dcsimg

Lifespan, longevity, and ageing

provided by AnAge articles
Maximum longevity: 35.9 years (captivity) Observations: Gestation times of 95 and 96 days were reported in Zoos. When there is a delayed implantation, the total pregnancy time is on average 214 days (Ronald Nowak 1999). One captive specimen lived 35.9 years (Richard Weigl 2005).
license
cc-by-3.0
copyright
Joao Pedro de Magalhaes
editor
de Magalhaes, J. P.
partner site
AnAge articles

Untitled

provided by Animal Diversity Web

One sun bear demonstrated his intelligence while in captivity. This particular bear took the rice that was given to him for food and scattered it on the ground. There were also chickens in this bear's lair and the scattered rice attracted these chickens, which the bear then captured and ate.

license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
bibliographic citation
Bies, L. 2007. "Helarctos malayanus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Helarctos_malayanus.html
author
LeeAnn Bies, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
editor
Cynthia Sims Parr, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
editor
Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
original
visit source
partner site
Animal Diversity Web

Behavior

provided by Animal Diversity Web

Like other bear species, sun bears have a keen sense of smell. Bears tend to use their senses of smell and touch to find and manipulate food. They probably use olfactory cues to find potential mates and use some vocalizations.

Communication Channels: acoustic ; chemical

Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical

license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
bibliographic citation
Bies, L. 2007. "Helarctos malayanus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Helarctos_malayanus.html
author
LeeAnn Bies, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
editor
Cynthia Sims Parr, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
editor
Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
original
visit source
partner site
Animal Diversity Web

Conservation Status

provided by Animal Diversity Web

Sun bears are one of the rarest bears. The exact number alive today is not known, but the population is steadily declining due to deforestation and hunting. Habitat destruction is causing these bears to live in smaller and more isolated patches. The land is being cleared to create coffee, rubber and oil palm plantations. Poachers are flocking to protected areas and reserves because they know there are bears there. Reserves may not even be providing sufficient habitats for these bears because their needs are not completely known. Not many conservation attempts have been done to save these bears because so little is known about them.

US Federal List: no special status

CITES: appendix i

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: vulnerable

license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
bibliographic citation
Bies, L. 2007. "Helarctos malayanus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Helarctos_malayanus.html
author
LeeAnn Bies, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
editor
Cynthia Sims Parr, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
editor
Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
original
visit source
partner site
Animal Diversity Web

Benefits

provided by Animal Diversity Web

Sun bears have been known to cause damage to crops such as oil palms, coconuts, and bananas.

Negative Impacts: crop pest

license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
bibliographic citation
Bies, L. 2007. "Helarctos malayanus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Helarctos_malayanus.html
author
LeeAnn Bies, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
editor
Cynthia Sims Parr, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
editor
Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
original
visit source
partner site
Animal Diversity Web

Benefits

provided by Animal Diversity Web

The gall bladders and other body parts of sun bears are used in folk medical practices. It has been proven, though, that they have no medicinal value. People hunt them for sport and profit. They are commonly sold as pets when they are cubs, but quickly outgrow the stage when they are manageable as pets.

Positive Impacts: pet trade ; source of medicine or drug ; controls pest population

license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
bibliographic citation
Bies, L. 2007. "Helarctos malayanus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Helarctos_malayanus.html
author
LeeAnn Bies, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
editor
Cynthia Sims Parr, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
editor
Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
original
visit source
partner site
Animal Diversity Web

Associations

provided by Animal Diversity Web

In certain regions, sun bears are important in seed dispersal. In a study of H. malayanus in Borneo, one sample of these bear feces was found to contain 309 seeds of a certain species of plant. They also impact the colonial insect populations that they prey on.

Ecosystem Impact: disperses seeds

license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
bibliographic citation
Bies, L. 2007. "Helarctos malayanus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Helarctos_malayanus.html
author
LeeAnn Bies, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
editor
Cynthia Sims Parr, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
editor
Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
original
visit source
partner site
Animal Diversity Web

Trophic Strategy

provided by Animal Diversity Web

Sun bears are opportunistic omnivores, with bees, termites, and earthworms comprising the main part of their diet. Fruit is also eaten when available. The former are more regular food sources than fruit and usually there is no need for H. malayanus to cover great distances in their search for food. These bears have long tongues that are helpful for obtaining insects from trees, termites from their nests, and honey from bee hives. Should the opportunity present itself, sun bears will eat small rodents, birds, and lizards along with scavenging tiger kills. In human populated areas their diet may include rubbish, livestock, and agricultural fruit such as bananas.

Animal Foods: birds; mammals; carrion ; insects; terrestrial worms

Plant Foods: fruit

Primary Diet: omnivore

license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
bibliographic citation
Bies, L. 2007. "Helarctos malayanus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Helarctos_malayanus.html
author
LeeAnn Bies, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
editor
Cynthia Sims Parr, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
editor
Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
original
visit source
partner site
Animal Diversity Web

Distribution

provided by Animal Diversity Web

Helarctos malayanus ranges from the eastern Himalayas to Szechuan in China, then southward throughout Burma, parts of Indochina and the Malayan peninsula. Their range is probably greater than what is actually known.

Biogeographic Regions: oriental (Native )

license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
bibliographic citation
Bies, L. 2007. "Helarctos malayanus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Helarctos_malayanus.html
author
LeeAnn Bies, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
editor
Cynthia Sims Parr, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
editor
Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
original
visit source
partner site
Animal Diversity Web

Habitat

provided by Animal Diversity Web

Sun bears are found in dense lowland tropical forests. They can commonly be found climbing in trees.

Habitat Regions: tropical ; terrestrial

Terrestrial Biomes: forest ; rainforest

license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
bibliographic citation
Bies, L. 2007. "Helarctos malayanus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Helarctos_malayanus.html
author
LeeAnn Bies, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
editor
Cynthia Sims Parr, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
editor
Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
original
visit source
partner site
Animal Diversity Web

Life Expectancy

provided by Animal Diversity Web

In captivity sun bears have lived up to 24 years and nine months.

Range lifespan
Status: captivity:
24.75 (high) years.

Average lifespan
Status: captivity:
35.9 years.

license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
bibliographic citation
Bies, L. 2007. "Helarctos malayanus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Helarctos_malayanus.html
author
LeeAnn Bies, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
editor
Cynthia Sims Parr, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
editor
Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
original
visit source
partner site
Animal Diversity Web

Morphology

provided by Animal Diversity Web

Sun bears are the smallest bears in the family Ursidae. They stand 70 cm at the shoulder and are 1.2 to 1.5 m from head to tail. The tail itself is 3 to 7 cm. Males are larger than the females but only by 10 to 20%. They have short, wide, flat heads with small round ears. Their fur is rather coarse but appears sleek. This coat is entirely black except for a "U" shaped patch on the chest and a grey to faintly orange muzzle. The yellowish or white chest patch is highly variable, "U" shaped in some and completely absent in others. This mark may exaggerate bears' sizes during fights. The young are born with soft, shiny coats. The paws are fairly large with sickle-shaped claws and naked soles which are thought to be helpful in climbing trees. These bears have an interesting walk, with all four legs turned in while walking.

Range mass: 27 to 65 kg.

Range length: 1.2 to 1.5 m.

Other Physical Features: endothermic ; homoiothermic; bilateral symmetry

Sexual Dimorphism: male larger

license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
bibliographic citation
Bies, L. 2007. "Helarctos malayanus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Helarctos_malayanus.html
author
LeeAnn Bies, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
editor
Cynthia Sims Parr, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
editor
Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
original
visit source
partner site
Animal Diversity Web

Associations

provided by Animal Diversity Web

Predation on sun bears is not reported. Because of their size they are likely to have few natural predators. Young bears may be killed by aggressive conspecifics or by tigers.

Anti-predator Adaptations: cryptic

license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
bibliographic citation
Bies, L. 2007. "Helarctos malayanus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Helarctos_malayanus.html
author
LeeAnn Bies, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
editor
Cynthia Sims Parr, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
editor
Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
original
visit source
partner site
Animal Diversity Web

Reproduction

provided by Animal Diversity Web

Little is known about mating in sun bears.

Little is known about the reproductive behavior of sun bears in the wild. Gestation period lasts about 95 days, but there is evidence of delayed implantation. Some sun bear pregnancies in a zoo in Fort Worth lasted 174 to 240 days. A sun bear at the Berlin Zoo actually gave birth two times in one year in 1961, first in April, then again in August, but this is rare. Litter size is usually around one to two but occasionally there are three. Newborns are blind, hairless, and helpless and weigh a mere 300 grams. Cubs stay with their mothers until fully grown and reach sexual maturity around three years of age.

Breeding interval: Frequency of breeding in females is unknown.

Breeding season: Breeding occurs throughout the year.

Range number of offspring: 1 to 3.

Average number of offspring: 1-2.

Range gestation period: 95 to 240 days.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 3 years.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 3 years.

Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; year-round breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; viviparous ; delayed implantation

Average birth mass: 325 g.

Average number of offspring: 1.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female)
Sex: female:
2372 days.

Like other bear species, sun bear females invest large amounts of energy into raising their altricial young to a stage at which they are able to be independent.

Parental Investment: altricial ; pre-fertilization (Provisioning, Protecting: Female); pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); pre-independence (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); extended period of juvenile learning

license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
bibliographic citation
Bies, L. 2007. "Helarctos malayanus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Helarctos_malayanus.html
author
LeeAnn Bies, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
editor
Cynthia Sims Parr, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
editor
Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
original
visit source
partner site
Animal Diversity Web

Biology

provided by Arkive
As the least studied bear species, comparatively little is known about the Malayan sun bear. It is an opportunistic omnivore, using its long tongue to eat termites and ants, beetle larvae, bee larvae, honey and a large variety of fruit species, especially figs (Ficus species) (4) (7) (8). Occasionally, it will also eat small rodents, birds and lizards (8). During periodic mass-fruiting events, fruit makes up most of the diet, providing the opportunity for sun bears to build up, or recover, fat and energy reserves for the prolonged period of low fruit availability following these events (9). The sun bear is mainly diurnal, spending most day hours foraging, although in human-disturbed areas it becomes more nocturnal (6) (10). Unlike other bears, it does not hibernate, as food is available year round (11). Little is known about sun bear reproduction and cub rearing in the wild. Usually females are only seen with one cub and very rarely with two after a gestation period of approximately 95 days (4) (6) (12). It is possible that sun bears, like other bears, may have delayed implantation to ensure that cubs are born when the mother has sufficient fat reserves, the weather is favourable, and seasonally important foods are available, however this is not known (6). Sun bears give birth in dens or hollow trees where the cub is born naked and helpless. It remains protected for some period of time until it is able to venture out to accompany the mother while she forages and travels (6). It is thought that the cubs remain with their mother until they are fully grown at around two years old (12). The Malayan sun bear has very loose skin around the neck so that if bitten on the back of the neck by another bear, a tiger or clouded leopard, the bear can turn in its skin to bite back of its attacker (11).
license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
Wildscreen
original
visit source
partner site
Arkive

Conservation

provided by Arkive
The Malayan sun bear is understudied, and little conservation action has been targeted at it (3). The Malayan sun bear has been listed on Appendix I of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) since 1979, which prohibits international trade (5), and the killing of the sun bear is prohibited under national wildlife protection laws, however, little enforcement of these laws occurs (3) (6). The Malayan sun bear is part of an international captive breeding programme and has a Species Survival Program under the American Zoo and Aquarium Association (11). More research is required as only recently have field studies started to investigate the basic biology, ecology, and behaviour of wild sun bears (6). Conservation of sun bears needs to focus on protection of their forest habitat, proper management of these areas, strict enforcement of their legal status, minimizing human-bear conflict near forest areas, and halting trade in bear parts (6).
license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
Wildscreen
original
visit source
partner site
Arkive

Description

provided by Arkive
The smallest of the world's eight living bear species, the Malayan sun bear has short, sleek fur which is usually black but can range from reddish-brown to grey. Almost every sun bear has an individually distinct chest patch that is typically yellow, orange, or white, and may sometimes be speckled or spotted (3) (6). The sun bear has a broad muzzle that is relatively short and a large head, giving the bear a dog-like appearance. It has small, rounded ears, a fleshy forehead that occasionally looks wrinkled, and an extremely long tongue (longest of all bear species). With feet turned slightly inward, large naked paws and long curved claws, the sun bear is well adapted for climbing trees. Its feet are extraordinarily large compared with its body size, potentially assisting in digging and breaking into dead wood in search of insects (3) (4) (6). The Malayan sun bears on Borneo are the smallest of this species and are considered by many to warrant subspecies status (Helarctos malayanus eurispylus) (1) (6).
license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
Wildscreen
original
visit source
partner site
Arkive

Habitat

provided by Arkive
The Malayan sun bear inhabits both primary and logged, dense Southeast Asian tropical forests, including tropical evergreen rainforest, montane forest and swamp habitat. It occurs up to 2,000 metres above sea level (4).
license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
Wildscreen
original
visit source
partner site
Arkive

Range

provided by Arkive
The range of the Malayan sun bear is not well documented, either historically or presently. However, the sun bear has been encountered throughout Southeast Asia from the eastern edge of India and northern Burma, to Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam and Thailand and south to Peninsular Malaysia and the islands of Sumatra and Borneo. The range of the sun bear has been greatly reduced through large scale habitat destruction and poaching and is now thought to be extinct in Tibet, Bangladesh and possibly Yunnan, southern China (1) (3) (6).
license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
Wildscreen
original
visit source
partner site
Arkive

Status

provided by Arkive
The Malayan sun bear is classified as Vulnerable (VU) on the IUCN Red List 2008 (1) and is listed on Appendix I of CITES (5).
license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
Wildscreen
original
visit source
partner site
Arkive

Threats

provided by Arkive
Malayan sun bears have recently been re-classified as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List (1), primarily due to the continued destruction of its habitat (6). Habitat loss, fragmentation and degradation of the sun bear's tropical hardwood forest habitat is a huge threat to the Malayan sun bear population. This is caused particularly by human encroachment and illegal logging from both within and outside protected areas in order to grow coffee, rubber plants and oil palms (13). Another threat facing these bears is poaching, even within protected areas, to serve the trade in bear parts. Bear gall bladders and bile products are used in traditional medicines despite the fact that many herbal alternatives are equally beneficial, more readily available, legal and cheaper (3) (14). Further threats include the capture of sun bears as pets and the killing of bears due to increasing human-bear conflicts (3) (15). Catastrophic events such as fire and drought have also been having an impact on sun bear populations, causing a decrease in suitable habitat and food availability, resulting in many bears suffering from starvation (9). As a result of this ongoing habitat loss and excessive human-caused mortality, many sun bear populations have already become extinct (6).
license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
Wildscreen
original
visit source
partner site
Arkive

Malay ayısı ( Azerbaijani )

provided by wikipedia AZ

Malay ayısı və ya Biruanq(lat. Helarctos malayanus) — ayıkimilər fəsiləsinə, daxil olan ayı növü. Öz cinsinin yeganə nümayəndəsi.

