten.

In Fryslân wäide do Narzissen tou do Stinzeplonten täld.

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Narcissus pseudonarcissus

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Narcissus pseudonarcissus

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Narcissus triandrus

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Narcissus.poeticus

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Narcissus 'Tahiti'

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Welsh daffodils

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Narcissus poeticus

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Tieloze ( Nds Nl )

المقدمة من wikipedia emerging languages
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Tielozen

Tieloze (Latien: Narcissus) is een geslach van bolgewassen uut de femilie van de Amaryllidaceae. De Latiense en Nederlaanse naam is ofkomstig uut de Griekse mythologie. Tielozen bin veurjaorsbollen en hem een kouwe rusperiode neudig. Je vienen tielozen in veule soorten en kleuren: roze, oranje, rooie, witte of mit vlekken, dubbelbloemige bloemen, mit grote gele trompetten of mit trosjes van gele of witte bloemetjes. In tegenstelling tot bie de leliefemilie kump bie disse femilie een onderstandig vruchbeginsel veur.

Je kunnen tielozen rustig laoten verwilderen; ze vermeerderen vanzelf en elk jaor zullen der meer bloemen koemen.

Soorten

Der bin verschillende soorten tielozen. In Nederlaand en België kump allinnig de wilde tieloze (Narcissus pseudonarcissus subsp. pseudonarcissus) van neture veur.

  • Soort: Narcissus bulbocodium
  • Soort: Narcissus poeticus

Nedersaksisch

Citaot

Dalijk as de tilozen bluit
aodemt alles de gedachten
van het langvergeten wachten
op het leven dat weer gruit.

Uut Dalijk as de tilozen bluit, gedicht deur Bart van Oosteringh (ps. van Lambertus van der Sleen, 1912-1993)
Evunden in: Rouke Broersma (2003). Scheupers van de taol. Bloemlezing van de Drèentse Schrieverij 1837-2003. Zuudwolde: Het Drentse Boek (p.66)

Foto-uutstalling

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Tieloze: Brief Summary ( Nds Nl )

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 src= Tielozen

Tieloze (Latien: Narcissus) is een geslach van bolgewassen uut de femilie van de Amaryllidaceae. De Latiense en Nederlaanse naam is ofkomstig uut de Griekse mythologie. Tielozen bin veurjaorsbollen en hem een kouwe rusperiode neudig. Je vienen tielozen in veule soorten en kleuren: roze, oranje, rooie, witte of mit vlekken, dubbelbloemige bloemen, mit grote gele trompetten of mit trosjes van gele of witte bloemetjes. In tegenstelling tot bie de leliefemilie kump bie disse femilie een onderstandig vruchbeginsel veur.

Je kunnen tielozen rustig laoten verwilderen; ze vermeerderen vanzelf en elk jaor zullen der meer bloemen koemen.

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Titelroas ( الفريزية الغربية )

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De titelroas (Narcissus L.), miskien better bekend as de narsis, is in stinzeplant. It is in slachte fan bolgewaaksen út de famylje fan de Amaryllidaceae. De wittenskiplike namme Narcissus is ôfkomstich út de Grykske mytology. Titelroazen binne maaitiidsbollen en hawwe in kâlde rêstperioade nedich. Se binne der yn in ferskaat oan kleuren, dêr't giel by oerhearsket. Opfallend oan de titelroas is de trompetfoarmige blom. De titelroas ferwylderet maklik.

Oare Fryske nammen

 src=
Titelroas (detail)
 src=
Mei oranje trompet
 src=
Narcissus poeticus

Yn Fryslân wurdt de titelroas ek wol beneamd as narsis of aprilblom.

Sjoch ek

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Titelroas: Brief Summary ( الفريزية الغربية )

المقدمة من wikipedia emerging languages

De titelroas (Narcissus L.), miskien better bekend as de narsis, is in stinzeplant. It is in slachte fan bolgewaaksen út de famylje fan de Amaryllidaceae. De wittenskiplike namme Narcissus is ôfkomstich út de Grykske mytology. Titelroazen binne maaitiidsbollen en hawwe in kâlde rêstperioade nedich. Se binne der yn in ferskaat oan kleuren, dêr't giel by oerhearsket. Opfallend oan de titelroas is de trompetfoarmige blom. De titelroas ferwylderet maklik.

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Νάρκισσος (βοτανική) ( اليونانية الحديثة (1453-) )

المقدمة من wikipedia emerging languages

Στη Βοτανική ο Νάρκισσος αποτελεί ιδιαίτερο γένος φυτών της οικογένειας των Αμαρυλλιδοειδών που περιλαμβάνει περί τα 40 είδη.

Είναι φυτά ποώδη, πολυετή και βολβόρριζα που απαντώνται στην Ευρώπη, Β. Αφρική και ΒΔ. Ασία. Καλλιεργούνται ως κοσμητικά για τα ωραία και εύοσμα άνθη τους καθώς και για το παραγόμενο εξ αυτών έλαιο που χρησιμοποιείται ευρύτατα στην αρωματοποιΐα. Πολλαπλασιάζονται με βολβούς που φυτεύονται νωρίς το Φθινόπωρο.

Στην Ελλάδα είναι γνωστά 6 είδη εκ των οποίων τα πλέον αξιόλογα είναι:

  1. ο Νάρκισσος ο κυπελλοφόρος, γνωστότερο με τα ονόματα ζαμπάκι, τσαμπάκι, μανουσάκι ή βούτσινο που απαντάται σε πολλές ποικιλίες. Είναι ο κατ΄ εξοχήν Νάρκισσος των αρχαίων Ελλήνων από το οποίο και κατασκεύαζαν το «ναρκίσσινο μύρο». Αυτό το είδος φθάνει ύψος τα 40 εκατοστά ο δε ανθοφόρος κλώνος του φέρει δέσμη 8-10 άνθη λευκά με το ανώτερο σημείο της στεφάνης κιτρινωπό.
  2. ο Νάρκισσος ο ποιητικός (Narcisus poeticus) που φθάνει και αυτός σε ύψος τα 40 εκατοστά αλλά φέρει μόνο ένα άνθος λευκό με το άκρο της στεφάνης κόκκινο ή πορφυρό.
  3. ο Νάρκισσος ο όψιμος (Narcissus serotinus). Αυτός φθάνει σε ύψος μόλις 25 εκατοστά περίπου και φέρει μικρά και λευκά άνθη.

Από τα εξωτικά είδη του φυτού αυτού τα πλέον αξιόλογα είναι:

  1. ο Νάρκισσος ο εύοσμος (Narcissus odoratus) που φέρει μικρά κατά δέσμες άνθη, κίτρινου χρώματος.
  2. ο Νάρκισσος ο πολυανθής (Narcissus polyanthos) με μικρά λευκά άνθη και
  3. ο Νάρκισσος ο βουρλοειδής με πολύ εύωδη άνθη.

Σύγχρονη έρευνα

Στην έρευνα της σύγχρονης φαρμακευτικής, στην αναζήτηση των συστατικών του "ναρκίσσινου μύρου" που παρασκεύαζαν οι αρχαίοι Έλληνες διαπιστώθηκε ότι οι βολβοί του Νάρκισσου είναι τοξικοί. Το δε άρωμα του άνθους του σε κλειστό χώρο όταν είναι πολλά μαζί επιφέρουν χαύνωση (νάρκωση), έτσι επαληθεύεται πως το αρχαίο εκείνο μύρο πρέπει να ήταν φαρμακευτικό. Πρόσφατα όμως ανακαλύφθηκε ότι ο Νάρκισσος περιέχει γαλανθαμίνη χαρακτηριστική ουσία που θεραπεύει την άνοια. Στη Σκωτία σήμερα συνεχίζονται οι έρευνες αν αυτή η ουσία μπορεί να παραχθεί σε ποσότητα για τη θεραπεία της νόσου Αλτσχάιμερ. Και μάλλον τα αποτελέσματα πρέπει να είναι θετικά αφού ήδη κάποιο είδος του φυτού αυτού (μάλλον του βουρλοειδή) φέρει ήδη επίσημο όνομα Narcissus "Alois Alzheimer".

  • Ο Νάρκισσος περιλαμβάνεται στους επίσημους πίνακες "Βοτάνων".

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Νάρκισσος (βοτανική): Brief Summary ( اليونانية الحديثة (1453-) )

المقدمة من wikipedia emerging languages

Στη Βοτανική ο Νάρκισσος αποτελεί ιδιαίτερο γένος φυτών της οικογένειας των Αμαρυλλιδοειδών που περιλαμβάνει περί τα 40 είδη.

Είναι φυτά ποώδη, πολυετή και βολβόρριζα που απαντώνται στην Ευρώπη, Β. Αφρική και ΒΔ. Ασία. Καλλιεργούνται ως κοσμητικά για τα ωραία και εύοσμα άνθη τους καθώς και για το παραγόμενο εξ αυτών έλαιο που χρησιμοποιείται ευρύτατα στην αρωματοποιΐα. Πολλαπλασιάζονται με βολβούς που φυτεύονται νωρίς το Φθινόπωρο.

Στην Ελλάδα είναι γνωστά 6 είδη εκ των οποίων τα πλέον αξιόλογα είναι:

ο Νάρκισσος ο κυπελλοφόρος, γνωστότερο με τα ονόματα ζαμπάκι, τσαμπάκι, μανουσάκι ή βούτσινο που απαντάται σε πολλές ποικιλίες. Είναι ο κατ΄ εξοχήν Νάρκισσος των αρχαίων Ελλήνων από το οποίο και κατασκεύαζαν το «ναρκίσσινο μύρο». Αυτό το είδος φθάνει ύψος τα 40 εκατοστά ο δε ανθοφόρος κλώνος του φέρει δέσμη 8-10 άνθη λευκά με το ανώτερο σημείο της στεφάνης κιτρινωπό. ο Νάρκισσος ο ποιητικός (Narcisus poeticus) που φθάνει και αυτός σε ύψος τα 40 εκατοστά αλλά φέρει μόνο ένα άνθος λευκό με το άκρο της στεφάνης κόκκινο ή πορφυρό. ο Νάρκισσος ο όψιμος (Narcissus serotinus). Αυτός φθάνει σε ύψος μόλις 25 εκατοστά περίπου και φέρει μικρά και λευκά άνθη.

Από τα εξωτικά είδη του φυτού αυτού τα πλέον αξιόλογα είναι:

ο Νάρκισσος ο εύοσμος (Narcissus odoratus) που φέρει μικρά κατά δέσμες άνθη, κίτρινου χρώματος. ο Νάρκισσος ο πολυανθής (Narcissus polyanthos) με μικρά λευκά άνθη και ο Νάρκισσος ο βουρλοειδής με πολύ εύωδη άνθη.
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Наргис ( الطاجيكية )

المقدمة من wikipedia emerging languages

Наргис, абҳар, ё гули қаҳд (лот. Narcissus) — ҷинси гиёҳест пиёзакбех аз оилаи косагулҳо; гули хушбӯи навбаҳор.

Тавсифоти гиёҳшиносӣ

Narcissus poeticus — Flora Batava — Volume v17.jpg

Баландиаш 20—60 см, аз 2-то 6-то барги дарози тасмашакл дорад. Дар як пояи он аз 1-то 15-то гул мешукуфад. Гулаш 6-баргаи калон (диаметраш 2—10 см), сафед ё зард, мевааш ғӯзаи сепаллаи сертухм, тухмаш мудаввар ё гӯшадори сиёҳ. Пиёзакаш байзашакл (дарозиаш 2,5—5 см, диаметраш 2 — 5 см), қаҳваранг.

Густариш

60 (аз рӯи маълумоти дигар қариб 30) намуди наргис асосан дар Аврупои Ҷанубӣ ва кишварҳои баҳри Миёназамин мерӯяд. Дар кишварҳои пасошӯравӣ (марғзори кӯҳу доманакӯҳ, бешаи кушод, ҷойҳои сернами Закарпатия) фақат 1 намуди худрӯи Наргис (N. angustifolius) месабзад, ки онро ҳамчун гиёҳи нодир ба «Китоби сурх»-и набототи нодири кишварҳои пасошӯравӣ дохил кардаанд. Дар бисёр ноҳияҳои Тоҷикистон якчанд намуди наргис (N. po6ticus — Наргисии шаҳло ё шаҳлонаргис, N pseudonarcissus, N. tazetta, N. jonquilla ва ғайра)-ро парвариш мекунанд. Дар мавзеи Сирзори нощияи Ваҳдат қариб 1 га наргисзори табиӣ — N. poSticus (пештар беш аз 5 га будааст) воқеъ аст.

Парвариш

Наргис асосан аз пиёзакаш зиёд мешавад. Барои нашъунамои хуби ҳамаи намудҳои наргис замини офтобрӯя лозим аст, вале дар ҷойҳои нимсоя ва сернам ҳам хуб месабзанд. Регхок, гилхоки серрегу пору ба сабзиши мӯътадили Наргис мусоидат мекунад, Ба хок пору ва баргҳои пӯсида андохтан лозим аст. Моҳҳои сентябр — октябр пиёзакро ба раддаҳо ба чуқурии 5 — 12 см мешинонанд, ки баъди 2—3 сол гул мекунад. Пиёзаки Наргис дар як ҷо аэ 3 то 10 сол месабзад. Агар Наргис бо усули кишти тухмӣ сабзонда шавад, баъди 6—7 сол мешукуфад. Вале хелҳои Наргиси резагул баъди 3—4 соли кишти тухмӣ гул мекунанд. Наргис дар шароити Тоҷикитон охири феврал ва аввали март мешукуфад. Айёми гулшукуфти баъзе хелҳои наргис то 20 рӯз давом мекунад.

Наргис дар фарҳанги мардумӣ

Наргис гули қадимист. Дар Юнони Қадим наргисро гули шаҳидон меҳисобиданд. Римиҳо бо наргиси зард ғолибони ҷангро пешвоз мегирифтанд. Дар Пруссия наргис рамзи муҳаббат ва оилаи хушбахт буд. Дар Швейтсария ҳар сол аввали моҳи май гули наргисро ид мекарданд.

Наргис дар фарҳанги тоҷикон

Гули наргис дар байни тоҷикон низ маъмул аст. Носири Хисрав гуфтааст: «…ба саҳрое расидем, ки ҳама наргис буд шукуфта, чунон ки тамомати он саҳро сапед менамуд аз бисёрии наргисҳо»[2]. Дар ин дубайтаи Тоҳири Чағонӣ латофату таровати наргис басо хуб тавсиф шудааст:

Он гуле, к-аз сок аа минои сабз
Бар сараш-бар саму зар омехта,
Нохуни ҳур аст, гӯй, гирд-гирд,
Дидаи боз аз миён-ш ангехта.

Намудҳо

Наргисро ба Аврупо соли 1570 бурдаанд. Вале дар бисёр кишварҳои Аврупо асосан баъди рӯёндани аввалин хелҳои боғии наргис (асри 19) маъмул шуд. Ҳоло зиёда аэ 12 ҳазор хели Наргис ба ҳисоб гирифта шудааст. Ҳамаи хелҳои Наргиси бустонӣ дар натиҷаи дурага кардани намудҳои N. albicans, N. Ы- coloe, N. cyclamineus, N. hispanicus, N. jonquilla, N. moschatus, N. nobilis, N. tazetta ва ғайра пайдо шудаанд.

Заҳрнокӣ

Ҳамаи намудҳои наргис заҳрноканд. Наргис барои ҳайвоноти хоҷагии қишлоқ низ заҳрнок аст. Аз наргис бештар буз, хук ва гов заҳролуд мешавад. Заҳролудии чорво баъди хӯрдани пиёзак ё баргу пояи наргис зуд зоҳир мегардад. Аломатҳои асосии заҳролудӣ қай, варами шикам, исҳол ё қабзияти меъда, тез шудани нафаскашӣ ва набз, баланд шудани ҳарорат, сустӣ ва дигарҳоанд. Чорвое, ки сахт заҳролуд шудааст, пас аз 2—3 рӯз нобуд мешавад.

Хосияти шифоӣ

Абӯалии Сино бо равғани гул ва марҳами бехи наргис иллату омоси асаб, дарди банд ва пешобдонро табобат мекард. Пиёзак, баргу пояи наргис то 1% алкалоид (ликорин, татсеттин, панкратин, галантамин, нарведин ва ғайра) дорад. Маълум аст, ки хлоргидрати ликорин дар амалияи тибби муосир ҳангоми илтиҳоби музмин ва шадиди шуш ва роҳи нафас чун доруи балғамовар истифода мешавад. Аз ин рӯ баъзе намудҳои наргис (мас., N. tazetta, ки дар пиёзакаш то 0,5% ликорин ҳаст) чун ашёи хом барои истеҳсоли ликорин тавсия шудааст.

Корбурд

Дар баъзе давлатҳо (Фраронса, Италия) наргис (N. jonquilla, N. poSticus, N. pseudonarcissus ва ғайра)-ро барои истеҳсоли равғани эфир мепарваранд. Аэ равғани эфирӣ наргис навъҳои аълои атр тайёр мекунанд. Хушбӯии равғани эфири наргисро ҳанӯз Диоскорид таъриф карда буд.

Эзоҳ

  1. Об условности указания класса однодольных в качестве вышестоящего таксона для описываемой в данной статье группы растений см. раздел «Системы APG» статьи «Однодольные».
  2. «Сафарнома», Душанбе, 1975, саҳифаи 17

Адабиёт

  • Воул Е. А., Нартсиссы, М. , 1937;
  • Цветоводство Таджикистана, Д., 1965;
  • Артюшенко 3. Т., Амариллисовые СССР., Л., 1970;
  • Гаммермап А. Ф.!пв диг., Лекарственные растения, М., 1975;
  • Декоративные травянистые растения для открытого грунта СССР, т. 1, Л., 1977.

Сарчашма

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Наргис: Brief Summary ( الطاجيكية )

المقدمة من wikipedia emerging languages

Наргис, абҳар, ё гули қаҳд (лот. Narcissus) — ҷинси гиёҳест пиёзакбех аз оилаи косагулҳо; гули хушбӯи навбаҳор.

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Нарцис (растение) ( المقدونية )

المقدمة من wikipedia emerging languages
 src=
Жолти нарциси.

Нарцис (лат. Narcissus) е род од фамилијата на кокичиња. Обединува 60 вида кои потекнуваат од умерените региони на средна и западна Европа, Западна Азија и Северна Африка. Во Македонија е познат и под името „штрково цвеќе“. Многу видови од овој род се ценети од одамна и се одгледуваат како украсни растенија. Создадени се над 12 000 култивирани сорти со сложено хибридно потекло, кои се опфатени со името Narcissus x hybrida hort.

Опис

Ова растение има многу подвидови. Покрај ова, селекционерите непрекинато експериментираат со него. Новите сорти поседуваат покрупни цветови, постабилни дршки, поразнообразни нијанси на цветовите - бели, кремасти, жолти, со различен интензитет. Различните видови цветаат од март до мај и достигнуваат од 20 до 60 cm во височина. Како и останатите луковичести растенија, и нарцисот се размножува преку стари и нови луковици, кои треба да се садат во текот на есента на длабочина од 10 - 15 cm. Сака сонце или полусенка и вирее на секаква градинарска почва. Луковицата и цветовите содржат алкалоиди.

Одгледување

Нарцисите претпочитаат сончеви или малку засенети места. Не поднесуваат варовникови и заблатени почви - идеално се развиваат на ровка песочно-глинеста почва, наѓубрена со прегорено шталско ѓубре. Растенијата имаат потреба од обилно полевање без задржување на вода во почвата, особено по цветањето, бидејќи тогаш во луковицата се зародува новиот цвет.

Садењето на луковиците треба да се одвива во втората половина на септември до почетокот на октомври, бидејќи тогаш е период на разлистување по летното мирување, и под површината на почвата започнува да расте новиот летораст. Со настапувањето на негативните температури, растењето запира и се обновува рано напролет. По цветањето во април - мај, лисјата се зачувуваат уште некое време, фотосинтетизираат, собираат резервни хранливи материи во лушпите на луковицата. Во јуни лисјата се сушат, корените исто така, и растенијата влегуваат во период на мирување.

Првото ѓубрење со вештачки ѓубрива се прави кога настапува вегетацијата, второто при појавата на цветоносното стебло и третото на крајот на цветањето. На почетокот поинтенизвно се користи азотното ѓубре, а потоа калиумовото и фосфорното. Полевањето во текот на вегетативниот период помага за зголемување на цветоносното стебло, го продолжува периодот на цветање и образувањето на покрупни луковици.

Нарцисите лесно се размножуваат со одделување на новите луковички кои процветуваат во втората, третата година. Луковичките се одделуваат од мајчината луковица во втората половина на летото; на крајот на летото поголемите се засадуваат подлабоко, а малите поплитко. За разлика од лалето и зумбулот, нарцисите можат да останат до 5 години на едно исто место, без тоа да се одрази на цветањето и развитокот.

Видови

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Нарцис (растение): Brief Summary ( المقدونية )

المقدمة من wikipedia emerging languages
 src= Жолти нарциси.

Нарцис (лат. Narcissus) е род од фамилијата на кокичиња. Обединува 60 вида кои потекнуваат од умерените региони на средна и западна Европа, Западна Азија и Северна Африка. Во Македонија е познат и под името „штрково цвеќе“. Многу видови од овој род се ценети од одамна и се одгледуваат како украсни растенија. Создадени се над 12 000 култивирани сорти со сложено хибридно потекло, кои се опфатени со името Narcissus x hybrida hort.

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Нарцисс ( الإنغوشية )

المقدمة من wikipedia emerging languages

Нарцисс (лат: Narcissus, эрс: Нарцисс) — Amaryllidáceae дезала чура цаI дакъа дола баьцовгIай тайпа да.

Сурт оттадар

Нарциссаш IажагIа а, кIай а бесах нийслу.

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Нарцисс: Brief Summary ( الإنغوشية )

المقدمة من wikipedia emerging languages

Нарцисс (лат: Narcissus, эрс: Нарцисс) — Amaryllidáceae дезала чура цаI дакъа дола баьцовгIай тайпа да.

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गुणकेशरी ( النيبالية )

المقدمة من wikipedia emerging languages

गुणकेशरी (अङ्ग्रेजी: Narcissus; /nɑrˈsɪsəs/) एम्यरिलिडेसिया परिवारमा पर्ने फूलको एक प्रजाति हो। यसको फूलको रङ्ग सामान्यतया सेतो र रातो कुनैमा फुस्रो तथा सुन्तला रङ्गको हुन्छ। गुणकेशरीको फुलको पात ६ वटा हुन्छन्।

सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू

बाहिरी कडीहरू

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गुणकेशरी: Brief Summary ( النيبالية )

المقدمة من wikipedia emerging languages

गुणकेशरी (अङ्ग्रेजी: Narcissus; /nɑrˈsɪsəs/) एम्यरिलिडेसिया परिवारमा पर्ने फूलको एक प्रजाति हो। यसको फूलको रङ्ग सामान्यतया सेतो र रातो कुनैमा फुस्रो तथा सुन्तला रङ्गको हुन्छ। गुणकेशरीको फुलको पात ६ वटा हुन्छन्।

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नरगिस (फूल) ( الهندية )

المقدمة من wikipedia emerging languages

डैफ़ोडिल नॉरशिसस वंश का पुष्प है। यह सफ़ेद से पीले तक अनेक रंगों का होता है। इसकी पत्तियाँ लंबी और पतली होती हैं।

डेफोडिल व नरगिस एक ही परिवार के मंद-मधुर सुगंध वाले पौधे हैं। नरगिस की सफेद पांच पंखुड़ियों के बीच पीला सुगंधित प्याला खुला होता है व पांच फूल एक साथ एक टहनी पर चक्राकार रूप से खिलते हैं। डेफोडिल का फूल प्याला आकार में बड़ा होता है। कई बार पूरा फूल सुनहरा पीला या श्वेत होता है।

चित्रदीर्घा

सन्दर्भ

  1. "Daffodil Days". American Cancer Society. मूल से 21 नवम्बर 2014 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 21 सितम्बर 2014.

इन्हें भी देखें

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नरगिस (फूल): Brief Summary ( الهندية )

المقدمة من wikipedia emerging languages

डैफ़ोडिल नॉरशिसस वंश का पुष्प है। यह सफ़ेद से पीले तक अनेक रंगों का होता है। इसकी पत्तियाँ लंबी और पतली होती हैं।

डेफोडिल व नरगिस एक ही परिवार के मंद-मधुर सुगंध वाले पौधे हैं। नरगिस की सफेद पांच पंखुड़ियों के बीच पीला सुगंधित प्याला खुला होता है व पांच फूल एक साथ एक टहनी पर चक्राकार रूप से खिलते हैं। डेफोडिल का फूल प्याला आकार में बड़ा होता है। कई बार पूरा फूल सुनहरा पीला या श्वेत होता है।

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ਨਰਗਸ (ਬੂਟਾ) ( البنجابية )

المقدمة من wikipedia emerging languages
 src=
ਨਾ. ਪੀਟੀਕਸ. ਥੋਮੇ: ਫ਼ਲੌਰਾ ਵੌਨ ਡੌਇੱਚਲਾਂਡ, ਅਸਟਰਾਈਸ਼ ਉਂਡ ਡੇਆ ਸ਼ਵਾਇਤਸ (1885) ਵਿੱਚ ਬੂਟੇ ਦੇ ਢਾਂਚੇ ਦਾ ਵੇਰਵਾ

ਨਰਗਸ ਜਾਂ ਨਰਗਿਸ ਕਰੜੇ, ਬਹਾਰ 'ਚ ਖਿੜਨ ਵਾਲ਼ੇ ਅਤੇ ਗੰਢੇ ਵਰਗੇ ਬਾਰਾਂਮਾਹੀ ਬੂਟਿਆਂ ਦੀ ਇੱਕ ਜਿਨਸ ਹੈ ਜੋ ਐਮਰਿਲੀਡੇਸੀ ਪਰਵਾਰ ਦੇ ਐਮਰਿਲੀਡੋਇਡੀ ਉੱਪ-ਪਰਵਾਰ ਦੇ ਜੀਅ ਹਨ।

ਕਿਤਾਬ-ਮਾਲ਼ਾ

ਆਮ

ਪੁਰਾਣੇ ਸਮੇਂ

ਮੁੜ-ਸੁਰਜੀਤੀ

ਅਠ੍ਹਾਰਵਾਂ ਅਤੇ ਉੱਨੀਵਾਂ ਸੈਂਕੜਾ

ਅਜੋਕੇ

-

ਪੌਦੇ

ਨਰਗਸ

ਲੇਖ

ਜਾਤੀ-ਜਣਨ
ਦਵਾਈ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ

ਕਿਤਾਬਾਂ

ਵੈੱਬਸਾਈਟਾਂ

ਅਤੀਤੀ ਘੋਖ

ਸਾਹਿਤ ਅਤੇ ਕਲਾ

ਪ੍ਰਾਚੀਨ

ਮੁੜ-ਸੁਰਜੀਤੀ

  • Shakespeare, William (1623). "The Winter's Tale". The Complete Works of William Shakespeare. Retrieved 6 November 2014.
  • D'Ancona, Mirella Levi (1977). Garden of the Renaissance: Botanical Symbolism in Italian Painting. Firenze: Casa Editrice Leo S.Olschki. ISBN 9788822217899.
  • Sparrow, Lady Amie (November 2007). "Flowers and Their Renaissance Symbolism". The Bull, Newsletter for the Barony of Stierbach, Vol. 10 Issue XI. Retrieved 6 October 2014.

ਅਜੋਕੇ

ਇਸਲਾਮ

ਤੱਥ-ਅਧਾਰ

ਸਮਾਜ ਅਤੇ ਜੱਥੇਬੰਦੀਆਂ

ਵਾਹੀ

ਹੋਰ

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水仙属 ( وو )

المقدمة من wikipedia emerging languages

水仙属(学名:Narcissus)是多年生单子叶草本植物,属天门冬目石蒜科植物。此属植物全世界共有800余种,其中个10余种具有极高个观赏价值。水仙原分布拉中欧、地中海沿岸达北非地区,中国个水仙是多花水仙个一个变种,变种名为Narcissus tazetta var. chinensis。

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Healswyrt

المقدمة من wikipedia emerging_languages
 src=
Gealu healsƿyrt

Healsƿyrt is fæger geardes ƿyrt se springð ǣr in þǣm geare and man secgþ þe he is lenctnes forerynel.

Oft is þes ƿyrt be scopum begullon; tobysene ƿrāt Willelm Wordsworth:

Ic asƿǣf anhaga sƿa sƿa ƿolcen
Ðæt flȳt hēah ofer denum and dūnum,
Þæn sōn seaƿ ic cruð
Here of hlēapenda healsƿyrtum;
Andlang þǣm mere, beneoðan þǣm trēoƿum,
Tiene ðūsend hlēapenda in þǣm geþylle.
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Narcissus (plant) ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من wikipedia EN

N. poeticus. Thomé: Flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz (1885)[2] 1. Longitudinal section, 2. Anthers, 3. Stigma, 4. Cross section of ovary
Floral morphology Narcissus.jpg
From centre outwards: Trilocular ovary, 6 stamens, corona, perianth

Narcissus is a genus of predominantly spring flowering perennial plants of the amaryllis family, Amaryllidaceae. Various common names including daffodil,[Note 1] narcissus and jonquil, are used to describe all or some members of the genus. Narcissus has conspicuous flowers with six petal-like tepals surmounted by a cup- or trumpet-shaped corona. The flowers are generally white and yellow (also orange or pink in garden varieties), with either uniform or contrasting coloured tepals and corona.

Narcissus were well known in ancient civilisation, both medicinally and botanically, but formally described by Linnaeus in his Species Plantarum (1753). The genus is generally considered to have about ten sections with approximately 36 species. The number of species has varied, depending on how they are classified, due to similarity between species and hybridisation. The genus arose some time in the Late Oligocene to Early Miocene epochs, in the Iberian peninsula and adjacent areas of southwest Europe. The exact origin of the name Narcissus is unknown, but it is often linked to a Greek word (ancient Greek ναρκῶ narkō, "to make numb") and the myth of the youth of that name who fell in love with his own reflection. The English word "daffodil" appears to be derived from "asphodel", with which it was commonly compared.

The species are native to meadows and woods in southern Europe and North Africa with a centre of diversity in the Western Mediterranean, particularly the Iberian peninsula. Both wild and cultivated plants have naturalised widely, and were introduced into the Far East prior to the tenth century. Narcissi tend to be long-lived bulbs, which propagate by division, but are also insect-pollinated. Known pests, diseases and disorders include viruses, fungi, the larvae of flies, mites and nematodes. Some Narcissus species have become extinct, while others are threatened by increasing urbanisation and tourism.

Historical accounts suggest narcissi have been cultivated from the earliest times, but became increasingly popular in Europe after the 16th century and by the late 19th century were an important commercial crop centred primarily in the Netherlands. Today narcissi are popular as cut flowers and as ornamental plants in private and public gardens. The long history of breeding has resulted in thousands of different cultivars. For horticultural purposes, narcissi are classified into divisions, covering a wide range of shapes and colours. Like other members of their family, narcissi produce a number of different alkaloids, which provide some protection for the plant, but may be poisonous if accidentally ingested. This property has been exploited for medicinal use in traditional healing and has resulted in the production of galantamine for the treatment of Alzheimer's dementia. Long celebrated in art and literature, narcissi are associated with a number of themes in different cultures, ranging from death to good fortune, and as symbols of spring.

The daffodil is the national flower of Wales and the symbol of cancer charities in many countries. The appearance of the wild flowers in spring is associated with festivals in many places.