Xarici görünüş

 src=
Malay ayısı

Malay ayısı ayıkimilər fəsiləsinə daxil olan növlər arasında ölçü baxımından ən kiçiyidir. Onun uzunluğu 1.5 m keçmir (üstəlik 3—7 sm-lik quyruq). Ayaqları qrərində hündürlüyü 50-70 sm, çəkisi 27—65 kq olur. Erkəklər bir qayda olaraq dişilərdən 10—20 % böyükdür. Bu canlılar uzun buruna malikdirlər. Üstəlik olduqca güçlüdürlər. Dırnaqları itidir. Yırtıcı dışlərı kiçikdir.

Bu canlıların xəzi qısa tükə sahibdir. Üstəlik sərt və hamardır. Rəngi qaradır. Sinə nahiyəsində ağımtıl və ya sarımtıl rənli ləkə olur. Öz elmi adınıda bu ləkədən almışdır.

Yayılması

Bu növ ayılar Şimal-şərqi Hindistan, Cənubi Çin, Myanma, Tayland, Hind-Çin və Malakka yarımadaları, İndoneziya (SumatraKalimantan) kimi ərazilərdə yayılmışdır.

Kalimantan adasında ayıca Helarctos malayanus euryspilus yarımnövü yayılmışdır.

Qapalı vəziyyətdə

Bu növ ayıları xüsusi fermalarda saxlanılır. Onun piyi Asiya təbabətində istifadə edilir.

Həyat tərzi və qıdalanması

Bu növ ayılar Cənub-Şərqi Asiyanın tropik və subtropik meşələrində yayılmışlar. Ağaclara dırmanmağı xoşlayır. Əsasən gecə həyat tərzi keçirirlər. Gündüz ağacların üzərində günəş vanaları qəbul dirlər. Onlar ağaclarda özlərinə yuva kimi bir yataq yeri hazırlayırlar. Onlar elə ağacların üzərindəcə yarğaqlar və meyvələrlə qidalanırlar. Qış yuxusuna getmirlər.

Hər şeylə qidalanırlar. Əsasən qrışqa, bal, termit, qurtlar, bitkilər qidalansalarda omnların kərtənkələ, kiçik məməlilərlə qidalanırlar. Onlar leş yeməyəndirlər. Əsasən pələnglərdən sonra qalan leşləri yeyirlər. Ey heyvanlarını parçalaması belə məlumdur. Əsasənn banan, kakaos plantasiyalarına ziyan vururlar. İnsanla yaxın yaşayan bölgələrdə zibilliklərdəə eşələnirlər.

 src=
Malay ayısı
 src=
Malay ayısının uzun dili

Çəki baxımından kiçik olmasına baxmayaraq olduqca aqrissiv canlıdır. Hətta özünü pələng hücumundan belə qoruya bilir. Onların düşmənləri siyahısına əsl timsahılar, boz bəbir və olduqca iri olan Torlu piton daxilsir.

Çoxalması

Dişilər 95 gün boğazlıq dövrü keçirir. Adətən 1—2 bala verirlər. Balalar doğularkən cəmi 300 q olur. Balalar anaları ilə 3 il birgə yaşayırlar.

Orta ömür müddəti 24 ildir (qapalı ərazidə).

Statusu

Biruanqlar ayıların ən nadır növləri hesab edilir. Onlar Beynəlxalq Təbiəti mühafizə birliyinin Qırmızı kitabına daxil edilmişdir[1]. Onların sayı dəqiq məlum deyildir.

Onları qapalı şəraitdə hətta bir ev heyvanı kimi saxlamaq mümkündür. Onların ürəköd kisəsi ənənəvi Asiya tibbində istifadə edilir.

İstinadlar

  1. Ball, J. (2000). Sun Bear Fact Sheet. Woodland Park Zoo.
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Vikipediya müəllifləri və redaktorları
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia AZ

Malay ayısı: Brief Summary ( Azerbaijani )

provided by wikipedia AZ

Malay ayısı və ya Biruanq(lat. Helarctos malayanus) — ayıkimilər fəsiləsinə, daxil olan ayı növü. Öz cinsinin yeganə nümayəndəsi.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Vikipediya müəllifləri və redaktorları
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia AZ

Arzh Malaysia ( Breton )

provided by wikipedia BR

Arzh Malaya (Helarctos malayanus) a zo un arzh bihan eus Azia. Ar spesad nemetañ eo er genad Helarctos.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia authors and editors
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia BR

Ós malai ( Catalan; Valencian )

provided by wikipedia CA

L'ós malai (Helarctos malayanus, dit de vegades Ursus malayanus) és una espècie de mamífer carnívor de la família dels úrsids.[1] És una menuda espècie d'ós, la menor entre totes les actuals,[2] que viu en els boscs tropicals del sud-est asiàtic, concretament en el centre-oest de Birmània, Indoxina, Malacca, Sumatra i Borneo (en aquesta última illa representat per una subespècie endèmica. És l'única espècie del seu gènere i està poc emparentat amb les altres espècies d'óssos del món. És el més petit dels grans óssos actualment en vida, és també conegut com a ós del sol per les marques ataronjades del seu pit.

Denominacions

L'ós malai rep noms curiosos en alguns idiomes, com per exemple el malai, en el qual se li coneix com basindo nan tenggil, "el qual li agrada asseure's alt". En francès se li diu ours des cocotiers, "ós dels cocoters", per la seua afició als cocos, mentre que en anglès se li anomena sun bear, "ós del Sol".

Àrea de distribució i hàbitat

Els óssos malais poden trobar-se al sud-est d'Àsia de Myanmar i Tailàndia fins a Malàisia, Sumatra i Borneo. Viuen en la selva tropical, sols o en petits grups.

Aparença

 src=
Femella de Helarctos malayanus en el zoo de Basilea.

Tenen el pèl curt i negre, es caracteritzen per una marca al pit de color taronja i groc, o a vegades blanc impur, en forma d'anella o ferradura. Tenen una alçada corporal de 100-140 cm. Les femelles pesen 30-35 kg mentre els mascles, més grossos, arriben als 65 kg. També es caracteritzen per tenir un cap molt mòbil i una llengua llarga i extensible.

Alimentació

Omnívors. S'alimenten de petites termites, aus, petits mamífers, arrels i tot tipus d'insectes. La seva dieta també inclou mel, nèctar de flors, fruits, baies i llavors.

Mode de vida

Les plantes pelades de les seves potes li donen un gran poder d'agarrada i les ungles llargues i corbades els converteixen en bons grimpadors. També utilitzen les seves fortes grapes per obrir bresques d'abelles i altres nius d'insectes. Aquests óssos passen gran part del dia als arbres, en els quals construeixen per a dormir nius de branques i fulles. És actiu durant la nit mentre que durant el dia es dedica a dormir. No entre mai en letargia.

Comportament social i reproducció

Les femelles de l'ós malai habitualment donen a llum entre 1 i 3 cadells després d'un període de gestació de 96 dies. Les cries pesen aproximadament 300 grams en néixer i són cuidats per la seva mare durat el primer any.

Situació

A causa del fet que l'hàbitat dels óssos malais s'està tornant cada vegada més restringit, sovint busca aliments en les zones agrícoles, no obstant son caçats per la seva vesícula i potes que són utilitzades en la medicina tradicional Xina. L'ós malai està en perill d'extinció.

Subespècies

Es reconeix les següents subespècies:[1]

Referències

 src= A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Ós malai Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata
  1. 1,0 1,1 Wilson, Don E. (ed.); Reeder, DeeAnn M. (ed). Mammal Species of the World (en anglès). 3a edició. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  2. Matthews, L. Harrison. La Vida de los Mamíferos, Tomo II (en castellà). Historia Natural Destino, vol. 17. Barcelona, Catalunya: Ediciones Destino, 1977, p. 414. ISBN 84-233-0700-X.
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Autors i editors de Wikipedia
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia CA

Ós malai: Brief Summary ( Catalan; Valencian )

provided by wikipedia CA

L'ós malai (Helarctos malayanus, dit de vegades Ursus malayanus) és una espècie de mamífer carnívor de la família dels úrsids. És una menuda espècie d'ós, la menor entre totes les actuals, que viu en els boscs tropicals del sud-est asiàtic, concretament en el centre-oest de Birmània, Indoxina, Malacca, Sumatra i Borneo (en aquesta última illa representat per una subespècie endèmica. És l'única espècie del seu gènere i està poc emparentat amb les altres espècies d'óssos del món. És el més petit dels grans óssos actualment en vida, és també conegut com a ós del sol per les marques ataronjades del seu pit.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Autors i editors de Wikipedia
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia CA

Medvěd malajský ( Czech )

provided by wikipedia CZ

Medvěd malajský (Helarctos malayanus), nazývaný indonésky a malajsky „medový medvěd“ (Boreang Madu), je nejmenším příslušníkem čeledi medvědovitých.

Taxonomie

Vědecká synonyma

  • Helarctos anmamiticus Heude, 1901
  • Ursus malayanus Raffles, 1821

Poddruhy

Popis

V kohoutku je vysoký 70 cm, tělo má dlouhé 1,1–1,4 m, hmotnost je 27–65 kg, přičemž hmotnost samice je o čtvrtinu až polovinu nižší než hmotnost samce. Má krátkou, hladkou a lesklou přiléhavou srst většinou černé barvy, někdy s nahnědlým, šedým až rezavým odstínem. Na prsou je okrová kresba ve tvaru písmene V. Má krátký, světle zbarvený čenich a dlouhý jazyk (20–25 cm). Drápy jsou dlouhé; ocas měří 3–7 cm.

Rozšíření

Bangladéš, Brunej, Čína, Indie, Indonésie, Kambodža, Laos, Malajsie, Myanmar, Thajsko, Vietnam (vymizel v Singapuru).

Ekologie

Medvěd malajský žije samotářsky a je aktivní především v noci – na rozdíl od ostatních medvědů. Výborně šplhá po stromech a zdržuje se na nich.

Je všežravec, živí se hlavně rostlinnou potravou, kterou tvoří ovoce a zelené výhonky, vyhledává med, loví drobné živočichy včetně hmyzu (mravence, termity, jejichž stavby dokáže rozhrabat) a pojídá ptačí vejce.

Není útočný. Dožívá se až 28 let.[2]

Ochrana

Početní stav medvědů malajských klesá kvůli ničení deštných lesů. Medvěd malajský jednak těžce snáší změny životního prostředí, jednak je napadán většími medvědovitými, kteří si kvůli zmenšování životního prostoru brání teritorium. K úbytku dochází i proto, že je loven k chovu – domorodí obyvatelé ho chovají jako domácího mazlíčka a když medvěd vyroste, vypustí ho do původního prostředí, v němž však nemůže přežít a hyne. V minulosti byl loven pro maso, kožešinu a žluč používanou v léčitelství. Lov a klecový chov kvůli žluči pokračuje i v současnosti a více než 10 000 zvířat je týráno klecovým chovem a permanentním zavedením katétru do žlučníku kvůli obchodu se zázraky.[3]

Nyní je na celém území výskytu chráněn.

Na záchraně se podílejí i různé organizace pracující s dobrovolníky; např. BSBCC na Borneu uvádí, že dobrovolníci z celého světa jsou vítáni, aby se připojili k úsilí záchranářů ve středisku BSBCC při repatriaci slunečních medvědů.

Medvěd malajský v českých zoo

Medvěd malajský se v zajetí snadno ochočí, vůči člověku se chová mírně. Anglický přírodovědec a guvernér Singapuru sir Stanford Raffles, který medvěda malajského objevil, roku 1821 napsal, že „Medvěd malajský je tak krotký, že může být chován v dětském pokoji.“ Další výhodou usnadňující jeho chov je malá velikost. Proto je často chován v zoologických zahradách. Na území České republiky je chován v zoo Ústí nad Labem, Hodonín, Děčín, Jihlava a Olomouc.

Odkazy

Reference

  1. Červený seznam IUCN 2018.1. 5. července 2018. Dostupné online. [cit. 2018-08-10]
  2. POKORNÝ, Zbyněk. Medvěd malajský. In: Chov zvířat [online]. 24.04.2014 [cit. 14. 10. 2018]. Dostupné z: http://www.chovzvirat.cz/zvire/3182-medved-malajsky/
  3. Život je jeden [film]. Francouzský dokumentární přírodopisný film, 2018. 55 min. Režie Jérôme Korkikian. ČT2, premiéra 14. října 2018 16:00–16:55.

Literatura

  • ANDĚRA, Miloš. Savci. (2), Šelmy, luskouni, hrabáči, hlodavci. Praha: Albatros, 1999. 147 s. Svět zvířat, sv. 2. ISBN 80-00-00677-4.
  • BURNIE, David, ed. Zvíře. Překlad Jiří ŠMAHA. 4. vyd. Praha: Knižní klub, 2014. 624 s. Universum. ISBN 978-80-242-4450-1.
  • GAISLER, Jiří a ZEJDA, Jan. Savci. ilustrovali Libuše a Jaromír KNOTKOVI Praha: Aventinum, 1997, ©1995. 496 s. Velký průvodce. ISBN 80-85277-92-1.
  • GANSLOSSER, Udo. Medvědi. Lektoroval a doplnil Martin VOBRUBA. Plzeň: Fraus, ©2005. 48 s. Co-jak-proč, sv. 15. ISBN 80-7238-473-2.
  • HERÁŇ, Ivan. Zvířata celého světa 4: medvědi a pandy. Praha: Státní zemědělské nakl., 1978. 155 s. Zvířata celého světa, sv. 4.
  • POKORNÝ, Zbyněk. Medvěd malajský. In: Chov zvířat [online]. 24.04.2014 [cit. 14. 10. 2018]. Dostupné z: http://www.chovzvirat.cz/zvire/3182-medved-malajsky/
  • VERHOEF-VERHALLEN, Esther. Divoká zvířata: encyklopedie. Překlad Ruben PELLAR. 2. vyd. Čestlice: Rebo, 2007. 320 s. Encyklopedie. ISBN 978-80-7234-665-3.
  • VERHOEF-VERHALLEN, Esther. Encyklopedie volně žijících zvířat. Překlad Ruben PELLAR. Čestlice: Rebo, 2001. 320 s. ISBN 80-7234-213-4.
  • VLASÁK, Petr. Ekologie savců. Praha: Academia, 2006. 291 s.

Film

Život je jeden [film]. Francouzský dokumentární přírodopisný film (Antoine Duléry et Chanee sur la terre des ours. 2018) 55 min. Režie Jérôme Korkikian. ČT2, premiéra 14. října 2018 16:00–16:55. [Záchranář spolupracující s Wild Life Alliance (organizace bojující mj. proti zabíjení a mučení medvědů malajských – klecový chov, odebírání žluči katetry, obchod s medvědy, vypouštění medvědů, kteří se již nehodí jako domácí mazlíčci, na svobodu, kde hynou, protože nepoznali život v přírodě) se snaží o návrat tří mláďat stále ohroženějšího druhu medvěda malajského do indonéské džungle v kardamomském pohoří v Kambodži.]

Externí odkazy

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia autoři a editory
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia CZ

Medvěd malajský: Brief Summary ( Czech )

provided by wikipedia CZ

Medvěd malajský (Helarctos malayanus), nazývaný indonésky a malajsky „medový medvěd“ (Boreang Madu), je nejmenším příslušníkem čeledi medvědovitých.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia autoři a editory
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia CZ

Malajbjørn ( Danish )

provided by wikipedia DA
 src=
Malajbjørn

Malajbjørn (Helarctos malayanus) er det mindste medlem i bjørnefamilien og den eneste repræsentant i slægten Helarctos og tilhører familien Ursidae. Den lever i de tropiske regnskove i Sydøstasien (i landene Indien, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, Yunnanprovinsen i Kina, og på Sumatraøerne og Borneo). Deres pels er kulsort, kort og glat med underhår. Forældrene er omkring 120-150 cm lange og vejer 27-80 kg. Dens hale udgør 30-70 mm lang og tungen er 20-25 cm lang. Hunner er parringsklare som 3-årige, og er drægtig i 95–174 dage. Hvert kuld er 1-2 unger. En nyfødt unge vejer 280-325 g, er blind og hårløs, som tiden går begynder den at åbne sine øjne og får hår på krop. Den er afhængig af sin mor i 18 måneder. Men allerede 1-3 måneder kan ungerne løbe, lege og spise.

Question book-4.svg Der er for få eller ingen kildehenvisninger i denne artikel, hvilket er et problem. Du kan hjælpe ved at angive troværdige kilder til de påstande, som fremføres i artiklen.
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia-forfattere og redaktører
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia DA

Malaienbär ( German )

provided by wikipedia DE

Der Malaienbär (meist Helarctos malayanus, manchmal Ursus malayanus), auch als Sonnenbär bezeichnet, ist eine Raubtierart aus der Familie der Bären (Ursidae). Er lebt in Südostasien und ist der kleinste und am besten an eine baumbewohnende Lebensweise angepasste Vertreter seiner Familie.

Beschreibung

Malaienbären haben ein kurzhaariges, schwarzes Fell, das auf der Brust einen weißlichen oder gelblichen, halbmondförmigen Fleck aufweist. Die kurze Schnauze hat eine recht helle, gelbliche oder orange Färbung, die sich oft bis über die Augen hinaus ausdehnt. Charakteristisch für diese Art sind die lange Zunge, die kleinen und runden Ohren, die großen, gebogenen und spitzen Krallen sowie die nackten Sohlen der Tatzen, was Anpassungen an die kletternde Lebensweise darstellt.

Ein ausgewachsenes Tier erreicht eine Körperlänge von rund 100 bis 140 Zentimeter und eine Schulterhöhe von 70 Zentimetern, der Schwanz ist ein 3 bis 7 Zentimeter langer Stummel. Das Gewicht variiert zwischen 27 und 65 Kilogramm, wobei die Männchen deutlich schwerer als die Weibchen werden.

Verbreitung

 src=
Verbreitungsgebiet des Malaienbären
  • ausgestorben
  • vorhanden
  • unsicher
  • Das Verbreitungsgebiet des Malaienbären erstreckt sich vom östlichen Indien (Assam) und dem südlichen China (Sichuan und Yunnan) über Indochina und die Malaiische Halbinsel bis zu den Inseln Sumatra und Borneo.

    Lebensraum

    Auf Sumatra, Borneo und der malaiischen Halbinsel stellen tropische Regenwälder den typischen Lebensraum dar. Allerdings bewohnen sie auch Sümpfe und Mangrovenwälder. Im restlichen Teil des Verbreitungsgebietes auf dem asiatischen Festland bewohnt der Malaienbär auch halbimmergrüne Wälder, Trockenwälder und Bergwälder. Im Norden überlappt sich das Verbreitungsgebiet mit dem des Kragenbären. Im Gegensatz zum Kragenbären bevorzugen die Tiere niedrigere Höhenlagen, obwohl sie bis auf 2.100 m vorstoßen.[1]

    Lebensweise

    Malaienbären sind nachtaktiv, tagsüber schlafen sie in den Bäumen, rund 2 bis 7 Meter über dem Erdboden. Sie brechen oder verbiegen Äste, um daraus ein Nest oder eine Aussichtsplattform zu errichten, manchmal kann man sie auch beim Sonnenbaden beobachten. Am Boden bewegen sie sich wie alle Bären als Sohlengänger fort, wobei sie die Füße nach innen drehen.

    Über ihr Sozialverhalten ist wenig bekannt, wie alle Bären leben sie einzelgängerisch. In einer Verhaltensstudie konnte eine komplexe nichtverbale Kommunikation unter Malaienbären festgestellt werden. Dass Individuen ihren Gesichtsausdruck ändern, wenn sie von Artgenossen angeschaut werden, war bisher nur bei Hunden und Primaten beobachtet worden.[2] Im Gegensatz zu vielen anderen Bärenarten halten sie keine Winterruhe, da sie in tropischen Gebieten leben und ihre Nahrungsquellen das ganze Jahr über verfügbar sind.

    Nahrung

     src=
    Gebiss des Malaienbären

    Malaienbären sind Allesfresser, wobei Insekten und andere Wirbellose den Hauptbestandteil der Nahrung ausmachen. Mit ihren Krallen reißen sie die Baumrinde herab, um an Bienen und andere baumbewohnende Tiere sowie deren Honig zu gelangen. Auch Termiten werden gerne verzehrt, zu diesem Zweck brechen sie die Baue auf und halten die Vorderpfoten abwechselnd hinein. Sobald genug Beutetiere darauf geklettert sind, schlecken sie die Pranken ab. Darüber hinaus machen Früchte einen großen Teil der Nahrung aus. Selten verzehren sie auch kleine Wirbeltiere wie Nagetiere, Vögel und Echsen und manchmal auch Aas.

    Fortpflanzung

    Die Paarung kann das ganze Jahr über erfolgen. Die reine Tragzeit beträgt rund 95 Tage, allerdings kann es bei ihnen wie bei anderen Bären auch zu einer verzögerten Einnistung der befruchteten Eizelle in den Uterus kommen, sodass zwischen Paarung und Geburt 240 Tage liegen können. Meist kommen ein oder zwei, rund 325 Gramm schwere Jungtiere zur Welt; sie sind blind, nackt und hilflos. Sie bleiben bei der Mutter, bis sie ausgewachsen sind, die Geschlechtsreife tritt mit rund drei Jahren ein. Das Höchstalter eines Tieres in menschlicher Obhut betrug 31 Jahre.

    Gefährdung und Schutz

     src=
    Malaienbär
     src=
    Die Brustzeichnung ist zwischen verschiedenen Individuen sehr variabel.

    Da diese Tiere beträchtliche Schäden an Kokospalmen- und anderen Plantagen anrichten können, werden sie gejagt. Einigen Körperteilen, insbesondere der Gallenflüssigkeit, werden wie beim Kragenbären heilende Kräfte zugeschrieben. In Ostasien werden Jungtiere oft zu Haustieren gemacht; sobald sie ausgewachsen sind, werden sie geschlachtet, um an die verwertbaren Körperteile zu gelangen. Eine weitere Bedrohung stellt der Verlust ihres Lebensraumes durch umfangreiche Waldrodungen dar.

    Aus diesen Gründen sind die Bestände des Malaienbären im Rückgang begriffen, unklar ist allerdings, in welchem Ausmaß. In Indien sind sie vermutlich ausgestorben, in China sind sie von der Ausrottung bedroht. In vielen südostasiatischen Ländern sind keine Angaben über die Populationsgröße verfügbar.

    Die Weltnaturschutzunion IUCN listet die Art in ihrer Roten Liste gefährdeter Arten als VU IUCN 3 1.svg (=Vulnerable – gefährdet).

    Im Washingtoner Artenschutzübereinkommen CITES ist der Malaienbär im Anhang I[3] gelistet. Er wird dadurch als unmittelbar bedrohte Art angesehen und ist mit einem allgemeinen Handelsverbot belegt.

    Die Zoo-Datenbank ISIS registrierte 2008 weltweit 91 Malaienbären in wissenschaftlich geleiteten zoologischen Gärten, davon 33 in Europa. 2008 gab es lediglich eine Geburt im Perth Zoo, Australien. Für den Malaienbär besteht ein Europäisches Erhaltungszuchtprogramm. Das Europäische Zuchtbuch führt der Zoologische Garten Köln. Auf Sumatra unterstützen der Zoo Köln und der WWF den Nationalpark im Regenwald von Tesso Nilo, wo noch relativ häufig Malaienbären vorkommen.

    Systematik

    Die systematische Einordnung des Malaienbären ist umstritten. Während einige Klassifikationssysteme ihn in die Gattung Ursus (zu der auch Baribal, Braun- sowie Eis- und Kragenbär zählen) einordnen, wird er meist in einer eigenen Gattung, Helarctos, geführt.

    Man unterscheidet zwei Unterarten. H. m. malayanus aus Sumatra und dem Südostasiatischen Festland und die etwas kleinere Form H. m. eurypsilus aus Borneo.[1]

    Literatur

    • Ronald M. Nowak: Walker’s Mammals of the World. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999, ISBN 0-8018-5789-9.
    • D. E. Wilson, D. M. Reeder: Mammal Species of the World. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005, ISBN 0-8018-8221-4.
    • D. L. Garshelis: Family Ursidae (Bears). In: D. E. Wilson, R. A. Mittermeier (Hrsg.): Handbook of the Mammals of the World. Volume 1: Carnivores. Lynx Edicions, 2009, ISBN 978-84-96553-49-1, S. 448–497

    Einzelnachweise

    1. a b Garshelis, 2009. (S. 488f.)
    2. Marina Davila-Ross, Siew Te Wong, Guillaume Dezecache, Daniela Hartmann, Derry Taylor: Facial Complexity in Sun Bears: Exact Facial Mimicry and Social Sensitivity. In: Scientific Reports. Band 9, Nr. 1, 21. März 2019, ISSN 2045-2322, S. 4961, doi:10.1038/s41598-019-39932-6 (nature.com [abgerufen am 22. März 2019]).
    3. The CITES Appendices. CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, abgerufen am 23. Januar 2010 (englisch, Die Appendixe des Washingtoner Artenschutzübereinkommens CITES).
     title=
    license
    cc-by-sa-3.0
    copyright
    Autoren und Herausgeber von Wikipedia
    original
    visit source
    partner site
    wikipedia DE

    Malaienbär: Brief Summary ( German )

    provided by wikipedia DE

    Der Malaienbär (meist Helarctos malayanus, manchmal Ursus malayanus), auch als Sonnenbär bezeichnet, ist eine Raubtierart aus der Familie der Bären (Ursidae). Er lebt in Südostasien und ist der kleinste und am besten an eine baumbewohnende Lebensweise angepasste Vertreter seiner Familie.

    license
    cc-by-sa-3.0
    copyright
    Autoren und Herausgeber von Wikipedia
    original
    visit source
    partner site
    wikipedia DE

    Helarctos malayanus ( Interlingua (International Auxiliary Language Association) )

    provided by wikipedia emerging languages

    Helarctos malayanus es un specie de Helarctos.