Description

Vegetative
Narcissus bulb with shoot and roots
Narcissus shoots emerging, with sheathed leaves
Narcissus floral morphology
Solitary Narcissus flower, prior to opening, emerging from spathe
N. papyraceus, showing umbel formation
N. pseudonarcissus showing from top to bottom, spathe, floral tube, tepals, corona
N. cyclamineus, showing reflexed tepals
N. bulbocodium showing prominent corona and reduced tepals
N. triandrus, showing pendent orientation and reflexed tepals
Narcissus flower, showing erect orientation
Narcissus flower, showing outer white tepals with a central yellow corona (paraperigonium)
Tazetta cultivar, showing stamens surrounding central stigma
Close-up of stamen filaments and anthers, with stigma
Gynoecium and fruit
Longitudinal section of ovary with ovules
Cross section of ovary
Narcissus capsule dispersing seed

General

Narcissus is a genus of perennial herbaceous bulbiferous geophytes, which die back after flowering to an underground storage bulb. They regrow in the following year from brown-skinned ovoid bulbs with pronounced necks, and reach heights of 5–80 centimetres (2.0–31.5 in) depending on the species. Dwarf species such as N. asturiensis have a maximum height of 5–8 centimetres (2.0–3.1 in), while Narcissus tazetta may grow as tall as 80 centimetres (31 in).[3][4]

The plants are scapose, having a single central leafless hollow flower stem (scape). Several green or blue-green, narrow, strap-shaped leaves arise from the bulb. The plant stem usually bears a solitary flower, but occasionally a cluster of flowers (umbel). The flowers, which are usually conspicuous and white or yellow, sometimes both or rarely green, consist of a perianth of three parts. Closest to the stem (proximal) is a floral tube above the ovary, then an outer ring composed of six tepals (undifferentiated sepals and petals), and a central disc to conical shaped corona. The flowers may hang down (pendant), or be erect. There are six pollen bearing stamens surrounding a central style. The ovary is inferior (below the floral parts) consisting of three chambers (trilocular). The fruit consists of a dry capsule that splits (dehisces) releasing numerous black seeds.[4]

The bulb lies dormant after the leaves and flower stem die back and has contractile roots that pull it down further into the soil. The flower stem and leaves form in the bulb, to emerge the following season. Most species are dormant from summer to late winter, flowering in the spring, though a few species are autumn flowering.[4]

Specific

Vegetative

Bulbs

The pale brown-skinned ovoid tunicate bulbs have a membranous tunic and a corky stem (base or basal) plate from which arise the adventitious root hairs in a ring around the edge, which grow up to 40 mm in length. Above the stem plate is the storage organ consisting of bulb scales, surrounding the previous flower stalk and the terminal bud. The scales are of two types, true storage organs and the bases of the foliage leaves. These have a thicker tip and a scar from where the leaf lamina became detached. The innermost leaf scale is semicircular only partly enveloping the flower stalk (semisheathed).(see Hanks Fig 1.3). The bulb may contain a number of branched bulb units, each with two to three true scales and two to three leaf bases. Each bulb unit has a life of about four years.[4][5]

Once the leaves die back in summer, the roots also wither. After some years, the roots shorten pulling the bulbs deeper into the ground (contractile roots). The bulbs develop from the inside, pushing the older layers outwards which become brown and dry, forming an outer shell, the tunic or skin. Up to 60 layers have been counted in some wild species. While the plant appears dormant above the ground the flower stalk which will start to grow in the following spring, develops within the bulb surrounded by two to three deciduous leaves and their sheaths. The flower stem lies in the axil of the second true leaf.[4]

Stems

The single leafless stem or scape, appearing from early to late spring depending on the species, bears from 1 to 20 blooms.[6] Stem shape depends on the species, some are highly compressed with a visible seam, while others are rounded. The stems are upright and located at the centre of the leaves. In a few species such as N. hedraeanthus the stem is oblique (asymmetrical). The stem is hollow in the upper portion but towards the bulb is more solid and filled with a spongy material.[7]

Leaves

Narcissus plants have one to several basal leaves which are linear, ligulate or strap-shaped (long and narrow), sometimes channelled adaxially to semiterete, and may (pedicellate) or may not (sessile) have a petiole stalk.[8] The leaves are flat and broad to cylindrical at the base and arise from the bulb.[9] The emerging plant generally has two leaves, but the mature plant usually three, rarely four, and they are covered with a cutin containing cuticle, giving them a waxy appearance. Leaf colour is light green to blue-green. In the mature plant, the leaves extend higher than the flower stem, but in some species, the leaves are low hanging. The leaf base is encased in a colourless sheath. After flowering, the leaves turn yellow and die back once the seed pod (fruit) is ripe.[4]

Jonquils usually have dark green, round, rush-like leaves.[10]

Reproductive

Inflorescence

The inflorescence is scapose, the single stem or scape bearing either a solitary flower or forming an umbel with up to 20 blooms.[6] Species bearing a solitary flower include section Bulbocodium and most of section Pseudonarcissus. Umbellate species have a fleshy racemose inflorescence (unbranched, with short floral stalks) with 2 to 15 or 20 flowers, such as N. papyraceus (see illustration, left) and N. tazetta (see Table I).[11][12] The flower arrangement on the inflorescence may be either with (pedicellate) or without (sessile) floral stalks.

Prior to opening, the flower buds are enveloped and protected in a thin dry papery or membranous (scarious) spathe. The spathe consists of a singular bract that is ribbed, and which remains wrapped around the base of the open flower. As the bud grows, the spathe splits longitudinally.[13][14] Bracteoles are small or absent.[7][13][12][15]

Flowers

The flowers of Narcissus are hermaphroditic (bisexual),[16] have three parts (tripartite), and are sometimes fragrant (see Fragrances).[17] The flower symmetry is actinomorphic (radial) to slightly zygomorphic (bilateral) due to declinate-ascending stamens (curving downwards, then bent up at the tip). Narcissus flowers are characterised by their, usually conspicuous, corona (trumpet).

The three major floral parts (in all species except N. cavanillesii in which the corona is virtually absent - Table I: Section Tapeinanthus) are;

  • (i) the proximal floral tube (hypanthium),
  • (ii) the surrounding free tepals, and
  • (iii) the more distal corona (paraperigon, paraperigonium).

All three parts may be considered to be components of the perianth (perigon, perigonium). The perianth arises above the apex of the inferior ovary, its base forming the hypanthial floral tube.

The floral tube is formed by fusion of the basal segments of the tepals (proximally connate). Its shape is from an inverted cone (obconic) to funnel-shaped (funneliform) or cylindrical, and is surmounted by the more distal corona. Floral tubes can range from long and narrow in sections Apodanthi and Jonquilla to rudimentary (N. cavanillesii).[18]

Surrounding the floral tube and corona and reflexed (bent back) from the rest of the perianth are the six spreading tepals or floral leaves, in two whorls which may be distally ascending, reflexed (folded back), or lanceolate. Like many monocotyledons, the perianth is homochlamydeous, which is undifferentiated into separate calyx (sepals) and corolla (petals), but rather has six tepals. The three outer tepal segments may be considered sepals, and the three inner segments petals. The transition point between the floral tube and the corona is marked by the insertion of the free tepals on the fused perianth.[5]

The corona, or paracorolla, is variously described as bell-shaped (funneliform, trumpet), bowl-shaped (cupular, crateriform, cup-shaped) or disc-shaped with margins that are often frilled, and is free from the stamens. Rarely the corona is a simple callose (hardened, thickened) ring. The corona is formed during floral development as a tubular outgrowth from stamens which fuse into a tubular structure, the anthers becoming reduced. At its base, the fragrances which attract pollinators are formed. All species produce nectar at the top of the ovary.[11] Coronal morphology varies from the tiny pigmented disk of N. serotinus (see Table I) or the rudimentary structure in N. cavanillesii to the elongated trumpets of section Pseudonarcissus (trumpet daffodils, Table I).[8][11][12][5]

While the perianth may point forwards, in some species such as N. cyclamineus it is folded back (reflexed, see illustration, left), while in some other species such as N. bulbocodium (Table I), it is reduced to a few barely visible pointed segments with a prominent corona.

The colour of the perianth is white, yellow or bicoloured, with the exception of the night flowering N. viridiflorus which is green. In addition the corona of N. poeticus has a red crenulate margin (see Table I).[9] Flower diameter varies from 12 mm (N. bulbocodium) to over 125 mm (N. nobilis=N. pseudonarcissus subsp. nobilis).[18]

Flower orientation varies from pendent or deflexed (hanging down) as in N. triandrus (see illustration, left), through declinate-ascendant as in N. alpestris = N. pseudonarcissus subsp. moschatus, horizontal (patent, spreading) such as N. gaditanus or N. poeticus, erect as in N. cavanillesii, N. serotinus and N. rupicola (Table I), or intermediate between these positions (erecto-patent).[7][9][11][12][15][19][18]

The flowers of Narcissus demonstrate exceptional floral diversity and sexual polymorphism,[15] primarily by corona size and floral tube length, associated with pollinator groups (see for instance Figs. 1 and 2 in Graham and Barrett[11]). Barrett and Harder (2005) describe three separate floral patterns;

  • "Daffodil" form
  • "Paperwhite" form
  • "Triandrus" form.

The predominant patterns are the 'daffodil' and 'paperwhite' forms, while the "triandrus" form is less common. Each corresponds to a different group of pollinators (See Pollination).[15]

The "daffodil" form, which includes sections Pseudonarcissus and Bulbocodium, has a relatively short, broad or highly funnelform tube (funnel-like), which grades into an elongated corona, which is large and funnelform, forming a broad, cylindrical or trumpet-shaped perianth. Section Pseudonarcissus consists of relatively large flowers with a corolla length of around 50mm, generally solitary but rarely in inflorescences of 2–4 flowers. They have wide greenish floral tubes with funnel-shaped bright yellow coronas. The six tepals sometimes differ in colour from the corona and may be cream coloured to pale yellow.[16]

The "paperwhite" form, including sections Jonquilla, Apodanthi and Narcissus, has a relatively long, narrow tube and a short, shallow, flaring corona. The flower is horizontal and fragrant.

The "triandrus" form is seen in only two species, N. albimarginatus (a Moroccan endemic) and N. triandrus. It combines features of both the "daffodil" and "paperwhite" forms, with a well-developed, long, narrow tube and an extended bell-shaped corona of almost equal length. The flowers are pendent.[15]

Androecium

There are six stamens in one to two rows (whorls), with the filaments separate from the corona, attached at the throat or base of the tube (epipetalous), often of two separate lengths, straight or declinate-ascending (curving downwards, then upwards). The anthers are basifixed (attached at their base).[8][5]

Gynoecium

The ovary is inferior (below the floral parts) and trilocular (three chambered) and there is a pistil with a minutely three lobed stigma and filiform (thread like) style, which is often exserted (extending beyond the tube).[20][5]

Fruit

The fruit consists of dehiscent loculicidal capsules (splitting between the locules) that are ellipsoid to subglobose (almost spherical) in shape and are papery to leathery in texture.[7]

Seeds

The fruit contains numerous subglobose seeds which are round and swollen with a hard coat, sometimes with an attached elaiosome. The testa is black[8] and the pericarp dry.[12]

Most species have 12 ovules and 36 seeds, although some species such as N. bulbocodium have more, up to a maximum of 60. Seeds take five to six weeks to mature. The seeds of sections Jonquilla and Bulbocodium are wedge-shaped and matte black, while those of other sections are ovate and glossy black. A gust of wind or contact with a passing animal is sufficient to disperse the mature seeds.

Chromosomes

Chromosome numbers include 2n=14, 22, 26, with numerous aneuploid and polyploid derivatives. The basic chromosome number is 7, with the exception of N. tazetta, N. elegans and N. broussonetii in which it is 10 or 11; this subgenus (Hermione) was in fact characterised by this characteristic. Polyploid species include N. papyraceus (4x=22) and N. dubius (6x=50).[5]

Phytochemistry

Alkaloids

As with all Amarylidaceae genera, Narcissus contains unique isoquinoline alkaloids. The first alkaloid to be identified was lycorine, from N. pseudonarcissus in 1877. These are considered a protective adaptation and are utilised in the classification of species. Nearly 100 alkaloids have been identified in the genus, about a third of all known Amaryllidaceae alkaloids, although not all species have been tested. Of the nine alkaloid ring types identified in the family, Narcissus species most commonly demonstrate the presence of alkaloids from within the Lycorine (lycorine, galanthine, pluviine) and Homolycorine (homolycorine, lycorenine) groups. Hemanthamine, tazettine, narciclasine, montanine and galantamine alkaloids are also represented. The alkaloid profile of any plant varies with time, location, and developmental stage.[21] Narcissus also contain fructans and low molecular weight glucomannan in the leaves and plant stems.

Fragrances

Fragrances are predominantly monoterpene isoprenoids, with a small amount of benzenoids, although N. jonquilla has both equally represented. Another exception is N. cuatrecasasii which produces mainly fatty acid derivatives. The basic monoterpene precursor is geranyl pyrophosphate, and the commonest monoterpenes are limonene, myrcene, and trans-β-ocimene. Most benzenoids are non-methoxylated, while a few species contain methoxylated forms (ethers), e.g. N. bujei. Other ingredient include indole, isopentenoids and very small amounts of sesquiterpenes. Fragrance patterns can be correlated with pollinators, and fall into three main groups (see Pollination).[17]

Taxonomy

History

Genus valde intricatum et numerosissimis dubiis oppressum
A genus that is very complex and burdened with numerous uncertainties

— Schultes & Schultes fil., Syst. Veg. 1829[22]

Early

The genus Narcissus was well known to the ancient Greeks and Romans. In Greek literature Theophrastus[23] and Dioscorides[24] described νάρκισσος, probably referring to N. poeticus, although the exact species mentioned in classical literature cannot be accurately established. Pliny the Elder later introduced the Latin form narcissus.[25][26][27][28] These early writers were as much interested in the plant's possible medicinal properties as they were its botanical features and their accounts remained influential until at least the Renaissance (see also Antiquity). Mediaeval and Renaissance writers include Albert Magnus and William Turner, but it remained to Linnaeus to formally describe and name Narcissus as a genus in his Species Plantarum (1753) at which time there were six known species.[1][29]

Modern

De Jussieu (1789) grouped Narcissus into a "family",[30][31] which he called Narcissi.[32] This was renamed Amaryllideae by Jaume Saint-Hilaire in 1805,[33] corresponding to the modern Amaryllidaceae. For a while Narcissus was considered part of Liliaceae (as in the illustration seen here of Narcissus candidissimus),[34][35][36] but then the Amaryllidaceae were split off from it.[37][38]

Various authors have adopted either narrow (e.g. Haworth,[39][40] Salisbury[41]) or wide (e.g.Herbert,[42] Spach[43] ) interpretations of the genus.[44] The narrow view treated many of the species as separate genera.[45] Over time the wider view prevailed with a major monograph on the genus being published by Baker (1875).[46] One of the more controversial genera was Tapeinanthus,[47][45] but today it is included in Narcissus.[19]

The eventual position of Narcissus within the Amaryllidaceae family only became settled in this century with the advent of phylogenetic analysis and the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group system.[29][48] Within Amaryllidaceae the genus Narcissus belongs to the Narcisseae tribe, one of 13 within the Amaryllidoideae subfamily.[21] It is one of two sister clades corresponding to genera in the Narcisseae,[49] being distinguished from Sternbergia by the presence of a paraperigonium,[4] and is monophyletic.[11]

Subdivision

The infrageneric phylogeny of Narcissus still remains relatively unsettled,[21] the taxonomy having proved complex and difficult to resolve,[12][16][19] due to the diversity of the wild species, the ease with which natural hybridization occurs, and extensive cultivation and breeding accompanied by escape and naturalisation.[21][50] Consequently, the number of accepted species has varied widely.[50]

De Candolle, in the first systematic taxonomy of Narcissus, arranged the species into named groups, and those names have largely endured for the various subdivisions since and bear his name as their authority.[35][36] The situation was confused by the inclusion of many unknown or garden varieties, and it was not till the work of Baker that the wild species were all grouped as sections under one genus, Narcissus.[46]

A common classification system has been that of Fernandes [51][52][53] based on cytology, as modified by Blanchard (1990)[54][55] and Mathew (2002).[19] Another is that of Meyer (1966).[56] Fernandes proposed two subgenera based on basal chromosome number, and then subdivided these into ten sections as did Blanchard.[55]

Other authors (e.g. Webb[12][45]) prioritised morphology over genetics, abandoning subgenera, although Blanchard's system has been one of the most influential. While infrageneric groupings within Narcissus have been relatively constant, their status (genera, subgenera, sections, subsections, series, species) has not.[19][21] The most cited system is that of the Royal Horticultural Society (RHS) which simply lists ten sections. Three of these are monotypic (contain only one species), while two others contain only two species. Most species are placed in section Pseudonarcissus.[57][58] Many of these subdivisions correspond roughly to the popular names for daffodil types, e.g. Trumpet Daffodils, Tazettas, Pheasant's Eyes, Hoop Petticoats, Jonquils.[19]

The most hierarchical system is that of Mathew, illustrated here -

Phylogenetics

The phylogenetic analysis of Graham and Barrett (2004) supported the infrageneric division of Narcissus into two clades corresponding to Fernandes' subgenera, but did not support monophyly of all sections.[11] A later extended analysis by Rønsted et al. (2008) with additional taxa confirmed this pattern.[59]

A large molecular analysis by Zonneveld (2008) sought to reduce some of the paraphyly identified by Graham and Barrett. This led to a revision of the sectional structure.[50][58][60] While Graham and Barrett (2004)[11] had determined that subgenus Hermione was monophyletic, Santos-Gally et al. (2011)[58] did not. If two species excluded in the former study are removed from the analysis, the studies are in agreement, the species in question instead forming a clade with subgenus Narcissus. Some so-called nothosections have been proposed, to accommodate natural ('ancient') hybrids (nothospecies).[60]

Species

N. major, N. triandrus and N. jonquilla. Encyclopaedia Londinensis 1819

Estimates of the number of species in Narcissus have varied widely, from anywhere between 16 and almost 160,[50][54] even in the modern era. Linnaeus originally included six species in 1753, by 1784 there were fourteen[61] by 1819 sixteen,[62] and by 1831 Adrian Haworth had described 150 species.[39]

Much of the variation lies in the definition of species. Thus, a very wide view of each species, such as Webb's[12] results in few species, while a very narrow view such as that of Fernandes[51] results in a larger number.[19] Another factor is the status of hybrids, with a distinction between "ancient hybrids" and "recent hybrids". The term "ancient hybrid" refers to hybrids found growing over a large area, and therefore now considered as separate species, while "recent hybrid" refers to solitary plants found amongst their parents, with a more restricted range.[50]

Fernandes (1951) originally accepted 22 species,[53] Webb (1980) 27.[12] By 1968, Fernandes had 63 species,[51] Blanchard (1990) 65 species,[54] and Erhardt (1993) 66.[63] In 2006 the Royal Horticultural Society's (RHS) International Daffodil Register and Classified List [57][64][65] listed 87 species, while Zonneveld's genetic study (2008) resulted in only 36.[50] As of September 2014, the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families accepts 52 species, along with at least 60 hybrids,[66] while the RHS has 81 accepted names in its October 2014 list.[67]

Evolution

Within the Narcisseae, Narcissus (western Mediterranean) diverged from Sternbergia (Eurasia) some time in the Late Oligocene to Early Miocene eras, around 29.3–18.1 Ma. Later the genus divided into the two subgenera (Hermione and Narcissus) between 27.4 and 16.1 Ma. The divisions between the sections of Hermione then took place during the Miocene period 19.9–7.8 Ma.[58] Narcissus appears to have arisen in the area of the Iberian peninsula, southern France and northwestern Italy. Subgenus Hermione in turn arose in the southwestern mediterranean and north west Africa.[58]

Names and etymology

Narcissus

N. juncifolius, Carolus Clusius Rariorum stirpium 1576
N. poeticus, Matthias de l'Obel Icones stirpium 1591

The derivation of the Latin narcissus[68] is from Greek νάρκισσος narkissos.[69][70] According to Plutarch narkissos has been connected because of the plant's narcotic properties, with narkē "numbness";[69][71] it may also be connected with hell.[72] On the other hand, its etymology is considered to be clearly Pre-Greek by Beekes.[73]

It is frequently linked to the myth of Narcissus, who became so obsessed with his own reflection in water that he drowned and the narcissus plant sprang from where he died. There is no evidence for the flower being named after Narcissus. Narcissus poeticus, which grows in Greece, has a fragrance that has been described as intoxicating.[74] Pliny wrote that the plant was named for its fragrance (ναρκάω narkao, "I grow numb" ), rather than Narcissus.[21][25][75][76][77] Furthermore, there were accounts of narcissi growing long before the story of Narcissus appeared (see Greek culture).[72][78][Note 2] It has also been suggested that narcissi bending over streams represent the youth admiring his reflection.[79] Linnaeus used the Latin name "narcissus" for the plant but was preceded by others such as Matthias de l'Obel (1591)[80] and Clusius (1576).[81] The name Narcissus was not uncommon for men in Roman times.

The plural form of the common name "narcissus" has been the cause of some confusion. Dictionaries list "narcissi", "narcissuses" and "narcissus".[74][82][83] However, texts on usage such as Garner[84] and Fowler[85] state that "narcissi" is the preferred form. The common name narcissus should not be capitalised.

Daffodil

The name "daffodil" is derived from "affodell", a variant of asphodel.[86] The narcissus was frequently referred to as the asphodel[75] (see Antiquity). Asphodel in turn appears to come from the Greek "asphodelos" (Greek: ἀσφόδελος).[75][87][88][89] The reason for the introduction of the initial "d" is not known.[90] From at least the 16th century, "daffadown dilly" and "daffydowndilly" have appeared as alternative names.[74] Other names include "Lent lily".[91][92]

Tsuí-sian

The Hokkien term can be literally translated as "water fairy", where refers to water and refers to immortals. It is the official provincial flower of Hokkien. [93]

Distribution and habitat

Distribution

Although the family Amaryllidaceae are predominantly tropical or subtropical as a whole, Narcissus occurs primarily in Mediterranean region, with a centre of diversity in the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal).[19] A few species extend the range into southern France, Italy, the Balkans (N. poeticus, N. serotinus, N. tazetta), and the Eastern Mediterranean (N. serotinus)[19][4] including Israel (N. tazetta).[11][21] The occurrence of N. tazetta in western and central Asia as well as East Asia are considered introductions, albeit ancient[4] (see Eastern cultures). While the exact northern limit of the natural range is unknown, the occurrences of wild N. pseudonarcissus in Great Britain, middle and northern Europe are similarly considered ancient introductions.[19][94][95]

While the Amaryllidaceae are not native to North America, Narcissus grows well in USDA hardiness zones 3B through 10, which encompass most of the United States and Canada.[96]

N. elegans occurs on the North West African Coast (Morocco and Libya), as well as the coastline of Corsica, Sardinia and Italy, and N. bulbocodium between Tangier and Algiers and Tangier to Marrakech, but also on the Iberian Peninsula. N. serotinus is found along the entire Mediterranean coast. N. tazetta occurs as far east as Iran and Kashmir. Since this is one of the oldest species found in cultivation, it is likely to have been introduced into Kashmir. N. poeticus and N. pseudonarcissus have the largest distribution ranges. N. poeticus ranges from the Pyrenees along the Romanian Carpathians to the Black Sea and along the Dalmatian coast to Greece. N. pseudonarcissus ranges from the Iberian Peninsula, via the Vosges Mountains to northern France and Belgium, and the United Kingdom where there are still wild stocks in Southern Scotland. The only occurrence in Luxembourg is located near Lellingen, in the municipality of Kiischpelt. In Germany it is found mainly in the nature reserve at Perlenbach-Fuhrtsbachtal and the Eifel National Park, where in the spring at Monschau the meadows are teeming with yellow blooms.[97] One of the most easterly occurrences can be found at Misselberg near Nassau on the Lahn.

N. poeticus growing in Međulići, near Gacko, Bosnia and Herzegovina

However unlike the above examples most species have very restricted endemic ranges[58][98] which may overlap resulting in natural hybrids.[50] For instance in the vicinity of the Portuguese city of Porto where both N. pseudonarcissus and N. triandrus occur there are found various intersections of the two species while in a small area along part of the Portuguese Mondego river are found intersectional hybrids between N. scaberulus and N. triandrus.

The biogeography demonstrates a phylogenetic association, for instance subgenus Hermione having a lowland distribution, but subgenus Narcissus section Apodanthi being montane and restricted to Morocco, Spain and Portugal. The remaining sections within subgenus Narcissus include both lowland and mountain habitats.[58] Section Pseudonarcissus, although widely naturalised is endemic to the Baetic Ranges of the southeastern Iberian peninsula.[16]

Habitats

Their native habitats are very varied, with different elevations, bioclimatic areas and substrates,[58] being found predominantly in open spaces ranging from low marshes to rocky hillsides and montane pastures, and including grassland, scrub, woods, river banks and rocky crevices.[11][21] Although requirements vary, overall there is a preference for acidic soils, although some species will grow on limestone. Narcissus scaberulus will grow on granite soils where it is moist in the growing season but dry in the summer, while Narcissus dubius thrives best in regions with hot and dry summers.

The Pseudonarcissus group in their natural habitat prefer humid situations such as stream margins, springs, wet pastures, clearings of forests or shrublands with humid soils, and moist hillsides. These habitats tend to be discontinuous in the Mediterranean mountains, producing discrete isolated populations.[16] In Germany, which has relatively little limestone, Narcissus pseudonarcissus grows in small groups on open mountain meadows or in mixed forests of fir, beech, oak, alder, ash and birch trees with well-drained soil.

Ecology

Life cycle

Narcissus are long-lived perennial geophytes with winter-growing and summer-dormant bulbs[16] that are mainly synanthous (leaves and flowers appearing at the same time).[4] While most species flower in late winter to spring, five species are autumn flowering (N. broussonetii, N. cavanillesii, N. elegans, N. serotinus, N. viridiflorus).[11] By contrast these species are hysteranthous (leaves appear after flowering).[4]

Flower longevity varies by species and conditions, ranging from 5–20 days.[99] After flowering leaf and root senescence sets in, and the plant appears to be 'dormant' till the next spring, conserving moisture. However, the dormant period is also one of considerable activity within the bulb primordia. It is also a period during which the plant bulb may be susceptible to predators (see § Pests and diseases, below). Like many bulb plants from temperate regions, a period of exposure to cold is necessary before spring growth can begin. This protects the plant from growth during winter when intense cold may damage it. Warmer spring temperatures then initiate growth from the bulb. Early spring growth confers a number of advantages, including relative lack of competition for pollinators, and lack of deciduous shading. [4] The exception to requiring cold temperatures to initiate flowering is N. tazetta.[5]

Plants may spread clonally through the production of daughter bulbs and division, producing clumps.[16] Narcissus species hybridise readily, although the fertility of the offspring will depend on the parental relationship.[21]

Pollination

The flowers are insect-pollinated, the major pollinators being bees, butterflies, flies, and hawkmoths, while the highly scented night-flowering N. viridiflorus is pollinated by crepuscular moths. Pollination mechanism fall into three groups corresponding to floral morphology (see Description - Flowers).[99]

  1. 'Daffodil' form. Pollinated by bees seeking pollen from anthers within the corona. The broad perianth allows bees (Bombus, Anthophora, Andrena) to completely enter the flower in their search for nectar and/or pollen. In this type, the stigma lies in the mouth of the corona, extending beyond the six anthers, whose single whorl lies well within the corona. The bees come into contact with the stigma before their legs, thorax and abdomen contact the anthers, and this approach herkogamy causes cross pollination.
  2. 'Paperwhite' form. These are adapted to long-tongued Lepidoptera, particularly sphingid moths such as Macroglossum, Pieridae and Nymphalidae, but also some long-tongued bees, and flies, all of which are primarily seeking nectar. The narrow tube admits only the insect's proboscis, while the short corona serves as a funnel guiding the tip of the proboscis into the mouth of the perianth tube. The stigma is placed either in the mouth of the tube, just above two whorls of three anthers, or hidden well below the anthers. The pollinators then carry pollen on their probosci or faces. The long-tongued bees cannot reach the nectar at the tube base and so collect just pollen.
  3. 'Triandrus' form. Pollinated by long-tongued solitary bees (Anthophora, Bombus), which forage for both pollen and nectar. The large corona allows the bees to crawl into the perianth but then the narrow tube prevents further progress, causing them to probe deeply for nectar. The pendant flowers prevent pollination by Lepidoptera. In N. albimarginatus there may be either a long stigma with short and mid-length anthers or a short stigma and long anthers (dimorphism). In N. triandrus there are three patterns of sexual organs (trimophism) but all have long upper anthers but vary in stigma position and the length of the lower anthers.[11][15]

Allogamy (outcrossing) on the whole is enforced through a late-acting (ovarian) self-incompatibility system, but some species such as N. dubius and N. longispathus are self-compatible producing mixtures of selfed and outcrossed seeds.[17][15]

Pests and diseases

Diseases of Narcissus are of concern because of the economic consequences of losses in commercial cultivation. Pests include viruses, bacteria, and fungi as well as arthropods and gastropods. For control of pests, see Commercial uses.

Viruses

Aphids such as Macrosiphum euphorbiae can transmit viral diseases which affect the colour and shape of the leaves, as can nematodes.[100] Up to twenty-five viruses have been described as being able to infect narcissi.[101][102][103] These include the Narcissus common latent virus (NCLV, Narcissus mottling-associated virus[104]),[Note 3] Narcissus latent virus (NLV, Narcissus mild mottle virus[104]) which causes green mottling near leaf tips,[105][106] Narcissus degeneration virus (NDV),[107] Narcissus late season yellows virus (NLSYV) which occurs after flowering, streaking the leaves and stems,[108][109] Narcissus mosaic virus, Narcissus yellow stripe virus (NYSV, Narcissus yellow streak virus[104]), Narcissus tip necrosis virus (NTNV) which produces necrosis of leaf tips after flowering[110] and Narcissus white streak virus (NWSV).[111]

Less host specific viruses include Raspberry ringspot virus, Nerine latent virus (NeLV) =Narcissus symptomless virus,[112] Arabis mosaic virus (ArMV),[113] Broad Bean Wilt Viruses (BBWV)[114] Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), Tomato black ring virus (TBRV), Tomato ringspot virus (TomRSV) and Tobacco rattle virus (TRV).[114][111]

Of these viruses the most serious and prevalent are NDV, NYSV and NWSV.[111][102] NDV is associated with chlorotic leaf striping in N. tazetta.[107] Infection with NYSV produces light or grayish-green, or yellow stripes or mottles on the upper two-thirds of the leaf, which may be roughened or twisted. The flowers which may be smaller than usual may also be streaked or blotched. NWSV produces greenish-purple streaking on the leaves and stem turning white to yellow, and premature senescence reducing bulb size and yield.[101] These viruses are primarily diseases of commercial nurseries. The growth inhibition caused by viral infection can cause substantial economic damage.[115][116][117]

Bacteria

Bacterial disease is uncommon in Narcissus but includes Pseudomonas (bacterial streak) and Pectobacterium carotovorum sp. carotovorum (bacterial soft rot).[111]

Fungi

More problematic for non-commercial plants is the fungus, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. narcissi, which causes basal rot (rotting of the bulbs and yellowing of the leaves). This is the most serious disease of Narcissus. Since the fungus can remain in the soil for many years it is necessary to remove infected plants immediately, and to avoid planting further narcissi at that spot for a further five years. Not all species and cultivars are equally susceptible. Relatively resistant forms include N. triandrus, N. tazetta and N. jonquilla.[118][111][119][120]

Another fungus which attacks the bulbs, causing narcissus smoulder, is Botrytis narcissicola (Sclerotinia narcissicola) and other species of Botrytis, including Botrytis cinerea,[121][122] particularly if improperly stored. Copper sulfate is used to combat the disease, and infected bulbs are burned. Blue mould rot of bulbs may be caused by infection with species of Penicillium, if they have become damaged either through mechanical injury or infestation by mites (see below).[123] Species of Rhizopus (e.g. Rhizopus stolonifer, Rhizopus nigricans) cause bulb soft rot[116][124] and Sclerotinia bulborum, black slime disease.[125] A combination of both Peyronellaea curtisii (Stagonosporopsis curtisii) and Botrytis narcissicola causes neck rot in the bulbs.[111]

Fungi affecting the roots include Nectria radicicola (Cylindrocarpon destructans), a cause of root rot[125] and Rosellinia necatrix causing white root rot,[126] while others affect root and bulb, such as Aspergillus niger (black mold), and species of Trichoderma, including T. viride and T. harzianum (=T. narcissi) responsible for green mold.[124]

Other fungi affect the remainder of the plant. Another Botrytis fungus, Botrytis polyblastis (Sclerotinia polyblastis) causes brown spots on the flower buds and stems (narcissus fire), especially in damp weather and is a threat to the cut flower industry.[127][128] Ramularia vallisumbrosae is a leaf spot fungus found in warmer climates, causing narcissus white mould disease.[129] Peyronellaea curtisii, the Narcissus leaf scorch, also affects the leaves[115][116][130][131][132] as does its synanamorph, Phoma narcissi (leaf tip blight).[133][111] Aecidium narcissi causes rust lesions on leaves and stems.[125]

Animals

Arthropods that are Narcissus pests include insects such as three species of fly that have larvae that attack the plants, narcissus bulb fly Merodon equestris, and two species of hoverflies, the lesser bulb flies Eumerus tuberculatus[134] and Eumerus strigatus. The flies lay their eggs at the end of June in the ground around the narcissi, a single female fly being able to lay up to fifty eggs. The hatching larvae then burrow through the soil towards the bulbs and consume their interiors. They then overwinter in the empty bulb shell, emerging in April to pupate in the soil, from which the adult fly emerges in May.[115][135] The larvae of some moths such as Korscheltellus lupulina (the common swift moth) attack Narcissus bulbs.[136][115]

Other arthropods include Mites such as Steneotarsonemus laticeps (Bulb scale mite),[137] Rhizoglyphus and Histiostoma infest mainly stored bulbs and multiply particularly at high ambient temperature, but do not attack planted bulbs.[115]

Planted bulbs are susceptible to nematodes, the most serious of which is Ditylenchus dipsaci (Narcissus eelworm), the main cause of basal plate disease[138] in which the leaves turn yellow and become misshapen. Infested bulbs have to be destroyed; where infestation is heavy avoiding planting further narcissi for another five years.[115][139][140][141] Other nematodes include Aphelenchoides subtenuis, which penetrates the roots causing basal plate disease[138][142] and Pratylenchus penetrans (lesion nematode) the main cause of root rot in narcissi. [143][111] Other nematodes such as the longodorids (Longidorus spp. or needle nematodes and Xiphinema spp. or dagger nematodes) and the stubby-root nematodes or trichodorids (Paratrichodorus spp. and Trichodorus spp.) can also act as vectors of virus diseases, such as TBRV and TomRSV, in addition to causing stunting of the roots.[100][142]

Gastropods such as snails and slugs also cause damage to growth.[115][116][111]

Conservation

Many of the smallest species have become extinct, requiring vigilance in the conservation of the wild species.[4][21][75][144] Narcissi are increasingly under threat by over-collection and threats to their natural habitats by urban development and tourism. N. cyclamineus has been considered to be either extinct or exceedingly rare[19] but is not currently considered endangered, and is protected.[145] The IUCN Red List describes five species as 'Endangered' (Narcissus alcaracensis, Narcissus bujei, Narcissus longispathus, Narcissus nevadensis, Narcissus radinganorum). In 1999 three species were considered endangered, five as vulnerable and six as rare.[4]

In response a number of species have been granted protected species status and protected areas (meadows) have been established such as the Negraşi Daffodil Meadow in Romania, or Kempley Daffodil Meadow in the UK. These areas often host daffodil festivals in the spring.