    Nota
    license
    cc-by-sa-3.0
    copyright
    Wikipedia authors and editors

    Malayotlācamāyeh ( Nahuatl )

    provided by wikipedia emerging languages
     src=
    Malayotlācamāyeh

    Malayotlācamāyeh (Tremarctos ornatus), chantia ipan Malasia ihuan Indonesia.

    Nō xiquitta

    license
    cc-by-sa-3.0
    copyright
    Wikipedia authors and editors

    Malayotlācamāyeh: Brief Summary ( Nahuatl )

    provided by wikipedia emerging languages
     src= Malayotlācamāyeh

    Malayotlācamāyeh (Tremarctos ornatus), chantia ipan Malasia ihuan Indonesia.

    license
    cc-by-sa-3.0
    copyright
    Wikipedia authors and editors

    Malayziski mjadwjeź ( Lower Sorbian )

    provided by wikipedia emerging languages

    Malayziski mjadwjeź (zwětšego Helarctos malayanus, wótergi Ursus malayanus) jo družyna mjadwjeźow (Ursidae).

    Wopis

    Malayziski mjadwjeź jo nejmjeńšy mjadwjeź a dośěgnjo dłujkosć wót něźi 1,4 m a wusokosć ramjenjowu wót maksimalnje 70 cm. Jogo kóža jo krotka, gładka a carna. Blaba jo swětła. Ma bělany až oranžožołty muster na groźi. Jogo žratwa wobstoj z rostlinow, płodow, małkich zwěrjetow a mjoda.

    Rozšyrjenje a žywjeński rum

    Malayziski mjadwjeź je žywy w krotkozajtšnej Aziji, pśedewšym w pódpołdnjowej Chinskej, pódwjacornej Indiskej, na kupoma Sumatra a Borneo. Wón se zwětšego tam na bomach wobźaržujo.

    Žrědła

    • Wolfgang Puschmann, BI-Lexikon Zootiere, VEB Biobliographisches Institut, Leipzig 1989, ISBN 3-323-00280-6, bok 244 (nim.)
    • Meyers Taschenlexikon Biologie, In 3 Bänden, 2. zwězk, ISBN 3-411-12023-1, bok 161 (nim.)

    license
    cc-by-sa-3.0
    copyright
    Wikipedia authors and editors

    Malayziski mjadwjeź: Brief Summary ( Lower Sorbian )

    provided by wikipedia emerging languages

    Malayziski mjadwjeź (zwětšego Helarctos malayanus, wótergi Ursus malayanus) jo družyna mjadwjeźow (Ursidae).

    license
    cc-by-sa-3.0
    copyright
    Wikipedia authors and editors

    Má-lâi-hîm ( Nan )

    provided by wikipedia emerging languages

    Má-lâi-hîm (Helarctos malayanus) sī chi̍t chéng seⁿ-thoàⁿ tiàm Tang-lâm-a jia̍t-tài ú-lîm ê hîm. I ê Má-lâi-gí kap Ìn-nî-gí ê miâ sī Beruang Madu (ì-sù sī "Phang-bi̍t Hîm").

    Má-lâi-hîm ê thé-tn̂g iok-lio̍k 1.2m, pêng-kin thé-tāng 65kg, ū boé tn̂g 3cm, kang--ê pí bó--ê khah toā-chiah, sī hîm-kho lāi-té siāng sè chéng, só͘-í ū-sî hō͘ lâng kiò chò káu-hîm.

    license
    cc-by-sa-3.0
    copyright
    Wikipedia authors and editors

    Ontohod ( Sundanese )

    provided by wikipedia emerging languages

    Ontohod atawa Biruang Madu (Helarctos malayanus) nyaéta biruang nu habitat utamana di leuweung hujan tropis di Asia Tenggara.

    Mun nangtung, ontohod jangkungna bisa nepi ka 1,2 m, anggota pangleutikna dina kulawarga biruang. Beuratna rata-rata 65 kg (nu jalu biasana leuwih badag saeutik batan nu bikang), boga buntut pondok kira ukur 3 cm.

    Teu kawas biruang lianna, ontohod mah buluna pondok jeung lemes. Adaptasi ieu sigana luyu jeung iklim habitatna. Awakna pinuh ku bulu nu hideung atawa semu beureum, iwal lebah dadana aya bentuk talapok kuda (u) kelir konéng-oranyeu. Ceulina buleud jeung pondok sedengkeun kuku/cakar Ontohod rada panjang, hampang, bentukna rada kawas arit. Cakar ieu kuat pisan, sok dipaké pikeun ngoréh kulit kai jeung naék tangkal.

    Salaku sato nu liar peuting, mun pabeubeurang sakadang Ontohod téh gawéna saré dina dahan kai nu teu pati luhur. ku sabab karesepna dina tatangkalan, di wewengkon nu deukeut ka pakebonan mah Ontohod téh sok dianggap hama, sabab ngaruksak pepelakan, utamana kalapa jeung kakao. Nyirorotna populasi ieu sato gé di antarana ku sabab dianggap hama modél kieu, antukna sok diboro ku para pangebon. Lian ti éta, Ontohod ogé sok diboro pikeun ramuan ubar Cina.

    Kadaharan Ontohod mah rupa-rupa, kayaning vertebrata leutik kawas kadal, manuk, jeung mamalia séjénna, sarta bungbuahan, endog, rinyuh, pucuk jambé, sayang nyiruan, serangga, aakaran, kakao, jeung kalapa. ku sabab tetempoanana teu alus, Ontohod mah ngala kadaharanana téh ngagunakeun pangambeuna nu seukeut.

    ku sabab teu ngalaman hibernasi, Ontohod mah bisa baranahan sapanjang taun. Biasana, Ontohod anakan sakali hiji, beuratna kira 280–340 g, kalawan mangsa keureuneuh salila 18 bulan. Ontohod nincak sawawa dina umur 3-4 taun.

    Di Kalimantan aya hiji subspésiés Ontohod (Helarctos malayanus euryspilus).

    Sumber rujukan

    • Sun Bear, Wikipédia édisi basa Inggris (3 Oktober 2006)

    Tumbu kaluar

    license
    cc-by-sa-3.0
    copyright
    Pangarang sareng éditor Wikipedia

    Ontohod: Brief Summary ( Sundanese )

    provided by wikipedia emerging languages

    Ontohod atawa Biruang Madu (Helarctos malayanus) nyaéta biruang nu habitat utamana di leuweung hujan tropis di Asia Tenggara.

    Mun nangtung, ontohod jangkungna bisa nepi ka 1,2 m, anggota pangleutikna dina kulawarga biruang. Beuratna rata-rata 65 kg (nu jalu biasana leuwih badag saeutik batan nu bikang), boga buntut pondok kira ukur 3 cm.

    Teu kawas biruang lianna, ontohod mah buluna pondok jeung lemes. Adaptasi ieu sigana luyu jeung iklim habitatna. Awakna pinuh ku bulu nu hideung atawa semu beureum, iwal lebah dadana aya bentuk talapok kuda (u) kelir konéng-oranyeu. Ceulina buleud jeung pondok sedengkeun kuku/cakar Ontohod rada panjang, hampang, bentukna rada kawas arit. Cakar ieu kuat pisan, sok dipaké pikeun ngoréh kulit kai jeung naék tangkal.

    Salaku sato nu liar peuting, mun pabeubeurang sakadang Ontohod téh gawéna saré dina dahan kai nu teu pati luhur. ku sabab karesepna dina tatangkalan, di wewengkon nu deukeut ka pakebonan mah Ontohod téh sok dianggap hama, sabab ngaruksak pepelakan, utamana kalapa jeung kakao. Nyirorotna populasi ieu sato gé di antarana ku sabab dianggap hama modél kieu, antukna sok diboro ku para pangebon. Lian ti éta, Ontohod ogé sok diboro pikeun ramuan ubar Cina.

    Kadaharan Ontohod mah rupa-rupa, kayaning vertebrata leutik kawas kadal, manuk, jeung mamalia séjénna, sarta bungbuahan, endog, rinyuh, pucuk jambé, sayang nyiruan, serangga, aakaran, kakao, jeung kalapa. ku sabab tetempoanana teu alus, Ontohod mah ngala kadaharanana téh ngagunakeun pangambeuna nu seukeut.

    ku sabab teu ngalaman hibernasi, Ontohod mah bisa baranahan sapanjang taun. Biasana, Ontohod anakan sakali hiji, beuratna kira 280–340 g, kalawan mangsa keureuneuh salila 18 bulan. Ontohod nincak sawawa dina umur 3-4 taun.

    Di Kalimantan aya hiji subspésiés Ontohod (Helarctos malayanus euryspilus).

    license
    cc-by-sa-3.0
    copyright
    Pangarang sareng éditor Wikipedia

    Αρκούδα του ήλιου ( Greek, Modern (1453-) )

    provided by wikipedia emerging languages

    Η αρκούδα του ήλιου(Helarctos malayanus) είναι ένα είδος αρκούδας που απαντάται σε τροπικά δασικά στην Νοτιοανατολική Ασία. Εμφανίζεται ως ευπαθές είδος στην κόκκινη λίστα της IUCN. Ο παγκόσμιος πληθυσμός θεωρείται ότι έχει μειωθεί κατά περισσότερο από 30% κατά τη διάρκεια των τριών τελευταίων γενεών. Ο κατάλληλος βιότοπος έχει μειωθεί δραματικά λόγω της μεγάλης κλίμακας αποψίλωσης που σημειώθηκε σε ολόκληρη τη Νοτιοανατολική Ασία τις τελευταίες τρεις δεκαετίες.

    Η αρκουδα του ηλίου αναφέρεται και ως «αρκούδα του μελιού», λόγω του μελιού το οποίο αποτελεί σημαντικό κομμάτι της διατροφής του ζώου. Ωστόσο, «αρκουδα του μελιού» λέγεται και το κινκατζού, ζώο μη συγγενικό με τις αρκούδες (ανήκει στην οικογένεια Procyonidae).

    Περιγραφή

    Η γούνα της αρκούδας του ηλίου είναι συνήθως μαύρη και κοντή. Στο στήθος, φέρει δύο κίτρινα-καφέ σημάδια (κοινό χαρακτηριστικό του ζώου αυτού). Ένα άλλο βασικό χαρακτηριστικό αυτού του είδους είναι η μακριά γλώσσα του. Τα αυτιά της αρκουδα του ηλίου είναι μικρά και στρογγυλά, και είναι ικανά να κινηθούν ελάχιστα.

    Η αρκούδα του ήλιου είναι το μικρότερο από τα είδη των αρκούδων. Οι ενήλικες είναι περίπου 120-150 εκατοστά και ζυγίζουν 27-80 κιλά.Τα αρσενικά είναι 10-20% μεγαλύτερα από τα θηλυκά. Οι κοιλότητες τους είναι σύντομες και ανοιχτόχρωμες και στις περισσότερες περιπτώσεις η λευκή περιοχή εκτείνεται πάνω από τα μάτια. Τα πόδια τους είναι μεγάλα, και τα πέλματα είναι χωρίς γούνα, που θεωρείται ότι είναι μια προσαρμογή για αναρρίχηση δέντρων. Τα νύχια τους είναι μεγάλα, καμπύλα και μυτερά. Τα νύχια της αρκούδας φέρουν σχήμα δρεπανοειδούς. τα μπροστινά νύχια του ποδιού είναι μακρά και βαριά. Η ουρά έχει μήκος 30-70 mm.

    Υποείδη

    Η αρκουδα του ηλίου περιλαμβάνει 2 υποείδη:

    α)Την αρκούδα του ήλιου της Μαλαισίας (H. m. malayanus, Ραφλς 1821), απαντά στην ΝΑ Ασία.

    β)Την αρκουδα του ηλίου του Βόρνεο (H. m. euryspilus, Χόρσφιελντ 1825), κατοικεί αποκλειστικά την νήσο Βόρνεο.

    Το υποείδος Helarctos anmamiticus (περιγράφηκε από τον Πιερ Μαρί Οντέ το 1901) θεωρείται πληθυσμός του H. m. malayanus κι όχι ξεχωριστό υποείδος.

    license
    cc-by-sa-3.0
    copyright
    Συγγραφείς και συντάκτες της Wikipedia

    Αρκούδα του ήλιου: Brief Summary ( Greek, Modern (1453-) )

    provided by wikipedia emerging languages

    Η αρκούδα του ήλιου(Helarctos malayanus) είναι ένα είδος αρκούδας που απαντάται σε τροπικά δασικά στην Νοτιοανατολική Ασία. Εμφανίζεται ως ευπαθές είδος στην κόκκινη λίστα της IUCN. Ο παγκόσμιος πληθυσμός θεωρείται ότι έχει μειωθεί κατά περισσότερο από 30% κατά τη διάρκεια των τριών τελευταίων γενεών. Ο κατάλληλος βιότοπος έχει μειωθεί δραματικά λόγω της μεγάλης κλίμακας αποψίλωσης που σημειώθηκε σε ολόκληρη τη Νοτιοανατολική Ασία τις τελευταίες τρεις δεκαετίες.

    Η αρκουδα του ηλίου αναφέρεται και ως «αρκούδα του μελιού», λόγω του μελιού το οποίο αποτελεί σημαντικό κομμάτι της διατροφής του ζώου. Ωστόσο, «αρκουδα του μελιού» λέγεται και το κινκατζού, ζώο μη συγγενικό με τις αρκούδες (ανήκει στην οικογένεια Procyonidae).

    license
    cc-by-sa-3.0
    copyright
    Συγγραφείς και συντάκτες της Wikipedia

    Малајска мечка ( Macedonian )

    provided by wikipedia emerging languages

    Малајска или сончева мечка (Helarctos malayanus) е мечка која ја среќаваме во тропските дождовни шуми на југоисточна Азија од јужна Кина до Индонезија, северо-исток на Индија и Бангладеш.