Cultivation

History

Magna cura non indigent Narcissi
Most easy of cultivation is the Narcissus

— Peter Lauremberg, Apparatus plantarius: de plantis bulbosis et de plantis tuberosis 1632[146]

Of all the flowering plants, the bulbous have been the most popular for cultivation.[147] Of these, narcissi are one of the most important spring flowering bulb plants in the world.[148][8] Indigenous in Europe, the wild populations of the parent species had been known since antiquity. Narcissi have been cultivated from at least as early as the sixteenth century in the Netherlands, when large numbers of bulbs where imported from the field, particularly Narcissus hispanicus, which soon became nearly extinct in its native habitat of France and Spain, though still found in the southern part of that country.[149] The only large-scale production at that time related to the double narcissus "Van Sion" and cultivars of N. tazetta imported in 1557.[150]

Cultivation is also documented in Britain at this time,[151][152][153] although contemporary accounts show it was well known as a favourite garden and wild flower long before that and was used in making garlands.[154] This was a period when the development of exotic formal gardens and parks was becoming popular, particularly in what is known as the "Oriental period" (1560–1620). In his Hortus Medicus (1588), the first catalogue of a German garden's plants,[155] Joachim Camerarius the Younger states that nine different types of daffodils were represented in his garden in Nuremberg.[156] After his death in 1598, his plants were moved by Basilius Besler to the gardens they had designed at Willibaldsburg, the bishop's palace at Eichstätt, Upper Bavaria. That garden is described in Besler's Hortus Eystettensis (1613) by which time there were 43 different types present.[157] Another German source at this time was Peter Lauremberg who gives an account of the species known to him and their cultivation in his Apparatus plantarius: de plantis bulbosis et de plantis tuberosis (1632).[158]

While Shakespeare's daffodil is the wild or true English daffodil (N. pseudonarcissus),[154] many other species were introduced, some of which escaped and naturalised, particularly N. biflorus (a hybrid) in Devon and the west of England.[159] Gerard, in his extensive discussion of daffodils, both wild and cultivated ("bastard daffodils") described twenty four species in London gardens (1597),[159][160][161] ("we have them all and every one of them in our London gardens, in great abundance", p. 114).

In the early seventeenth century, Parkinson helped to ensure the popularity of the daffodil as a cultivated plant[159] by describing a hundred different varieties in his Paradisus Terrestris (1629),[162] and introducing the great double yellow Spanish daffodil (Pseudonarcissus aureus Hispanicus flore pleno or Parkinson's Daffodil, see illustration) to England.[163]

I thinke none ever had this kind before myselfe nor did I myself ever see it before the year 1618 for it is of mine own raising and flowering first in my own garden

— John Parkinson, Paradisus Terrestris 1632[163]

Although not achieving the sensationalism of tulips, daffodils and narcissi have been much celebrated in art and literature (see § Art, below). The largest demand for narcissi bulbs were large trumpet daffodils, N. poeticus and N. bulbocodium, and Istanbul became important in the shipping of bulbs to western Europe. By the early baroque period both tulips and narcissi were an important component of the spring garden. By 1739 a Dutch nursery catalogue listed 50 different varieties. A catalog of a Dutch nursery from 1739 already counted 50 varieties. In 1757 Hill gave an account of the history and cultivation of the daffodil in his edited version of the works of Thomas Hale, writing "The garden does not afford, in its Kind, a prettier plant than this; nor do we know one that has been so early, or so honorably mention'd by all Kinds of Writers" (see illustration).[164] Interest grew further when varieties that could be grown indoors became available, primarily the bunch flowered (multiple flower heads) N. tazetta (Polyanthus Narcissus).[147] However interest varied by country. Maddock (1792) does not include narcissi in his list of the eight most important cultivated flowering plants in England,[165] whereas in the Netherlands van Kampen (1760) stated that N. tazetta (Narcisse à bouquet) is the fifth most important – "Le Narcisse à bouquet est la premiere fleur, après les Jacinthes, les Tulipes les Renoncules, et les Anemones, (dont nous avons déja parlé,) qui merite nôtre attention".[166][167] Similarly Philip Miller, in his Gardeners Dictionary (1731–1768) refers to cultivation in Holland, Flanders and France, but not England,[168] because it was too difficult, a similar observation was made by Sir James Justice at this time.[169] However, for most species of Narcissus Lauremberg's dictum Magna cura non indigent Narcissi was much cited.[170]

Narcissi became an important horticultural crop in Western Europe in the latter part of the nineteenth century, beginning in England between 1835 and 1855 and the end of the century in the Netherlands.[5] By the beginning of the twentieth century 50 million bulbs of N. Tazetta "Paperwhite" were being exported annually from the Netherlands to the United States. With the production of triploids such as "Golden Spur", in the late nineteenth century, and in the beginning of the twentieth century, tetraploids like "King Alfred" (1899), the industry was well established, with trumpet daffodils dominating the market.[149] The Royal Horticultural Society has been an important factor in promoting narcissi, holding the first Daffodil Conference in 1884,[171] while the Daffodil Society, the first organisation dedicated to the cultivation of narcissi was founded in Birmingham in 1898. Other countries followed and the American Daffodil Society which was founded in 1954 publishes The Daffodil Journal quarterly, a leading trade publication.

Daffodil trumpets

Narcissi are now popular as ornamental plants for gardens, parks and as cut flowers, providing colour from the end of winter to the beginning of summer in temperate regions. They are one of the most popular spring flowers[172] and one of the major ornamental spring flowering bulb crops, being produced both for their bulbs and cut flowers, though cultivation of private and public spaces is greater than the area of commercial production.[21] Over a century of breeding has resulted in thousands of varieties and cultivars being available from both general and specialist suppliers.[11] They are normally sold as dry bulbs to be planted in late summer and autumn. They are one of the most economically important ornamental plants.[11][21] Plant breeders have developed some daffodils with double, triple, or ambiguously multiple rows and layers of segments.[6] Many of the breeding programs have concentrated on the corona (trumpet or cup), in terms of its length, shape, and colour, and the surrounding perianth[19] or even as in varieties derived from N. poeticus a very reduced form.

In gardens

While some wild narcissi are specific in terms of their ecological requirements, most garden varieties are relatively tolerant of soil conditions,[173] however very wet soils and clay soils may benefit from the addition of sand to improve drainage.[174] The optimum soil is a neutral to slightly acid pH of 6.5–7.0.[173]

Bulbs offered for sale are referred to as either 'round' or 'double nose'. Round bulbs are circular in cross section and produce a single flower stem, while double nose bulbs have more than one bulb stem attached at the base and produce two or more flower stems, but bulbs with more than two stems are unusual.[175] Planted narcissi bulbs produce daughter bulbs in the axil of the bulb scales, leading to the dying off of the exterior scales.[173] To prevent planted bulbs forming more and more small bulbs, they can be dug up every 5–7 years, and the daughters separated and replanted separately, provided that a piece of the basal plate, where the rootlets are formed, is preserved. For daffodils to flower at the end of the winter or early spring, bulbs are planted in autumn (September–November). This plant does well in ordinary soil but flourishes best in rich soil. Daffodils like the sun but also accept partial shade exposure.

Narcissi are well suited for planting under small thickets of trees, where they can be grouped as 6–12 bulbs.[176] They also grow well in perennial borders,[173] especially in association with day lilies which begin to form their leaves as the narcissi flowers are fading.[174] A number of wild species and hybrids such as "Dutch Master", "Golden Harvest", "Carlton", "Kings Court" and "Yellow Sun" naturalise well in lawns,[173] but it is important not to mow the lawn till the leaves start to fade, since they are essential for nourishing the bulb for the next flowering season.[173] Blue Scilla and Muscari which also naturalise well in lawns and flower at the same time as narcissus, make an attractive contrast to the yellow flowers of the latter. Unlike tulips, narcissi bulbs are not attractive to rodents and are sometimes planted near tree roots in orchards to protect them.[177]

Propagation

The commonest form of commercial propagation is by twin-scaling, in which the bulbs are cut into many small pieces but with two scales still connected by a small fragment of the basal plate. The fragments are disinfected and placed on nutrient media. Some 25–35 new plants can be produced from a single bulb after four years. Micropropagation methods are not used for commercial production but are used for establishing commercial stock.[178] [140]

Breeding

For commercial use, varieties with a minimum stem length of 30 centimetres (12 in) are sought, making them ideal for cut flowers. Florists require blooms that only open when they reach the retail outlet. For garden plants the objectives are to continually expand the colour palette and to produce hardy forms, and there is a particular demand for miniature varieties. The cultivars so produced tend to be larger and more robust than the wild types.[4] The main species used in breeding are N. bulbocodium, N. cyclamineus, N. jonquilla, N. poeticus, N. pseudonarcissus, N. serotinus and N. tazetta.[179]

Narcissus pseudonarcissus gave rise to trumpet cultivars with coloured tepals and corona, while its subspecies N. pseudonarcissus subsp. bicolor was used for white tepaled varieties. To produce large cupped varieties, N. pseudonarcissus was crossed with N. poeticus, and to produce small cupped varieties back crossed with N. poeticus. Multiheaded varieties, often called "Poetaz" are mainly hybrids of N. poeticus and N. tazetta.[4]

Classification

Range of Narcissus cultivars

For horticultural purposes, all Narcissus cultivars are split into 13 divisions as first described by Kington (1998),[180] for the Royal Horticultural Society (RHS),[6] based partly upon flower form (shape and length of corona), number of flowers per stem, flowering period and partly upon genetic background. Division 13, which includes wild daffodils, is the exception to this scheme.[181] The classification is a useful tool for planning planting. Most commercially available narcissi come from Divisions 1 (Trumpet), 2 (Large cupped) and 8 (Tazetta).

Growers register new daffodil cultivars by name and colour with the Royal Horticultural Society, which is the international registration authority for the genus.[64] Their International Daffodil Register is regularly updated with supplements available online[64] and is searchable.[19][65] The most recent supplement (2014) is the sixth (the fifth was published in 2012).[182] More than 27,000 names were registered as of 2008,[182] and the number has continued to grow. Registered daffodils are given a division number and colour code[183] such as 5 W-W ("Thalia").[184] In horticultural usage it is common to also find an unofficial Division 14: Miniatures, which although drawn from the other 13 divisions, have their miniature size in common.[185] Over 140 varieties have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit (See List of Award of Garden Merit narcissus).

Colour code

Narcissus "Geranium" 8 W-O

Daffodil breeding has introduced a wide range of colours, in both the outer perianth tepal segment and the inner corona. In the registry, daffodils are coded by the colours of each of these two parts. Thus "Geranium", Tazetta (Division 8) as illustrated here with a white outer perianth and orange corona is classified as 8 W-O.

Toxicity

Pharmacology

All Narcissus species contain the alkaloid poison lycorine, mostly in the bulb but also in the leaves.[186] Members of the monocot subfamily Amaryllidoideae present a unique type of alkaloids, the norbelladine alkaloids, which are 4-methylcatechol derivatives combined with tyrosine. They are responsible for the poisonous properties of a number of the species. Over 200 different chemical structures of these compounds are known, of which 79 or more are known from Narcissus alone.[187]

The toxic effects of ingesting Narcissus products for both humans and animals (such as cattle, goats, pigs, and cats) have long been recognised and they have been used in suicide attempts. Ingestion of N. pseudonarcissus or N. jonquilla is followed by salivation, acute abdominal pains, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, then neurological and cardiac events, including trembling, convulsions, and paralysis. Death may result if large quantities are consumed.

The toxicity of Narcissus varies with species, N. poeticus being more toxic than N. pseudonarcissus, for instance. The distribution of toxins within the plant also varies, for instance, there is a five times higher concentration of alkaloid in the stem of N. papyraceus than in the bulb, making it dangerous to herbivores more likely to consume the stem than the bulb, and is part of the plant's defence mechanisms. The distribution of alkaloids within tissues may also reflect defence against parasites.[21] The bulbs can also be toxic to other nearby plants, including roses, rice, and cabbages, inhibiting growth.[21] For instance placing cut flowers in a vase alongside other flowers shortens the life of the latter.[188]

Poisoning

Many cases of poisoning or death have occurred when narcissi bulbs have been mistaken for leeks or onions and cooked and eaten. Recovery is usually complete in a few hours without any specific intervention. In more severe cases involving ingestion of large quantities of bulbs, activated carbon, salts and laxatives may be required, and for severe symptoms intravenous atropine and emetics or stomach pumping may be indicated. However, ingestion of large quantities accidentally is unusual because of a strong unpleasant taste. When narcissi were compared with a number of other plants not normally consumed by animals, narcissi were the most repellent, specifically N. pseudonarcissus. Consequently, narcissus alkaloids have been used as repellents and may also discourage fungi, molds, and bacteria.[21]

On 1 May 2009, a number of schoolchildren fell ill at Gorseland Primary School in Martlesham Heath, Suffolk, England, after a daffodil bulb was added to soup during a cookery class.[186]

Topical effects

One of the most common dermatitis problems for flower pickers, packers, florists, and gardeners, "daffodil itch", involves dryness, fissures, scaling, and erythema in the hands, often accompanied by subungual hyperkeratosis (thickening of the skin beneath the nails). It is blamed on exposure to calcium oxalate, chelidonic acid or alkaloids such as lycorine in the sap, either due to a direct irritant effect or an allergic reaction.[189][190] It has long been recognised that some cultivars provoke dermatitis more readily than others. N. pseudonarcissus and the cultivars "Actaea", "Camparelle", "Gloriosa", "Grande Monarque", "Ornatus", "Princeps" and "Scilly White" are known to do so.[21][191]

If bulb extracts come into contact with wounds, both central nervous system and cardiac symptoms may result. The scent can also cause toxic reactions such as headaches and vomiting from N. bulbocodium.[21]

Uses

Traditional medicine

Despite the lethal potential of Narcissus alkaloids, they have been used for centuries as traditional medicines for a variety of complaints, including cancer. Plants thought to be N. poeticus and N. tazetta are described in the Bible in the treatment for what is thought to be cancer.[188][192][193][194] In the Classical Greek world Hippocrates (ca. B.C. 460–370) recommended a pessary prepared from narcissus oil for uterine tumors, a practice continued by Pedanius Dioscorides (ca. A.D. 40–90) and Soranus of Ephesus (A.D. 98–138) in the first and second centuries A.D., while the Roman Pliny the Elder (A.D. 23–79), advocated topical use.[188] The bulbs of N. poeticus contain the antineoplastic agent narciclasine. This usage is also found in later Arabian, North African, Central American and Chinese medicine during the Middle Ages.[188] In China N. tazetta var. chinensis was grown as an ornamental plant but the bulbs were applied topically to tumors in traditional folk medicine. These bulbs contain pretazettine, an active antitumor compound.[21][194][195]

Narcissus products have received a variety of other uses. The Roman physician Aulus Cornelius Celsus listed narcissus root in De Medicina among medical herbs, described as emollient, erodent, and "powerful to disperse whatever has collected in any part of the body". N. tazetta bulbs were used in Turkey as a remedy for abscesses in the belief they were antiphlogistic and analgesic. Other uses include the application to wounds, strains, painful joints, and various local ailments as an ointment called 'Narcissimum'. Powdered flowers have also been used medically, as an emetic, a decongestant and for the relief of dysentery, in the form of a syrup or infusion. The French used the flowers as an antispasmodic, the Arabs the oil for baldness and also an aphrodisiac. In the eighteenth century the Irish herbal of John K'Eogh recommended pounding the roots in honey for use on burns, bruises, dislocations and freckles, and for drawing out thorns and splinters. N. tazetta bulbs have also been used for contraception, while the flowers have been recommended for hysteria and epilepsy. A homeopathic medicine made from bulbs was prescribed for bronchitis and whooping cough.[21] In the traditional Japanese medicine of kampo, wounds were treated with narcissus root and wheat flour paste;[196] the plant, however, does not appear in the modern kampo herb list.

There is also a long history of the use of Narcissus as a stimulant and to induce trance like states and hallucinations. Sophocles referred to the narcissus as the "Chaplet of the infernal Gods",[72] a statement frequently wrongly attributed to Socrates (see Antiquity).[21]

Biological properties

Extracts of Narcissus have demonstrated a number of potentially useful biological properties including antiviral, prophage induction, antibacterial, antifungal, antimalarial, insecticidal, cytotoxic, antitumor, antimitotic, antiplatelet, hypotensive, emetic, acetylcholine esterase inhibitory, antifertility, antinociceptive, chronotropic, pheromone, plant growth inhibitor, and allelopathic.[21] An ethanol extract of Narcissus bulbs was found effective in one mouse model of nociception, para-benzoquinone induced abdominal constriction, but not in another, the hot plate test.[197] Most of these properties are due to alkaloids, but some are also due to mannose-binding lectins. The most-studied alkaloids in this group are galantamine (galanthamine),[198] lycorine, narciclasine, and pretazettine.

It is likely that the traditional use of narcissi for the treatment of cancer was due to the presence of isocarbostyril constituents such as narciclasine, pancratistatin and their congeners. N. poeticus contains about 0.12g of narciclasine per kg of fresh bulbs.[188]

Acetylcholine esterase inhibition has attracted the most interest as a possible therapeutic intervention, with activity varying by a thousandfold between species, and the greatest activity seen in those that contain galantamine or epinorgalanthamine.[59]

The rodent repellant properties of Narcissus alkaloids have been utilised in horticulture to protect more vulnerable bulbs.[199]

Therapeutics

Daffodils growing in Wales

Of all the alkaloids, only galantamine has made it to therapeutic use in humans, as the drug galantamine for Alzheimer's disease. Galantamine is an acetylcholine esterase inhibitor which crosses the blood brain barrier and is active within the central nervous system.[21] Daffodils are grown commercially near Brecon in Powys, Wales, to produce galantamine.[200]

Commercial uses

Throughout history the scent of narcissi has been an important ingredient of perfumes, a quality that comes from essential oils rather than alkaloids.[21] Narcissi are also an important horticultural crop,[50][75] and source of cut flowers (floriculture).

Daffodil production in the Netherlands

The Netherlands, which is the most important source of flower bulbs worldwide is also a major centre of narcissus production. Of 16,700 hectares (ha) under cultivation for flower bulbs, narcissi account for about 1,800 hectares. In the 1990s narcissus bulb production was at 260 million, sixth in size after tulips, gladioli, irises, crocuses and lilies and in 2012 it was ranked third.[148] About two-thirds of the area under cultivation is dedicated to about 20 of the most popular varieties. In the 2009/2010 season, 470 cultivars were produced on 1578 ha. By far the largest area cultivated is for the miniature 'Tête-à-Tête', followed at some distance by 'Carlton'. The largest production cultivars are shown in Table II.[201]

"Carlton" and "Ice Follies" (Division 2: Large cup) have a long history of cultivation, together with "Dutch Master" and "Golden Harvest" (1: yellow). "Carlton" and "Golden Harvest" were introduced in 1927, and "Ice Follies" in 1953. "Carlton", with over 9 billion bulbs (350 000 tons), is among the more numerous individual plants produced in the world.[202] The other major areas of production are the United States,[148] Israel which exported 25 million N. tazetta cultivar bulbs in 2003,[201] and the United Kingdom.

In the United Kingdom a total of 4100 ha were planted with bulbs, of which 3800 ha were Narcissi, the UK's most important bulb crop, much of which is for export,[203] making this the largest global production centre, about half of the total production area. While some of the production is for forcing, most is for dry bulb production. Bulb production and forcing occurs in the East, while production in the south west is mainly for outdoor flower production.[204] The farm gate value was estimated at £10m in 2007.[205]

Narcissi growing at Keukenhof

Production of both bulbs and cut flowers takes place in open fields in beds or ridges, often in the same field, allowing adaptation to changing market conditions. Narcissi grow best in mild maritime climates. Compared to the United Kingdom, the harsher winters in the Netherlands require covering the fields with straw for protection. Areas with higher rainfall and temperatures are more susceptible to diseases that attack the crops. Production is based on a 1 (UK) or 2 (Netherlands) year cycle. Optimal soil pH is 6.0–7.5. Prior to planting disinfection by hot water takes place, such as immersion at 44.4 °C for three hours.[140]

Bulbs are harvested for market in the summer, sorted, stored for 2–3 weeks, and then further disinfected by a hot (43.5 °C) bath. This eliminates infestations by narcissus fly and nematodes. The bulbs are then dried at a high temperature, and then stored at 15.5 °C.[4] The initiation of new flower development in the bulb takes place in late spring before the bulbs are lifted, and is completed by mid summer while the bulbs are in storage. The optimal temperature for initiation is 20 °C followed by cooling to 13 °C.[5]

Traditionally, sales took place in the daffodil fields prior to harvesting the bulbs, but today sales are handled by Marketing Boards although still before harvesting. In the Netherlands there are special exhibition gardens for major buyers to view flowers and order bulbs, some larger ones may have more than a thousand narcissus varieties on display. While individuals can visit these gardens they cannot buy bulbs at retail, which are only available at wholesale, usually at a minimum of several hundredweight. The most famous display is at Keukenhof, although only about 100 narcissus varieties are on display there.

Forcing

There is also a market for forced blooms, both as cut flowers and potted flowers through the winter from Christmas to Easter, the long season requiring special preparation by growers.

Cut flowers

For cut flowers, bulbs larger than 12 cm in size are preferred. To bloom in December, bulbs are harvested in June to July, dried, stored for four days at 34 °C, two weeks at 30 and two weeks at 17–20 °C and then placed in cold storage for precooling at 9 degrees for about 15–16 weeks. The bulbs are then planted in light compost in crates in a greenhouse for forcing at 13 °C–15 °C and the blooms appear in 19–30 days.[4][140]

Potted flowers

For potted flowers a lower temperature is used for precooling (5 °C for 15 weeks), followed by 16 °C–18 °C in a greenhouse. For later blooming (mid- and late-forcing), bulbs are harvested in July to August and the higher temperatures are omitted, being stored a 17–20 °C after harvesting and placed in cold storage at 9 °C in September for 17–18 (cut flowers) or 14–16 (potted flowers) weeks. The bulbs can then be planted in cold frames, and then forced in a greenhouse according to requirements.[140] N. tazetta and its cultivars are an exception to this rule, requiring no cold period. Often harvested in October, bulbs are lifted in May and dried and heated to 30 °C for three weeks, then stored at 25 °C for 12 weeks and planted. Flowering can be delayed by storing at 5 °C–10 °C.[111]

Culture

Symbols

N. triandrus 'Thalia', considered a grave flower

The daffodil is the national flower of Wales, associated with Saint David's Day (March 1). The narcissus is also a national flower symbolising the new year or Nowruz in the Iranian culture.

In the West the narcissus is perceived as a symbol of vanity, in the East as a symbol of wealth and good fortune (see § Eastern cultures, below), while in Persian literature, the narcissus is a symbol of beautiful eyes.

In western countries the daffodil is also associated with spring festivals such as Lent and its successor Easter. In Germany the wild narcissus, N. pseudonarcissus, is known as the Osterglocke or "Easter bell." In the United Kingdom the daffodil is sometimes referred to as the Lenten lily.[91][92][Note 4]

Although prized as an ornamental flower, some people consider narcissi unlucky, because they hang their heads implying misfortune.[21] White narcissi, such as N triandrus "Thalia", are especially associated with death, and have been called grave flowers.[206][207] In Ancient Greece narcissi were planted near tombs, and Robert Herrick describes them as portents of death, an association which also appears in the myth of Persephone and the underworld (see § Art, below).

Art

Antiquity

Demeter and Persephone surrounded by daffodils - "Demeter rejoiced, for her daughter was by her side"

The decorative use of narcissi dates as far back as ancient Egyptian tombs, and frescoes at Pompeii.[208] They are mentioned in the King James Version of the Bible[209] as the Rose of Sharon[75][210][211][212] and make frequent appearances in classical literature.[164]

Greek culture

The narcissus appears in two Graeco-Roman myths, that of the youth Narcissus who was turned into the flower of that name, and of the Goddess Persephone snatched into the Underworld by the god Hades while picking the flowers. The narcissus is considered sacred to both Hades and Persephone,[213] and to grow along the banks of the river Styx in the underworld.[207]

The Greek poet Stasinos mentioned them in the Cypria amongst the flowers of Cyprus.[214] The legend of Persephone comes to us mainly in the seventh century BC Homeric Hymn To Demeter,[215] where the author describes the narcissus, and its role as a lure to trap the young Persephone. The flower, she recounts to her mother was the last flower she reached for before being seized.

Other Greek authors making reference to the narcissus include Sophocles and Plutarch. Sophocles, in Oedipus at Colonus utilises narcissus in a symbolic manner, implying fertility,[216] allying it with the cults of Demeter and her daughter Kore (Persephone),[217] and by extension, a symbol of death.[218] Jebb comments that it is the flower of imminent death with its fragrance being narcotic, emphasised by its pale white colour. Just as Persephone reaching for the flower heralded her doom, the youth Narcissus gazing at his own reflection portended his own death.[217] Plutarch refers to this in his Symposiacs as numbing the nerves causing a heaviness in the limbs.[219] He refers to Sophocles' "crown of the great Goddesses", which is the source of the English phrase "Chaplet of the infernal Gods" incorrectly attributed to Socrates.[72]

A passage by Moschus, describes fragrant narcissi.[220][221][222] Homer in his Odyssey[223][224][225][226] described the underworld as having Elysian meadows carpeted with flowers, thought to be narcissus, as described by Theophrastus.[75][227][Note 5] A similar account is provided by Lucian describing the flowers in the underworld.[228][229][230] The myth of the youth Narcissus is also taken up by Pausanias. He believed that the myth of Persephone long antedated that of Narcissus, and hence discounts the idea the flower was named after the youth.[78]

Roman culture

Virgil, the first known Roman writer to refer to the narcissus, does so in several places, for instance twice in the Georgics.[231] Virgil refers to the cup shaped corona of the narcissus flower, allegedly containing the tears of the self-loving youth Narcissus.[232] Milton makes a similar analogy "And Daffodillies fill their Cups with Tears".[233] Virgil also mentions narcissi three times in the Eclogues.[234][235]

The poet Ovid also dealt with the mythology of the narcissus. In his Metamorphoses, he recounts the story of the youth Narcissus who, after his death, is turned into the flower,[236][237] and it is also mentioned in Book 5 of his poem Fasti.[238][239] This theme of metamorphosis was broader than just Narcissus; for instance see crocus, laurel and hyacinth.[240]

Western culture

I wandered lonely as a Cloud

I wandered lonely as a Cloud
That floats on high o'er Vales and Hills,
When all at once I saw a crowd
A host of dancing Daffodils;
Along the Lake, beneath the trees,
Ten thousand dancing in the breeze.

The waves beside them danced, but they
Outdid the sparkling waves in glee: –
A poet could not but be gay
In such a laughing company:
I gaz'd – and gaz'd – but little thought
What wealth the shew to me had brought:

For oft when on my couch I lie
In vacant or in pensive mood,
They flash upon that inward eye
Which is the bliss of solitude,
And then my heart with pleasure fills,
And dances with the Daffodils.

William Wordsworth (1804 version)[241]
282 Hager Bot Unterricht 1885.png

Although there is no clear evidence that the flower's name derives directly from the Greek myth, this link between the flower and the myth became firmly part of western culture. The narcissus or daffodil is the most loved of all English plants,[154] and appears frequently in English literature. Many English writers have referred to the cultural and symbolic importance of Narcissus[242][243][244][245]). No flower has received more poetic description except the rose and the lily, with poems by authors from John Gower, Shakespeare, Milton (see Roman culture, above), Wordsworth, Shelley and Keats. Frequently the poems deal with self-love derived from Ovid's account.[246][247] Gower's reference to the yellow flower of the legend has been assumed to be the daffodil or Narcissus,[248] though as with all references in the older literature to the flower that sprang from the youth's death, there is room for some debate as to the exact species of flower indicated, some preferring Crocus.[249] Spenser announces the coming of the Daffodil in Aprill of his Shepheardes Calender (1579).[250]

Shakespeare, who frequently uses flower imagery,[245] refers to daffodils twice in The Winter's Tale [251] and also The Two Noble Kinsmen. Robert Herrick alludes to their association with death in a number of poems.[252][253] Among the English romantic movement writers none is better known than William Wordsworth's short 1804 poem I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud[241] which has become linked in the popular mind with the daffodils that form its main image.[75][207][246][254] Wordsworth also included the daffodil in other poems.[255] Yet the description given of daffodils by his sister, Dorothy is just as poetic, if not more so,[170] just that her poetry was prose and appears almost an unconscious imitation of the first section of the Homeric Hymn to Demeter (see Greek culture, above).[256][170][257] Among their contemporaries, Keats refers to daffodils among those things capable of bringing "joy for ever".[258]

More recently A. E. Housman, using one of the daffodil's more symbolic names (see Symbols), wrote The Lent Lily in A Shropshire Lad, describing the traditional Easter death of the daffodil.[259]

In Black Narcissus, Rumer Godden describes the disorientation of English nuns in the Indian Himalayas, and gives the plant name an unexpected twist, alluding both to narcissism and the effect of the perfume Narcisse Noir (Caron) on others. The novel was later adapted into the 1947 British film of the same name. The narcissus also appears in German literature such as that of Paul Gerhardt.[260]

In the visual arts, narcissi are depicted in three different contexts, mythological (Narcissus, Persephone), floral art, or landscapes. The Narcissus story has been popular with painters and the youth is frequently depicted with flowers to indicate this association.[74][240] The Persephone theme is also typified by Waterhouse in his Narcissus, the floral motif by van Scorel and the landscape by Van Gogh's Undergrowth.

Narcissi first started to appear in western art in the late Middle Ages, in panel paintings, particularly those depicting crucifixion. For instance that of the Westfälischer Meister in Köln in the Wallraf-Richartz-Museum, Cologne,[261] where daffodils symbolise not only death but also hope in the resurrection, because they are perennial and bloom at Easter.[207][262][263]

Narcissi in art

Eastern cultures

In Chinese culture Narcissus tazetta subsp. chinensis (Chinese sacred lilies), which can be grown indoors, is widely used as an ornamental plant.[264][265] It was probably introduced to China by Arab traders travelling the Silk Road prior to the Song dynasty for medicinal use.[50][264][265] Spring-flowering, they became associated with Chinese New Year, signifying good fortune, prosperity and good luck[266] and there are many legends in Chinese culture associated with Narcissus.[267][268][269] In contrast to the West, narcissi have not played a significant part in Chinese Garden art,[270] however, Zhao Mengjian in the Southern Song dynasty was noted for his portrayal of narcissi.[271][272] Narcissus bulb carving and cultivation has become an art akin to Japanese bonsai. The Japanese novel Narcissu contains many references to the narcissus, where the main characters set out for the famed narcissus fields on Awaji Island.[273][274]

Islamic culture

Narcissi are one of the most popular garden plants in Islamic culture.[275] Prior to the Arab conquest of Persia, the Persian ruler Khosrau I (r. 531–579) is said to have not been able to tolerate them at feasts because they reminded him of eyes, an association that persists to this day.[276] The Persian phrase نرگس شهلا (narges-e šahlâ, literally "a reddish-blue narcissus")[277] is a well-known metonymy for the "eye(s) of a mistress"[277] in the classical poetries of the Persian, Urdu,[278] Ottoman Turkish, Azerbaijani and Chagatai languages; to this day also the vernacular names of some narcissus cultivars (for example, Shahla-ye Shiraz and Shahla-ye Kazerun).[279] As described by the poet Ghalib (1797–1869), "God has given the eye of the narcissus the power of seeing".[276] The eye imagery is also found in a number of poems by Abu Nuwas.[280][281][282][283] Another poet who refers to narcissi, is Rumi. Even the prophet Mohammed is said to have praised the narcissus,[284] though some of the sayings that were cited as proof are considered "weak" records.[285]

Narcissi in Eastern and Islamic cultures

Popular culture

The word "daffodil" has been used widely in popular culture, from Dutch cars (DAF Daffodil) to Swedish rock bands (The Daffodils) to slurs against homosexuals and cross-dressers (as in the film J. Edgar, when Hoover's mother explains why real-life cross-dresser Barton Pinkus[286] was called "Daffy" (short for "Daffodil" and the equivalent of a pansy[287]), and admonishes, "I'd rather have a dead son than a daffodil for a son".[288][289][290][291][292]

Festivals

In some areas where narcissi are prevalent, their blooming in spring is celebrated in festivals. For instance, the slopes around Montreux, Switzerland and its associated riviera come alive with blooms each May (May Snow) at the annual Narcissi Festival.[293] Festivals are also held in many other countries.

Cancer

Various cancer charities around the world, such as the American Cancer Society,[294] Cancer Society,[295] Cancer Council,[296] Irish Cancer Society,[297] and Marie Curie in the UK[298] use the daffodil as a fundraising symbol on "Daffodil Days".[299]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The word "daffodil" is also applied to related genera such as Sternbergia, Ismene and Fritillaria meleagris. It has been suggested that the word "Daffodil" be restricted to the wild species of the British Isles, N. pseudonarcissus. (Halevy 1985, Rees A. R. Narcissus pp. 268–271)
  2. ^ Prior here refers to the poet Pamphilus, but it is likely he meant Pamphos.
  3. ^ This Carlavirus should not be confused with the similarly named Narcissus latent virus which is a Macluravirus.
  4. ^ Rarely "Lentern", especially ecclesiastical usage as here, or dialect, particularly Scottish (Masefield 2014, p. 104)(Jamieson 1879, Care Sonday vol I p. 284)(Wright 1905, vol 3 H–L, Lentren p. 575)
  5. ^ The Asphodel of the Greek underworld has been variously associated with the white Asphodelus ramosus (Macmillan (1887)) or the yellow Asphodeline lutea (Graves (1949)), previously classified as Asphodelus luteus.

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Narcissus (plant): Brief Summary ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من wikipedia EN
N. poeticus. Thomé: Flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz (1885) 1. Longitudinal section, 2. Anthers, 3. Stigma, 4. Cross section of ovary Floral morphology Narcissus.jpg Floral diagramFrom centre outwards: Trilocular ovary, 6 stamens, corona, perianth

Narcissus is a genus of predominantly spring flowering perennial plants of the amaryllis family, Amaryllidaceae. Various common names including daffodil, narcissus and jonquil, are used to describe all or some members of the genus. Narcissus has conspicuous flowers with six petal-like tepals surmounted by a cup- or trumpet-shaped corona. The flowers are generally white and yellow (also orange or pink in garden varieties), with either uniform or contrasting coloured tepals and corona.

Narcissus were well known in ancient civilisation, both medicinally and botanically, but formally described by Linnaeus in his Species Plantarum (1753). The genus is generally considered to have about ten sections with approximately 36 species. The number of species has varied, depending on how they are classified, due to similarity between species and hybridisation. The genus arose some time in the Late Oligocene to Early Miocene epochs, in the Iberian peninsula and adjacent areas of southwest Europe. The exact origin of the name Narcissus is unknown, but it is often linked to a Greek word (ancient Greek ναρκῶ narkō, "to make numb") and the myth of the youth of that name who fell in love with his own reflection. The English word "daffodil" appears to be derived from "asphodel", with which it was commonly compared.

The species are native to meadows and woods in southern Europe and North Africa with a centre of diversity in the Western Mediterranean, particularly the Iberian peninsula. Both wild and cultivated plants have naturalised widely, and were introduced into the Far East prior to the tenth century. Narcissi tend to be long-lived bulbs, which propagate by division, but are also insect-pollinated. Known pests, diseases and disorders include viruses, fungi, the larvae of flies, mites and nematodes. Some Narcissus species have become extinct, while others are threatened by increasing urbanisation and tourism.

Historical accounts suggest narcissi have been cultivated from the earliest times, but became increasingly popular in Europe after the 16th century and by the late 19th century were an important commercial crop centred primarily in the Netherlands. Today narcissi are popular as cut flowers and as ornamental plants in private and public gardens. The long history of breeding has resulted in thousands of different cultivars. For horticultural purposes, narcissi are classified into divisions, covering a wide range of shapes and colours. Like other members of their family, narcissi produce a number of different alkaloids, which provide some protection for the plant, but may be poisonous if accidentally ingested. This property has been exploited for medicinal use in traditional healing and has resulted in the production of galantamine for the treatment of Alzheimer's dementia. Long celebrated in art and literature, narcissi are associated with a number of themes in different cultures, ranging from death to good fortune, and as symbols of spring.

The daffodil is the national flower of Wales and the symbol of cancer charities in many countries. The appearance of the wild flowers in spring is associated with festivals in many places.

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Narciso (floro) ( إسبرانتو )

المقدمة من wikipedia EO

Narcisoj estas genro da bulboherboj el la familio de Amarilidacoj. Laŭ PIV narcisoj karakteriziĝas per linioformaj aŭ rondformaj-fadenformaj folioj kaj senfoliaj pedunkloj portantaj unu, malofte plurajn florojn, kiuj havas pelvoforman aŭ tuboforman kromkorolon (internan elkreskaĵon sur la korolo) kaj ses flavajn aŭ blankajn petalojn plejparte liberajn. Ekzistas multaj specioj ĝardene kulturataj, inter alie jonkvilo, tazeto, dafodilo kaj poetnarciso.

La natura regiono de disvastiĝo estas precipe en sudokcidenta Eŭropo kaj nordokcidenta Afriko. Nur malmultaj specioj ankaŭ ekzistas en la marbordaj teritorioj de la orienta Mediteranea Maro.

Nomo

La nomo narciso devenas de la greka verbo νάρκειν (narkein), kiu havas la signifon "narkoti" (komparu la vorton narkozo). La poetnarciso, kiu kreskas en Grekio, fakte elradias tre intensan kaj narkotigan odoron. La romianoj transprenis la grekan plantonomon en la latina formo narcissus. Ovidio en sia verko "Metamorfozoj" rakontis la legendon de la memenamiĝinta junulo Narciso, kiu estis transformita al la floro narciso. En sia libro Ovidio skizis la planton tiom detale, ke sendube eblas identigi la planton.

Kiam Carl von Linné kreis sian sistemon de plantonomoj, li konservis la nomon narciso. La vorton narcissus poeticus por la poetnarciso tamen nur post tio kreis la biologo Matthias Lobelius.

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Narciso (floro): Brief Summary ( إسبرانتو )

المقدمة من wikipedia EO

Narcisoj estas genro da bulboherboj el la familio de Amarilidacoj. Laŭ PIV narcisoj karakteriziĝas per linioformaj aŭ rondformaj-fadenformaj folioj kaj senfoliaj pedunkloj portantaj unu, malofte plurajn florojn, kiuj havas pelvoforman aŭ tuboforman kromkorolon (internan elkreskaĵon sur la korolo) kaj ses flavajn aŭ blankajn petalojn plejparte liberajn. Ekzistas multaj specioj ĝardene kulturataj, inter alie jonkvilo, tazeto, dafodilo kaj poetnarciso.

La natura regiono de disvastiĝo estas precipe en sudokcidenta Eŭropo kaj nordokcidenta Afriko. Nur malmultaj specioj ankaŭ ekzistas en la marbordaj teritorioj de la orienta Mediteranea Maro.

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Narcissus ( الإسبانية، القشتالية )

المقدمة من wikipedia ES

Narcissus es un género de la familia Amaryllidaceae originario de la cuenca mediterránea y Europa. Comprende numerosas especies bulbosas, la mayoría con floración primaveral, aunque hay algunas especies que florecen en el otoño. En español, se le conoce como flor pato o narciso (aunque este término sea menos común). La mayoría de sus especies son nativas de la región mediterránea, pero unas cuantas especies se encuentran a lo largo de Asia Central y China. La cantidad de formas cultivadas han aumentado en gran medida con nuevas variaciones en los viveros de cultivo prácticamente cada año.

Descripción

Flores en umbela o solitarias, con una espata membranosa de una sola bráctea. Perianto con tubo generalmente muy desarrollado. Corona normalmente bien desarrollada. Estambres insertos en el tubo del periantio o en la base de la corona. Anteras medifijas, introrsas.

Etimología

El nombre del joven narcisista de la mitología griega Νάρκισσος (Narkissos) hijo del dios río Cephissus y de la ninfa Leiriope; que se distinguía por su belleza.

El nombre deriva de la palabra griega ναρκὰο, narkào (‘narcótico’) y se refiere al olor penetrante y embriagante de las flores de algunas especies (algunos sostienen que la palabra deriva de la palabra persa نرگس y que se pronuncia Nargis, que indica que esta planta es embriagadora).

Los narcisos en Norteamérica se denominan jonquils, pero hablando con propiedad este nombre solo se debe de aplicar a la especie Narcissus jonquilla (L.) Pourr. ex Nyman 1882 (junquillos) y a los taxones parecidos que tienen hojas como los juncos.

Descripción

Los narcisos son plantas bulbosas, con hojas y escapo basales. Las flores, solitarias o en grupos, poseen seis tépalos petaloides. Los estambres, en número de seis, están insertados en el tubo del perigonio. Los frutos son cápsulas trilobuladas que contienen generalmente numerosas tripas.

Clasificación hortícola

Aunque conocidos desde tiempos remotos por los horticultores, fue a partir de la segunda mitad del siglo XIX cuando comenzó la selección y la producción masiva de cultivares e híbridos; el número de los producidos actualmente es prácticamente innumerable.[2]​ En horticultura se clasifican en once grupos[3]​ que se describen en la siguiente tabla. En algunas publicaciones se suele añadir el grupo doce donde se incluyen los Narcisos que no pueden pertenecer a ninguno de los otros grupos.

Galería

Secciones botánicas

  • Sect. Apodanthi
Especies: N. albimarginatus, N. calcicola, N. cuatrecasasii, N. marvieri, N. rupicola, N. scaberulus y N. watieri.
  • Sect. Aurelia
Una sola especie: N. broussonetii.
  • Sect. Bulbocodii
Especies: N. blancoi, N. bulbocodium, N. cantabricus, N. hedraeanthus, N. obesus, N. romieuxii, etc.
  • Sect. Cyclaminei
Una sola especie: N. cyclamineus.
  • Sect. Chloraster
Una sola especie: N. viridiflorus.
  • Sect. Ganymedes
Una sola especie: N. triandrus.
  • Sect. Jonquillae
Especies: N. assoanus, N. cerrolazae, N. baeticus, N. fernandesii, N. gaditanus, N. jonquilla y N. willkommii.
  • Sect. Narcissus
Una sola especie: N. poeticus.
  • Sect. Perezlarae
Una sola especie: N. perezlarae.
  • Sect. Pseudonarcissi
Especies: N. bicolor, N. confusus, N. longispathus, N. minor, N. moschatus, N. muñozii-garmendiae, N. nevadensis, N. perez-chiscanoi, N. pseudonarcissus, etc.
  • Sect. Serotini
Especies: N. elegans y N. serotinus.
  • Sect. Tapeinanthus
Una sola especie: N. cavanillesii.
  • Sect. Tazettae
Especies: N. dubius, N. papyraceus, N. tazetta, N. tortifolius, etc.

Especies

Híbridos naturales

  • Narcissus x abilioi Fern.Casas
  • Narcissus x araniensis Fern.Casas
  • Narcissus x bakeri K.Richt.
  • Narcissus x buxtonii K.Richt.
  • Narcissus x dordae Fern.Casas, 1999
  • Narcissus x incomparabilis Mill.
  • Narcissus x intermedius Loisel.
  • Narcissus x laetus Salisb.
  • Narcissus x magnenii Rouy
  • Narcissus x martinoae Nava & Fern.Casado, 1991
  • Narcissus x medioluteus Mill.
  • Narcissus x montielanus (Barra & G. López) Barra & G. López, 1992
  • Narcissus x montserratii Fern.Casas & Rivas Ponce, 1988
  • Narcissus x odorus L. - narciso oloroso[4]
  • Narcissus x paedagogorum Nava & Fern.Casado, 1991
  • Narcissus x ponsii-sorollae Fern.Casas, 1983
  • Narcissus x pyrenaicus Dorda, Rivas Ponce & Fern.Casas, 1991
  • Narcissus x raianus A.Fernandes, T.Leitao & Aguiar, 1992
  • Narcissus x romoi Fern.Casas, 1993
  • Narcissus x sampaianus A.Fern. 1992 [1993]
  • Narcissus x souliei Guétrot
  • Narcissus x susannae nm. montielanus Barra & G. López
  • Narcissus x tenuior Curtis
  • Narcissus x xaverii Fern.Casado, 1991

Referencias

  1. Sinónimos en wikispecies
  2. Véase Anexo:Cultivares de Narcissus
  3. van Dijk, Hanneke (2003). La enciclopedia de las plantas bulbosas. Ed. Libsa. ISBN 84-662-0629-9.
  4. Colmeiro, Miguel: «Diccionario de los diversos nombres vulgares de muchas plantas usuales ó notables del antiguo y nuevo mundo», Madrid, 1871.

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Narcissus: Brief Summary ( الإسبانية، القشتالية )

المقدمة من wikipedia ES

Narcissus es un género de la familia Amaryllidaceae originario de la cuenca mediterránea y Europa. Comprende numerosas especies bulbosas, la mayoría con floración primaveral, aunque hay algunas especies que florecen en el otoño. En español, se le conoce como flor pato o narciso (aunque este término sea menos común). La mayoría de sus especies son nativas de la región mediterránea, pero unas cuantas especies se encuentran a lo largo de Asia Central y China. La cantidad de formas cultivadas han aumentado en gran medida con nuevas variaciones en los viveros de cultivo prácticamente cada año.

ترخيص
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Nartsiss ( الإستونية )

المقدمة من wikipedia ET

Nartsiss (Narcissus) on umbes 60 liigiga sibultaimede perekond amarülliliste (Amaryllidaceae) sugukonnast.

Kirjeldus

Leht

Lehed on kõige nooremate sibulasoomuste maapealsed osad ja kinnituvad sibulakannale. Lehed on pikad, kitsad, sinakasrohelist värvi ja renjad. Olenevalt sordist ja liigist võivad olla lehed kas siledad või soonilised.

Õis

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Hispaania nartsiss (Narcissus hispanicus)
Nartsissiõie ehitus

Nartsissi õied asetsevad varrel üksikult või mitmekaupa. Õis on korrapärane, sümmeetrilise alumise sigimikuga ja valge või eredavärvilise kroonja õiekattega, millel on 6 kattelehte. Õis koosneb kahest selgestieristatavast osast, milleks on põhikroon (õiekate ehk perigoon) ja kõrvalkroon (ehk lisakroon).

Lisakroon on sageli varieeruva kuju, värvi ja suurusega, olles seetõttu oluline sordi määramiseks. Õis on ümbritsetud kileja kõrglehega, mis lõheneb tipus ja õitsemise kestel rullub tagasi.

Tolmukaid on kokku kuus. Tolmukaniidid asetsevad emaka ümber. Harva asetsevad tolmukapead õieavast väljas. Sageli juhtub, et tolmukatest 3 on kõrgemal ja 3 madalamal. Tolmukate erinev ehitus ja asend aitavad eristada erinevaid sorte.

Lõhn võib olla nii tugev kui ka mahe. Seejuures on lõhn tähtsaks sorditunnuseks sarnaste õitega sortide puhul.

Õite suurus ja värv olenevad palju sordist, aga mõju avaldavad ka ilmastik ja kasvukeskkond ning sibulate seisukord.

Õitsemine algab varasematel sortidel aprillis, hilisematel mai lõpul.

Vili

Nartsissi vili on kolmepesaline pikliku kujuga kupar, milles asetsevad seemned kahes reas, kõigis kolmes kambris. Seemned on ümmargused, läikivmustad ja idanevad hästi.

Sibul

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Pabernartsiss (Narcissus papyraceus)

Nartsissi sibulat nimetatakse ketassibulaks, kuna soomused sibulas asetsevad kontsentriliselt. Nartsissisibul on maa-alune lühivõsu, mis koosneb sibulakannast ja sellele kinnituvatest sibulasoomustest. Kujult on nartsissisibulad munajad kuni piklikud, teritatud tipuga.

Sibula soomused on erineva vanusega. Pidevalt seestpoolt väljapoole kasvades, soomused kahel esimesel aastal kasvavad paksemaks, kolmandal aastal hakkavad õhenema ja neljandal aastal saavad osaks sibulakestast.

Tütarsibulad kinnituvad sibulakannale ja arenevad emasibulas sibulasoomuste vahel. Tütarsibulad vabanevad vanade soomuste surres.

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Nartsissi tärkavad lehed

Nartsissisibulad erinevad sordirühmiti. Näiteks trompetnartsissidel on iseloomulikud suured ümarsibulad ja vähesed tütarsibulad, seevastu suurte lisakrooniga nartsisside sibulad, olgugi samuti suured, on ümaramad või mitmetipulised, rikkalikult paljunevad ja rohkelt õitsevad.

Juurestik

Sibulakanna külge kinnituvad narmasjuured. Juurestik koosneb 20–40 cm pikkustest narmasjuurtest, mida võib kokku olla kuni 120. Juured paiknevad sibulal tihedalt ümber kettakujulise sibulakanna.

Juurestiku hulgast võib leida ka tõmbejuuri, mida on lihtne ülejäänud juurtest eristada nende suurema jämeduse ja kortsulisuse tõttu. Tõmbejuurte ülesandeks on sibulat mullas õiges asendis hoida või sobivale sügavusele tõmmata. Tõmbejuurte kasutamine mõjub aga taimele kurnavalt.

Levila

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Nartsisside kasutamine iluaianduses

Looduslikult on levinud umbes 40 liiki nartsisse, mis esinevad peamiselt Lõuna- ja Kesk-Euroopas (Hispaanias, Portugalis, Šveitsis, Inglismaal, Itaalias ja Lõuna-Prantsusmaal, kokku 36 liiki) ning Põhja-Aafrikas ja Vahemere maades (kokku 5 liiki).

Kuna nartsisse on iluaianduses juba väga kaua kasutatud, on mitmed nartsissiliigid looduses naturaliseerunud ja mõne liigi puhul on pea võimatu öelda, kas nad on välja kujunenud oma looduslikus kasvukohas või on tekkinud ja levinud inimeste abil.

Kasvatamine

Nartsissid on pikaealised sibulpüsikud, mille vegetatsiooniperiood kestab olenevalt ilmastikutingimustest 90–100 päeva. Kasvamine ja arenemine toimuvad üsna madalatel temperatuuridel. Optimaalne mulla temperatuur on 10–15 °C.

Erinevalt mitmetest teistest sibulpüsikutest puudub nartsside sibulatel suvine puhkeperiood. Maa-pealse osa kasv võib küll lõppeda, kuid sibul on pidevas arenemises. Vegetatsiooniperioodi lõpus ei sure juured korraga nagu enamusel sibultaimedel, vaid on varem (juulis või augustis) juba uute juurte vastu vahetunud. Kui juured saavad viga, siis vigastud juurte asemele uusi ei kasva ja taimel tuleb kogu vegetatsiooniperiood läbida vigastatud juurtega.

Paljundamine

Nartsiss paljuneb nii vegetatiivselt (tütarsibulatega) kui ka seemnetega. Seemnetega paljunedes kulub idanenud seemnest õitsvaks taimeks sirgumiseni 5–8 aastat. Nartsiss võib paljuneda ka isekülvi teel ja anda seejuures huvitavaid hübriide.

Seemnetega paljunedes on suur tõenäosus hübriidsete järglaste saamiseks ja seetõttu kasutatakse seda paljundusviisi põhiliselt sordiaretuses. Kui tahetakse aga saada emastaime identset koopiat, kasutatakse vegetatiivset paljundamist tütarsibulate abil.

Nartsisse on võimalik paljundada ka sibulapistikute abil, kaksiksoomus-, koekultuuri- või meristeemmeetodil.

Kasutamine

Alates 18. sajandist on nartsissid laialt levinud iluaianduses. 18. sajandi teisel poolel tehti Inglismaal algust juba nartsisside sordiaretusega, mis elavnes kõvasti 19. sajandil seoses huvi kasvuga nartsissside vastu. Neid on iluaianduse tarbeks aretatud üle 12 000 erineva sordi.

Nartsisse kasutatakse ka parfümeeria- ja farmaatsiatööstuses.

Nartsissid sisaldavad mürgiseid alkaloide. Mürgitusnähtudeks on äge oksendamine ja kõhulahtisus.

Nimi

Nimi nartsiss tuleb kreeka keelest ja on arvatavasti tuletatud sõnast ναρκάω (narkaō), mis tähendab 'kangestun' või 'tuimestun'. See nimetus tuleneb arvatavasti õie uimastavast lõhnast või alkaloidist, mida taim sisaldab.

Müüdid ja sümboolika

Narkissos ja Echo

Järgneval müüdil on mitmeid variatsioone ja siin on esitatud üks nendest.

Kreeka mütoloogiast on tuntud kaunis ja uhke noormees Narkissos, kelle isa oli jõejumal Kephissos ja ema jõenümf Leiriope.

Leiriope tahtis kangesti teada, kas tema lapsele on ka määratud pikk ja õnnelik elu. Seetõttu pöördus ta vähetuntud ennustaja Teiresiase poole, kes andis küsimusele vastuseks: "On küll, kui ta ainult iseennast tundma ei õpi." Kuusteist aastat hiljem toimunud sündmuste läbi sai Teiresias kuulsaks. Seda seetõttu, et selleks ajaks oli Narkissos saanud piltilusaks noormeheks, kellele kõik tüdrukud, kes teda nägid, kuuluda ihaldasid. Tema aga ei tahtnud neist kedagi ja aset leidis järgnev sündmus.

Echo oli mäginümf, kelle kurb saatus sai alguse sellest, et ta sattus Hera viha alla. Hera, kes püüdis avastada Zeusi järjekordset armulugu ühe nümfiga, ei tabanud süüdlast, kuna ta tähelepanu juhtis kõrvale Echo lobisemine. Hera viha langes seetõttu Echo peale. Jumalanna nuhtles teda sellega, et too ei saanud oma keelele enam ühtki muud sõna kui vaid need, mis talle ette öeldi ja mida ta siis kordas. "Sulle jäägu alati viimane sõna," ütles Hera, "kuid sul ärgu olgu võimalust kõnelust alustada."

Karistus oli Echole kohutav. Amori tabatud noole tõttu oli Echo, nagu kõik teised neiud, armunud Narkissosse, kuid karistuse tõttu ei saanud ta temaga rääkida. Kuna Amor oli unustanud tabada Narkissost, ei leidnud Echo armastus vastarmastust. Siiski koitis ühel päeval Echo võimalus Narkissosega vestlusse asuda, kui Narkissos oma kaaslasi hüüdis: "Kas keegi on siin?" Echo, kes oli peitunud puude varju, vastas õnnejoovastuses: "Siin ...siin ..." Kuna Narkissos teda ei näinud, hüüdis ta talle: "Tule!" Echo vastas rõõmsalt: "Tule!" ja astus väljasirutatud kätega metsast välja noormehele vastu. Narkissos aga pöördus pettununa Echo poolt ära, ise lausudes: "Ära tule! Ma ennem suren, kui annan end sinule saagiks." Echo võis seepeale vastata vaid: "Annan end sinule saagiks." Kuid Narkissos oli juba läinud.

Echo kurvastas selle peale nõnda, et kaotas viimasegi elujanu ja muutus kaljuks. Olympose jumalad hoolitsesid aga selle eest, et ta hääl maailma kostma jääks ja nõnda tekkis kaja.

Nõnda jätkas Narkissos julmal kombel armastuse põlgamist, kuni üks nendest, kelle Narkissos oli ära põlanud, ta ära needis. Narkissosest põlatu palus jumalatelt, et Narkissos saaks tunda sedasama, mida tema äsja oli kogenud ja jumalad võtsid ta palvet kuulda. Nõnda juhtuski, et Narkissos armus iseenda peegelpilti, kui ta seda selges mägiallikas nägi.

Enesearmastuses aga ei leia keegi täitumust: niipea kui Narkissos oma peegelpildile lähenes, muutus see ähmaseks; läks ta aga kaugemale, kadus pilt sootuks. Ometi ei saanud ta oma peegelpildist lahti ja muudkui püüdis asjata seda emmata. Päevast päeva lamas ta allika juures ega võtnud teragi suhu, kuni eluvaim temast lahkus. Kuigi Narkissos oli nii paljudel südame murdnud, leinasid teda allikate nümfid najaadid ja puude nümfid drüaadid, kes otsisid ilusat keha, et seda matta. Kuid keha nad ei leidnud. Paigas, kus noormees oli lebanud, õitses uus ilus lill, mida hakati hüüdma Narkissose nime järgi nartsissiks.

Persephone ja Hades

Valgetest nartsissidest vanikut kandnud Zeusi tütar Persephone korjas aasalt lilli, kui maapind avanes ning allilma ja surnute jumal Hades sealt kaarikul välja sõitis, Persephone kaasa haaras ning ta allilma kaasa viis. Demeter, kes oli Persephone ema, otsis oma tütart kõikjalt, aga ei leidnud teda kuskilt.

Kuna Demeter oli viljakuse jumalanna, kaasnes tema kurvastusse langemisega ikaldus ning inimkonda ähvardas nälga suremine. Seega pidi sekkuma Zeus, kelle abil õnnestus sõlmida Hadesega kokkulepe, mille kohaselt lahkub Persephone allilmast pooleks aastaks oma ema juurde, ülejäänud aja aga veedab allilmas. Ajal, millal Persephone elab allilmas, valitseb ta ema kurbuse tõttu talv.

Persephone ei tohtinud kunagi allilmast igaveseks lahkuda, kuna ta oli allilmas granaatõuna maitsnud ja see, kes midagi allilmas sööb, ei tohi sealt enam lahkuda. Seetõttu peetakse vahel granaatõuna ka rumaluse sümboliks.

Nartsissidega seob seda müüti aga see, et kui Hades võttis Persephone endale kaasaks, kaotasid müüdi kohaselt nartsisside õied oma neitsiliku valge värvuse ja muutusid kollasteks.

Sümboolika

Nartsiss on kevadlillena noorelt suremise, magamise ja taassünni sümbol.

Vana-Kreekas kasutati nartsisse Demeteri riitustel ja istutati haudadele. Seda selleks, et märkida surma kui und (narkoë 'mina kangestun' võib samuti viidata unevalda langemisele).

Nartsissi meeldiv lõhn sümboliseeris Pärsias noorust. Islamis oli nartsiss aga oma püstise varre tõttu ustava teenri sümbol ja uskliku embleem.

Kuna nartsiss õitseb Hiinas uue aasta alguse paiku, siis peetakse seda seal ka rõõmu, õnne ja õnneliku abielu sümboliks.

Klassifikatsioon

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Kollane nartsiss (Narcissus pseudonarcissus)

Tänu agarale sordiaretusele tekkis juba 19. sajandil väga paju nartsissisorte. 20. sajandil jätkati sordiaretust ja suure sortide arvu tõttu püüti nartsissisorte klassifitseerid. Esimene nartsissisortide klassifikatsioon (koos sordinimede registriga) ilmus 1908. aastal Londonis. 1915. aastal ja 1923. aastal ilmusid täiendatud ja parandatud klassifikatsioonid.

Tänapäeval kehtiva rahvusvahelise nartsissisortide klassifikatsiooni põhilise osa kehtestamine toimus 1. jaanuaril 1950. Selles jaotati sordid 11 rühma. Hiljem lisati 12. rühm nende sortide jaoks, mis ei mahtunud tunnuste poolest 11 eelmise rühma sekka.

Nartsissisortide klassifitseerimisel arvestati õite värvust ning õiekattelehtede ja lisakrooni pikkuse suhet. Järgnevalt on välja toodud rahvusvaheliselt tunnustatud 12 sordirühma.

I rühm – trompetnartsissid
Igal varrel on ainult üks õis. Trompet (lisakroon) on sama pikk või pikem kui õiekattelehed. Trompetnartsissid õitsevad nartsissidest kõige varem.

II rühm – suure lisakrooniga nartsissid
Varrel kasvab üks õis. Õied on suured ja ilusad. Lisakroon ehk trompet on pikem kui 1/3 õiekattelehtede pikkusest, kuid ei ületa seda. Taimede kõrgus on 30–60 cm.

III rühm – väikese lisakrooniga nartsissid
Väikese lisakrooniga nartsissid on saadud suure lisakrooniga nartsisside ristamisel poeedinartsissiga (Narcissus poeticus). Varrel üks õis, lisakroon ei ole pikem kui 1/3 õiekattelehtede pikkusest. Taimede kõrgus on 30–45 cm.

IV rühm – täidisõielised nartsissid
Üks või enam õit varrel. Õiekattelehed või lisakroon või mõlemad on täidisõielised. Taimede kõrgus on 15–45 cm. Paljudel sortidel on rasked täidisõied küllalti pikkade varte otsas ja seetõttu kahjustavad tuul ja vihm neid üpris kergesti.

V rühm – triandrusnartsissid
Narcissus triandrus L. tunnustega sordid. Tavaliselt kaks või enam rippuvat õit varrel. Taimede kõrgus on 15–45 cm.

VI rühm – tsüklaamen-nartsissid
Narcissus cyclamineus D. C. tunnustega sordid. Üks õis varrel. Õiekattelehed on märgatavalt reflektiivsed, pika trompetiga. Taimede kõrgus on 15–30 cm.

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Poeedinartsiss Narcissus poeticus

VII rühm – džonkill-nartsissid
Narcissus jonquilla L. tunnustega sordid. Üks kuni viis, harva ka kaheksa lõhnavat õit varrel. Trompet tassi kujuline. Taimede kõrgus on 15–30 cm.

VIII rühm – tatsett-nartsissid (tatsetid)
Narcissus tazetta L. tunnustega sordid. Tavaliselt 3–20 lõhnavat õit lihaval varrel, lühike tassikujuline trompet. Taimede kõrgus on 15–45 cm.

IX rühm – poeedinartsissid
Narcissus poeticus L. tunnustega sordid. Tavaliselt üks õis varrel, õiekattelehed puhasvalged, lisakroon väga väike, ketta kujuline, mis keskelt on kollane ja/või roheline, serv punane ja kofreeritud. Lõhnavad õied. Taimede kõrgus on 30–45 cm.

X rühm – looduslikult kasvavad liigid e bulbocodium-nartsissid
Tavaliselt üks õis varrel. Varase õitsemise ja madala kasvu tõttu sobivad hästi kasvatamiseks kiviktaimlas. Liigid: N. bulbocodium, N. asturiensis, N. canaliculatus, N. cyclamineus, N. pseudonarcissus, ja N. obvallaris.

XI rühm – lõhestunud lisakrooniga nartsissid
Lisakroon on lõhestunud vähemalt ühe kolmandikuni lisakrooni pikkusest.
Siia rühma kuuluvad a) kaelusnartsissid b) liblikõielised nartsissid.

XII rühm – mitmesugused nartsissid
Sordid, mis ei sobi eelmistesse rühmadesse.

Haigused ja kahjurid

Seenhaigused

 src=
Nartsissikärbes (Merodon equestris)

Viirushaigused

Kahjurid

Vaata ka

Välislingid

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Nartsiss: Brief Summary ( الإستونية )

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Nartsiss (Narcissus) on umbes 60 liigiga sibultaimede perekond amarülliliste (Amaryllidaceae) sugukonnast.

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Lilipa ( الباسكية )

المقدمة من wikipedia EU

Lilipa Amaryllidaceae familiaren Narcissus generoaren landareen izen arrunta da. Espezie gehienak hegoaldeko Europan, Mediterraneo inguruan jatorria izan arren, badaude erdialdeko Asian edo Txinan jatorria dutenak. Urtero mintegietan aldaera berriak sortzen dituzte.

Euskaraz nartziso ere izena dute, izen bereko greziar mitoan oinarrituta. Izen hau antzinako grezierazko narkào (euskaraz: narkotiko) hitzetik eratorria da, landare hauek usain sarkorra dutelako.

Espezieen zerrenda

Hibrido naturalak

  • Narcissus x abilioi Fern.Casas
  • Narcissus x araniensis Fern.Casas
  • Narcissus x bakeri K.Richt.
  • Narcissus x buxtonii K.Richt.
  • Narcissus x dordae Fern.Casas, 1999
  • Narcissus x incomparabilis Mill.
  • Narcissus x intermedius Loisel.
  • Narcissus x laetus Salisb.
  • Narcissus x magnenii Rouy
  • Narcissus x martinoae Nava & Fern.Casado, 1991
  • Narcissus x medioluteus Mill.
  • Narcissus x montielanus (Barra & G.López) Barra & G.López, 1992
  • Narcissus x montserratii Fern.Casas & Rivas Ponce, 1988
  • Narcissus x odorus L.
  • Narcissus x paedagogorum Nava & Fern.Casado, 1991
  • Narcissus x ponsii-sorollae Fern.Casas, 1983
  • Narcissus x pyrenaicus Dorda, Rivas Ponce & Fern.Casas, 1991
  • Narcissus x raianus A.Fernandes, T.Leitao & Aguiar, 1992
  • Narcissus x romoi Fern.Casas, 1993
  • Narcissus x sampaianus A.Fern. 1992 [1993]
  • Narcissus x souliei Guétrot
  • Narcissus x susannae nm. montielanus Barra & G.López
  • Narcissus x tenuior Curtis
  • Narcissus x xaverii Fern.Casado, 1991

Galeria

(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Lilipa: Brief Summary ( الباسكية )

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Lilipa Amaryllidaceae familiaren Narcissus generoaren landareen izen arrunta da. Espezie gehienak hegoaldeko Europan, Mediterraneo inguruan jatorria izan arren, badaude erdialdeko Asian edo Txinan jatorria dutenak. Urtero mintegietan aldaera berriak sortzen dituzte.

Euskaraz nartziso ere izena dute, izen bereko greziar mitoan oinarrituta. Izen hau antzinako grezierazko narkào (euskaraz: narkotiko) hitzetik eratorria da, landare hauek usain sarkorra dutelako.

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Narsissit ( الفنلندية )

المقدمة من wikipedia FI
 src=
Valkonarsissi (Narcissus poëticus)

Narsissit (Narcissus) ovat narsissikasvien heimon (Amaryllidaceae) suku. Ne ovat monivuotisia sipulikasveja. Kukat ovat yleensä väriltään keltaisia, valkoisia tai keltavalkoisia ja niissä on lisäteriötorvi. Lehdet ovat kapeita, tasasoukkia ja tylpähköjä. Luonnossa narsisseja kasvaa Etelä-Euroopasta Japaniin ulottuvalla vyöhykkeellä. Narsisseista on kehitetty jo satoja vuosia erilaisia puutarhanarsisseja eri lajien risteytysten tuloksena. Puutarhamuotojen ulkokiehkuran kehälehdet ovat joko samanvärisiä kuin torvikin tai erivärisiä. Suomessa niitä kasvatetaan hyvin yleisesti koristekasveina pihoilla, puutarhoissa ja kasvihuoneissa. Tunnetuin laji on keltanarsissi eli pääsiäislilja (Narcissus pseudonarcissus).

Narsissit ovat myrkyllisiä, myös sipulit, siksi myyrät ja hiiret eivät koske niihin. Kasvit sisältävät lääkkeenäkin käytettävää galantamiinia, joka on antikoliiniesteraasi.[1]

Lajeja

Luonnonvaraisia narsisseja:

Risteymiä:

Puutarhalajikkeita

  • Torvinarsissit (mm. King Alfred)
    • Isotorviset eli maljatorviset narsissit
    • Pienitorviset narsissit
  • Kerrannaiskukkaiset (kerrotut) narsissit
  • Valkonarsissi
  • Tähtinarsissit (mm. Keltanarsissi eli pääsiäislilja)
  • Pienikokoiset narsissit
  • Triandrus-narsissit
  • Syklaaminarsissit
  • Orkideanarsissit
  • Jonquilla-narsissit
  • Tazetta–sarjanarsissit (Poetaz-narsissit)
  • Bulbocodium-narsissit
  • Poeticus-narsissit

Lähteet

  • Hay, Roy ja Synge, Patrick M.: Puutarhan ja kodin koristekasvit, s. 467-468. WSOY, 1976. ISBN 951-0-07457-8.
  • Schauer, Thomas ja Caspari, Claus: Luonnonkasvit: Suuri maastokäsikirja, s. 138. suomeksi toim. Arto Kurtto. Weilin+Göös, 1991. ISBN 951-35-3886-9.