    Физички карактеристики

    Малајската мечка е најмалиот член на фамилијата мечки со големина од само 1,2 метри и тежина од 65 килограми. Мажјаците се 10-45% поголеми од женките[2]. Овие мечки имаат широки шепи и заоблени канџи кои веројатно им помагаат при качувањето на дрва. Стапалата им се малки свртени навнатре поради што имаат од сличен на одот на гулабите. Малајската мечка има специфично долк јазик од 20-25 сантиметри кој го користи за да јаде мед директно од пчелината кошница[3].

    За разлика од другите мечки, крзното им е доста кратко. Оваа адаптација е поради климата во регионите каде што живеат. Крзното им е со кафеава или црна боја, освен на градите каде имаат портокалово-жолт белег во облик на потковица. Крзно со слична боја може да се сретне и на муцката или околу очите.

    Исхрана

    Малајските мечки се хранат со мали ’рбетници како гуштери, птици и цицачи, но и овошје, јајца, термити, листови од палма, птичји гнезда, инсекти, корења, кокосов орев ... Можат да кршат ореви со силната вилица. Овие мечки храната ја детектираат употребувајќи го својот мирис, бидејќи видот им е доста слаб.

    Однесување

     src=
    Долгиот тенок јазик на малајската мечка

    Малајската мечка не хибернира, и како резултат на тоа може да се размножува преку целата година. Најчесто раѓа по две младенчиња кои тежат 280-340г. Бременоста трае околу 96 дена, а доењето трае до осумнаесеттиот месец. Младите достигнуваат сексуална зрелост после 3-4 години. Во заробеништво живеат и до 28 години.

    Бидејќи е ноќно животно, оваа мечка целиот ден го поминува одмарајќи се на ниските гранки од дрвјата. Поради тоа што ужива да седи на дрвјата понекогаш се случува да уништи дел од приватен имот, како што се плантажи на палми и какао.

    Под-видови

    Опасности

     src=
    Малајски мечки (Индонезија)

    Возрасна малајска мечка нема други предатори освен човекот[4]. Понекогаш се случува да биде совладана од тигри и огромни питони. Други можни предатори се леопардот и Азиската црна мечка[5].

    Намалувањето на бројот на оваа популација е последница на ловењето на така наречените „мечки кои пречат“ односно мечки кои ги уништуваат посевите, и на ловокрадството кое е во подем поради побарувачката за нивното крзно и на нивната жолчка која се користи во Кинеската медицина.

    Понекогаш овие мечки се фаќани за да бидат чувани како домашни миленици. Ова се случува поради нивното релативно неагресивно однесување и малата големина во споредба со останатите мечки[6].

    Интернационалниот сојуз за заштита на природата (IUCN) го прогласи овој вид за ранлив во 2007 година[7].

    Наводи

    1. Bear Specialist Group (1996). Helarctos malayanus. Црвен список на загрозени видови на МСЗП. Верзија 2007. Меѓународен сојуз за заштита на природата. конс. 2008-05-18. Check date values in: |accessdate= (помош) (англиски)
    2. Brown, Gary (1996). Great Bear Almanac. стр. pp.340. ISBN 1-55821-474-7.
    3. Sun Bear at Arktofile
    4. San Diego Zoo's Animal Bytes: Sun Bear
    5. Fredriksson, Gabriella M.. Predation on Sun Bears by Reticulated Python in East Kalimantan, Indonesian Borneo. „Raffles Bulletin of Zoology“ том 53 (1): 165–168. http://rmbr.nus.edu.sg/rbz/biblio/53/53rbz165-168.pdf.
    6. Bunnell, Fred (1984). Macdonald, D.. уред. The Encyclopedia of Mammals. New York: Facts on File. стр. 97. ISBN 0-87196-871-1.
    7. Concern grows for the smallest bear, BBC News, accessed 2007-11-12

    license
    cc-by-sa-3.0
    copyright
    Автори и уредници на Википедија

    Малајска мечка: Brief Summary ( Macedonian )

    provided by wikipedia emerging languages

    Малајска или сончева мечка (Helarctos malayanus) е мечка која ја среќаваме во тропските дождовни шуми на југоисточна Азија од јужна Кина до Индонезија, северо-исток на Индија и Бангладеш.

    license
    cc-by-sa-3.0
    copyright
    Автори и уредници на Википедија

    ပသျှူးဝက်ဝံ ( Burmese )

    provided by wikipedia emerging languages

    ပသျှူးဝက်ဝံ (Ursus malayanus) ကို နေဝက်ဝံ (sun bear ) ဟုလည်း ခေါ်ဆိုလေ့ရှိကြပြီး အရှေ့တောင်အာရှရှိ အပူပိုင်း မိုးသစ်တောများတွင် အဓိက တွေ့ရသည်။ ဘင်္ဂလားဒေ့ရှ်နိုင်ငံမြန်မာနိုင်ငံထိုင်းနိုင်ငံလာအိုနိုင်ငံကမ္ဘောဒီးယားနိုင်ငံဗီယက်နမ်နိုင်ငံတရုတ်နိုင်ငံ တောင်ပိုင်း၊ မလေးကျွန်းဆွယ် နှင့် ဆူမတ်တြားကျွန်း နှင့် ဘော်နီယိုကျွန်း တို့တွင် တွေ့ရသည်။

    ကိုးကား

    1. Fredriksson, G., Steinmetz, R., Wong, S. & Garshelis, D.L. (2008). Helarctos malayanus. In: IUCN 2008. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 26 January 2009.
    license
    cc-by-sa-3.0
    copyright
    ဝီကီပီးဒီးယားစာရေးသူများနှင့်အယ်ဒီတာများ

    ပသျှူးဝက်ဝံ: Brief Summary ( Burmese )

    provided by wikipedia emerging languages

    ပသျှူးဝက်ဝံ (Ursus malayanus) ကို နေဝက်ဝံ (sun bear ) ဟုလည်း ခေါ်ဆိုလေ့ရှိကြပြီး အရှေ့တောင်အာရှရှိ အပူပိုင်း မိုးသစ်တောများတွင် အဓိက တွေ့ရသည်။ ဘင်္ဂလားဒေ့ရှ်နိုင်ငံမြန်မာနိုင်ငံထိုင်းနိုင်ငံလာအိုနိုင်ငံကမ္ဘောဒီးယားနိုင်ငံဗီယက်နမ်နိုင်ငံတရုတ်နိုင်ငံ တောင်ပိုင်း၊ မလေးကျွန်းဆွယ် နှင့် ဆူမတ်တြားကျွန်း နှင့် ဘော်နီယိုကျွန်း တို့တွင် တွေ့ရသည်။

    license
    cc-by-sa-3.0
    copyright
    ဝီကီပီးဒီးယားစာရေးသူများနှင့်အယ်ဒီတာများ

    Arth mel ( Cornish )

    provided by wikipedia emerging_languages

    An arth mel (Helarctos malayanus), po arth howl, yw arth genesik y'n koswigow law a Asi soth est.

    Isehennow

    Yma diw isehennow a arth mel.

    • Helarctos malayanus malayanus (Raffles, 1821) — trigys yw yn tir meur a Asi hag an enys Sumatra.
    • Helarctos malayanus euryspilus (Horsfield, 1825) — trigys yw yn enys Borneo hepken.

    Kampollow

    license
    cc-by-sa-3.0
    copyright
    Wikipedia authors and editors

    Arth mel: Brief Summary ( Cornish )

    provided by wikipedia emerging_languages

    An arth mel (Helarctos malayanus), po arth howl, yw arth genesik y'n koswigow law a Asi soth est.

    license
    cc-by-sa-3.0
    copyright
    Wikipedia authors and editors

    Sun bear

    provided by wikipedia EN

    The sun bear (Helarctos malayanus) is a species in the family Ursidae (the only species in the genus Helarctos) occurring in the tropical forests of Southeast Asia. It is the smallest bear, standing nearly 70 centimetres (28 inches) at the shoulder and weighing 25–65 kilograms (55–143 pounds). It is stockily built, with large paws, strongly curved claws, small rounded ears and a short snout. The fur is generally jet-black, but can vary from grey to red. Sun bears get their name from the characteristic orange to cream coloured chest patch. Its unique morphology—inward-turned front feet, flattened chest, powerful forelimbs with large claws—suggests adaptations for climbing.

    The most arboreal (tree-living) of all bears, the sun bear is an excellent climber and sunbathes or sleeps in trees 2 to 7 metres (7 to 23 feet) above the ground. It is mainly active during the day, though nocturnality might be more common in areas frequented by humans. Sun bears tend to remain solitary but sometimes occur in pairs (such as a mother and her cub). They do not seem to hibernate, possibly because food resources are available the whole year throughout the range. Being omnivores, sun bears have a broad diet including ants, bees, beetles, honey, termites and plant material such as seeds and several kinds of fruits; vertebrates such as birds and deer are also eaten occasionally. They breed throughout the year; individuals become sexually mature at two to four years of age. Litters comprise one or two cubs that remain with their mother for around three years.

    The range of the sun bear is bound by northeastern India to the north and extends south to southeast through Bangladesh, Cambodia, Myanmar, Laos, Thailand and Vietnam in mainland Asia to Brunei, Indonesia and Malaysia to the south. These bears are threatened by heavy deforestation and illegal hunting for food and the wildlife trade; they are also harmed in conflicts with humans when they enter farmlands, plantations and orchards. The global population is estimated to have declined by 35% over the past three decades. The IUCN has listed this species as vulnerable.

    Etymology

    The sun bear is named so for its characteristic orange to cream coloured, crescent-like chest patch.[5] The generic name Helarctos comes from two Greek words: ήλιος (hēlios, 'related to the sun') and αρκτος (arctos, 'bear').[4][6] Another name is 'honey bear', beruang madu in Malay and Indonesian, in reference to its habit of feeding on honey from honeycombs.[7][8] 'Honey bear' can also refer to the kinkajou.[9]

    Taxonomy and phylogeny

    The scientific name Ursus malayanus was proposed by Stamford Raffles in 1821 who first described a sun bear from Sumatra.[10] In 1825, Thomas Horsfield placed the species in a genus of its own, Helarctos, when describing a sun bear from Borneo.[11]

    Two subspecies have been proposed on the basis of variations in size:[12][13]

    • Malayan sun bear (H. m. malayanus) occurs on the Asian mainland and Sumatra.[14]
    • Bornean sun bear (H. m. euryspilus) occurs only in Borneo.[15] Its skull is smaller than that of the Malayan sun bear.[8]

    H. anmamiticus, described by Pierre Marie Heude in 1901 from Annam, is not considered a distinct species, but is subordinated as a junior synonym to H. m. malayanus.[14] In 1906, Richard Lydekker proposed another subspecies by the name H. m. wardii for a sun bear skull, noting its similarities to a skull from Tibet with a thicker coat; however the Tibetan specimen was later found to be an Asian black bear (Ursus thibetanus).[16][17] Genetic differences between the two subspecies are obscure.[18] It is considered to be monotypic.[4]

    Phylogeny

    The phylogenetic relationships among ursid species have remained ambiguous over the years.[19] Noting the production of fertile hybrids between sun bears and sloth bears (Melursus ursinus), it was proposed that Helarctos be treated as a synonym of Melursus.[20][21] However, studies differed on whether the two species were closely related.[22][23] A 2007 phylogenetic study gives the relationships of the sun bear with other species of Ursidae based on complete mitochondrial DNA sequences as shown in the cladogram below. The brown bear/polar bear genetic lineage was estimated to have genetically diverged from the two black bears/sun bear lineage around 6.72 to 5.54 million years ago (mya); the sun bear appears to have diverged from the two black bears between 6.26–5.09 mya.[24] and 5.89–3.51 mya.[25] Nuclear gene sequencing of bear species revealed that the sloth bear and the sun bear were the first Ursinae bears that radiated and are not included in the monophyletic Ursus group; moreover, all relationships between the bears were well resolved.[26]

    Ursidae Ursinae

    Polar bear (U. maritimus) Lossy-page1-2518px-Ursus maritimus - 1700-1880 - Print - Iconographia Zoologica - Special Collections University of Amsterdam - (white background).jpg

    Brown bear (Ursus arctos) Ursus arctos - 1700-1880 - Print - Iconographia Zoologica - Special Collections University of Amsterdam - (white background).jpg

    American black bear (U. americanus) Ursus americanus - 1700-1880 - Print - Iconographia Zoologica - Special Collections University of Amsterdam - (white background).jpg

    Asian black bear (U. thibetanus) Ursus thibetanus - 1700-1880 - Print - Iconographia Zoologica - Special Collections University of Amsterdam -(white background).jpg

    Sun bear Ursus malayanus - 1700-1880 - Print - Iconographia Zoologica - Special Collections University of Amsterdam - (white background).jpg

    Sloth bear (Melursus ursinus) Tremarctos ornatus 1824 (flipped).jpg

    Spectacled bear (Tremarctos ornatus) Spectacled bear (1829).jpg

    Giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) Recherches pour servir à l'histoire naturelle des mammifères (Pl. 50) (white background).jpg

    Characteristics

    Skull, showing short snout

    The sun bear is the smallest of all bear species.[4][8][27] It is stockily built, with large paws, strongly curved claws, small rounded ears and a short snout. The head-and-body length is between 100 and 140 cm (39 and 55 in), and the shoulder height is nearly 70 cm (28 in). Adults weigh 25–65 kg (55–143 lb). The snout is grey, silver or orange. The fur is generally jet-black, but can vary from grey to red. The hair is silky and fine, and is the shortest of all bear species, suiting their hot tropical habitat.[4][28] The characteristic chest patch, typically U-shaped but sometimes circular or spotlike, varies from orange or ochre-yellow to buff or cream, or even white. Some individuals may even lack the patch.[4][27] Sun bears can expose the patch while standing on their hindfeet as a threat display against enemies.[8][4] Infants are greyish black with a pale brown or white snout and the chest patch is dirty white; the coat of older juveniles may be dark brown. The underfur is particularly thick and black in adults, while the guard hairs are lighter.[4] Two whirls occur on the shoulders, from whence the hair radiates in all directions. A crest is seen on the sides of the neck and a whorl occurs in the centre of the breast patch.[29] The edges of the paws are tan or brown, and the soles are fur-less, which possibly is an adaptation for climbing trees.[4][27][30] The claws are sickle-shaped; the front claws are long and heavy. The tail is 3–7 cm (1.2–2.8 in) long.[31] The sympatric Asian black bear has cream-coloured chest markings of a similar shape as those of sun bears and different claw markings.[5][32]

    During feeding, the sun bear can extend its exceptionally long tongue to extract insects and honey.[28][33] The teeth are very large, especially the canines, and the bite force quotient is high relative to its body size for reasons not well understood; a possible explanation could be its frequent opening of tropical hardwood trees with its powerful jaws and claws in pursuit of insects, larvae, or honey.[34] The head is large, broad and heavy in proportion to the body, but the ears are proportionately smaller; the palate is wide in proportion to the skull.[5][27] The overall unique morphology of this bear like its inward-turned front feet, flattened chest and powerful forelimbs with large claws indicates adaptations for extensive climbing.[27]

    Ecology and behaviour

    Sun bears are among the most arboreal of bears.

    Sun bears lead the most arboreal (tree-living) lifestyle among all bears.[4][35] They are mainly active during the day, though nocturnality might be more common in areas frequented by humans.[8][36][37] The sun bear is an excellent climber; it sunbathes or sleeps in trees 2 to 7 m (6 ft 7 in to 23 ft 0 in) above the ground. Bedding sites consist mainly of fallen hollow logs, but they also rest in standing trees with cavities, in cavities underneath fallen logs or tree roots, and in tree branches high above the ground.[8][38][39] It is also an efficient swimmer.[5] Sun bears are noted for their intelligence; a captive bear observed sugar being stored in a cupboard locked by a key, and later used its claw to open the lock.[39] A study published in 2019 described skillful mimicry of facial expressions by sun bears, with precision comparable to that seen in gorillas and humans.[40][41]

    Sun bears are shy and reclusive animals, and usually do not attack humans unless provoked to do so, or if they are injured or with their cubs; their timid nature led these bears to be often tamed and kept as pets in the past.[4][28] However, other sources state that sun bears are known as very fierce animals when surprised in the forest.[42] They are typically solitary but are sometimes seen in pairs (such as mothers and cubs).[8][39] Sun bears stand on their hindfeet for a broader view of their surroundings or smell far-off objects; they try to intimidate their enemies by displaying the chest patch if threatened.[4][8] Vocalisations include grunts and snuffles while foraging for insects, and roars similar to those of a male orangutan during the breeding season; less commonly they may give out short barks (like a rhinoceros) when they are surprised.[4][8] Sun bears do not seem to hibernate, possibly because food resources are available the whole year throughout the range.[2] They occupy home ranges of varying sizes in different areas, ranging from 7 to 27 km2 (2.7 to 10.4 sq mi) in Borneo and peninsular Malaysia; and 8.7–20.9 km2 (3.4–8.1 sq mi) in Ulu Segama Forest Reserve in Sabah.[38] Tigers are major predators; dholes and leopards have also been recorded preying on sun bears but cases are relatively fewer.[43] In one incident, a tiger-sun bear interaction resulted in a prolonged altercation and in the death of both animals.[44] In another incident, a wild female sun bear was swallowed by a large reticulated python in East Kalimantan.[45]

    Diet

    Sun bears have a broad omnivorous diet including plants.

    Sun bears are omnivores and feed on a broad variety of items such as ants, bees, beetles, honey, termites and plant material such as seeds and several kinds of fruits.[8][46] Vertebrates such as birds, deer, eggs and reptiles may be eaten occasionally.[47][48] They forage mostly at night. Sun bears tear open hollow trees with their long, sharp claws and teeth in search of wild bees and honey. They also break termite mounds and quickly lick and suck the contents, holding pieces of the broken mound with their front paws.[8][39] They consume figs in large amounts and eat them whole.[49] In a study in the forests of Kalimantan, fruits of Moraceae, Burseraceae and Myrtaceae species made up more than 50% of the fruit diet; in times of fruit scarcity, sun bears switched to a more insectivorous diet.[50] A study in Central Borneo revealed that sun bears play an important role in the seed dispersal of Canarium pilosum (a tree in the family Burseraceae).[51] Sun bears eat the centre of coconut palms, and crush oil-rich seeds such as acorns.[39] Oil palms are nutritious but not enough for subsistence.[52]

    Reproduction

    Sun bears are polyoestrous; births occur throughout the year.[53][54] Oestrus lasts five to seven days. Sun bears become sexually mature at two to four years of age.[4][35] Reported lengths for pregnancies vary from 95 to 240 days; pregnancy tends to be longer in zoos in temperate climate possibly due to delay in implantation or fertilisation.[35] Births occur inside hollow tree cavities.[2] A litter typically comprises one or two cubs weighing around 325 g (11.5 oz) each.[39] Cubs are born deaf with eyes closed. The eyes open at nearly 25 days but they remain blind till 50 days after birth; the sense of hearing improves over the first 50 days. Cubs younger than two months are dependent on external stimulation for defecation. Cubs are kept on buttress roots at the base of trees until they learn how to walk and climb properly. Mothers protect their cubs aggressively. Offspring remain with their mother for nearly the first three years of their lives. Lifespan in captivity is generally over 20 years; one individual lived for nearly 31 years.[4][39]

    Distribution and habitat

    Sun bear in the Bornean Sun Bear Conservation Centre (Malaysia)

    The sun bear is native to the tropical forests of Southeast Asia; its range is bound by northeastern India to the north and extends south to Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam to Brunei, Indonesia and Malaysia to the south.[2][4] Its presence in China was confirmed in 2017 when it was sighted in Yingjiang County of Yunnan Province.[55] It is extinct in Singapore.[2]

    These bears dwell primarily in two main types of forests throughout their range: deciduous and seasonally evergreen forests to the north of the Isthmus of Kra, and non-seasonal evergreen forests in Indonesia and Malaysia. They are typically found at low altitudes, such as below 1,200 m (3,900 ft) in western Thailand and peninsular Malaysia. However, this varies widely throughout the range; in India larger numbers have been recorded at an elevation of up to 3,000 m (9,800 ft) than in low-lying areas, probably due to habitat loss at ground level. They occur in montane areas in northeast India, but may not extend farther north into the unfavourable and colder Himalayan region; their distribution might be restricted to the northwest due to competition with sloth bears. The sun bear is sympatric with the Asian black bear throughout the remaining areas in the mainland range featuring a mix of seasonal forest types, with monthly rainfall below 100 mm (3.9 in) for a long spell of three to seven months. In mountainous areas, Asian black bears are more common than sun bears, probably due to scarcity of invertebrates to feed on. The major habitats in southern Thailand and peninsular Malaysia are moist evergreen forests, with more or less non-varying climate and heavy rainfall throughout the year, and low-lying or montane dipterocarp forests. Mangroves may be inhabited, but usually only when they are close to preferred habitat types.[2][4]

    The sun bear tends to avoid heavily logged forests and areas close to human settlement.[56][57][58] However, sun bears have been seen in farmlands, plantations and orchards, where they may be considered vermin.[59][60] A survey in Lower Kinabatangan Segama Wetlands showed that sun bears were feared but were not common in oil palm plantations; Bornean bearded pigs, elephants and macaques were far more damaging to crops.[52] Sun bears have been reported preying on poultry and livestock.[61]

    Fossil remains suggest its occurrence farther north during the Pleistocene; it may have occurred as far south as Java in the middle to Late Pleistocene. Fossils also known from the Middle Pleistocene of Thailand along with Stegodon, gaur, wild water buffalo and other living and extinct mammals.[62] Today, it has been eliminated from the majority of its erstwhile range, especially in Thailand; populations are declining in most of the range countries. It disappeared from Singapore during the 1800s and 1900s, possibly due to extensive deforestation. Sun bear populations appear to decrease in size northward from Sundaland, and numbers are especially low in the northern and western extremes of the range. This has possibly been the case since prehistoric times and is not a result of human interference.[2] The population density varies from 4.3 and 5.9 individuals/km2 (11 and 15 individuals/sq mi) in Khao Yai National Park to 26 individuals/km2 (67 individuals/sq mi) in the Harapan Rainforest in southern Sumatra.[2][63]

    Threats

    According to the IUCN Bear Specialist Group, sun bear populations have fallen by an estimated 35% in the last three decades. Numbers are especially low in Bangladesh and China, and populations in Vietnam are feared to decline severely by 50–80% in the next 30 years. Habitat fragmentation is on the rise particularly in Borneo, Sumatra and some areas of the mainland range. Heavy deforestation (due to agriculture, logging and forest fires) and hunting for wildlife trade are severe threats throughout the range; human-bear conflicts are a relatively minor threat.[2][27] Compared to other continents, southeastern Asia has undergone severe depletion in forest cover over the past few decades (by almost 12% between 1990 and 2010); this has resulted in substantial habitat loss for forest-dependent species such as sun bears.[64][65] A 2007 study in East Borneo recorded severe loss of habitat and food resources due to droughts and forest fires brought about by the El Niño.[66] With lack of research in predation, sources have documented very few predation events. In the island of Borneo sun bears were found to be hunted by python in their most vulnerable state.[67] Pythons are successfully able to attack by taking advantage of the nighttime when the sun bears are sleep or nursing their cub. In Southeast Asia, the Panthera pardus (male leopard) has been photographed with a sun bear cub being held by the throat. This reported case has been reported to be the second confirmed predator as of 2019.[68] During surveys in Kalimantan between 1994 and 1997, interviewees admitted to hunting sun bears and indicated that sun bear meat is eaten by indigenous people in several areas in Kalimantan. Studies have found evidence of pet trade and sale of sun bear parts such as gall bladders in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) shops in Sabah and Sarawak.[69] In 2018 and 2019 a total of 128 TCM outlets in 24 locations across Sabah and Sarawak were surveyed and bear parts and derivatives were recorded for sale in 25% of the outlets surveyed – many of which would have been derived from locally-sourced sun bears.[70] Sun bears were killed by shooting or administering poison to protect coconut and snakefruit plantations in East Kalimantan.[71] A report published by TRAFFIC in 2011 showed that sun bears, along with Asian black bears and brown bears, are specifically targeted for the bear bile trade in southeastern Asia, and are kept in bear farms in Laos, Vietnam, and Myanmar. Poaching is common in several countries in the region.[72] Hunting pressure is rising even in some protected areas; in the Nam Ha National Protected Area in Laos, hunter snares have been found that specifically target bears.[73] A study in Nagaland (northeastern India) recorded a sparse distribution of sun bears in the Fakim and Ntangki National Parks, and reported extensive illegal hunting for food and trade in bear parts.[74] Protective laws have shown little success in controlling these threats, especially due to poor execution and high potential for gains by the trade.[72][75]

    Conservation measures

    A sun bear in Surabaya Zoo

    The sun bear is listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List, and is included in CITES Appendix I.[2] With the exception of Sarawak (Malaysia) and Cambodia, the sun bear is legally protected from hunting in its whole range. A 2014 report documented rampant poaching and trade in sun bear parts in Sarawak, more than anywhere else in Malaysia; the researchers recommended stricter legislations in the state to protect local sun bears.[76]

    The Bornean Sun Bear Conservation Centre, founded by Wong Siew Te in Sabah (Malaysia) in 2008, aims to work for the welfare of sun bears rescued from poor conditions in captivity and spread awareness about their conservation.[77] The Malayan sun bears are part of an international captive-breeding program and a Species Survival Plan under the Association of Zoos and Aquariums since late 1994.[78] Since that same year, the European breed registry for sun bears is kept in the Cologne Zoological Garden, Germany.[79]