Viitteet

  1. Analysis of metabolic variation and galanthamine content in Narcissus bulbs by 1H NMR. Tammikuu 2010. National Institutes of Health.
  2. Räty, Ella (toim.): Viljelykasvien nimistö. Helsinki: Puutarhaliiton julkaisuja nro 363, 2012. ISBN 978-951-8942-92-7.

Aiheesta muualla

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Narsissit: Brief Summary ( الفنلندية )

المقدمة من wikipedia FI
 src= Valkonarsissi (Narcissus poëticus)

Narsissit (Narcissus) ovat narsissikasvien heimon (Amaryllidaceae) suku. Ne ovat monivuotisia sipulikasveja. Kukat ovat yleensä väriltään keltaisia, valkoisia tai keltavalkoisia ja niissä on lisäteriötorvi. Lehdet ovat kapeita, tasasoukkia ja tylpähköjä. Luonnossa narsisseja kasvaa Etelä-Euroopasta Japaniin ulottuvalla vyöhykkeellä. Narsisseista on kehitetty jo satoja vuosia erilaisia puutarhanarsisseja eri lajien risteytysten tuloksena. Puutarhamuotojen ulkokiehkuran kehälehdet ovat joko samanvärisiä kuin torvikin tai erivärisiä. Suomessa niitä kasvatetaan hyvin yleisesti koristekasveina pihoilla, puutarhoissa ja kasvihuoneissa. Tunnetuin laji on keltanarsissi eli pääsiäislilja (Narcissus pseudonarcissus).

Narsissit ovat myrkyllisiä, myös sipulit, siksi myyrät ja hiiret eivät koske niihin. Kasvit sisältävät lääkkeenäkin käytettävää galantamiinia, joka on antikoliiniesteraasi.

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Narcissus ( الفرنسية )

المقدمة من wikipedia FR

Narcissus est un genre de plantes herbacées vivaces de la famille des Liliaceae selon la classification classique ; la classification phylogénétique propose de classer ce genre parmi la sous-famille des Amaryllidoideae, de la famille des Amaryllidaceae.

C'est le genre des narcisses et des jonquilles.

Étymologie

Du grec νάρκισσος (« narcisse »), lui-même de ναρκάω (« être engourdi »), probablement du fait des propriétés narcotiques du genre[1].

Dans la mythologie grecque, Narcisse était l'un des plus beaux hommes de Grèce, mais les dieux avaient décidé qu'il ne pourrait jamais regarder son reflet. La nymphe des sources Écho, qui avait été condamnée par Héra à ne pouvoir dire à ses interlocuteurs que la fin des phrases qu'elle voulait prononcer, tomba amoureuse de Narcisse. Elle fut rejetée par la vanité de Narcisse, et pour se venger, l'amante déçue demanda aux dieux de le punir par un amour impossible. En châtiment, Némésis (déesse de la vengeance) fit en sorte que Narcisse vît son reflet et en tombât alors amoureux. Il resta alors figé, face à l'eau d'où émanait son reflet. Écho, prise de désespoir, se jeta du haut d'une montagne : c'est de là que viendrait le mot « écho », et Narcisse fut transformé en plante. Cette plante porte son nom, à cause de l'inclinaison de ses fleurs en direction des points d'eau, de sa beauté reconnue et de son caractère toxique.

Description

Les narcisses sont des plantes bulbeuses, à feuilles basales et à tiges creuses, portant de une à plusieurs fleurs. Les fleurs comportent six sépales. Les étamines, au nombre de six, sont insérées dans une couronne ou paracorolle en coupe ou en trompette, formée par les pétales soudés entre eux. Le fruit est une capsule trilobée contenant généralement de nombreuses graines.

Les narcisses sont des plantes à bulbes dont la beauté est très appréciée dans les jardins. Il existe de nombreuses espèces et une multitude de variétés horticoles. Les narcisses sont des plantes toxiques, qui, comme les perce-neige, contiennent de la galantamine. La floraison a lieu de mars à juin, les fleurs étant de couleur blanche ou jaune selon les espèces. Leur odeur forte peut donner la migraine, à l'exemple du narcisse jaune. Quelques espèces toutefois, comme Narcissus serotinus et Narcissus viridiflorus, sont à floraison automnale.

Reproduction

Les narcisses utilisent la reproduction (ou multiplication) asexuée qui est le processus par lequel un individu donne naissance à un ou plusieurs individus de même sexe sans intervention de phénomènes sexuels, c'est-à-dire sans formation de cellules reproductrices et sans fécondation. Au printemps, le bulbe germe en donnant des feuilles, une tige et des fleurs. L'ancien bulbe disparaît en donnant de nouveaux bulbes qui fleurissent l'année suivante. Dans le cas du narcisse, c'est à partir d'un ou plusieurs bourgeons à l'intérieur du bulbe. C'est le mode de multiplication le plus rapide.

La reproduction sexuée reste possible : il y a alors fécondation des fleurs par le pollen et production de graines. Mais les graines obtenues ne permettent d'obtenir des bulbes florifères qu'au bout de 5 à 6 ans.

Subdivisions infra-génériques

On distingue au sein du genre Narcissus deux sous-genres :

Liste d'espèces

Hybrides

Il existe de très nombreux hybrides horticoles[3], citons :

 src=
Narcisse tête-à-tête
  • Narcisse tête-à-tête, Narcissus x cyclazetta Chater & Stace, cf. Watsonnia[4] 24:532 (2003) = N. cyclamineus de Candolle x N. tazetta L.
Très courant chez les fleuristes, car sa petite taille permet de le cultiver facilement en pot sur un bord de fenêtre.
Selon Watsonnia : Tige de 15-25 cm. Les plus grandes feuilles font 15-20 cm x 8-15 mm. Les fleurs, parfumées, seules ou par deux pour un bulbe, se tiennent horizontalement. Les tépales jaunes font 13-20 x 10-15 mm.
  • Narcissus × boutignyanus Philippe, Fl. Pyren. (Philippe) 2: 335 (1859) = N. moschatus Linnaeus × N. poeticus Linnaeus
  • Narcissus × dordae Fernández Casas, cf. Fontqueria 53: 8 (1999) = N. abscissus (Haworth) Schultes & Schultes f. × N. macrolobus (Jordan) Pugsley

Album de photos

Remarques

  • On appelle parfois le narcisse jaune (Narcissus pseudonarcissus), narcisse sauvage. Cette dénomination est assez problématique, le narcisse jaune n'étant pas le seul narcisse à pouvoir être sauvage.
  • On appelle encore le narcisse jaune narcisse des prés ou encore narcisse des bois alors que celui-ci n'a pas le monopole de ces terrains.
  • نرگس (Nargis) est le mot venant du persan, dérivé de l'ourdou, pour la fleur de narcisse. Ce nom a été suggéré par le Pakistan lors de l'établissement de sa liste de noms de cyclones tropicaux.

Toxicité

Les narcisses (en particulier Narcissus pseudonarcissus et Narcissus poeticus) ont été responsables de quelques empoisonnements de chiens. Les animaux ont consommé des fleurs, l'eau dans laquelle ont trempé les fleurs coupées ou des bulbes. La dose létale pour un chien serait de 15 g de bulbes.

La partie de la plante la plus toxique est le bulbe. La plante contient des alcaloïdes dérivés de la phénanthridine. On retrouve la narcissine, la narciclasine, la galanthamine et la lycorine. Elle contient également des cristaux d'oxalate de calcium[5].

Les rongeurs connaissent la toxicité des narcisses et ne s'en approchent donc pas. C'est pour cette raison que certains jardiniers plantent parfois des narcisses autour des plantes susceptibles d'être attaquées par les rongeurs.

Symbolique

Langage des fleurs

Dans le langage des fleurs, le narcisse symbolise l'amour de soi-même et l'égoïsme[6].

Calendrier républicain

Dans le calendrier républicain, la Narcisse était le nom attribué au 11e jour du mois de ventôse[7].

Pays de Galles

Le narcissus est une des deux plantes emblèmes du pays de Galles (l'autre est le poireau).

Notes et références

  1. Couplan 2006, p. 143
  2. (en) A. FERNANDES, « L'EVOLUTION CHEZ LE GENRE NARCISSUS L. », Anal. Inst. Bot. Cavanilles, vol. 32 (2),‎ 1975, p. 843-872 (lire en ligne)
  3. Royal Horticultural Society, « Botanical names in the genus Narcissus » (consulté le 2 mars 2016)
  4. Référence Biodiversity Heritage Library : 45073296#page/594
  5. (en) Alexander CAMPBELL et Michael CHAPMAN, Handbook of poisoning in dogs and cats, Blackwell Science, 2000, 272 p., p. 116
  6. Anne Dumas, Les plantes et leurs symboles, Éditions du Chêne, coll. « Les carnets du jardin », 2000, 128 p. (ISBN 2-84277-174-5, BNF ).
  7. Ph. Fr. Na. Fabre d'Églantine, « Rapport fait à la Convention nationale, dans la séance du 3 du second mois de la seconde année de la République française, au nom de la commission chargée de la confection du calendrier », 24 octobre 1793, p. 24.

Voir aussi

Article connexe

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Narcissus: Brief Summary ( الفرنسية )

المقدمة من wikipedia FR

Narcissus est un genre de plantes herbacées vivaces de la famille des Liliaceae selon la classification classique ; la classification phylogénétique propose de classer ce genre parmi la sous-famille des Amaryllidoideae, de la famille des Amaryllidaceae.

C'est le genre des narcisses et des jonquilles.

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Lus an chromchinn ( الأيرلندية )

المقدمة من wikipedia GA

Lus an chromchinn a thugtar ar roinnt plandaí blátha san fhine Amaryllidaceae.

 src=
Is síol é an t-alt seo. Cuir leis, chun cuidiú leis an Vicipéid.
Má tá alt níos forbartha le fáil i dteanga eile, is féidir leat aistriúchán Gaeilge a dhéanamh.


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Amarelle (planta) ( الجاليكية )

المقدمة من wikipedia gl Galician

Os amarelles ou narcisos son plantas bulbosas anuais pertencentes ao xénero Narcissus, da familia das amarilidáceas, da que existen distintas especies, con follas radicais estreitas e flores moi aromáticas, brancas ou amarelas con forma de tubo.

Son orixinarios da conca mediterránea e Europa. En Galiza atopamos varias especies; Narcissus cyclamineus é endémica de Galiza. A meirande parte das especies teñen floración primaveral, aínda que as hai que florean polo outono. Amarelle é o nome común galego xunto a narciso para o xénero[2]. A maioría das súas especies son nativas da rexión mediterránea, porén unhas cantas especies se atopan ao longo de Asia Central e a China. A cantidade de formas cultivadas aumentaron grandemente, con novas variacións nos viveiros de cultivo practicamente cada ano.

Descrición

Flores en umbela ou solitarias, cunha espata membranosa dunha soa bráctea. Perianto con tubo xeralmente moi desenvolvido. Coroa normalmente ben desenvolvida. Estames insertos no tubo do periantio ou na base da coroa. Anteras medifixas, introrsas.

Etimoloxía

O nome galego amarelle deriva do grego que dá nome á familia: Amaryllidaceae. Amarelle é tamén un apelido galego.

O nome xenérico e o galego narciso vén de Narciso, da mitoloxía grega Νάρκισσος (Narkissos) fillo do deus río Cephissus e da ninfa Leiriope; que se distinguía pola súa beleza.

O nome deriva da verba grega ναρκὰο, narkào (= narcótico) referíndise ao cheiro penetrante e embriagante das flores dalgunhas especies (algúns sosteñen que a palabra deriva da verba persiana نرگس que se pronuncia Nargis, que indica que esta planta é embriagadora).

Os amarelles en América do Norte denomínanse jonquils, mais falando con propiedade este nome só se debe de aplicar á especie Narcissus jonquilla (L.) Pourr. ex Nyman 1882 (xunquiños) e aos táxones semellantes que teñen as follas coma os xuncos.

Simboloxía

É unha flor común e endémica de Galicia e o Norte de Portugal medrando á beira dos regatos. É a flor nacional do País de Gales. No primeiro de marzo, celébrase o día que coincide coa data do soterramento de San David (Dewi Sant), levando os homes un allo porro e as mulleres un amarelle. A lenda di que nas vésperas dunha importante batalla contra os saxóns, o santo recomendou levar un allo porro para distinguirse dos inimigos aos que se infrinxiu unha importante derrota. Así, o allo porro pasou ser o símbolo do país. Pero en galés allo porro e narciso pronúncianse de xeito moi parecido: cenhinen ('allo porro') e cenhinen pedr ('narciso') e crese que houbo unha mala tradución que levou á confusión[3].

Descrición

Os amarelles son plantas bulbosas, con follas e escapo basais. As flores, solitarias ou en grupos, posúen seis tépalos petaloides. Os estames, en número de seis, están insertados no tubo do perigonio. Os froitos son cápsulas trilobuladas que conteñen xeralmente numerosas tripas.

Clasificación hortícola

Aínda que coñecidos dende tempos remotos polos horticultores, foi a partir da segunda metade do século XIX cando comezou a selección e a produción masiva de cultivares e híbridos; o número dos producidos actualmente é practicamente innumerábel.[4] En horticultura clasifícanse en 11 grupos[5] que se describen na táboa a seguir. Nalgunhas publicacións sóese engadir o grupo 12 onde se inclúen os amarelles que non poden pertencer a ningún dos outros grupos.

Seccións botánicas

  • Sect. Apodanthi
Especies: N. albimarginatus, N. calcicola, N. cuatrecasasii, N. marvieri, N. rupicola, N. scaberulus e N. watieri.
  • Sect. Aurelia
Unha soa especie: N. broussonetii.
  • Sect. Bulbocodii
Especies: N. blancoi, N. bulbocodium, N. cantabricus, N. hedraeanthus, N. obesus, N. romieuxii etc.
  • Sect. Cyclaminei
Unha soa especie: N. cyclamineus.
  • Sect. Chloraster
Unha soa especie: N. viridiflorus.
  • Sect. Ganymedes
Una sola especie: N. triandrus.
  • Sect. Jonquillae
Especies: N. assoanus, N. cerrolazae, N. baeticus, N. fernandesii, N. gaditanus, N. jonquilla e N. willkommii.
  • Sect. Narcissus
Unha soa especie: N. poeticus.
  • Sect. Perezlarae
Unha soa especie: N. perezlarae.
  • Sect. Pseudonarcissi
Especies: N. bicolor, N. confusus, N. longispathus, N. minor, N. moschatus, N. muñozii-garmendiae, N. nevadensis, N. perez-chiscanoi, N. pseudonarcissus etc.
  • Sect. Serotini
Especies: N. elegans e N. serotinus.
  • Sect. Tapeinanthus
Unha soa especie: N. cavanillesii.
  • Sect. Tazettae
Especies: N. dubius, N. papyraceus, N. tazetta, N. tortifolius etc.

Especies

Híbridos naturais

  • Narcissus x abilioi Fern.Casas
  • Narcissus x araniensis Fern.Casas
  • Narcissus x bakeri K.Richt.
  • Narcissus x buxtonii K.Richt.
  • Narcissus x dordae Fern.Casas, 1999
  • Narcissus x incomparabilis Mill.
  • Narcissus x intermedius Loisel.
  • Narcissus x laetus Salisb.
  • Narcissus x magnenii Rouy
  • Narcissus x martinoae Nava & Fern.Casado, 1991
  • Narcissus x medioluteus Mill.
  • Narcissus x montielanus (Barra & G.López) Barra & G.López, 1992
  • Narcissus x montserratii Fern.Casas & Rivas Ponce, 1988
  • Narcissus x odorus L.
  • Narcissus x paedagogorum Nava & Fern.Casado, 1991
  • Narcissus x ponsii-sorollae Fern.Casas, 1983
  • Narcissus x pyrenaicus Dorda, Rivas Ponce & Fern.Casas, 1991
  • Narcissus x raianus A.Fernandes, T.Leitao & Aguiar, 1992
  • Narcissus x romoi Fern.Casas, 1993
  • Narcissus x sampaianus A.Fern. 1992 [1993]
  • Narcissus x souliei Guétrot
  • Narcissus x susannae nm. montielanus Barra & G.López
  • Narcissus x tenuior Curtis
  • Narcissus x xaverii Fern.Casado, 1991

Notas

  1. Sinónimos en wikispecies
  2. Nome en Termos Esenciais de Botánica da Universidade de Santiago de Compostela e no dicionario da Real Academia Galega - http://www.realacademiagalega.org/dicionario#searchNoun.do?nounTitle=Amarelle
  3. Artigo sobre flores nacionais no Portal das palabras da RAG.
  4. Véxase Cultivares de Narcissus
  5. van Dijk, Hanneke (2003). La enciclopedia de las plantas bulbosas. Ed. Libsa. ISBN 84-662-0629-9.

Véxase tamén

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Amarelle (planta): Brief Summary ( الجاليكية )

المقدمة من wikipedia gl Galician

Os amarelles ou narcisos son plantas bulbosas anuais pertencentes ao xénero Narcissus, da familia das amarilidáceas, da que existen distintas especies, con follas radicais estreitas e flores moi aromáticas, brancas ou amarelas con forma de tubo.

Son orixinarios da conca mediterránea e Europa. En Galiza atopamos varias especies; Narcissus cyclamineus é endémica de Galiza. A meirande parte das especies teñen floración primaveral, aínda que as hai que florean polo outono. Amarelle é o nome común galego xunto a narciso para o xénero. A maioría das súas especies son nativas da rexión mediterránea, porén unhas cantas especies se atopan ao longo de Asia Central e a China. A cantidade de formas cultivadas aumentaron grandemente, con novas variacións nos viveiros de cultivo practicamente cada ano.

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Sunovrat ( الكرواتية )

المقدمة من wikipedia hr Croatian
 src=
Sunovrat
 src=
Sunovrat Jonquilla
 src=
Narcissus poeticus

Sunovrat (narcis, drimavac, nežić, lat. Narcissus) je biljni rod porodice Amaryllidaceae kojemu pripada 116 priznatih vrsta.

Ime "Narcissus" dolazi od grčke riječi narkao (opiti, omamiti), jer cvijet ima alkaloid s narkotičkim djelovanjem. Potječe iz sredozemnih krajeva Europe (Španjolska i Balkan).

Opis sunovrata

  • List: Uzak, duguljast, mekan, svijetlozelene boje.
  • Cvjetna stapka: Šuplja, viša od listova, većinom ima samo jedan cvijet.
  • Perigon ili ocvijeće: Sastoji se od dva kruga s tri listića bijele ili žute boje. Tanjurastog je oblika, a pri dnu se nalazi krunica, koja nije rascjepljena.
  • Cvatnja: U proljeće, od veljače do travnja.
  • Razmnožavanje: Lukovicama.

Podjela

Vrtni sunovrati se dijele na 11 klasa i to prema obliku i boji cvijeta:

  • Trubasti sunovrat:

Ima cvjetni izbojak s jednim cvijetom, a krunica mu je trubasta i duža od širine cvjetnih latica. Može biti žuti, dvobojni i bijeli.

  • Velikocvjetni sunovrat:

Ima jedan cvijet, a duljina krunice je 1/3 do 1/2 širine vjenčića. Izraštaj je po obliku trubast ili zdjelast, širok. Može biti žut s velikim ocvijećem ili dvobojan.

  • Sitnocvjetni sunovrat:

Ima jedan cvijet, a duljina krunice je kraća od 1/3 širine ocvijeća. Može imati žute latice, žutu do narančastu krunicu i bijele latice.

  • Punocvjetni sunovrat:

Ima cvjetni izbojak s jednim manje - više ispunjenim cvijetom žute boje.

  • Sunovrat triandrus:

Ima dva cvijeta i neotporan je na hladnoću.

  • Sunovrat cyclamineus:

Rasprostranjen je na Sredozemlju; ima jedan cvijet.

  • Sunovrat jonquilla:

Rasprostranjen je u Dalmaciji; cvjetna stapka na vrhu ima četiri do šest cvjetova, rano cvate.

  • Sunovrat tazetta:

Neotporan je na zimu. Koristi se za rez i rano cvate. Cvjetovi su sitni, do šest, bijelog su ocvijeća i sitnih krunica žute boje.

  • Sunovrat poeticus:

Cvate najranije i to samoniklo u Dalmaciji. Ima jedan cvijet bijelog velikog ocvijeća i kratke žute krunice.

Primjena

  • Ispod krošnje stabla.
  • Uz rub skupine ukrasnog bilja.
  • Na travnjaku.
  • U gredice.

Vrste

  1. Narcissus × abilioi Fern.Casas
  2. Narcissus abscissus (Haw.) Schult. & Schult.f.
  3. Narcissus albicans (Haw.) Spreng.
  4. Narcissus albimarginatus D.Müll.-Doblies & U.Müll.-Doblies
  5. Narcissus alcaracensis S.Ríos, D.Rivera, Alcaraz & Obón
  6. Narcissus alcobacensis A.Fernández ex Fern.Casas
  7. Narcissus × alejandrei Fern.Casas
  8. Narcissus × alentejanus Fern.Casas
  9. Narcissus × alleniae Donn.-Morg.
  10. Narcissus × aloysii-villarii Fern.Casas
  11. Narcissus assoanus Dufour ex Schult. & Schult.f.
  12. Narcissus atlanticus Stern
  13. Narcissus × backhousei Baker
  14. Narcissus × bakeri K.Richt.
  15. Narcissus bertolonii Parl.
  16. Narcissus bicolor L.
  17. Narcissus × boutignyanus Philippe
  18. Narcissus × brevitubulosus A.Fern.
  19. Narcissus broussonetii Lag.
  20. Narcissus bujei (Fern.Casas) Fern.Casas
  21. Narcissus bulbocodium L.
  22. Narcissus × buxtonii K.Richt.
  23. Narcissus calcicola Mendonça
  24. Narcissus cantabricus DC.
  25. Narcissus × caramulensis P.Ribeiro, Paiva & H.Freitas
  26. Narcissus × cardonae Lloret & Fern.Casas
  27. Narcissus × carringtonii Rozeira
  28. Narcissus cavanillesii Barra & G.López
  29. Narcissus × cazorlanus Fern.Casas
  30. Narcissus × chevassutii Fern.Casas
  31. Narcissus × cofinyalensis Uribe-Ech. & Urrutia
  32. Narcissus × compressus Haw.
  33. Narcissus confusus Pugsley
  34. Narcissus × consolationis Fern.Casas
  35. Narcissus × corcyrensis (Herb.) Nyman
  36. Narcissus cordubensis Fern.Casas
  37. Narcissus cuatrecasasii Fern.Casas, M.Laínz & Ruíz Rejón
  38. Narcissus cuneiflorus (Salisb. ex Haw.) Link
  39. Narcissus cyclamineus DC.
  40. Narcissus × dezanus García Mart. & Silva Pando
  41. Narcissus dubius Gouan
  42. Narcissus flavus Lag.
  43. Narcissus × fosteri Lynch
  44. Narcissus gaditanus Boiss. & Reut.
  45. Narcissus gallaecicus Fern.Casas
  46. Narcissus × georgemawii Fern.Casas
  47. Narcissus gigas (Haw.) Steud.
  48. Narcissus × gredensis Fern.Casas
  49. Narcissus × hannibalis A.Fern.
  50. Narcissus hedraeanthus (Webb & Heldr.) Colmeiro
  51. Narcissus × hervasii Barra & Ureña
  52. Narcissus hesperidis Fern.Casas
  53. Narcissus hispanicus Gouan
  54. Narcissus × incomparabilis Mill.
  55. Narcissus jacetanus Fern.Casas
  56. Narcissus jacquemoudii Fern.Casas
  57. Narcissus jeanmonodii Fern.Casas
  58. Narcissus jonquilla L.
  59. Narcissus × koshinomurae Fern.Casas
  60. Narcissus leonensis Pugsley
  61. Narcissus × libarensis Sánchez García & Mart.Ort.
  62. Narcissus × litigiosus Amo
  63. Narcissus macrolobus (Jord.) Pugsley
  64. Narcissus × maginae Fern.Casas & Susanna
  65. Narcissus × magnenii Rouy
  66. Narcissus magniobesus Fern.Casas
  67. Narcissus × maroccanus Fern.Casas
  68. Narcissus marvieri Jahand. & Maire
  69. Narcissus matiasii Fern.Casas
  70. Narcissus × medioluteus Mill.
  71. Narcissus miniatus Donn.-Morg., Koop. & Zonn.
  72. Narcissus minor L.
  73. Narcissus moleroi Fern.Casas
  74. Narcissus moschatus L.
  75. Narcissus × munozii-alvarezii J.López-Tirado
  76. Narcissus munozii-garmendiae Fern.Casas
  77. Narcissus × neocarpetanus Rivas Ponce, C.Soriano & Fern.Casas
  78. Narcissus nevadensis Pugsley
  79. Narcissus nobilis (Haw.) Schult. & Schult.f.
  80. Narcissus × nutans Haw.
  81. Narcissus obesus Salisb.
  82. Narcissus obsoletus (Haw.) Spach
  83. Narcissus × odorus L.
  84. Narcissus × oiarbidei Fern.Casas & Uribe-Ech.
  85. Narcissus × olivensis Fern.Casas & Florencio
  86. Narcissus pachybolbus Durieu
  87. Narcissus × palentinus Fern.Casas
  88. Narcissus pallidiflorus Pugsley
  89. Narcissus papyraceus Ker Gawl.
  90. Narcissus × perangustus Fern.Casas
  91. Narcissus × perezlarae Font Quer
  92. Narcissus peroccidentalis Fern.Casas
  93. Narcissus × petri-mariae Fern.Casas
  94. Narcissus × poculiformis Salisb.
  95. Narcissus poeticus L.
  96. Narcissus × ponsii-sorollae Fern.Casas
  97. Narcissus portensis Pugsley
  98. Narcissus portomosensis A.Fernández ex Fern.Casas
  99. Narcissus primigenius (Fern.Suárez ex M.Laínz) Fern.Casas & M.Laínz
  100. Narcissus pseudonarcissus L.
  101. Narcissus × pugsleyi Fern.Casas
  102. Narcissus × pujolii Font Quer
  103. Narcissus × pyrenaicus Dorda, Rivas Ponce & Fern.Casas
  104. Narcissus × rafaelii Patino & Uribe-Ech.
  105. Narcissus × rogendorfii Batt. & Trab.
  106. Narcissus romieuxii Braun-Blanq. & Maire
  107. Narcissus × romoi Fern.Casas
  108. Narcissus rupicola Dufour
  109. Narcissus × rupidulus Fern.Casas & Susanna
  110. Narcissus scaberulus Henriq.
  111. Narcissus segurensis S.Ríos, D.Rivera, Alcaraz & Obón
  112. Narcissus serotinus L.
  113. Narcissus × somedanus Fern.Casado, Nava & Suárez Pérez
  114. Narcissus supramontanus Arrigoni
  115. Narcissus tazetta L.
  116. Narcissus × tenuior Curtis
  117. Narcissus tortifolius Fern.Casas
  118. Narcissus triandrus L.
  119. Narcissus × trilobus L.
  120. Narcissus × tuckeri Barra & G.López
  121. Narcissus × urrutiae Fern.Casas & Uribe-Ech.
  122. Narcissus viridiflorus Schousb.
  123. Narcissus vitekii P.Escobar
  124. Narcissus watieri Maire
  125. Narcissus × weickertii Sánchez Gullón & Castro Prig.
  126. Narcissus willkommii (Samp.) A.Fern.
  127. Narcissus × xanthochlorus Fern.Casas
  128. Narcissus × xaverii Nava & Fern.Casado
  129. Narcissus yepesii S.Ríos, D.Rivera, Alcaraz & Obón

Pospješivanje

Za pospješivanje se koriste trubasti i velikocvjetni sunovrati. Lukovice se vade u lipnju i vrši se prepariranje u skladištima na sljedeći način:

  • Prvi tjedan na temperaturi od 14 C
  • Dva tjedna na temperaturi od 17 C
  • Devet tjedana na temperaturi od 9 C do pospješivanja

Pospješivanje se radi hlađenim i nehlađenim lukovicama, i to najkasnije dva mjeseca nakon sadnje. Sunovrati se sade u sanduku na dubini od 15 cm, a nakon razvitka žila i prvih listova (5-8 cm) može se napipati i cvjetni izbojak. Tada se unose u staklenik na temperaturu od 10 C, koja se nakon nekoliko tjedana povisuje na 15 - 16 C.

Vrijeme pospješivanja dijeli se na nekoliko razdoblja:

  • 2-5 % u prosincu
  • 5-13 % u siječnju
  • 10-15 % u ožujku
  • 20-30 % u travnju

Rezanje i klasiranje: (Cvjetovi se režu u fazi pupoljaka kada pokažu boju cvijeta)

  • I.KLASA: cvjetna peteljka duga 30 cm
  • II.KLASA: cvjetna peteljka duga 20 cm

Snopovi se sastoje od 20 cvjetova iste sorte.

Galerija

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Sunovrat: Brief Summary ( الكرواتية )

المقدمة من wikipedia hr Croatian
 src= Sunovrat  src= Sunovrat Jonquilla  src= Narcissus poeticus

Sunovrat (narcis, drimavac, nežić, lat. Narcissus) je biljni rod porodice Amaryllidaceae kojemu pripada 116 priznatih vrsta.

Ime "Narcissus" dolazi od grčke riječi narkao (opiti, omamiti), jer cvijet ima alkaloid s narkotičkim djelovanjem. Potječe iz sredozemnih krajeva Europe (Španjolska i Balkan).

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Narcisa ( اللغة الصربية العليا )

المقدمة من wikipedia HSB

Narcisa[1][2] (Narcissus) abo nartuša[2] je ród ze swójby amarylisowych rostlinow (Amaryllidaceae).

Wobsahuje sćěhowace družiny:

Nóžki

  1. 1,0 1,1 Pawoł Völkel: Prawopisny słownik hornjoserbskeje rěče. Hornjoserbsko-němski słownik. Ludowe nakładnistwo Domowina, Budyšin 2005, ISBN 3-7420-1920-1, str. 287.
  2. 2,0 2,1 2,2 W internetowym słowniku: Narzisse
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Narcisa: Brief Summary ( اللغة الصربية العليا )

المقدمة من wikipedia HSB

Narcisa (Narcissus) abo nartuša je ród ze swójby amarylisowych rostlinow (Amaryllidaceae).

Wobsahuje sćěhowace družiny:

alpska narcisa (Narcissus exsertus) běła narcisa (Narcissus papyraceus) prawa narcisa (Narcissus poeticus) žołta narcisa (Narcissus pseudonarcissus)
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Narsis ( الإندونيسية )

المقدمة من wikipedia ID
Artikel ini bukan mengenai Narsisisme.
Artikel ini bukan mengenai judul lagu dari penyanyi Saykoji.

Narsis atau dafodil (Narcissus) adalah tumbuhan dengan bunga atraktif yang hidup di daerah beriklim sedang dan subtropis. Karena keindahan bunganya, beberapa jenisnya dikembangkan menjadi tanaman hias yang berbunga pada musim semi. Tumbuhan ini berasal dari Eropa, Afrika Utara, dan Asia. Terdapat juga beberapa spesies narsis yang berbunga pada musim gugur. Meskipun Hortus Third [1] menyebut 26 spesies liar, tetapi Daffodils for North American Gardens[2] menyebut antara 50 dan 100, tidak termasuk varian-varian spesies dan hibrida liar. Melalui penyelidikan taksonomi dan genetika, diperkirakan bahwa jumlah spesies ini akan terus berubah.[3]

Salah satu jenis narsis, N. pseudonarcissus, menjadi sumber salah satu gen yang dipakai untuk merakit 'Golden Rice' ("beras emas"), suatu kultivar padi hasil rekayasa genetika yang populer.

Galeri

Pranala luar

Referensi

  1. ^ Hortus Third, Staff of The L.H. Bailey Hortorium, Cornell University, 1976, pp. 754-756. (Macmillan Publishing Company, NY, NY; ISBN 0-02-505470-8)
  2. ^ Daffodils For North American Gardens, Brent and Becky Heath, 2001, (Bright Sky Press, Albany, TX; NY, NY; ISBN 0-9704729-7-8)
  3. ^ http://www.gardenopus.com GardenOpus
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Narsis: Brief Summary ( الإندونيسية )

المقدمة من wikipedia ID
Artikel ini bukan mengenai Narsisisme. Artikel ini bukan mengenai judul lagu dari penyanyi Saykoji.

Narsis atau dafodil (Narcissus) adalah tumbuhan dengan bunga atraktif yang hidup di daerah beriklim sedang dan subtropis. Karena keindahan bunganya, beberapa jenisnya dikembangkan menjadi tanaman hias yang berbunga pada musim semi. Tumbuhan ini berasal dari Eropa, Afrika Utara, dan Asia. Terdapat juga beberapa spesies narsis yang berbunga pada musim gugur. Meskipun Hortus Third menyebut 26 spesies liar, tetapi Daffodils for North American Gardens menyebut antara 50 dan 100, tidak termasuk varian-varian spesies dan hibrida liar. Melalui penyelidikan taksonomi dan genetika, diperkirakan bahwa jumlah spesies ini akan terus berubah.

Salah satu jenis narsis, N. pseudonarcissus, menjadi sumber salah satu gen yang dipakai untuk merakit 'Golden Rice' ("beras emas"), suatu kultivar padi hasil rekayasa genetika yang populer.