    References

    1. ^ J. H. Schwartz, T. H. Vu, L. C. Nguyen, K. T. Le, and I. Tattersall. 1994. A diverse hominoid fauna from the late middle Pleistocene breccia cave of Tham Khuyen, Socialist Republic of Vietnam. Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History 73:1-11
    2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Scotson, L.; Fredriksson, G.; Augeri, D.; Cheah, C.; Ngoprasert, D. & Wai-Ming, W. (2018) [errata version of 2017 assessment]. "Helarctos malayanus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T9760A123798233. Retrieved 16 January 2022.
    3. ^ Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Order Carnivora". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 587. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
    4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Fitzgerald, C. S.; Krausman, P. R. (2002). "Helarctos malayanus". Mammalian Species. 696: 1–5. doi:10.1644/1545-1410(2002)696<0001:HM>2.0.CO;2. S2CID 198969265.
    5. ^ a b c d Kemmerer, L. (2015). "Bear basics". In Kemmerer, L. (ed.). Bear Necessities: Rescue, Rehabilitation, Sanctuary, and Advocacy. Boston: Brill. pp. 17–34. ISBN 978-90-04-29309-0. Archived from the original on 2022-04-12. Retrieved 2023-02-10.
    6. ^ Liddell, H. G. & Scott, R. (1889). An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 117, 350.
    7. ^ Lai, F.; Olesen, B. (2016). A Visual Celebration of Borneo's Wildlife. Singapore: Bjorn Olesen Wildlife Photography. p. 323. ISBN 978-0-7946-0787-6. Archived from the original on 2022-05-25. Retrieved 2023-02-10.
    8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Phillipps, Q. (2016). "Sun bear". Phillipps' Field guide to the Mammals of Borneo: Sabah, Sarawak, Brunei, and Kalimantan. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 246–249. ISBN 978-0-691-16941-5. Archived from the original on 2022-03-19. Retrieved 2023-02-10.
    9. ^ de la Rosa, C. L.; Nocke, C. C. (2000). "Kinkajou Potos flavus". A Guide to the Carnivores of Central America: Natural History, Ecology, and Conservation. Texas: University of Texas Press. pp. 100–109. ISBN 0-292-71605-2. Archived from the original on 2022-04-26. Retrieved 2023-02-10.
    10. ^ Raffles, T. S. (1821). "XVII. Descriptive catalogue of a zoological collection, made on account of the honourable East India Company, in the island of Sumatra and its vicinity, under the direction of Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles, Lieutenant-Governor of Fort Marlborough; with additional notices illustrative of the natural history of those countries". Transactions of the Linnean Society of London. 13 (1): 239–274. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1821.tb00064.x.
    11. ^ Horsfield, T. (1825). "Description of the Helarctos euryspilus exhibiting in the bear from the island of Borneo, the type of a subgenus of Ursus". The Zoological Journal. 2 (6): 221–234.
    12. ^ Santiapillai, A. & Santiapillai, C. (1996). "The status, distribution and conservation of the Malayan sun bear (Helarctos malayanus) in Indonesia". Tigerpaper. 23 (1): 11–16.
    13. ^ Chasen, F. N. (1940). "A handlist of Malaysian mammals: A systematic list of the mammals of the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo and Java, including the adjacent small islands". Bulletin of the Raffles Museum. 15: 89–90.
    14. ^ a b Ellerman, J. R.; Morrison-Scott, T. C. S. (1966). "Genus Helarctos Horsfield, 1825". Checklist of Palaearctic and Indian mammals 1758 to 1946 (2nd ed.). London: British Museum of Natural History. p. 241.
    15. ^ Meijaard, E. (2004). "Craniometric differences among Malayan sun bears (Ursus malayanus); evolutionary and taxonomic implications" (PDF). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology. 52 (2): 665–672. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2012-07-15. Retrieved 2013-02-07.
    16. ^ Lydekker, R. (1906). "On the occurrence of the bruang in the Tibetan Province". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 66: 997–999.
    17. ^ Pocock, R. I. (1932). "The black and brown bears of Europe and Asia". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 36: 101–138.
    18. ^ Zhang, Y.-P. (1996). "Genetic variability and conservation relevance of the sun bear as revealed by DNA sequences". Zoological Research. 17 (4): 459–468.
    19. ^ Waits, L.; Paetkau, D.; Strobeck, C. (1999). "Genetics of the bears of the world". In Servheen, C.; Herrero, S.; Peyton, B. (eds.). Bears: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. Gland: IUCN/SSC Bear and Polar Bear Specialist Groups. pp. 25–32. ISBN 2-8317-0462-6. Archived from the original on 2022-04-10. Retrieved 2023-02-10.
    20. ^ Asakura, S. (1969). "A note on a bear hybrid Melursus ursinus × Helarctos malayanus at Tama Zoo, Tokyo". International Zoo Yearbook. 9 (1): 88. doi:10.1111/j.1748-1090.1969.tb02631.x.
    21. ^ Van Gelder, R. G. (1977). "Mammalian hybrids and generic limits" (PDF). American Museum Novitates (2635): 1–25. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-08-08. Retrieved 2020-05-04.
    22. ^ Goldman, D.; Giri, P. R.; O'Brien, S. J. (1989). "Molecular genetic-distance estimates among the Ursidae as indicated by one- and two-dimensional protein electrophoresis". Evolution. 43 (2): 282–295. doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.1989.tb04228.x. JSTOR 2409208. PMID 28568545. S2CID 40420496.
    23. ^ Bininda-Emonds, O. R. P.; Gittleman, J. L.; Purvis, A. (1999). "Building large trees by combining phylogenetic information: a complete phylogeny of the extant Carnivora (Mammalia)". Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society. 74 (2): 143–175. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.328.7194. doi:10.1017/s0006323199005307. PMID 10396181.
    24. ^ Yu, L.; Li, Y.-W.; Ryder, O. A.; Zhang, Y.-P. (2007). "Analysis of complete mitochondrial genome sequences increases phylogenetic resolution of bears (Ursidae), a mammalian family that experienced rapid speciation". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 7 (198): 198. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-7-198. PMC 2151078. PMID 17956639.
    25. ^ Krause, J.; Unger, T.; Noçon, A.; Malaspinas, A. S.; Kolokotronis, S. O.; Stiller, M.; Soibelzon, L.; Spriggs, H.; Dear, P. H.; Briggs, A. W.; Bray, S. C.; O'Brien, S. J. & Rabeder, G. (2008). "Mitochondrial genomes reveal an explosive radiation of extinct and extant bears near the Miocene-Pliocene boundary". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 8 (220): 220. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-8-220. PMC 2518930. PMID 18662376.
    26. ^ Pagès, M.; Calvignac, S.; Klein, C.; Paris, M.; Hughes, S.; Hänni, C. (2008). "Combined analysis of fourteen nuclear genes refines the Ursidae phylogeny". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 47 (1): 73–83. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.10.019. PMID 18328735. Archived from the original on 2021-09-27. Retrieved 2021-09-09.
    27. ^ a b c d e f Servheen, C. (1999). "Sun bear conservation action plan". In Servheen, C.; Herrero, S.; Peyton, B. (eds.). Bears: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. Gland: IUCN/SSC Bear and Polar Bear Specialist Groups. pp. 219–224. ISBN 2-8317-0462-6. Archived from the original on 2022-04-10. Retrieved 2023-02-10.
    28. ^ a b c Woods, J. G. (1885). "Sun bears". Animate Creation: Popular Edition of "Our Living World", a Natural History. Vol. 1. New York: Selmar Press. pp. 324–325. Archived from the original on 2022-03-28. Retrieved 2023-02-10.
    29. ^ Pocock, R. I. (1941). "Helarctos malayanus". The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Vol. Mammalia 2. London: Taylor and Francis. pp. 224–232.
    30. ^ Servheen, C. (1993). "The Sun Bear". In Stirling, I.; Kirshner, D.; Knight, F. (eds.). Bears, Majestic Creatures of the Wild. Pennsylvania: Rodale Press. p. 124. Archived from the original on 2013-07-23. Retrieved 2013-02-07.
    31. ^ Brown, G. (1996). Great Bear Almanac. The Lyons Press. p. 340. ISBN 978-1-55821-474-3.
    32. ^ Steinmetz, R.; Garshelis, D. L. (2008). "Distinguishing Asiatic black bears and sun bears by claw marks on climbed trees". Journal of Wildlife Management. 72 (3): 814–821. doi:10.2193/2007-098. S2CID 86179807.
    33. ^ Meijaard, E. (1997). The Malayan sun bear on Borneo, with special emphasis on its conservation status in Kalimantan, Indonesia (Report). International Ministry of Forestry – Tropendos Kalimantan Project and World Society for the Protection of Animals, London. pp. 1–51.
    34. ^ Christiansen, P. (2007). "Evolutionary implications of bite mechanics and feeding ecology in bears". Journal of Zoology. 272 (4): 423–443. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00286.x.
    35. ^ a b c Humphrey, S. R.; Bain, J. R. (1990). "Malayan sun bear". Endangered Animals of Thailand. Florida: Sandhill Crane Press. pp. 313–315. ISBN 1-877743-07-0. Archived from the original on 2022-03-26. Retrieved 2023-02-10.
    36. ^ Griffiths, M.; Schaik, C. P. (1993). "The impact of human traffic on the abundance and activity periods of Sumatran rain forest wildlife". Conservation Biology. 7 (3): 623–626. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1993.07030623.x.
    37. ^ Guharajan, R.; Arnold, T. W.; Bolongon, G.; Dibden, G. H.; Abram, N. K.; Teoh, S. W.; Magguna, M. A.; Goossens, B.; Wong, S. T.; Nathan, S. K. S. S.; Garshelis, D. L. (2018). "Survival strategies of a frugivore, the sun bear, in a forest-oil palm landscape" (PDF). Biodiversity and Conservation. 27 (14): 3657–3677. doi:10.1007/s10531-018-1619-6. S2CID 52274809. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-08-07. Retrieved 2020-05-30.
    38. ^ a b Wong, S. T.; Servheen, C. W.; Ambu, L. (2004). "Home range, movement and activity patterns, and bedding sites of Malayan sun bears Helarctos malayanus in the Rainforest of Borneo" (PDF). Biological Conservation. 119 (2): 169–181. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2003.10.029. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-05-11. Retrieved 2013-02-07.
    39. ^ a b c d e f g Nowak, R. M. (2005). "Ursus malayanus Malayan sun bear". Walker's Carnivores of the World. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 127–128. ISBN 0-8018-8032-7.
    40. ^ Taylor, D.; Hartmann, D.; Dezecache, G.; Te Wong, S.; Davila-Ross, M. (2019). "Facial complexity in sun bears: Exact facial mimicry and social sensitivity". Scientific Reports. 9 (1): 4961. Bibcode:2019NatSR...9.4961T. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-39932-6. PMC 6428817. PMID 30899046.
    41. ^ Solly, M. (2019). "Sun bears mimic each other's facial expressions to communicate". Smithsonian Magazine. Archived from the original on 2020-05-30. Retrieved 2020-05-25.
    42. ^ Servheen, C.; Salter, R. E. (1999). "Chapter 11: Sun Bear Conservation Action Plan" (PDF). In Servheen, C.; Herrero, S.; Peyton, B. (eds.). Bears: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. Gland: International Union for Conservation of Nature. pp. 219–224. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2014-12-21. Retrieved 2014-12-21.
    43. ^ Naing, H.; Htun, S.; Kamler, J. F.; Burnham, D.; Macdonald, D. W. (2020). "Large carnivores as potential predators of sun bears". Ursus. 2019 (30e4): 51. doi:10.2192/URSU-D-18-0022.2. S2CID 204151870.
    44. ^ Bickmore, A.S. (1868). "April 27th". Travels in the East Asian Archipelago. London: John Murray. p. 510. Archived from the original on 2023-02-10. Retrieved 2015-06-11.
    45. ^ Fredriksson, G. M. (2005). "Predation on sun bears by reticulated python in East Kalimantan, Indonesian Borneo" (PDF). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology. 53 (1): 165–168. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-08-11.
    46. ^ Sethy, J.; Chauhan, N. P. S. (2018). "Dietary preference of Malayan sun bear Helarctos malayanus in Namdapha Tiger Reserve, Arunachal Pradesh, India". Wildlife Biology. 2018 (1): 1–10. doi:10.2981/wlb.00351.
    47. ^ Wong, S. T.; Servheen C.; Ambu, L. (2002). "Food habits of Malayan Sun Bears in lowland tropical forests of Borneo" (PDF). Ursus. 13: 127–136. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2013-07-23. Retrieved 2013-02-07.
    48. ^ Augeri, D. M. (2005). On the biogeographic ecology of the Malayan sun bear (PDF) (Thesis). Cambridge: Darwin College. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2013-05-14. Retrieved 2013-02-07.
    49. ^ Wong, S. T.; Servheen C.; Ambu, L. (2002). "Food habits of Malayan sun bears in lowland tropical forests of Borneo" (PDF). Ursus. 13: 127–136. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2013-07-23. Retrieved 2013-02-07.
    50. ^ Fredriksson, G. M.; Trisno, S. A. W. (2006). "Frugivory in sun bears (Helarctos malayanus) is linked to El Niño-related fluctuations in fruiting phenology, East Kalimantan, Indonesia". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 89 (3): 489–508. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2006.00688.x.
    51. ^ McConkey, K.; Galetti, M. (1999). "Seed dispersal by the sun bear Helarctos malayanus in Central Borneo". Journal of Tropical Ecology. 15 (2): 237–241. doi:10.1017/S0266467499000784. hdl:11449/37442. S2CID 53694341.
    52. ^ a b Guharajan, R.; Abram, N. K.; Magguna, M. A.; Goossens, B.; Wong, S. T.; Nathan, S. K. S. S.; Garshelis, D. L. (2017). "Does the vulnerable sun bear Helarctos malayanus damage crops and threaten people in oil palm plantations?". Oryx. 53 (4): 611–619. doi:10.1017/S0030605317001089. S2CID 90111598.
    53. ^ Frederick, C.; Hunt, K. E.; Kyes, R.; Collins, D.; Wasser, S. K. (2012). "Reproductive timing and aseasonality in the sun bear (Helarctos malayanus)". Journal of Mammalogy. 93 (2): 522–531. doi:10.1644/11-MAMM-A-108.1.
    54. ^ Schwarzenberger, F.; Fredriksson, G.; Schaller, K.; Kolter, L. (2004). "Fecal steroid analysis for monitoring reproduction in the sun bear (Helarctos malayanus)". Theriogenology. 62 (9): 1677–1692. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.556.2474. doi:10.1016/j.theriogenology.2004.03.007. PMID 15511554.
    55. ^ Li, F.; Zheng, X.; Jiang, X. L.; Chan, B. P. L. (2017). "Rediscovery of the sun bear (Helarctos malayanus) in Yingjiang County, Yunnan Province, China". Zoological Research. 38 (4): 206–207. doi:10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2017.044. PMC 5571478. PMID 28825452.
    56. ^ Nazeri, M.; Kumar, L.; Jusoff, K.; Bahaman, A. R. (2014). "Modeling the potential distribution of sun bear in Krau Wildlife Reserve, Malaysia". Ecological Informatics. 20: 27–32. doi:10.1016/j.ecoinf.2014.01.006.
    57. ^ Wong, W.-M.; Linkie, M. (2013). "Managing sun bears in a changing tropical landscape". Diversity and Distributions. 19 (7): 700–709. doi:10.1111/ddi.12020. S2CID 84703680.
    58. ^ Nazeri, M.; Jusoff, K.; Madani, N.; Mahmud, A. R.; Bahman, A. R. (2012). "Predictive modeling and mapping of Malayan sun bear (Helarctos malayanus) distribution using maximum entropy". PLOS ONE. 7 (10): e48104. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...748104N. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0048104. PMC 3480464. PMID 23110182.
    59. ^ Nomura, F.; Higashi, S.; Ambu, L.; Mohamed, M. (2004). "Notes on oil palm plantation use and seasonal spatial relationships of sun bears in Sabah, Malaysia". Ursus. 15 (2): 227–231. doi:10.2192/1537-6176(2004)015<0227:NOOPPU>2.0.CO;2. JSTOR 3872976. S2CID 85727749.
    60. ^ Te Wong, S.; Servheen, C.; Ambu, L.; Norhayati, A. (2005). "Impacts of fruit production cycles on Malayan sun bears and bearded pigs in lowland tropical forest of Sabah, Malaysian Borneo". Journal of Tropical Ecology. 21 (6): 627–639. doi:10.1017/S0266467405002622. S2CID 83777246.
    61. ^ Fredriksson, G. (2005). "Human-sun bear conflicts in East Kalimantan, Indonesian Borneo". Ursus. 16 (1): 130–137. doi:10.2192/1537-6176(2005)016[0130:HBCIEK]2.0.CO;2. JSTOR 3873066. S2CID 26961091.
    62. ^ K. Suraprasit, J.-J. Jaegar, Y. Chaimanee, O. Chavasseau, C. Yamee, P. Tian, and S. Panha (2016). "The Middle Pleistocene vertebrate fauna from Khok Sung (Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand): biochronological and paleobiogeographical implications". ZooKeys (613): 1–157. doi:10.3897/zookeys.613.8309. PMC 5027644. PMID 27667928.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
    63. ^ Ngoprasert, D.; Reed, D. H.; Steinmetz, R.; Gale, G. A. (2012). "Density estimation of Asian bears using photographic capture–recapture sampling based on chest marks". Ursus. 23 (2): 117–133. doi:10.2192/URSUS-D-11-00009.1. S2CID 86278189.
    64. ^ Sodhi, N. S.; Koh, L. P.; Brook, B. W.; Ng, P. K.L. (2004). "Southeast Asian biodiversity: an impending disaster". Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 19 (12): 654–660. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2004.09.006. PMID 16701328.
    65. ^ Stibig, H.-J.; Achard, F.; Carboni, S.; Raši, R.; Miettinen, J. (2014). "Change in tropical forest cover of Southeast Asia from 1990 to 2010". Biogeosciences. 11 (2): 247–258. Bibcode:2014BGeo...11..247S. doi:10.5194/bg-11-247-2014.
    66. ^ Fredriksson, G. M.; Danielsen, L. S.; Swenson, J. E. (2006). "Impacts of El Niño related drought and forest fires on sun bear fruit resources in lowland dipterocarp forest of East Borneo". Biodiversity and Conservation. 16 (6): 1823–1838. doi:10.1007/s10531-006-9075-0. S2CID 33022260.
    67. ^ Fredriksson, GM (2005). "Predation on Sun Bears by Reticulated Python in East Kalimantan, Indonesian Borneo". Raffles Bulletin of Zoology. 53 (1): 165, 168.
    68. ^ Naing, Hla; Htun, Saw; Kamler, Jan F.; Burnham, Dawn; Macdonald, David W. "Large carnivores as potential predators of sun bears. Ursus". 30 (E4): 51, 57. doi:10.2192/URSU-D-18-0022.2. S2CID 204151870. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
    69. ^ Gomez, L; Shepherd, C. R.; Khoo, M (2020-03-12). "Illegal trade of sun bear parts in the Malaysian states of Sabah and Sarawak". Endangered Species Research. 41: 279–287. doi:10.3354/esr01028. ISSN 1863-5407. S2CID 213779453. Archived from the original on 2022-06-17. Retrieved 2022-06-25.
    70. ^ Gomez, Lalita; Shepherd, Chris R.; Khoo, Min Sheng (2020-03-12). "Illegal trade of sun bear parts in the Malaysian states of Sabah and Sarawak". Endangered Species Research. 41: 279–287. doi:10.3354/esr01028. ISSN 1863-5407. S2CID 213779453. Archived from the original on 2022-06-17. Retrieved 2022-06-25.
    71. ^ Meijaard, E. (1999). "Human imposed threats to sun bears in Borneo" (PDF). Ursus. 11 (A Selection of Papers from the Eleventh International Conference on Bear Research and Management, Graz, Austria, September 1997, and Gatlinburg, Tennessee, April 1998): 185–192. JSTOR 3873000. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2013-07-23. Retrieved 2013-02-07.
    72. ^ a b Foley, K. E.; Stengel, C. J.; Shepherd, C. R. (2011). Pills, powders, vials and flakes: the bear bile trade in Asia (PDF) (Report). TRAFFIC Southeast Asia, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia. pp. 1–79. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-09-25. Retrieved 2020-05-05.
    73. ^ Scotson, L.; Hunt, M. (2012). "Dismantling the "wall of death": emergency bear snare-line patrol in the Nam Kan National Protected Area, Lao PDR". International Bear News. 21 (4): 17–19.
    74. ^ Sethy, J.; Chauhan, N. P. S. (2012). "Conservation status of sun bear (Helarctos malayanus) in Nagaland state, north-east India" (PDF). Asian Journal of Conservation Biology. 1 (2): 103–109. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-05-30. Retrieved 2020-05-05.
    75. ^ Asher, C. (1 August 2016). "Malayan sun bear: bile trade threatens the world's smallest bear". Mongabay. Archived from the original on 26 April 2020. Retrieved 5 May 2020.
    76. ^ Krishnasamy, K.; Shepherd, C. R. (2014). "A review of the sun bear trade in Sarawak, Malaysia" (PDF). TRAFFIC Bulletin. 26 (1): 37–40. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-05-30. Retrieved 2020-05-05.
    77. ^ Li, T. C. (5 May 2014). "Sun bears: At home in the forest". The Star. Archived from the original on 7 August 2020. Retrieved 5 May 2020.
    78. ^ Ball, J. (2000). Sun bear fact sheet (PDF) (Report). Association of Zoos and Aquariums. pp. 1–2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 August 2008.
    79. ^ Kok, J., ed. (2008). EAZA Bear TAG Annual Report 2007–2008 (Report). European Association of Zoos and Aquaria.