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Narcissus ( الإيطالية )

المقدمة من wikipedia IT

Narcissus L. è un genere di piante della famiglia Amaryllidaceae, diffuso in Europa e Asia.[1]

Il suo nome deriva dal greco ναρκάω, narkào, «stordisco», e fa riferimento all'odore penetrante ed inebriante dei fiori di alcune specie. Alcuni sostengono, invece, che derivi dalla parola persiana che indica questa pianta نرگس e che si pronuncia Narghes.

Descrizione

Il genere si identifica, nell'ambito della famiglia, per la presenza di fiori isolati e apicali con paracorolla presente (gialla o rossa). Gli stami (6) sono inseriti al di sotto della paracorolla, non o poco sporgenti dal perigonio. Le foglie lineari-lanceolate sono basali, guainanti, con l'apice ottuso, di colore verde chiaro. Il bulbo è ovale-piriforme o a volte subgloboso, da cui origina lo scapo eretto e compresso, alto 20–50 cm. Il pistillo presenta un ovario infero. Il frutto è una capsula ovoidale.

Il genere comprende molte specie bulbose divise in varie sezioni, con alcune specie spontanee in Italia come il Narcissus poēticus L. - noto col nome di Narciso selvatico o Fior di maggio - diffuso nei pascoli montani dalle Alpi alla Sila o il Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. - noto volgarmente come Trombone inselvatichito.

I bulbi dei narcisi, ma anche le foglie, contengono la licorina, un alcaloide velenoso che, se ingerito, provoca disturbi neuronali e infiammazioni gastriche negli animali al pascolo o nell'uomo e, se non curato in meno di 24 ore, può provocare la morte.[2][3] Sono noti avvelenamenti in quanto i bulbi possono essere erroneamente scambiati per cipolle.

Tassonomia

Il genere Narcissus comprende le seguenti specie:[1]

Sezioni

  • Narcissus sect. Ajax (Salisb. ex Haw.) Dumort.
  • Narcissus sect. Angustifolii (A. Fernandes) Fern. Casas
  • Narcissus sect. Apodanthi A. Fern., 1966
  • Narcissus subsect. Apodanthi (A. Fern.) D.A. Webb, 1978
  • Narcissus sect. Aurelia (Gay) Baker
  • Narcissus sect. Braxireon (Rafin.) B. Valdés
  • Narcissus sect. Bulbocodii DC., 1815
  • Narcissus sect. Cyclaminei DC., 1815
  • Narcissus sect. Dubii Fern. Casas, 1984
  • Narcissus sect. Jonquillae DC., 1815
  • Narcissus sect. Narcissus
  • Narcissus subsect. Narcissus
  • Narcissus sect. Pseudonarcissi DC., 1815
  • Narcissus subsect. Reflexi D.A. Webb, 1978
 src=
Due narcisi coltivati (Narcissus pseudonarcissus)

Coltivazione

Può essere coltivato in qualsiasi terreno da giardino, purché abbia un basso contenuto di carbonio (evitare i terreni torbosi), preferibilmente soffice, profondo e ben concimato. Utilizzare fertilizzanti poveri in azoto, ma ricchi in fosforo e potassio, durante la fioritura e nel periodo immediatamente successivo. Annaffiare frequentemente, affinché non manchi l'acqua, in particolare in caso di prolungata siccità in primavera e prima dell'ingiallimento delle foglie, fino al loro completo invecchiamento. Solitamente non è necessario annaffiare in autunno e inverno[4].
La moltiplicazione avviene per mezzo dei bulbi piantati in settembre-ottobre. Le cultivar forzate vengono coltivate sotto serre mobili con o senza riscaldamento.

Varietà

 src=
Narcissus tête à tête
 src=
Narcissus Gold Medal
 src=
Narcissus Jack Snipe

Avversità

Insetti

  • Larve di Lampetia equestris F. penetrano nei bulbi nutrendosene.
  • Mosca dei bulbi, larve di Eumerus strigatus Fall. penetrano nei bulbi nutrendosene.
  • Galeruca del narciso, larve di Exosoma lusitanica L. penetrano nei bulbi divorandoli, gli adulti si nutrono dei fiori in primavera.

Acari

  • Acaro del bulbo, Rhizoglyphus echinopus Fum. et Robin., microscopico acaro biancastro; provoca erosioni nei tessuti del bulbo, aprendo la strada ad infezioni fungine o batteriche.

Funghi

  • Marciume bianco, l'attacco di Rosellinia necatrix (Hart.) Berl. provoca il disfacimento di bulbi e radici, con rapido deperimento e morte delle parti epigee.
  • Marciume delle foglie e dei fiori, l'attacco di Botrytis narciyssicola causa macchie brunastre sui fiori e bruno-grigiastre sulle foglie, a cui segue il marciume dell'intera pianta che si ricopre di muffa grigia.
  • Marciume grigio, i bulbi colpiti da Sclerotinia sp. presentano marciume con sviluppo di micelio biancastro fioccoso tra le squame, con produzione di gruppi di sclerozi nerastri al collo del bulbo, cui segue il marciume della parte basale delle foglie.
  • Marciume scuro del bulbo, l'attacco di Fusarium bulbigenum Cke. et Mass. provoca macchie bruno-rossicce sulle squame dei bulbi, con avvizzimento della parte epigea.
  • Muffa bianca, l'attacco di Ramularia vallisumbrosae Cav. provoca macchie oblunghe bianco-giallastre decolorate e ricoperte da uno strato pruinoso biancastro.
  • Muffa verde, i funghi del genere Penicillium provocano marciumi nei bulbi conservati in magazzini caldo-umidi e non arieggiati.
  • Seccume, le foglie colpite da Heterosporium gracile (Wallr.) Sacc., presentano macchie brune dal contorno grigio-giallastro che successivamente seccano perforandosi al centro.

Virus

  • Maculature fogliari, l'attacco virale provoca chiazze verde-chiaro e giallastre sulla superficie fogliare.

Usi

Si utilizza per aiuole, prati fioriti, nei giardini o in vaso per terrazzi e appartamenti, industrialmente per la produzione del fiore reciso, anche forzato. Nell'industria dei profumi si utilizzano alcune parti del narciso per ricavarne essenze.

Da ricordare che il bulbo del narciso contiene la narcisina, un alcaloide molto velenoso, che può essere pericoloso per gli animali e rivelarsi letale per l'uomo. La sua ingestione accidentale può condurre alla morte in sole 24 ore. Difficilmente a qualcuno verrà voglia di mangiare un bulbo, ma il problema in realtà sussiste per via della sua somiglianza ad un tipo di cipolla.

Cucina

Solo i fiori (corolla e paracorolla) sono commestibili.

Mitologia

 src=
Caravaggio, Narciso (1594-1596). Roma, Galleria nazionale d'arte antica.

Nella mitologia greca Narciso è un personaggio famoso per la sua bellezza. Figlio della ninfa Liriope e del dio fluviale Cefiso (o, secondo un'altra versione, di Selene ed Endimione) nel mito appare incredibilmente crudele, in quanto rifiuta ogni persona che lo ama. A seguito di una punizione divina si innamora della sua stessa immagine riflessa in uno specchio d'acqua e muore cadendo nel fiume in cui si specchiava. Esistono diverse versioni del mito: una proviene dai papiri di Ossirinco ed è attribuita a Partenio; un'altra si trova nelle Narrazioni di Conone, datata fra il 36 a.C. e il 17 d.C.; mentre le più note sono la versione di Ovidio, contenuta nelle Metamorfosi, e quella di Pausania, proveniente dalla sua Guida o Periegesi della Grecia.

Note

  1. ^ a b (EN) Narcissus, su Plants of the World Online, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. URL consultato il 28 ottobre 2021.
  2. ^ Ferrero, p. 317.
  3. ^ Il giardino più velenoso del mondo, in www.focus.it, 22 febbraio 2017. URL consultato il 26 novembre 2018.
  4. ^ Patrizia, Narciso: Curiosità & Coltivazione, su edendeifiori.it.

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Narcissus: Brief Summary ( الإيطالية )

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Narcissus L. è un genere di piante della famiglia Amaryllidaceae, diffuso in Europa e Asia.

Il suo nome deriva dal greco ναρκάω, narkào, «stordisco», e fa riferimento all'odore penetrante ed inebriante dei fiori di alcune specie. Alcuni sostengono, invece, che derivi dalla parola persiana che indica questa pianta نرگس e che si pronuncia Narghes.

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Narcissus ( لاتينية )

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Vide etiam paginam discretivam: Narcissus (discretiva)

Narcissus (Graece νάρκισσος; nomen generis a Linnaeo anno 1753 statutum)[1] est genus plantarum florentium in familia Amaryllidacearum ordinatum, ex Africa Septentrionali, Asia, et Europa oriundum.

Species

Notae

  1. 1.0 1.1 Carolus Linnaeus, Species plantarum (Holmiae: impensis L. Salvii, 1753) vol. 1 p. 289–290 (Latine)

Bibliographia


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Narcissus: Brief Summary ( لاتينية )

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Vide etiam paginam discretivam: Narcissus (discretiva)

Narcissus (Graece νάρκισσος; nomen generis a Linnaeo anno 1753 statutum) est genus plantarum florentium in familia Amaryllidacearum ordinatum, ex Africa Septentrionali, Asia, et Europa oriundum.

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Narcizas ( اللتوانية )

المقدمة من wikipedia LT
Disambig.svg Kitos reikšmės – Narcizas (reikšmės).
Rūšys

žr. tekstą

Narcizas (lot. Narcissus, angl. Narcissi, vok. Narzissen) – amarilinių (Amaryllidaceae) šeimos augalų gentis. Genties pavadinimas kildinamas iš graikų k. žodžio narkao – svaiginu; žiedai turi stiprų svaiginantį kvapą. Daugiamečiai svogūniniai augalai. Stiebas ilgas, belapis, su plėvine makštimi pamate ir linijiškais pamatiniais lapais. Žiedai gana stambūs, pavieniai arba susitelkę po kelis. Sėklos juodos, rutuliškos arba kampuotos.

Gentyje apie 50 rūšių; auga daugiausia Viduržemio pajūrio srities vakarinėje dalyje. Lietuvoje auginamos 3 rūšys: baltasis (arba poetinis), puokštinis ir geltonasis (arba tariamasis) narcizai (Narcissus pseudonarcissus). Išvesta labai daug veislių.

Pavadinimo kilmė

Senovės graikų mitologijoje pasakojama apie labai gražų jaunuolį, kurio vardas buvo Narcizas. Jis taip save mylėjo, kad aplinkui nieko nepastebėdavo ir vis žiūrėdavo į savo gražaus veido atspindį vandenyje. Tačiau už tai dievai jį nubaudė ir pavertė gėle, kuri savo žiedą yra pasukusi į šoną arba žemyn, tarsi žiūrėdama į veidrodį ar į vandenį.

 src=
Narcizo žiedas

Vikiteka

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Narcizas: Brief Summary ( اللتوانية )

المقدمة من wikipedia LT

Narcizas (lot. Narcissus, angl. Narcissi, vok. Narzissen) – amarilinių (Amaryllidaceae) šeimos augalų gentis. Genties pavadinimas kildinamas iš graikų k. žodžio narkao – svaiginu; žiedai turi stiprų svaiginantį kvapą. Daugiamečiai svogūniniai augalai. Stiebas ilgas, belapis, su plėvine makštimi pamate ir linijiškais pamatiniais lapais. Žiedai gana stambūs, pavieniai arba susitelkę po kelis. Sėklos juodos, rutuliškos arba kampuotos.

Gentyje apie 50 rūšių; auga daugiausia Viduržemio pajūrio srities vakarinėje dalyje. Lietuvoje auginamos 3 rūšys: baltasis (arba poetinis), puokštinis ir geltonasis (arba tariamasis) narcizai (Narcissus pseudonarcissus). Išvesta labai daug veislių.

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Narcises ( اللاتفية )

المقدمة من wikipedia LV

Narcises (Narcissus) ir amariļļu dzimtas ģints. Sugu skaits ģintī ir nenoteikts; ģintī pēc dažādu speciālistu domām ir no 26 līdz pat 60 sugām. Savvaļā liela narcišu sugu daudzveidība ir sastopama Pireneju pussalā, lai gan to dabiskais izplatības areāls ir arī citas Dienvideiropas valstis (arī Francija), Ziemeļāfrika un Dienvidrietumāzija. Latvijā narcises savvaļā nav sastopamas, toties tās plaši audzē dārzos. Visas Narcissus ģints sugas ir indīgas, jo satur alkoloīdu likorīnu. Tas atrodams visā augā, īpaši sīpolos. Saindēšanās parasti notiek, ja narcišu sīpoli noturēti par dārza sīpoliem Allium cepa un pagatavoti ēdienā. Rūgtā garša parasti pasargā no letālu dozu uzņemšanas.

Izplatītākās narcišu sugas


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Narcises: Brief Summary ( اللاتفية )

المقدمة من wikipedia LV

Narcises (Narcissus) ir amariļļu dzimtas ģints. Sugu skaits ģintī ir nenoteikts; ģintī pēc dažādu speciālistu domām ir no 26 līdz pat 60 sugām. Savvaļā liela narcišu sugu daudzveidība ir sastopama Pireneju pussalā, lai gan to dabiskais izplatības areāls ir arī citas Dienvideiropas valstis (arī Francija), Ziemeļāfrika un Dienvidrietumāzija. Latvijā narcises savvaļā nav sastopamas, toties tās plaši audzē dārzos. Visas Narcissus ģints sugas ir indīgas, jo satur alkoloīdu likorīnu. Tas atrodams visā augā, īpaši sīpolos. Saindēšanās parasti notiek, ja narcišu sīpoli noturēti par dārza sīpoliem Allium cepa un pagatavoti ēdienā. Rūgtā garša parasti pasargā no letālu dozu uzņemšanas.

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Pokok Narcissus ( الملايو )

المقدمة من wikipedia MS

Narcissus (nama umum: dafodil) ialah nama botani untuk satu genus bebawang yang selalunya tahan lasak, dan biasanya berkuntum di musim bunga dalam famili Amaryllis yang berasal dari Eropah, Afrika Utara, dan Asia. Terdapat juga beberapa spesies Narcissus yang berbunga di musim luruh. Buku Hortus Third[1] menyebut 26 spesies liar, namun Daffodils for North American Gardens[2] menyebut antara 50 dan 100 jenis pokok narcissus tidak termasuk kelainan spesis dan kacukan liar. Melalui penyelidikan taksonomi dan genetik yang dijalankan, bilangan spesies ini barangkalinya mungkin akan terus dibetulkan lagi sepanjang masa.[3]

Galeri

Pautan luar

Rujukan

  1. ^ Hortus Third, kakitangan Hortorium L.H. Bailey, Universiti Cornell, 1976, pp. 754-756. (Macmillan Publishing Company, NY, NY; ISBN 0-02-505470-8)
  2. ^ Daffodils For North American Gardens, Brent and Becky Heath, 2001, (Bright Sky Press, Albany, TX; NY, NY; ISBN 0-9704729-7-8)
  3. ^ http://www.gardenopus.com GardenOpus
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Pokok Narcissus: Brief Summary ( الملايو )

المقدمة من wikipedia MS

Narcissus (nama umum: dafodil) ialah nama botani untuk satu genus bebawang yang selalunya tahan lasak, dan biasanya berkuntum di musim bunga dalam famili Amaryllis yang berasal dari Eropah, Afrika Utara, dan Asia. Terdapat juga beberapa spesies Narcissus yang berbunga di musim luruh. Buku Hortus Third menyebut 26 spesies liar, namun Daffodils for North American Gardens menyebut antara 50 dan 100 jenis pokok narcissus tidak termasuk kelainan spesis dan kacukan liar. Melalui penyelidikan taksonomi dan genetik yang dijalankan, bilangan spesies ini barangkalinya mungkin akan terus dibetulkan lagi sepanjang masa.

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Narcis ( البلجيكية الهولندية )

المقدمة من wikipedia NL

Narcis (Narcissus) is een geslacht van bolgewassen uit de narcisfamilie (Amaryllidaceae). De naam is afkomstig uit de Griekse mythologie (zie Narcissus (mythologie)). Narcissen zijn voorjaarsbollen en hebben een koude rustperiode nodig. Je vindt narcissen in vele soorten en kleuren: roze, oranje, rode, witte of gevlekte, dubbelbloemige bloemen, met grote gele trompetten of met trosjes van gele of witte bloemetjes. In tegenstelling tot bij de leliefamilie komt bij deze familie een onderstandig vruchtbeginsel voor.

Je kunt narcissen rustig laten verwilderen; ze vermeerderen zich vanzelf en elk jaar zullen er meer bloemetjes komen.

Soorten

Er is veel verschil van mening over het aantal soorten. Walter Erhardt (1993) bijvoorbeeld onderscheidt 66 soorten en in The International Daffodil Register and Classified List van 2008 worden 85 soorten onderscheiden. De bekendste zijn: de trompetnarcis, de grootkronige narcis en de kortkronige narcis. In Nederland en België komt alleen de wilde narcis (Narcissus pseudonarcissus subsp. pseudonarcissus) van nature voor. Zie ook:

Classificatie van narcissen

Royal Horticultural Society

Narcissen worden ingedeeld in verschillende categorieën. De Royal Horticultural Society in Londen registreert alle soorten en omschrijft deze of het nu wilde soorten zijn of cultivars. De volgende 12 categorieën worden gehandhaafd:

  1. Trompet; 1 bloem per steel. De trompet is langer dan de bloemblaadjes.
  2. Groot-kronig; 1 bloem per steel. De trompet is langer dan 1/3 van de lengte van de bloemblaadjes maar niet langer dan de bloemblaadjes zelf.
  3. Klein-kronig; 1 bloem per steel. De trompet is niet langer dan 1/3 van de lengte van de bloemblaadjes.
  4. Dubbel; 1 of meer bloemen per steel. Verdubbeling van bloemblaadjes of een dubbele trompet of beide.
  5. Triandrus; 1 of meer bloemen per steel. Bloemblaadjes wijzen sterk naar achteren.
  6. Cyclamineus; 1 bloem per steel. Bloemblaadjes wijzen naar achteren. Bloem naar de grond gebogen ten opzichte van de steel.
  7. Jonquilla; 1 tot 5 bloemen per steel. Hol- of trechtervormig trompetje. Vaak geurend.
  8. Tazetta; 3 tot 20 bloemen per (stevige) steel. Bloemblaadjes wijzen niet naar achteren. Vaak geurend.
  9. Poeticus; meestal 1 bloem per steel. Bloemblaadjes zuiver wit. Cup zeer kort of schijfvormig, vaak geel met groen hart en soms oranje rand. meestal geurend.
  10. Bulbocodium; meestal 1 bloem per steel. Zeer kleine bloemblaadjes in verhouding tot de grote cup.
  11. Spleet-kronig, onderverdeeld in twee groepen:
    1. Kraag-narcis; de cup ligt opengeslagen over de bloemblaadjes. Meestal in 2 groepen van 3.
    2. Vlinder-narcis; de cup ligt opengeslagen maar ietwat gedraaid over de bloemblaadjes.
  12. Alle narcissen die niet in een andere categorie vallen.

World Checklist of Selected Plant Families

De World Checklist of Selected Plant Families onderscheidt sinds 12 januari 2012 50 soorten en meer dan 300 synoniemen.[1]

 src=
Narcissus poeticus
inclusief Narcissus alcaracensis, Narcissus longispathus, Narcissus obvallaris (Tenby Daffodil), Narcissus radinganorum
inclusief N. minor (Lesser Wild Daffodil), N. moschatus (White Daffodil)

Toxiciteit

Esculaap Neem het voorbehoud bij medische informatie in acht.
Raadpleeg bij gezondheidsklachten een arts.
 src=
"wilde" narcissen op het plateau l'Artense, Central Massif, Frankrijk

Alle narcissensoorten bevatten het uiterst giftige alkaloide lycorine, voornamelijk in de bol maar ook in het blad. Grazend vee mijdt daarom de narcis en in kaalgegraasde weides kan men dan ook vaak uitbundige bossen bloeiende narcissen zien staan.

Daarnaast bevat het blad calciumoxalaat, dat contacteczeem veroorzaakt bij mensen die beroepsmatig veel met narcissen omgaan (kwekers, bloemisten) en die daar gevoelig voor zijn. De concentratie calciumoxalaat is bij sommige cultivars hoger dan bij andere. Vooral 'Actaea', 'Camparelle', 'Gloriosa', 'Grande Monarque', 'Ornatus', 'Princeps' en 'Scilly White' staan erom bekend huidiritatie te veroorzaken.

Referenties

  1. WCSP, World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (2011). Geraadpleegd op 2012-01-26., zoek op "Narcissus"

Externe links

Wikimedia Commons Zie de categorie Narcissus van Wikimedia Commons voor mediabestanden over dit onderwerp.
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Narcis: Brief Summary ( البلجيكية الهولندية )

المقدمة من wikipedia NL

Narcis (Narcissus) is een geslacht van bolgewassen uit de narcisfamilie (Amaryllidaceae). De naam is afkomstig uit de Griekse mythologie (zie Narcissus (mythologie)). Narcissen zijn voorjaarsbollen en hebben een koude rustperiode nodig. Je vindt narcissen in vele soorten en kleuren: roze, oranje, rode, witte of gevlekte, dubbelbloemige bloemen, met grote gele trompetten of met trosjes van gele of witte bloemetjes. In tegenstelling tot bij de leliefamilie komt bij deze familie een onderstandig vruchtbeginsel voor.

Je kunt narcissen rustig laten verwilderen; ze vermeerderen zich vanzelf en elk jaar zullen er meer bloemetjes komen.

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Påskeliljeslekta ( النرويجية )

المقدمة من wikipedia NN

Påskeliljeslekta (Narcissus) er ei slekt i underfamilien Amaryllidoideae i påskeliljefamilien (laukfamilien). Plantane i slekta er kjende som narsissar i gartnarsamanheng. Narsiss er blomen som ifølgje greske soger vokste fram på staden der Narkissos døydde.

Slekta omfatter fleirårige urtevekstar med laukar. Plantane i slektar har grunnstilte, linjeforma blad som veks fram samtidig med blomane. Blomestengelen er hol og har éin eller flere blomar. Blomane kan ha kvite, gule eller oransje fargar. Dei har seks blomsterdekkblad. Innanfor blomsterdekket er det ei bikrone, som ofte har ein annan farge.

Påskeliljeslekta er utbreidd i Europa og middelhavslanda og er rikast utvikla i det vestlege middelhavsområdet. Omfattande dyrking byrja i Nederland på 1500- og 1600-talet. Både villartane og ei rekkje kultivarar og hybridar er populære hageplantar, snittblomar og kan brukast til driving innandørs. Dei dyrka narsissane deler ein i 13 ulike klassar.

Alle artane er giftige og inneheld alkaloidet lycorin. Blomsterdekoratører og andre som har hudkontakt med narsissar kan utvikla eksem mot dei.

Artar

Kjelder

Bakgrunnsstoff

Commons-logo.svg Commons har multimedia som gjeld: Påskeliljeslekta
Wikispecies
Wikispecies har taksonomisk informasjon om Narcissus


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Påskeliljeslekta: Brief Summary ( النرويجية )

المقدمة من wikipedia NN

Påskeliljeslekta (Narcissus) er ei slekt i underfamilien Amaryllidoideae i påskeliljefamilien (laukfamilien). Plantane i slekta er kjende som narsissar i gartnarsamanheng. Narsiss er blomen som ifølgje greske soger vokste fram på staden der Narkissos døydde.

Slekta omfatter fleirårige urtevekstar med laukar. Plantane i slektar har grunnstilte, linjeforma blad som veks fram samtidig med blomane. Blomestengelen er hol og har éin eller flere blomar. Blomane kan ha kvite, gule eller oransje fargar. Dei har seks blomsterdekkblad. Innanfor blomsterdekket er det ei bikrone, som ofte har ein annan farge.

Påskeliljeslekta er utbreidd i Europa og middelhavslanda og er rikast utvikla i det vestlege middelhavsområdet. Omfattande dyrking byrja i Nederland på 1500- og 1600-talet. Både villartane og ei rekkje kultivarar og hybridar er populære hageplantar, snittblomar og kan brukast til driving innandørs. Dei dyrka narsissane deler ein i 13 ulike klassar.

Alle artane er giftige og inneheld alkaloidet lycorin. Blomsterdekoratører og andre som har hudkontakt med narsissar kan utvikla eksem mot dei.

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Påskeliljeslekta ( النرويجية )

المقدمة من wikipedia NO

Påskeliljeslekta (Narcissus) er ei slekt i underfamilien Amaryllidoideae i løkfamilien. Artene kalles narsisser i gartnersammenheng. Narsiss er blomsten som ifølge greske sagn vokste frem på stedet der Narkissos døde.

Slekta omfatter flerårige urter med løk. Bladene er grunnstilte, linjeformede og vokser fram samtidig med blomstene. Blomsterstengelen er hul med én eller flere blomster. Blomstene er hvite, gule eller oransje med seks blomsterdekkblader. Innenfor blomsterdekket er det en bikrone, som ofte har en annen farge. Alle artene er giftige og inneholder alkaloidet lycorin. Blomsterdekoratører og andre som har hudkontakt med narsisser, utvikler ofte eksem.

Påskeliljeslekta er utbredt i Europa og middelhavslandene og er rikest utviklet i det vestlige middelhavsområdet. Omfattende dyrking begynte i Nederland på 1500- og 1600-tallet. Både villartene og en rekke hybrider og kultivarer er populære hageplanter, snittblomster og brukes til driving innendørs. De dyrkede narsissene deles i 13 klasser.

Kilder

  • Blamey, M. og C. Grey-Wilson (2004). Wild Flowers of the Mediterranean (2 utg.). London: A & C Black. s. 491–492. ISBN 0-7136-7015-0.
  • Grey-Wilson, C. og M. Blamey; norsk utgave T. Faarlund og P. Sunding (1992). Teknologisk Forlags store illustrerte flora for Norge og Nord-Europa. Teknologisk Forlag. s. 464–465. ISBN 82-512-0355-4.CS1-vedlikehold: Flere navn: forfatterliste (link)
  • Månsson, L. (2000). Gyldendals bok om løker og knoller. Gyldendal fakta. s. 143–152. ISBN 82-05-27134-8.
  • Polunin, O. og A. Huxley, norsk utgave P. Sunding (1978). Middelhavsflora. NKI-Forlaget. s. 215–216. ISBN 82-562-0490-7.CS1-vedlikehold: Flere navn: forfatterliste (link)
  • Den store hageboken. Det Beste. 1973. s. 386–389. ISBN 82-7010-019-6.
  • «Narcissus». Euro+Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Besøkt 26. november 2016.
  • «Narcissus». Flora Ibérica (PDF) (spansk). XX. Madrid: RJB/CSIC. s. 340–397.

Eksterne lenker

 src=
Ulike Narcissus-kultivarer
 src=
Botanisk plansje som viser sivnarsiss (N. jonquilla)
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Påskeliljeslekta: Brief Summary ( النرويجية )

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Påskeliljeslekta (Narcissus) er ei slekt i underfamilien Amaryllidoideae i løkfamilien. Artene kalles narsisser i gartnersammenheng. Narsiss er blomsten som ifølge greske sagn vokste frem på stedet der Narkissos døde.

Slekta omfatter flerårige urter med løk. Bladene er grunnstilte, linjeformede og vokser fram samtidig med blomstene. Blomsterstengelen er hul med én eller flere blomster. Blomstene er hvite, gule eller oransje med seks blomsterdekkblader. Innenfor blomsterdekket er det en bikrone, som ofte har en annen farge. Alle artene er giftige og inneholder alkaloidet lycorin. Blomsterdekoratører og andre som har hudkontakt med narsisser, utvikler ofte eksem.

Påskeliljeslekta er utbredt i Europa og middelhavslandene og er rikest utviklet i det vestlige middelhavsområdet. Omfattende dyrking begynte i Nederland på 1500- og 1600-tallet. Både villartene og en rekke hybrider og kultivarer er populære hageplanter, snittblomster og brukes til driving innendørs. De dyrkede narsissene deles i 13 klasser.

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Narcyz ( البولندية )

المقدمة من wikipedia POL
 src= Ten artykuł dotyczy rośliny. Zobacz też: inne znaczenia tego słowa.  src= Zobacz hasło narcyz w Wikisłowniku
 src=
Mieszaniec tazetta
 src=
Narcyz trąbkowy
 src=
Narcyzy w ogródku

Narcyz (Narcissus L.) – rodzaj roślin należący do rodziny amarylkowatych. Należy do niego kilkadziesiąt gatunków i duża liczba mieszańców[2]. Dziko rosną w krajach śródziemnomorskich, w Europie Środkowej i Północnej oraz w Azji (Chiny, Japonia)[3]. Są uprawiane w wielu krajach świata. W Polsce dziko rośnie będący efemerofitem Narcissus radiiflorus Auct., kilka gatunków jest uprawianych jako rośliny ozdobne. Gatunkiem typowym jest narcyz biały (Narcissus poeticus L.)[4].

Morfologia

Pokrój
Byliny, geofity cebulkowe.
Kwiaty
Zwykle pachnące, z przykoronkiem w środku, do czasu rozwinięcia się chronione żółtawą pochwą. Wyrastają pojedynczo, lub po 2–6 na jednej łodydze.
Liście
Równowąskie.

Systematyka

Pozycja w systemie APG II (2003) i APW (2001...)

Rodzaj Narcissus należy do rodziny amarylkowatych, (Amarylidaceae), która wraz z grupę siostrzaną rodziną czosnkowatych Alliaceae, tworzą grupę siostrzaną agapantowatych Agapanhaceae. Wszystkie trzy rodziny stanowią jedną z linii rozwojowych grupy określanej pomocniczo rangą rzędu jako szparagowce Asparagales w obrębie kladu jednoliściennych[1].

Pozycja rodzaju w systemie Reveala (1993–1999)

Gromada okrytonasienne (Magnoliophyta Cronquist), podgromada Magnoliophytina Frohne & U. Jensen ex Reveal, klasa jednoliścienne (Liliopsida Brongn.), podklasa liliowe (Liliidae J.H. Schaffn.), nadrząd Lilianae Takht., rząd amarylkowce (Amaryllidales Bromhead), rodzina amarylkowate (Amaryllidaceae J. St.-Hil.), podrodzina Narcissoideae Haw. in Sweet, plemię Narcisseae Lam. & DC., podplemię Narcissinae Pax in Engl. & Prantl., rodzaj narcyz (Narcissus L.)[5].

Gatunki uprawiane w Polsce[6][7]

Poza wymienionymi gatunkami botanicznymi uprawianych jest w sumie ponad 10 tys. odmian uprawnych różniących się m.in. wielkością, kształtem, barwą i wypełnieniem kwiatów. Wiele z nich powstało w wyniku krzyżowania różnych gatunków narcyzów i ich pochodzenia obecnie nie da się już ustalić, obejmowane są wspólną nazwą Narcissus spp. Ogrodnicy klasyfikują wszystkie narcyzy w 12 grupach[3][8]:

  • Grupa 1. Narcyzy trąbkowe
  • Grupa 2. Narcyzy wielkoprzykoronkowe
  • Grupa 3. Narcyzy drobnoprzykoronkowe
  • Grupa 4. Narcyzy pełne
  • Grupa 5. Mieszańce triandrus
  • Grupa 6. Mieszańce cyclamineus
  • Grupa 7. Mieszańce jonquilla
  • Grupa 8. Mieszańce tazetta
  • Grupa 9. Mieszańce poeticus
  • Grupa 10. Dziko rosnące gatunki i pierwsze mieszańce międzygatunkowe
  • Grupa 11. Narcyzy o rozszczepionym przykoronku
  • Grupa 12. Pozostałe gatunki i odmiany

Zastosowanie

Rośliny ozdobne – są uprawiane w ogrodach, na kwietnikach lub przyspieszane w okresie jesienno-zimowym pod osłonami, na kwiaty cięte. Należy mieć na uwadze fakt, iż cięte narcyzy przyśpieszają więdnięcie innych kwiatów, wydzielając lepki, szkodliwy dla innych roślin sok[9].

Obecność w kulturze i symbolice

W mitologii greckiej występował młodzieniec niezwykłej urody o imieniu Narcyz (Narcissus, Narkissos). Był synem boga rzecznego Kefisosa i nimfy Liriope. Nie chciał odwzajemnić uczuć nimfy Echo, wobec czego Nemezis ukarała go miłością do własnego odbicia w tafli wody. Narcyz zmarł z niezaspokojonej tęsknoty i po śmierci na jego grobie wyrósł piękny kwiat nazwany później jego imieniem[10][11]. Narcyz był również kwiatem, który bogini Persefona zerwała przed porwaniem przez boga podziemi, Hadesa. Według Jana Parandowskiego narcyzy są poświęcone bóstwom podziemnym. W Biblii narcyz wymieniony jest dwukrotnie: w Księdze Izajasza (35,1–2) oraz w Pieśni nad Pieśniami (2,1)[12].

Przypisy

  1. a b Stevens P.F.: Angiosperm Phylogeny Website (ang.). 2001–. [dostęp 2009-06-12].
  2. Royal Botanic Garden. [dostęp 2010-01-25].
  3. a b Bolesław Chlebowski, Kazimierz Mynett: Kwiaciarstwo. Warszawa: PWRiL, 1983. ISBN 83-09-00544-X.
  4. Index Nominum Genericorum. [dostęp 2009-02-09].
  5. Crescent Bloom: Systematyka rodzaju Narcissus (ang.). The Compleat Botanica. [dostęp 2009-02-06].
  6. Ludmiła Karpowiczowa (red.): Słownik nazw roślin obcego pochodzenia łacińsko-polski i polsko-łaciński. Warszawa: Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego, 1973.
  7. Zbigniew Mirek, Halina Piękoś-Mirkowa, Adam Zając, Maria Zając: Flowering plants and pteridophytes of Poland. A checklist. Krytyczna lista roślin naczyniowych Polski. Instytut Botaniki PAN im. Władysława Szafera w Krakowie, 2002. ISBN 83-85444-83-1.
  8. zbiorowe: A-Z encyklopedia. Rośliny ogrodowe. Könemann, 2005. ISBN 978-3-8331-1916-3.
  9. Narcyz (pol.). wymarzonyogrod.pl. [dostęp 2013-02-28].
  10. Pierre Grimal: Słownik mitologii greckiej i rzymskiej. Wrocław: Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich, 2008, s. 245. ISBN 83-04-04673-3.
  11. Vojtech Zamarovský: Bohovia a hrdinovia antických bájí. Bratislava: Perfekt a.s., 1998, s. 296. ISBN 80-8046-098-1. (słow.); polskie wydanie: Bogowie i herosi mitologii greckiej i rzymskiej (Encyklopedia mitologii antycznej, Słownik mitologii greckiej i rzymskiej).
  12. Zofia Włodarczyk: Rośliny biblijne. Leksykon. Kraków: Instytut Botaniki im. W. Szafera PAN, 2011. ISBN 978-83-89648-98-3.

Linki zewnętrzne

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Narcyz: Brief Summary ( البولندية )

المقدمة من wikipedia POL
 src= Mieszaniec tazetta  src= Narcyz trąbkowy  src= Narcyzy w ogródku

Narcyz (Narcissus L.) – rodzaj roślin należący do rodziny amarylkowatych. Należy do niego kilkadziesiąt gatunków i duża liczba mieszańców. Dziko rosną w krajach śródziemnomorskich, w Europie Środkowej i Północnej oraz w Azji (Chiny, Japonia). Są uprawiane w wielu krajach świata. W Polsce dziko rośnie będący efemerofitem Narcissus radiiflorus Auct., kilka gatunków jest uprawianych jako rośliny ozdobne. Gatunkiem typowym jest narcyz biały (Narcissus poeticus L.).

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Narcissus ( البرتغالية )

المقدمة من wikipedia PT
 src=
Narcissus pseudonarcissus
 src=
Narcissus eugeniae
 src=
Narcissus bulbocodium
 src=
Narcissus poeticus

Narcissus L. ou narciso é um género botânico pertencente à família Amaryllidaceae. As cores de suas flores geralmente variam entre o amarelo e o branco. A sua origem é o Mediterrâneo e partes da Ásia central e a China continental mas são cultivares ornamentais difundidos em muitas outras partes do mundo, como nos Estados Unidos, no Canadá, no Brasil e na Argentina. O seu nome tem origem no personagem mitológico Narciso.

Floresce no princípio da primavera e é frequentemente encontrada em solo úmido perto de uma lagoa. É auto-suficiente. A flor tem normalmente seis pétalas brancas com um funil central amarelo contendo os estames e o estigma. O caule inclina-se antes da flor, pendendo de forma a que a flor esteja virada para baixo em vez de para cima.

Folclore: mitos e crenças

Vários mitos e lendas populares tem como tema o narciso[1], sendo o mais famoso o mito grego-romano que aparece no livro III das Metamorfoses de Ovídio. Esse mito foi usado como inspiração para conceito psicológico de narcisismo.

Para explicar esta inclinação de eixo, segundo conta a história, Narciso admirou-se em absoluto nas águas de um rio, ficando então, contemplando sua imagem com o corpo curvado, quase que debruçado sobre o rio. Desta maneira, surge, depois de seu corpo ter-se transmutado em flor (eis que as flores existem apenas para demonstrar sua beleza). Esta flor, o Narciso, fica aproximadamente na mesma posição que antes, quando era humano, um pouco inclinada, ao invés de reta e firme.

No Islão, o Hadith de Bukhari associa a flor com o homem honesto e recto. O símbolo também foi comparado com a transformação da vaidade e auto-centrismo na humildade de um ser mais individuado e espiritual, pois Narciso via em sua própria imagem, não apenas beleza física, como enxergava acima de tudo, a imagem do Criador, afinal somos feitos à sua imagem.

Sinonímia

Espécies

Classificação do gênero

Alcaloides

Várias espécies do gênero Narcissus contém uma variada gama de alcaloides[2]. Em particular, está sendo estudada a extração de galantamina[3] para fins terapêuticos, especialmente a doença de Alzheimer[4].

Bibliografia

  • BASTIDA, Jaume; VILADOMAT Francesc (2002). «6». In: HANKS, Gordon R. (Ed.). Narcissus and Daffodil. The genus Narcissus. Col: Medicinal and Aromatic Plants — Industrial Profiles (em inglês). 21. London: Taylor and Francis. p. 141−214. 428 páginas. ISBN 0–415–27344–7 Verifique |isbn= (ajuda) !CS1 manut: Nomes múltiplos: lista de autores (link)
  • HANKS, Gordon R. (Ed.) (2002). Narcissus and Daffodil. The genus Narcissus. Col: Medicinal and Aromatic Plants — Industrial Profiles (em inglês). 21. London: Taylor and Francis. 428 páginas. ISBN 0–415–27344–7 Verifique |isbn= (ajuda)

Referências

  1. Ver capítulo 2 de HANKS (2002).
  2. Ver BASTIDA VILADOMAT (2002).
  3. Ver capítulos 8 e 9 de HANKS (2002).
  4. Ver capítulo 14 de HANKS (2002).

 title=
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Narcissus: Brief Summary ( البرتغالية )

المقدمة من wikipedia PT
 src= Narcissus pseudonarcissus  src= Narcissus eugeniae  src= Narcissus bulbocodium  src= Narcissus poeticus

Narcissus L. ou narciso é um género botânico pertencente à família Amaryllidaceae. As cores de suas flores geralmente variam entre o amarelo e o branco. A sua origem é o Mediterrâneo e partes da Ásia central e a China continental mas são cultivares ornamentais difundidos em muitas outras partes do mundo, como nos Estados Unidos, no Canadá, no Brasil e na Argentina. O seu nome tem origem no personagem mitológico Narciso.

Floresce no princípio da primavera e é frequentemente encontrada em solo úmido perto de uma lagoa. É auto-suficiente. A flor tem normalmente seis pétalas brancas com um funil central amarelo contendo os estames e o estigma. O caule inclina-se antes da flor, pendendo de forma a que a flor esteja virada para baixo em vez de para cima.

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Narcisă ( الرومانية، المولدوفية )

المقدمة من wikipedia RO

Narcisa (genul Narcissus) este un gen originar din nordul Africii, regiuni mediteraneene și Europa Centrală, circa 32 specii erbacee, bulboase[1].

Termenul de narcisă vine de la mitul frumosului tânăr Narcis din mitologia greacă, care s-ar fi îndrăgostit de chipul său. Legenda spune că floarea a apărut la moartea sa, chiar pe mormântul său.

În România este vestită rezervația naturală Poiana cu narcise din localitatea Vad, județul Brașov, din depresiunea Făgărașului. Un alt loc cu narcise este Rezervația naturală Poiana cu narcise de la Racâș-Hida de lângă satul Racâș, Sălaj.[2]

Caractere morfologice

  • Bulbul este ovoid, rotund, piriform, piriform-lunguleț, globulos-piriform, gros-piriform[1].
  • Frunzele sunt lat-liniare, puțin canaliculate, glaucesceate, cilindrice, ascuțite la vârf sau ensiforme [1].
  • Florile sunt, în funcție de specie, mici (miniatur), până la circa 10 cm diametru, tubuloase sau coronate, simple sau involte, albe sau galbene, cu petale albe și coronulă galbenă sau cu coronulă galbenă cu margine roșie etc, cu sau fără miros, cu tulpină unifloră sau multifloră. Elementele florale: 6 stamine, perigon compus din foliole mai mult sau mai puțin asemănătoare, ovate, oblonge sau uneori înguste, dispuse în formă de raze-farfurie, din centrul lor ridicându-se un tub sau un inel numit coronulă, antere mai mult sau mai puțin bilobate[1].
  • Fructul este o capsulă[1].

Specii

Înmulțire

Se înmulțește prin divizarea bulbilor și , mai rar, prin semințe.

Utilizare

Ca plante ornamentale, se folosesc în parcuri, grădini, ca flori tăiate și la ghivece în pământ argilo-nisipos, bogat în humus, expus la soare.Pe timp de iarnă se forțează ușor.

Galerie imagini

Note

  1. ^ a b c d e Milea Preda - Dicționar dendrofloricol, Editura științifică și enciclopedică, București - 1989, pag. 366
  2. ^ FOTO Locul în care narcisele cresc fără se le sădească nimeni, "călcat" de vaci și de turiști amatori de flori puse în vază, 15 mai 2013, Olimpia Man, Adevărul, accesat la 10 iulie 2013

Legături externe

Commons
Wikimedia Commons conține materiale multimedia legate de Narcisă
Wikispecies
Wikispecies conține informații legate de Narcisă
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Narcisă: Brief Summary ( الرومانية، المولدوفية )

المقدمة من wikipedia RO

Narcisa (genul Narcissus) este un gen originar din nordul Africii, regiuni mediteraneene și Europa Centrală, circa 32 specii erbacee, bulboase.

Termenul de narcisă vine de la mitul frumosului tânăr Narcis din mitologia greacă, care s-ar fi îndrăgostit de chipul său. Legenda spune că floarea a apărut la moartea sa, chiar pe mormântul său.

În România este vestită rezervația naturală Poiana cu narcise din localitatea Vad, județul Brașov, din depresiunea Făgărașului. Un alt loc cu narcise este Rezervația naturală Poiana cu narcise de la Racâș-Hida de lângă satul Racâș, Sălaj.

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Narcis (rod) ( السلوفاكية )

المقدمة من wikipedia SK

Narcis (Narcissus Carl Linné L.) je rod jednoklíčnolistových rastlín z čeľade amarylkovité (Amarylidaceae).

Narcis je trváca bylina, ktorá sa pestuje ako jarná dekoratívna rastlina. Listy má široké približne 1 cm (pri každej odrode je to iné) a dorastá do výšky 40 cm. Tyčinky sú upevnené v okvetnej rúrke a v čase zrelosti peľu všetkých 6 tyčiniek z kvetu vyčnieva. Okvetné lístky sú úzke (svojimi okrajmi sa zároveň neprekrývajú).

Druhy

Iné projekty

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Narcis (rod): Brief Summary ( السلوفاكية )

المقدمة من wikipedia SK

Narcis (Narcissus Carl Linné L.) je rod jednoklíčnolistových rastlín z čeľade amarylkovité (Amarylidaceae).

Narcis je trváca bylina, ktorá sa pestuje ako jarná dekoratívna rastlina. Listy má široké približne 1 cm (pri každej odrode je to iné) a dorastá do výšky 40 cm. Tyčinky sú upevnené v okvetnej rúrke a v čase zrelosti peľu všetkých 6 tyčiniek z kvetu vyčnieva. Okvetné lístky sú úzke (svojimi okrajmi sa zároveň neprekrývajú).

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Narcisa ( الإسبانية، القشتالية )

المقدمة من wikipedia SL
Narcisa je lahko tudi žensko osebno ime.

Glej besedilo.

Narcisa (znanstveno ime Narcissus) je rod čebulnic, ki domuje v Evropi, Severni Afriki in v Aziji in dosega višino med 20 in 45 cm. Večina vrst narcis cveti spomladi, nekatere pa tudi v jeseni. Pri nas so najbolj znana divja rastišča narcis ali kovačnic z belimi cvetovi na Golici.

Opis rodu

Listi cvetnega odevala so beli ali rumeni. Vse vrste rodu imajo v cvetovih privenček, ki je ponekod izredno velik. Plodovi so suhi in usnjati.

Izvor imena

Beseda izvira iz grške nárkissos v enakem pomenu, ki je domnevno tvorjena iz nárke v pomenu "odrevenelost, omotica". Čebulica narcise namreč vsebuje snovi, ki povzročajo omotico. Po tej rastlini je poimenovan Narcis iz starogrške mitologije. Lepi Narcis se je zaljubil v svojo podobo, ki jo je ugledal na vodni gladini in se vrgel vanjo. Bogovi so ga spremenili v cvetico, ki svoj cvet sklanja, kakor je Narcis sklanjal svojo glavo nad svojim odsevom na vodni gladini. Cvetica ima bledo Narcisovo polt in v sredini rumeno srce v ognjeno rdečem krogu. To rastlino starih Grkov je Linne imenoval Narcissus poeticus.

Vrste

Gospodarska panoga

V zadnjih 400 letih je bilo vzgojenih na tisoče varietet narcis, kar je preraslo v pomembno gospodarsko panogo. Še posebej je pomembna na Nizozemskem, od koder po vsem svetu ivozijo velike količine narcis.[2] Poleg križancev poznamo veliko naravnih vrst, ki imajo okrasno vrednost, še posebej kot rastline za skalnjake.

Galerija

Reference

  1. Martinčič A. s sod. (2007). Mala flora Slovenije: ključ za določanje praprotnic in semenk. Tehniška založba Slovenije, Ljubljana. COBISS 232273664. ISBN 978-961-251-026-8.
  2. Barrett, Spencer Charles Hilton (1995). Cvetnice, kritosemenke sveta. DZS, Ljubljana. COBISS 53970688. ISBN 86-341-1439-2.

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Narcisa: Brief Summary ( الإسبانية، القشتالية )

المقدمة من wikipedia SL

Narcisa (znanstveno ime Narcissus) je rod čebulnic, ki domuje v Evropi, Severni Afriki in v Aziji in dosega višino med 20 in 45 cm. Večina vrst narcis cveti spomladi, nekatere pa tudi v jeseni. Pri nas so najbolj znana divja rastišča narcis ali kovačnic z belimi cvetovi na Golici.

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Narcissläktet ( السويدية )

المقدمة من wikipedia SV

Narcissläktet eller Narcisser (Narcissus)[1] är ett växtsläkte i familjen amaryllisväxter med ca 100 arter.[1] De finns i Europa, östra Medelhavsområdet, Iran och Nordafrika.

Narcissläktets arter är fleråriga lökväxter med ett till flera blad per lök. Bladen är alla basala, upprätta till utbredda, nästan cylindriska till breda och remlika. Blomstängeln saknar egentliga blad, men blomknopparna skyddas av ett hinnlikt hölsterblad. Blommorna sitter ensamma eller upp till 20 stycken per stängel. Blommorna har en blompip och sex stycken kalkblad. Oftast finns en välutvecklad bikrona som är helt fri från ståndarna. Ståndarna är sex stycken, vanligen i två serier. Fruktämnet har tre celler med många fröämnen.

Hela växten, speciellt löken, är giftig.[2]

Systematik

Släktet är närstående krokusliljesläktet (Sternbergia), det senare saknar dock bikrona.

Grupper

Odlade narcisser delas in i 12 grupper, ofta kallade divisioner.

Arter

Enligt Catalogue of Life finns följande 107 arter i släktet[1]:

Bildgalleri

Källor

  1. ^ [a b c] Roskov Y., Kunze T., Orrell T., Abucay L., Paglinawan L., Culham A., Bailly N., Kirk P., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Decock W., De Wever A., Didžiulis V. (ed) (5 april 2014). ”Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2014 Annual Checklist.”. Species 2000: Reading, UK. http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2014/browse/tree/id/17085137. Läst 26 maj 2014.
  2. ^ Wigander, Millan (1976). Farliga växter. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell Förlag. ISBN 91-20-04445-3 sid 28, 46
  • Walters, S.M. (1986). The European Garden Flora, Vol. 1. Pteridophyta; Gymnospermae; Angiospermae — Alismataceae to Iridaceae. ISBN 0-521-24859-0


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Narcissläktet: Brief Summary ( السويدية )

المقدمة من wikipedia SV

Narcissläktet eller Narcisser (Narcissus) är ett växtsläkte i familjen amaryllisväxter med ca 100 arter. De finns i Europa, östra Medelhavsområdet, Iran och Nordafrika.

Narcissläktets arter är fleråriga lökväxter med ett till flera blad per lök. Bladen är alla basala, upprätta till utbredda, nästan cylindriska till breda och remlika. Blomstängeln saknar egentliga blad, men blomknopparna skyddas av ett hinnlikt hölsterblad. Blommorna sitter ensamma eller upp till 20 stycken per stängel. Blommorna har en blompip och sex stycken kalkblad. Oftast finns en välutvecklad bikrona som är helt fri från ståndarna. Ståndarna är sex stycken, vanligen i två serier. Fruktämnet har tre celler med många fröämnen.

Hela växten, speciellt löken, är giftig.

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Nergis ( التركية )

المقدمة من wikipedia TR
Başlığın diğer anlamları için Nergis (anlam ayrımı) sayfasına bakınız.

Nergis, nergisgiller (Amaryllidaceae) familyasından Narcissus cinsinden bitki türlerinin ortak adı.

Bu bitkilerde sap 20-80 cm kadar yükselebilmektedir. Soğanlı olan bu bitkilerde taç yaprakları beyaz veya sarının karışımları şeklindedir.

Anavatanı Avrupa olan bu bitkilerin en çok tür zenginliğine İspanya ve Portekiz'de rastlanmaktadır. Ancak doğal olarak tüm Akdeniz kıyılarında, hatta bunun uzantısı olan Japonya'ya kadar aynı enlem dereceleri arasında görülmektedir. Dünyada Avrupa, Kuzey Amerika, Kuzey Afrika ülkelerinde tarımı yapılmaktadır.

Bu bitkinin soğanları en az 1 sene ara ile kullanılmaktadır. Zira çiçeğini vermiş olan soğan ekilirse, bir dahaki seneye çiçek vermez.

Narcissus poeticus, Türkiye'de Ege Bölgesi'nde özellikle Karaburun ve Mordoğan'da yetiştirilmektedir.

Bazı türleri

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Nergis: Brief Summary ( التركية )

المقدمة من wikipedia TR
Başlığın diğer anlamları için Nergis (anlam ayrımı) sayfasına bakınız.

Nergis, nergisgiller (Amaryllidaceae) familyasından Narcissus cinsinden bitki türlerinin ortak adı.

Bu bitkilerde sap 20-80 cm kadar yükselebilmektedir. Soğanlı olan bu bitkilerde taç yaprakları beyaz veya sarının karışımları şeklindedir.

Anavatanı Avrupa olan bu bitkilerin en çok tür zenginliğine İspanya ve Portekiz'de rastlanmaktadır. Ancak doğal olarak tüm Akdeniz kıyılarında, hatta bunun uzantısı olan Japonya'ya kadar aynı enlem dereceleri arasında görülmektedir. Dünyada Avrupa, Kuzey Amerika, Kuzey Afrika ülkelerinde tarımı yapılmaktadır.

Bu bitkinin soğanları en az 1 sene ara ile kullanılmaktadır. Zira çiçeğini vermiş olan soğan ekilirse, bir dahaki seneye çiçek vermez.

Narcissus poeticus, Türkiye'de Ege Bölgesi'nde özellikle Karaburun ve Mordoğan'da yetiştirilmektedir.

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Нарцис (рослина) ( الأوكرانية )

المقدمة من wikipedia UK
У Вікіпедії є статті про інші значення цього терміна: Нарцис.

Зміст

Загальні ознаки

Це трави із щільними цибулинами і стрічкоподібними різної довжини листками. Квіти знаходяться на верхівках безлистих стебел, вкритих плівчастою поволокою, одною або кількома. Шість тичинок прикріплені у 2 ряди в кінці трубочки; зав'язь нижня, тригранна, сім'ябруньки сидять кількома рядами в кожному гнізді, прикріплюючись у внутрішніх кутах. Насінин декілька або багато, вони кулясті і з білком.

Найпоширеніші види

До роду належать до 20 видів, поширених в Європі, переважно в середземноморських країнах, особливо західних; один вид росте в Азії в Японії і Китаї. Кілька витончених видів нарцисів здавна використовують як весняні прикраси садів і кімнат. З них особливо поширені такі:

1) Нарцис тацет (Narcissus tazetta) — дикоростучий у Південній Європі, відрізняється тим, що квіти його зібрані на верхівці безлистої стрілки, довжиною від 30 до 40 см, парасолькою з 8 до 10. Ці квіти жовтувато-білі, з маленькою блюдцеподібною коронкою такого ж кольору і дуже ароматні. Не зимують в помірному кліматі у відкритому ґрунті, можливе вирощування в оранжереях або вдома. Цибулину слід садити в жовтні або на початку листопада. Є декілька різновидів, у тому числі махрові.

2) Нарцис несправжній (Narcissus pseudonarcissus) — відрізняється великою коронкою, квіти одиночні, ароматні, жовті або ж оцвітина біла, а коронка жовта. Витривалий і може розводитися на відкритому ґрунті в умовах помірного клімату.

3) Нарцис жонкіль (Narcissus jonquilla) — квіти зібрані по 2-3 на верхівках стрілок, золотисто-жовті, коронка блюдцеподібна, маленька.

4) Нарцис білий (Narcissus poeticus) — квіти поодинокі, рідко парні, ароматні, чисто білі, коронка їх у вигляді блюдця, жовтувата з червоним краєм або без нього. Прекрасно росте у відкритому ґрунті. Цибулини висаджують восени, починаючи з вересня і до початку листопада; посаджені в інший час не виростають. Нарцис не вимогливий до якості ґрунту. Розмножують відділенням молодих цибулин (діток) зі старої цибулини щорічно; можливо робити це також і через більші проміжки часу, наприклад кожні 4 роки. Насінням розводити нарцис незручно, тому що вони дуже важко проростають — іноді через 2-3 роки, а потім ще до цвітіння доводиться чекати поки рослина не зміцніє, на що потрібно від 5 до 12 років, в залежності від виду.

Крім названих, у садівництві чимало інших вельми витончених, але менш поширених видів нарцисів.

Галерея

Примітки

Джерела

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Нарцис (рослина): Brief Summary ( الأوكرانية )

المقدمة من wikipedia UK
У Вікіпедії є статті про інші значення цього терміна: Нарцис.
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Chi Thủy tiên ( الفيتنامية )

المقدمة من wikipedia VI
Từ Narcissus có nhiều hơn một nghĩa, xem bài Narcissus.

Chi Thủy tiên (danh pháp khoa học: Narcissus; /nɑrˈsɪsəs/) là một chi gồm phần lớn là các loài thực vật lâu năm thuộc họ Họ Loa kèn đỏ (Amaryllidaceae).[2] Narcissus có những bông hoa bắt mắt với sáu danh dài giống cánh hoa được bao quanh bởi bao hoa hình chén hay kèn trumpet. Hoa thường có màu trắng hoặc vàng (cam và hồng ở các giống trồng vườn).

Narcissus đã được biết đến nhiều về cả y học và tính chất từ thời văn mình cổ đại, nhưng được mô tả chính thức bởi Linnaeus' trong quyển Species Plantarum (1753). Chi này gồm mười đoạn và chừng 50 loài. Số loài không nhất quán, phụ thuộc vào việc chúng được phân loại như thế nào, do sự giống nhau giữa các loài và lai tạo. Chi này bắt đầu xuất hiện vào khoảng Oligocen muộn hoặc Miocen sớm tại bán đảo Iberia và những vùng lân cận thuộc tây nam châu Âu.

Phân loại

Bài chi tiết: Phân loại Narcissus

Phân nhóm

Một hệ phân loại phổ biến là của Fernandes [3][4][5] dựa trên tế bào học, được Blanchard sửa đổi (1990)[6][7]Mathew (2002).[8] Và một của Meyer (1966).[9] Fernandes đề xuất hai phân chi dựa trên số nhiểm sắc thể cơ sở, và rồi Blanchard chia chúng thành các tổ (section).[7]

Hiện thống dưới đây là của Mathew -

Bảng I: Phân nhóm Narcissus (Mathew 2002)[8] Phân chi Tổ Phân tổ Loạt Loài điển hình Narcissus Pax Narcissus L. Narcisa 0012.JPG
N. poeticus L. Pseudonarcissus DC
syn. Ajax Spach 20140212Narcissus pseudonarcissus5.jpg
N. pseudonarcissus L. Ganymedes Salisbury ex Schultes and Schultes fil. Narcissus triandrus Closeup 2009March18 DehesaBoyalPuertollano.jpg
N. triandrus L. Jonquillae De Candolle Jonquillae DC Narcissus jonquilla 2.jpg
N. jonquilla L. Apodanthi (A. Fernandes) D. A. Webb Narcissus rupicola EnfoqueFrontal 2011-3-09 PtoNiefla SierraMadrona.jpg
N. rupicola
Dufour Chloranthi D. A. Webb Narcissus viridiflorus 1.jpg
N. viridiflorus
Schousboe Tapeinanthus (Herbert) Traub Narcissus cavanillesii detail.jpg
N. cavanillesii
A. Barra and G. López Hermione
(Salisbury) Spach Hermione
syn. Tazettae De Candolle Hermione Hermione NarcissiWithDew colors boosted.jpg
N. tazetta L. Albiflorae Rouy. Narcissus papyraceus-Jerusalem-3.jpg
N. papyraceus
Ker-Gawler Angustifoliae
(A. Fernandes) F.J Fernándes-Casas Click for image
N. elegans
(Haw.) Spach Serotini Parlatore Narcissus serotinus RJB.jpg
N. serotinus
L. Aurelia (J. Gay) Baker N. broussonetii.JPG
N. broussonetii
Lagasca Corbularia (Salisb.) Pax
syn. Bulbocodium De Candolle Narcissus bulbocodium 2009Mach15 Closeup2 DehesaBoyalPuertollano.jpg
N. bulbocodium L.

Hình ảnh

Xem thêm

Chú thích

  1. ^ Linnaeus, Carl (1753). Species Plantarum vol. 1. tr. 289. Truy cập ngày 2 tháng 10 năm 2014.
  2. ^ Narcissus. The Plant List. Truy cập ngày 16 tháng 6 năm 2013.
  3. ^ Fernandes, A. (1968). “Keys to the identification of native and naturalized taxa of the genus Narcissus L.”. Daffodil and Tulip Year Book (vol. 33). tr. 37–66. Truy cập ngày 23 tháng 10 năm 2014.
  4. ^ Fernandes, A. (1975). “L'évolution chez le genre Narcissus L.” (PDF). Anales del Instituto Botanico Antonio Jose Cavanilles 32: 843–872. Truy cập ngày 25 tháng 10 năm 2014.
  5. ^ Fernandes, A (1951). “Sur la phylogenie des especes du genre Narcissus L.”. Boletim da Sociedade Broteriana II 25: 113–190. Truy cập ngày 4 tháng 10 năm 2014.
  6. ^ Blanchard, J. W. (1990). Narcissus: a guide to wild daffodils. Surrey, UK: Alpine Garden Society. ISBN 0900048530.
  7. ^ a ă “Key to the sections (following Blanchard 1990)”. André Levy. Truy cập ngày 23 tháng 10 năm 2014.
  8. ^ a ă Mathew, B (2 tháng 9 năm 2003). Classification of the genus Narcissus. tr. 30–52. ISBN 9780203219355. Truy cập ngày 2 tháng 10 năm 2014. In Hanks (2002)
  9. ^ Meyer, F. G. (tháng 1 năm 1966). “Narcissus species and wild hybrids” (PDF). Amer. Hort. Mag. 45 (1): 47–76. Truy cập ngày 19 tháng 10 năm 2014. In American Horticultural Society (1966)

Tham khảo

Mã hiệu định danh bên ngoài cho Narcissus Bách khoa toàn thư sự sống 29121 GBIF 2858200 Hệ thống phân loại NCBI 4697 ITIS 500435
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Chi Thủy tiên: Brief Summary ( الفيتنامية )

المقدمة من wikipedia VI
Từ Narcissus có nhiều hơn một nghĩa, xem bài Narcissus.

Chi Thủy tiên (danh pháp khoa học: Narcissus; /nɑrˈsɪsəs/) là một chi gồm phần lớn là các loài thực vật lâu năm thuộc họ Họ Loa kèn đỏ (Amaryllidaceae). Narcissus có những bông hoa bắt mắt với sáu danh dài giống cánh hoa được bao quanh bởi bao hoa hình chén hay kèn trumpet. Hoa thường có màu trắng hoặc vàng (cam và hồng ở các giống trồng vườn).

Narcissus đã được biết đến nhiều về cả y học và tính chất từ thời văn mình cổ đại, nhưng được mô tả chính thức bởi Linnaeus' trong quyển Species Plantarum (1753). Chi này gồm mười đoạn và chừng 50 loài. Số loài không nhất quán, phụ thuộc vào việc chúng được phân loại như thế nào, do sự giống nhau giữa các loài và lai tạo. Chi này bắt đầu xuất hiện vào khoảng Oligocen muộn hoặc Miocen sớm tại bán đảo Iberia và những vùng lân cận thuộc tây nam châu Âu.

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Нарцисс (растение) ( الروسية )

المقدمة من wikipedia русскую Википедию
У этого термина существуют и другие значения, см. Нарцисс.

Нарциссы в цветоводстве

Нарциссы издавна выращиваются в садах и выгоняются зимой для комнат.

Садовая классификация

Регистрацией сортов нарциссов занимается Королевское садоводческое общество[4].

В настоящее время все садовые формы и сорта нарцисса объединены под общим названием Narcissus × hybridus hort. По современной садовой классификации их делят на 13 групп: 12 групп садовых нарциссов (в том числе гибриды Narcissus bulbocodium — 10 группа), 13 группа — природные виды и формы[5].

По данным Королевского садоводческого общества выделяются следующие классы[6]:

  • Trumpet
  • Large-cupped
  • Small-cupped
  • Double
  • Triandrus
  • Cyclamineus
  • Jonquilla and Apodanthus
  • Tazetta
  • Poeticus
  • Bulbocodium
  • Split-corona: Collar
  • Split-corona: Papillon
  • Miscellaneous
  • Species

Агротехника

Нарциссы лучше всего растут на участках с суглинистыми почвами и средней затенённостью. Могут расти до 6 лет без необходимости пересадки. За 3—4 недели до посадки почву перекапывают и удобряют, при необходимости облегчают путём введения смеси песка и торфа. Кислые почвы ощелачиваются мелом или доломитовой мукой.
Посадка нарциссов в Средней полосе России проводится во второй половине сентября, чтобы луковицы успели укорениться до наступления заморозков.
В период вегетации нарциссы нуждаются в дополнительном поливе, приблизительно 3—5 раз в зависимости от уровня природных осадков. Подкормки осуществляются три раза: при появлении всходов, при бутонизации и во время цветения.
В условиях Сибири и Нечернозёмной зоны нарциссы необходимо укрывать на зиму. Для этих целей можно использовать торф, солому и другие теплоизоляторы. Для выгонки нарциссов используют здоровые луковицы не менее 27 граммов. Растения выкапывают через 40—70 дней после цветения, луковицы моют, очищают от стеблей и листьев, выдерживают в обеззараживающем растворе и в течение 3—4 дней сушат при температуре +20…+25 °С.
Период и температура хранения луковиц зависит от необходимого срока выгонки[7].

Болезни и вредители

Болезни нарциссов
Вредители нарциссов
  • Корневая нематода
  • Стеблевая и луковичная нематоды
  • Большая нарциссовая муха и малая луковичная муха[7]
  • Jonquil flowers08.jpg
  • Jonquil flowers02.jpg
  •  src=

    Narcissus pseudonarcissus

  •  src=

    Narcissus tazetta

  •  src=

    Narcissus bulbocodium bulbocodium

  •  src=

    Narcissus poeticus actaea

  •  src=

    Narcissus pseudonarcissus, культивар

  •  src=

    Narcissus pseudonarcissus

См. также

Примечания

  1. Об условности указания класса однодольных в качестве вышестоящего таксона для описываемой в данной статье группы растений см. раздел «Системы APG» статьи «Однодольные».
  2. Нескучная латынь // Журнал «Наука и жизнь» — 2009 г., № 5
  3. Список видов рода Нарцисс на сайте Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (англ.) (Проверено 14 января 2013)
  4. Plant registration. Daffodils. (неопр.) (недоступная ссылка). Проверено 18 марта 2012. Архивировано 22 марта 2012 года.
  5. Карьянова И. Садовая классификация нарциссов (неопр.). КЦ Зеленая линия. Проверено 16 сентября 2013.
  6. Classification of genera Архивировано 26 апреля 2012 года. на сайте The Royal Horticultural Society Архивировано 26 марта 2012 года.
  7. 1 2 Нарциссы. Тюльпаны. Альбом-справочник / Сост. А. Марков. — М.: Россельхозиздат, 1986. — 254 с.
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Нарцисс (растение): Brief Summary ( الروسية )

المقدمة من wikipedia русскую Википедию
У этого термина существуют и другие значения, см. Нарцисс.  src= Narcissus ×incomparabilis  src= Narcissus ×litigiosus  src= Narcissus ×medioluteus  src= Narcissus ×ponsii-sorollae  src= Narcissus ×tortifolius Narcissus ×abilioi Fern.Casas [= Narcissus bulbocodium × Narcissus flavus] Narcissus ×aedoi Fern.Casas [= Narcissus pseudonarcissus subsp. leonensis × Narcissus triandrus] Narcissus ×alejandrei Fern.Casas [= Narcissus gigas × Narcissus jacetanus subsp. vasconicus] Narcissus ×alentejanus Fern.Casas [= Narcissus cavanillesii × Narcissus serotinus] Narcissus ×alleniae Donn.-Morg. [= Narcissus obsoletus × Narcissus viridiflorus] Narcissus ×aloysii-villarii Fern.Casas [= Narcissus pseudonarcissus subsp. moschatus × Narcissus jacetanus] Narcissus ×andorranus Fern.Casas [= Narcissus pseudonarcissus subsp. nobilis × Narcissus poeticus] Narcissus ×bakeri K.Richt. [= Narcissus bulbocodium × Narcissus pseudonarcissus] Narcissus ×boutignyanus Philippe [= Narcissus moleroi × Narcissus poeticus] Narcissus ×brevitubulosus A.Fern. [= Narcissus asturiensis × Narcissus nivalis] Narcissus ×buxtonii K.Richt. [= Narcissus abscissus × Narcissus assoanus] Narcissus ×caramulensis P.Ribeiro [= Narcissus bulbocodium × Narcissus cyclamineus] Narcissus ×cardonae Lloret & Fern.Casas [= Narcissus dubius × Narcissus tazetta] Narcissus ×carringtonii Rozeira [= Narcissus cernuus × Narcissus scaberulus] Narcissus ×cazorlanus Fern.Casas [= Narcissus hedraeanthus × Narcissus triandrus] Narcissus ×chevassutii Fern.Casas [= Narcissus serotinus × Narcissus tazetta] Narcissus ×christianssenii A.Fern. [= Narcissus rupicola × Narcissus triandrus] Narcissus ×compressus Haw. [= Narcissus jonquilla × Narcissus tazetta] Narcissus ×confinalensis Uribe-Ech. & Urrutia [= Narcissus asturiensis × Narcissus primigenius] Narcissus ×dordae Fern.Casas [= Narcissus abscissus × Narcissus pseudonarcissus subsp. pallidiflorus] Narcissus ×felineri Fern.Casas [= Narcissus bulbocodium × Narcissus primigenius] Narcissus ×fosteri Lynch [= Narcissus gigas × Narcissus triandrus] Narcissus ×georgemawii Fern.Casas [= Narcissus elegans × Narcissus viridiflorus] Narcissus ×gredensis Fern.Casas [= Narcissus bulbocodium × Narcissus rupicola] Narcissus ×hannibalis A.Fern. [= Narcissus hispanicus × Narcissus triandrus] Narcissus ×incomparabilis Mill. [= Narcissus hispanicus × Narcissus poeticus] Narcissus ×incurvicervicus Barra & G.López [= Narcissus cernuus × Narcissus flavus] Narcissus ×infundibulum Poir. [= Narcissus abscissus × Narcissus jonquilla] Narcissus ×javieri (A.Fern.) Fern.Casas [= Narcissus magni-abilii × Narcissus nivalis] Narcissus ×libarensis Sánchez García & Mart.Ort. [= Narcissus cuatrecasasii × Narcissus papyraceus] Narcissus ×litigiosus Amo [= Narcissus cantabricus subsp. monophyllus × Narcissus cernuus] Narcissus ×maginae Fern.Casas & Susanna [= Narcissus cuatrecasasii × Narcissus triandrus] Narcissus ×magnenii Rouy [= Narcissus assoanus × Narcissus tazetta] Narcissus ×martinoae Nava & Fern.Casado [= Narcissus asturiensis × Narcissus pseudonarcissus subsp. pallidiflorus] Narcissus ×medioluteus Mill. [= Narcissus poeticus × Narcissus tazetta] Narcissus ×montserratii Fern.Casas & Rivas Ponce [= Narcissus abscissus × Narcissus poeticus] Narcissus ×nutans Haw. [= Narcissus jonquilla × Narcissus triandrus] Narcissus ×odorus L. [= Narcissus jonquilla × Narcissus pseudonarcissus] Narcissus ×oiarbidei Fern.Casas & Uribe-Ech. [= Narcissus assoanus × Narcissus jacetanus] Narcissus ×paivae (A.Fern.) Fern.Casas [= Narcissus asturiensis × Narcissus magni-albii] Narcissus ×perangustus Fern.Casas [= Narcissus obsoletus × Narcissus serotinus] Narcissus ×perezlarae Font Quer [= Narcissus cavanillesii × Narcissus obsoletus] Narcissus ×poculiformis Salisb. [= Narcissus dubius × Narcissus pseudonarcissus subsp. moschatus] Narcissus ×ponsii-sorollae Fern.Casas [= Narcissus assoanus × Narcissus cernuus] Narcissus ×pravianoi Fern.Casas [= Narcissus primigenius × Narcissus triandrus] Narcissus ×pugsleyi Fern.Casas [= Narcissus assoanus × Narcissus pseudonarcissus subsp. moschatus] Narcissus ×pujolii Font Quer [= Narcissus assoanus × Narcissus papyraceus subsp. panizzianus] Narcissus ×rafaelii Patino & Uribe-Ech. [= Narcissus assoanus × Narcissus confusus] Narcissus ×rogendorfii Batt. & Trab. [= Narcissus elegans × Narcissus tazetta] Narcissus ×romoi Fern.Casas [= Narcissus cantabricus × Narcissus flavus] Narcissus ×rupidulus Fern.Casas & Susanna [= Narcissus cernuus × Narcissus rupicola] Narcissus ×somedanus Fern.Casado, Nava & Suárez Pérez [= Narcissus asturiensis × Narcissus triandrus] Narcissus ×susannae Fern.Casas [= Narcissus bulbocodium × Narcissus triandrus] Narcissus ×taitii Henriq. [= Narcissus cernuus × Narcissus pseudonarcissus] Narcissus ×tenuior Curtis [= Narcissus jonquilla × Narcissus poeticus] Narcissus ×tortifolius Fern.Casas [= Narcissus gaditanus × Narcissus papyraceus subsp. panizzianus] Narcissus ×tuckeri Barra & G.López [= Narcissus flavus × Narcissus hedraeanthus] Narcissus ×urrutiae Fern.Casas & Uribe-Ech. [= Narcissus munozii-garmendiae × Narcissus rupicola] Narcissus ×xaverii Nava & Fern.Casado [= Narcissus gigas × Narcissus pseudonarcissus subsp. pallidiflorus]
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水仙属 ( الصينية )

المقدمة من wikipedia 中文维基百科

水仙屬学名Narcissus)是多年生单子叶草本植物,属天门冬目石蒜科植物。此属植物全世界共有800餘种,其中的10餘种具有极高的观赏价值。水仙原分布在中欧、地中海沿岸和北非地区,中国的水仙是多花水仙的一个变种,变种名为Narcissus tazetta var. chinensis

中国在1300多年前的代即有栽培,深得人们喜爱,是中国的十大名花之一。水仙在中国野生分布在东南沿海地区,以上海崇明区福建漳州水仙最为有名,在数百年前,苏州嘉定等地也出产水仙。别名有:中国水仙、凌波仙子、雅蒜、天蒜、天葱、俪兰、女星、女史花、雪中花等。 除了常见的白色水仙外,还有一个黄色的品种叫喇叭水仙。黄水仙在欧洲栽培历史悠久。19世纪30年代以来,荷兰比利时英国等国对黄水仙的育种和品种改良做了大量工作,目前栽培品种已达到26000个,每年还有新品种诞生。中国栽培黄水仙始于19世纪末。

 src=
黃水仙(喇叭水仙)

形态

 src=
球状鳞茎

水仙有球状鳞茎,地下部分的鳞茎肥大,外被棕褐色皮膜。鳞茎盘上着生芽,着生在鳞茎球中心的称顶芽,着生在顶芽两侧的称侧芽,所有的芽都排列在一条直线上。水仙的花自叶中抽出,伞形花序,为双色花瓣,中心黄色花瓣承浅杯状,外层白色花瓣开放时平展如盘。雄蕊6枚,三强三弱;雌蕊1个。子房下位,3室,内有胚株多枚。观赏水仙为3倍体,一般不结实。

黄水仙的副花冠形状多变,主要为黄色。

分类

园艺分类

19世纪初,英国开展了最初的水仙人工杂交育种,至1969年在英国皇家园艺协会分类表中列有水仙名称的在一万以上。于长时期的反复杂交,使各品种间的亲缘关系很不易搞清楚。目前,植物学家根据它们的形态、习性和细胞染色体等进行人为分类。在英国园艺上一般将水仙分为12类,德国花卉园艺则分为6类。

  •  src=

    金盏银台

  •  src=

    大杯状副冠型

  •  src=

    重瓣型

  •  src=

    威爾斯水仙

  •  src=

    塔希提水仙(Narcissus 'Tahiti')

  •  src=

    白水仙Narcissus papyraceus),'Paperwhite'

  • Narcis 1.JPG
  • Narcis 2.JPG
  •  src=

    几朵白色丁香水仙(Jonquils)

  •  src=

    Narcissus poeticus

英国水仙的12类为:

  1. 喇叭状副冠型
  2. 大杯状副冠型
  3. 小杯状副冠型
  4. 重瓣型
  5. 三蕊水仙型
  6. 仙客来型
  7. 丁香水仙型
  8. 法国水仙型
  9. 红口水仙型
  10. 喇叭水仙与野生杂交种及野生类型
  11. 副冠开裂型
  12. 什锦型

养植

水仙是一种鳞茎植物,水仙从分出的鳞茎开始培养,到开花通常需要三年左右的时间。水仙夏天休眠,通常是在初夏,把鳞茎带泥去除,剪去叶片,放到阴凉处保存,待秋冬季再种植。福建漳州是水仙的著名产地之一,已经有四百多年的栽培历史。

 src=
正在雕刻水仙

水仙也可以雕刻后再培养,以长成蟹爪水仙。水仙雕刻的原理主要是,削叶缘和花梗会给叶子和花茎带来机械损伤,在生长过程中,受损伤一侧愈合而生长缓慢,另一侧正常生长,因此叶片和花梗产生弯曲、矮化。

水仙的花期受温度影响明显,温度越高开花越早、花期越短。在北方的室温下,水培的水仙从培养到开花一般需要45-50天左右,通常在春节前的五十天开始培养,以便能够在春节期间开放。培养的阳光和温度对于水仙很重要,如果阳光不足,温度过高,会造成叶片疯长。但是雕刻过后的水仙开花会比较早,如南昌需24-25日,北京需26-27日,上海、南京、杭州、西安需25-26日,而广州只要21-22日。而土培水仙的话一般需要35日才能开花。

水仙的生长适温为10-20,可耐0℃低温。水仙的鳞茎在春天发育膨胀,在26℃以上的高温下进行花芽分化。温度6-10度时抽生花茎。

挑选水仙头时要选择直径在8厘米以上的,外形要扁圆、坚实、色泽明亮且呈棕褐色,顶端钝圆,根盘宽阔肥厚。这样的水仙花芽多,开花亦多。若用两手指按压球体前后,感觉内部有柱状物又比较结实的,说明花芽已经发育成熟,这样的水仙一定能开花。而柱状物越多,花茬也就越多。如果捏起来感觉松软,无弹性,呈扁平的则是叶芽,这样的水仙头就不会开花。

 src=
盛开的水仙

水仙作为花卉欣赏来讲通常有土培和水培两种方式。在中国,常用的方式是水培,买来水仙鳞茎后,去除死皮,在芽处切十字口,使鳞茎松开,以便能够更好的抽芽。开始每天换水一次,之后每三天换水一次,花前每周换一次水。栽好后每天要在太阳下照晒,晚上再把水倒掉,第二天加水再晒。这样可以抑制叶片生长过度旺盛,有助于花茬的生长。如果想让水仙花提早开花,可以在盆中加25℃的温水,移到较暖的房间或用塑料袋罩住。开花期间移到冷凉有光线处,一般可维持花期半月左右。水仙一般不用施肥,但如果希望延长花期,可在花蕾孕育期间在水中加入浓度为0.2的磷酸二氢钾溶液,开花时在水中加入少量葡萄糖,都可以让花朵开放更茂盛,花期也能延长。

一般情况下,经过开花的损耗,水养水仙的鳞茎都需要三年的培育才能再开花。因此开花过后的水仙鳞茎一般都被丢弃。而水仙作为生产性繁殖则常用分球、播种和组织培养等方式。

化学物质

水仙鳞茎浆汁含生物碱类物质,可用作外科镇痛剂中医将鳞茎捣烂敷治痈肿,但内服会引起消化道循环系统疾病。[2]现代药理学研究表明,中国水仙的鳞茎与地上部含有较高的伪石蒜碱石蒜碱,这两种物质都有抑制肿瘤的作用。

水仙花香浓郁,鲜花芳香油含量达0.20%-0.45%,可提取香精。也有采用水仙鲜花窨茶,制成高档水仙花茶、水仙乌龙茶等。

文化

希臘神話

水仙的英語名稱「Narcissus」来自希腊神话中的一位美少年那耳喀索斯,他深爱自己的美貌,在一池静水上看到他自己的影子,从此深恋不已,当他扑向水中拥抱自己影子时,化为一株漂亮的水仙,自戀的英語名稱正源自這個故事。

中國文學

中國宋代诗人刘邦直《咏水仙》云:

“ 借水开花自一奇,水沉为骨玉为肌。暗香已压荼蘼倒,只此寒梅无好枝。 ”

花犯(水仙花)- 宋代. 周密

楚江湄,湘娥再現,無言灑清淚,淡然春意。空獨倚東風,芳思誰寄?凌波路冷秋無際香云隨步起,漫記得,漢宮仙掌,亭亭明月底。

冰弦寫怨更多情,騷人恨,枉賦芳蘭幽芷。 春思遠,誰歎賞國香風味?相將共、歲寒伴侶,小窗淨,沉煙熏翠被。 幽夢覺、涓涓清露,一枝燈影裡


雕刻藝術

 src=
鸡造型的水仙

水仙花被称为「有生命的艺术品」,雕刻水仙造型美观,中外驰名,最常见的雕刻方法有以下几种类:

  • 蟹爪水仙:先把水仙的褐色外皮去掉,在水仙球的腹下部用刀划一条横线,再在侧肩部各竖割一直线,将弧线上的鳞片剥去,直到露出花芽和叶芽为止。然后用手指轻轻将叶尖部分略分开,随后用刀将叶子两边各切一刀,幅度为叶芽的三分之一,将花茬部切五分之一。这样水养的水仙花芽的叶芽弯曲生长,酷似蟹爪。
  • 鸟形水仙:先取较大母球而只带一边的小球的水仙头一个,小球不雕刻,任意生长。将母球一般的鳞片剥去,平稳均匀的削去头一片叶缘的三分之一,其他叶子也削去三分之一,花茎削去五分之一,留下母球的另一半鳞片作为后壁。之后将小球茎长出的叶片剪去一部分,留下的一截小球茎作为鸟头。随后在两片叶子中间装上一个玻璃珠做眼睛,搭配上母球中头一枝叶芽构成的鸟尾,就是鸟型水仙了。
  • 花篮水仙:选择两侧各带小球的肥大母球一个,两侧小球任其生长,母球在其上部三分之一处环割一周,然后把上面的鳞片一层一层的剥除,直到黄绿色叶芽露出来为止。用蟹爪水仙的雕刻方法将各叶子的叶缘一侧切去叶宽的四分之一到三分之一,使叶子生长弯曲,用清水浸泡,洗去黏液,放入盆中水养。当小球的叶生长到一定高度时,用丝带将两侧的叶片扎在一起,形似花篮的提环。而母球上的叶片和花朵都盘曲在一起,犹如花篮一般。
  • 茶壶水仙:选择两侧都带小仔球的母球一个。母球顶端横切削平,中间下刀挖空,深度以能到花芽为止。挖时要小心,不要伤害到花苞。之后把叶片削去一半,并在花梗部分轻扎一刀。待其开花时,将其一侧的小球叶片剪掉,留其基部叶片为鞘筒,如同茶壶的嘴。用竹签和母球的鳞片接插在一起,成为茶壶的把手,母球上的花就象茶壶盖。
  • 玉鹅凌波:选择一个花苞多,且有一个较大子球的鳞茎。不必雕刻子球,其它雕刻方法如蟹爪水仙。当根系长出3-4厘米后,将小鳞茎放置到盆水深处,将母鳞茎提起。到开花时期,再恢复平放。这样小鳞茎长出的叶片好似象母茎弯曲,然后将小鳞茎长出的叶片扎成「天鹅头」,并取一玻璃珠作为眼睛,这样就好似天鹅母子在水中悠游自在。
  • 舞:雕刻类似蟹爪水仙。不过母鳞茎一侧留一个较大的小鳞茎,另一侧保留鳞片内有花的三个芽体。只将芽体间隙横切一刀,其他部分都不雕刻。开花时,按凤凰神态结扎小鳞茎叶片为「凤头」,不雕刻芽体长出的花叶为「凤尾」,其它部分就是凤身。

参考文献

  • 英国皇家园艺学会的“The RHS Plant Guide:Bulbs”
  • 《家庭养花指导》,金盾出版社,黄勇,ISBN:7-5082-3789-7
  • 《家庭养花三百问》,金盾出版社,冯天哲,ISBN:7-5082-2264-4
  • 《家庭养花诀窍集》,中国农业出版社,金波,ISBN:7-109-06830-3

外部链接

 src= 维基共享资源中相关的多媒体资源:水仙  src= 维基物种中的分类信息:水仙
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wikipedia 中文维基百科

水仙属: Brief Summary ( الصينية )

المقدمة من wikipedia 中文维基百科

水仙屬(学名:Narcissus)是多年生单子叶草本植物,属天门冬目石蒜科植物。此属植物全世界共有800餘种,其中的10餘种具有极高的观赏价值。水仙原分布在中欧、地中海沿岸和北非地区,中国的水仙是多花水仙的一个变种,变种名为Narcissus tazetta var. chinensis。

中国在1300多年前的代即有栽培,深得人们喜爱,是中国的十大名花之一。水仙在中国野生分布在东南沿海地区,以上海崇明区福建漳州水仙最为有名,在数百年前,苏州嘉定等地也出产水仙。别名有:中国水仙、凌波仙子、雅蒜、天蒜、天葱、俪兰、女星、女史花、雪中花等。 除了常见的白色水仙外,还有一个黄色的品种叫喇叭水仙。黄水仙在欧洲栽培历史悠久。19世纪30年代以来,荷兰比利时英国等国对黄水仙的育种和品种改良做了大量工作,目前栽培品种已达到26000个,每年还有新品种诞生。中国栽培黄水仙始于19世纪末。

 src= 黃水仙(喇叭水仙)
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wikipedia 中文维基百科

スイセン属 ( اليابانية )

المقدمة من wikipedia 日本語
Question book-4.svg
この記事は検証可能参考文献や出典が全く示されていないか、不十分です。
出典を追加して記事の信頼性向上にご協力ください。2015年5月
曖昧さ回避 この項目では、植物の水仙について説明しています。中国茶の銘柄である水仙については「烏龍茶#水仙」を、太宰治の短編小説については「水仙 (小説)」をご覧ください。
曖昧さ回避スイセン」はこの項目へ転送されています。その他の用法については「すいせん」をご覧ください。
スイセン属 Narcissus
Narcissus
(2005年5月)
分類APG III : 植物界 Plantae 階級なし : 被子植物 Angiosperms 階級なし : 単子葉類 Monocots : キジカクシ目 Asparagales : ヒガンバナ科 Amaryllidaceae 亜科 : ヒガンバナ亜科 Amaryllidoideae : スイセン連 Narcisseae : スイセン属 Narcissus 学名 Narcissus
L. (1753) タイプ種 N. poeticus L.

スイセン属(スイセンぞく、学名: Narcissus)は、ヒガンバナ科クロンキスト体系ではユリ科)ののひとつ。この属にはニホンズイセンラッパスイセンなど色や形の異なる品種が多くあるが、この属に含まれるものを総称してスイセンと呼んでいる。

狭義には、学名 Narcissus tazetta や、その変種であるニホンズイセンNarcissus tazetta var. chinensis)をスイセンということも多い。しかし、本記事では特に明記しない限り「スイセン」をスイセン属の総称の意味で用いる。

形態・生態[編集]

多年草で、からにかけて白や黄のを咲かせるものが多い。草丈は、品種・環境によるが、15 - 50cm程度である。

は、黒い外皮に包まれた鱗茎の内部にある。そのため切断しない限り人の目に触れることはない。葉身は、若干厚みがあり扁平で細長く、つや消しのような表面をしている。

葉の間からつぼみをつけた花茎が伸び、伸びきるとつぼみが横向きになり、成熟するとつぼみを覆っていたを破って花が開く。典型的なスイセンの花の場合、雌蕊(しずい)は1本、雄蕊(ゆうずい)は6本。6枚に分かれた花びらと、中心に筒状の花びらを持つが、6枚に分かれている花びらのうち、外側3枚は(がく)であり、内側3枚のみが花弁である。二つをあわせて花被片(かひへん)と呼ぶ。一方、中心にある筒状の部分は副花冠(ふくかかん)という。花被片・副花冠の形状と花の着き方により、品種を区分する。

分布[編集]

 src=
Narcissus bulbocodium bulbocodium 原種の一つ

原産地は主にスペインポルトガルを中心に地中海沿岸地域、アフリカ北部まで広がり、原種は30種類ほど知られている。また、園芸用に品種改良されたものが広く栽培されている。

日本においては、ニホンズイセンが古くに中国を経由して渡来したといわれている。分布は、本州以南の比較的暖かい海岸近くで野生化し、群生が見られる。越前海岸越前町の群落が有名であり、福井県県花ともなっている。

群生地[編集]

日本においては下記のものが有名である。

  •  src=

    灘黒岩水仙郷のニホンズイセン

人間との関わり[編集]

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この節は検証可能参考文献や出典が全く示されていないか、不十分です。出典を追加して記事の信頼性向上にご協力ください。2014年12月

毒性[編集]

有毒植物成分はリコリン (lycorine) とシュウ酸カルシウム (calcium oxalate) など。全草が有毒だが、鱗茎に特に毒成分が多い。スイセンの致死量はマウスで10.7g/kgである。食中毒症状と接触性皮膚炎症状を起こす。中毒は初期に強い嘔吐があり摂取物の大半が吐き出されるため症状が重篤に到ることは稀であるが、鱗茎を浅葱(あさつき)と間違えて食べ死亡した例がある。

葉がニラととてもよく似ており、家庭菜園でニラを栽培すると同時に、観賞用として本種を栽培した場合などに、間違えて食べ中毒症状を起こすという事件がときどき報告・報道される[6][7]。ニラとの大きな違いは次の通りである。

  • 葉からの臭いがない(ニラは葉からニラ独特の強い臭いを放つ)。
  • 鱗茎がある(ニラは髭(ひげ)根で鱗茎はない)。

品種改良[編集]

原種は花弁が細くねじれており、それを平たい花弁にするのに50年ほどかかった。その後、八重咲きなどの花容の品種改良、および、白と黄色以外の色を出すための品種改良がなされ、副花冠が赤、ピンクのものが加わった。品種改良の中心地は栽培に気候が適しているイギリスが草分けである。現在ではオランダ、日本がそれに続いている。

増え方と育て方[編集]

チューリップヒヤシンスなどと同様に典型的な球根植物。市販の球根を買って花壇や鉢に植えて育てる。一定の寒さに当たらないと開花しない性質を有する。晩秋に球根が市場に出回るのでそれを植えて育てる。ニホンズイセンだと初春には開花するが、西洋スイセンは4月ごろに開花する。春先には開花株が出回り、それを観賞することもできる。

開花後は葉と茎が枯れるまで切らずに置いておくと、球根が太る。チューリップと異なり、子株が育っても親株も残る(チューリップは子株が育つと、親株が衰える)。被子植物である以上、結果し、種でも増えるが、開花までには数年かかるため、育種(品種改良)を目的とする場合を除けば一般には行われない。球根を分球させて増やす。

スイセンは日本の気候と相性が良いので、植え放しでも勝手に増える。球根が細分化するばかりで、開花しない場合は、土壌の窒素過多か、植え付けが浅すぎることが原因である。夏場は地表面を別の植物で覆うと、温度が上がり過ぎず、地中の球根に適した環境を維持できる。

文化[編集]

 src=
水仙紋

Narcissus という学名は、ギリシャ神話に登場する美少年ナルキッソスに由来する。神話によると、ナルキッソスは、その美しさにさまざまな相手から言い寄られたものの、高慢にはねつけ恨みを買った。ついには、そんな彼への呪いを聞き入れた復讐の女神ネメシスにより、水鏡に映った自分自身に恋してしまった。水面の中の像は、ナルキッソスの想いに決して応えることはなく、彼はそのまま憔悴して死ぬ(水面の像に接吻をしようとして溺死したという説もある)。そして、その体は水辺でうつむきがちに咲くスイセンに変わった、というものである。だからこそスイセンは水辺であたかも自分の姿を覗き込むかのように咲くのである。

エーコー」も参照

「スイセン」という名は、中国での呼び名「水仙」を音読みしたもの。「仙人は、天にあるを天仙、地にあるを地仙、水にあるを水仙」という中国の古典に由来する。水辺で咲く姿を仙人にたとえたのであろう。別名に雪中花、雅客。方言ではチチロ、キンデバナ、キンデ、シイセン、ハルダマなどの呼び名がある。

また、ラッパスイセン (Daffodil) はウェールズ国章であり、ウェールズでは3月1日の聖ダビデの日 (Saint David's Day) に、ラッパスイセンかリーキを身につける習慣がある。

ウイリアム・ワーズワースは "I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud" という著名な詩を、またE・E・カミングスは "in a time of daffodils" という詩をそれぞれ遺している。

欧米では水仙は「希望」の象徴であり、ガン患者をサポートする団体の多くで、春の訪れと共に咲くこの水仙が「希望」のシンボルとして募金活動のキャンペーンに用いられている。

地方公共団体などの花[編集]

下位分類[編集]

スイセン Narcissus tazetta
ニホンズイセン Narcissus tazetta var. chinensis
和名はニホンズイセン(日本水仙)であるが、原産地は地中海沿岸。室町時代以前に、中国を経由して日本に入ったと考えられている。園芸作家の柳宗民はニホンズイセンは中国から球根が海流にのって漂着したものが、野生化していったのではないかとの説をとっている。
ラッパスイセン Narcissus pseudonarcissus
クチベニズイセン Narcissus poeticus
ギリシア神話では、学名の由来ともなっているナルキッソスの生まれ変わりといわれている。
キズイセン Narcissus jonquilla
カンランズイセン Narcissus x odorus
キズイセンとラッパスイセンとの雑種
  •  src=

    ニホンズイセン Narcissus tazetta var. chinensis

  •  src=

    ラッパスイセン Narcissus pseudonarcissus

  •  src=

    クチベニズイセン Narcissus poeticus

  •  src=

    キズイセン Narcissus jonquilla

花の形による分類[編集]

ここでは西洋スイセンの花容の説明をする。

  • ラッパ咲き - 副冠の長さが花弁の長さと同じかそれ以上のもの。
  • カップ咲き - 副冠の長さが花弁の長さより1/3より長く花弁全体より短いもの。
  • 小カップ咲き - 副冠の長さが花弁の長さより1/3より短く花弁全体より短いもの。
  • 八重咲き - 花弁や副冠が八重咲きになるもの。
  • トリアンドロス咲き - 下向きに咲くもの。
  • シクラメネウス咲き - 花弁がシクラメンの花のように反転するもの。
  • スプリットコロナ咲き - 副冠が1/3以上裂けているもの。
  •  src=

    品種ロマンス ラッパ咲きの代表種

  •  src=

    八重咲きのスイセン

画像集[編集]

  •  src=

    東京・葛西臨海公園の水仙(2011年1月30日撮影)

  •  src=

    明石魚・住吉神社のスイセン

  •  src=

    実相寺境内の水仙畑

  •  src=

    日本寒水仙

  •  src=

    黄色いスイセン(3本)

  •  src=

    半逆光に輝くスイセンの花びら

  •  src=

    スイセン(相模原公園にて撮影)

  •  src=

    スイセンの花の近接撮影(相模原公園にて撮影)

脚注[編集]

[ヘルプ]
  1. ^ 南房総 鋸南町
  2. ^ (社)福井県観光連盟
  3. ^ 下田市観光協会
  4. ^ 南あわじ市役所地図
  5. ^ 淡路島観光協会
  6. ^ ニラと誤りスイセンをギョーザの具に 徳島の小学校で児童ら集団食中毒”. MSN産経ニュース. ^ 自宅庭のスイセン食べ、食中毒に…ニラと間違う”. 読売新聞. 関連項目[編集]

    外部リンク[編集]

     src= ウィキスピーシーズにスイセン属に関する情報があります。  src= ウィキメディア・コモンズには、スイセン属に関連するカテゴリがあります。
 title=
ترخيص
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حقوق النشر
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النص الأصلي
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wikipedia 日本語

スイセン属: Brief Summary ( اليابانية )

المقدمة من wikipedia 日本語

スイセン属(スイセンぞく、学名: Narcissus)は、ヒガンバナ科クロンキスト体系ではユリ科)ののひとつ。この属にはニホンズイセンやラッパスイセンなど色や形の異なる品種が多くあるが、この属に含まれるものを総称してスイセンと呼んでいる。

狭義には、学名 Narcissus tazetta や、その変種であるニホンズイセン(Narcissus tazetta var. chinensis)をスイセンということも多い。しかし、本記事では特に明記しない限り「スイセン」をスイセン属の総称の意味で用いる。

ترخيص
cc-by-sa-3.0
حقوق النشر
ウィキペディアの著者と編集者
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
wikipedia 日本語

수선화속 ( الكورية )

المقدمة من wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

 src= 수선화는 여기로 연결됩니다. 다른 뜻에 대해서는 수선화 (동음이의) 문서를 참고하십시오.

수선화(水仙花)는 수선화속(Narcissus) 식물의 총칭이다.

분포

유럽·지중해·북아프리카·중동에서 한국·중국에 이르기까지 널리 분포하며, 약 30종이 있다.

특징

알뿌리는 비늘줄기로 둘레가 8cm인 소형에서 20cm에 이르는 대형인 것까지 있다. 줄기품종에 따라 10-50cm로 크기에 차이가 있다. 잎은 줄모양이고 길이 12-50cm이며 너비 0.5-3cm이다. 꽃은 꽃줄기 끝에 홀로 또는 산형꽃차례로 피며, 지름 1.5cm 정도의 소륜에서 12cm에 이르는 대륜까지 있다. 꽃덮이조각은 가로로 퍼지며 덧꽃부리는 나팔모양 또는 컵모양이다. 꽃색은 노랑·흰색·다홍·담흥색 등이다. 꽃잎은 화관모양으로되어있으며 안쪽 오무라진컵모양은 부화관 바깥쪽 접시모양은 내화피와 외화피로 이루어져잇고 지푸라기문형으로 감싸고잇는 꽃대는 코로나라한다 꽃피는 시기는 겨울철에서 5월 무렵까지이고, 화단·화분에 심거나 꽃꽂이용으로 많이 이용된다.

여러가지 쓰임새

무함마드의 가르침 중에 이 꽃이 등장하는 것이 유명하다. 그 중엔 "두 조각의 빵이 있는 자는 그 한 조각을 수선화와 맞바꿔라. 빵은 몸에 필요하나, 수선화는 마음에 필요하다." 라고 가르쳤다고 한다. 이슬람교같은 경우도 수선화는 아주 중요한 존재라고 하고, 고대 그리스는 수선화로 사원을 장식, 장례용으로도 쓰였다고 한다.

수선화는 민간에서 비늘줄기를 부스럼이나 악창을 치료하는 데 썼고, 천식, 구토, 거담, 백일해, 부기, 어깨 결림 등에 쓰는 약재이기도 하다[1]

꽃말에 대해

꽃말

- 자존

  • 자아도취
  • 무심
  • 가르침
  • 자애
  • 자만
  • 고결
  • 알림

대표적인 꽃말은 자존.

자기애가 넘치는 단어들이 꽃말로 정해져있어 이것들로 알 수 있듯이, 수선화는 자기애를 기반하는 뜻을 가지고 있다.

전설

품종

주요 수선류는 다음과 같다.

나팔수선화

남·서유럽이 원산으로 1개의 꽃줄기에 1개의 꽃이 피며, 덧꽃부리는 꽃덮이조각과 같은 길이이나 그것보다 길다. 수선 중에서 가장 대륜인 종이다. 꽃피는 시기는 3-4월이고, 화단·꽃꽂이용으로 재배되며 촉성재배도 많다. 더치마스터·킹알프레드·로열빅토리·베스트셀러·마운트후드 등이 있다.

입술연지수선화

지중해 연안이 원산으로 1개의 꽃줄기에 1개의 꽃이 피는 중륜의 종이고, 꽃에 향기가 있다. 악타이아·칸타빌 등이 있다.

황수선

1개의 꽃줄기에 2-3개 또는 송이모양 꽃이 핀다. 꽃에 향기가 있다. 톨레비시언·존킬·골든셉터·수지 등이 있다.

타제타

카나리아제도·북아프리카·남프랑스·지중해연안·중국 등지에 많다. 제라늄·크랙포드·실버차임·일본수선 등이 있다.

볼보코디움

유럽 남서부가 원산으로 비늘줄기가 1-2cm 작은 알뿌리종으로 줄기는 높이 약 15cm이다. 잎은 3-4장이고 1개의 꽃줄기에 1개의 꽃이 핀다. 꽃색은 노랑이고 덧꽃부리·꽃부리조각 모두 약 1.5cm로 작다.

재배

조생종은 8월, 일반종은 9-10월에 심는다. 심는 깊이는 알뿌리 높이의 약 2배로 하며, 건조지나 한지에서는 2.5배 정도로 심는다. 비료는 밑거름을 많이 주고 부엽토에 종박·어박·골분 등과 소량의 유기화학비료를 섞어서 주는데, 질소질을 많이 필요로 하는 것과 알뿌리가 저장중에 썩기 쉬운 것 등이 있으므로 주의해야 하다. 알뿌리를 파내는 것은 1-2년 간격으로 하는데, 잎이 노랗게 되기 시작하는 6월에 비를 피하여 파고 수용성 살균제로 소독하여 통풍이 좋은 장소에 보존한다. 잎끝에서부터 황갈색으로 말라 오그라지는 점무늬병을 막기 위해서는 구근소독을 철저히 해야 한다.[2] 화분에 심을 때는 배수가 좋고 비료성분이 풍부한 흙으로 심으며 눈이 나오기까지는 집 밖에서 기르고 봉오리가 나오기 시작하면 실내에 들여와 관상한다. 큰 알뿌리종은 물재배로도 쉽게 꽃이 핀다.

하위 종

갤러리

각주

  1. 김원학. 임경수.손창환. 《독을 품은 식물이야기 p138》.
  2. “수선화”. 2021년 4월 11일에 확인함.
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