    license
    cc-by-sa-3.0
    copyright
    Wikipedia authors and editors
    original
    visit source
    partner site
    wikipedia EN

    Sun bear: Brief Summary

    provided by wikipedia EN

    The sun bear (Helarctos malayanus) is a species in the family Ursidae (the only species in the genus Helarctos) occurring in the tropical forests of Southeast Asia. It is the smallest bear, standing nearly 70 centimetres (28 inches) at the shoulder and weighing 25–65 kilograms (55–143 pounds). It is stockily built, with large paws, strongly curved claws, small rounded ears and a short snout. The fur is generally jet-black, but can vary from grey to red. Sun bears get their name from the characteristic orange to cream coloured chest patch. Its unique morphology—inward-turned front feet, flattened chest, powerful forelimbs with large claws—suggests adaptations for climbing.

    The most arboreal (tree-living) of all bears, the sun bear is an excellent climber and sunbathes or sleeps in trees 2 to 7 metres (7 to 23 feet) above the ground. It is mainly active during the day, though nocturnality might be more common in areas frequented by humans. Sun bears tend to remain solitary but sometimes occur in pairs (such as a mother and her cub). They do not seem to hibernate, possibly because food resources are available the whole year throughout the range. Being omnivores, sun bears have a broad diet including ants, bees, beetles, honey, termites and plant material such as seeds and several kinds of fruits; vertebrates such as birds and deer are also eaten occasionally. They breed throughout the year; individuals become sexually mature at two to four years of age. Litters comprise one or two cubs that remain with their mother for around three years.

    The range of the sun bear is bound by northeastern India to the north and extends south to southeast through Bangladesh, Cambodia, Myanmar, Laos, Thailand and Vietnam in mainland Asia to Brunei, Indonesia and Malaysia to the south. These bears are threatened by heavy deforestation and illegal hunting for food and the wildlife trade; they are also harmed in conflicts with humans when they enter farmlands, plantations and orchards. The global population is estimated to have declined by 35% over the past three decades. The IUCN has listed this species as vulnerable.

    license
    cc-by-sa-3.0
    copyright
    Wikipedia authors and editors
    original
    visit source
    partner site
    wikipedia EN

    Malaja urso ( Esperanto )

    provided by wikipedia EO

    La malaja ursosunurso (Helarctos malayanus, kelkfoje Ursus malayanus) el la ordo de karnovoruloj kaj familio de ursedoj vivas plejparte en la tropikaj pluvarbaroj de Sudorienta Azio, precipe en Junnan de Ĉinio, sur la Hindoĉina Duoninsulo kaj Sumatro kaj Kalimantan de Indonezio.

    La sunurso longas proksimume 1,2 metrojn kun 3cm-a vosto, pezas 27-65 kilogramojn kaj altas 70 cm. La viraj ursoj estas iomete pli grande ol la inaj ursoj. La malaja urso estas la plej malgranda ursa specio, kaj ĝi alinomiĝas la "hunda urso" pro ĝia malgrandeco.

    Ĝ surhavas nigrajn harojn, sur ĝia brusto troviĝas malhelblanka aŭ oranĝflava strio en formo de duonluno aŭ huffero kaj similkoloraj markoj ĉirkaŭ la buŝego kaj okuloj. Malsimile al aliaj ursoj, la felo de la sunurso estas mallonga kaj glata. La muzelo estas griza aŭ flava. Iuj ursoj ne havas tian strion sur la brusto. Ĉi tiuj distingaj markoj donas al la sunurso ĝian nomon.

    Sunursoj havas malpezajn falĉilet-formajn ungegojn. Ili havas grandajn piedojn kiuj turnas sin ene, kun nudaj plandoj, verŝajne por pli facile grimpi. Ili grimpas bonege. Ili havas malgrandajn, rondajn orelojn kaj mallongan buŝegon.

    La nutraĵo de la sunurso estas diversa kaj enhavas lacertojn, birdojn, malgrandajn mamulojn, kukosnuksojn kaj aliajn fruktojn, ovojn, termitojn, plantajn elburĝonaĵojn, insektojn, radikojn, kaj kakaon. Ili ofte trovas manĝaĵojn per sia bona flarsento, ĉar la okuloj estas malbonaj.

    Ĝenerale noktaj bestoj, sunursoj ripozas dum la tago sur malaltaj arb-branĉoj. La ursoj iame damaĝas arbojn, inkluzive de kukosujojn kaj kakaajn arbojn en plantejoj. Mortigado de tiaj ĝenuloj, kaj ankaŭ ĉasado por korpaj partoj por uzo en ĉina medicino aŭ por la felo, estas ĉefa kialo por la malkresko de la specio.

    Sunursoj ne dormas la tutan vintron kiel iaj aliaj ursoj. Pro tio, ili reproduktas tutjare. Ili gravedas ĉirkaŭ 96 tagojn kaj povas naski po du idojn por fojo, ĉiu pezante proksimume 280-340 gramojn. Ili mamnutras 18 monatojn, kaj la idoj atingas seksan maturecon post 3-4 jarojn. Kaptitece, ili vivas ĝis 28 jarojn.

    Estas nur unu subspecio de tiu orientalisa urso, Helarctos malayanus euryspilus, kaj ĝi loĝadas nur ĉe la insulo de Borneo. La malaja nomo por la sunurso estas "basindo nan tenggil", kiu tradukiĝas, "li kiu ĝuas sidi alte."

    Vidu ankaŭ

    license
    cc-by-sa-3.0
    copyright
    Vikipedio aŭtoroj kaj redaktantoj
    original
    visit source
    partner site
    wikipedia EO

    Malaja urso: Brief Summary ( Esperanto )

    provided by wikipedia EO

    La malaja urso aŭ sunurso (Helarctos malayanus, kelkfoje Ursus malayanus) el la ordo de karnovoruloj kaj familio de ursedoj vivas plejparte en la tropikaj pluvarbaroj de Sudorienta Azio, precipe en Junnan de Ĉinio, sur la Hindoĉina Duoninsulo kaj Sumatro kaj Kalimantan de Indonezio.

    La sunurso longas proksimume 1,2 metrojn kun 3cm-a vosto, pezas 27-65 kilogramojn kaj altas 70 cm. La viraj ursoj estas iomete pli grande ol la inaj ursoj. La malaja urso estas la plej malgranda ursa specio, kaj ĝi alinomiĝas la "hunda urso" pro ĝia malgrandeco.

    Ĝ surhavas nigrajn harojn, sur ĝia brusto troviĝas malhelblanka aŭ oranĝflava strio en formo de duonluno aŭ huffero kaj similkoloraj markoj ĉirkaŭ la buŝego kaj okuloj. Malsimile al aliaj ursoj, la felo de la sunurso estas mallonga kaj glata. La muzelo estas griza aŭ flava. Iuj ursoj ne havas tian strion sur la brusto. Ĉi tiuj distingaj markoj donas al la sunurso ĝian nomon.

    Sunursoj havas malpezajn falĉilet-formajn ungegojn. Ili havas grandajn piedojn kiuj turnas sin ene, kun nudaj plandoj, verŝajne por pli facile grimpi. Ili grimpas bonege. Ili havas malgrandajn, rondajn orelojn kaj mallongan buŝegon.

    La nutraĵo de la sunurso estas diversa kaj enhavas lacertojn, birdojn, malgrandajn mamulojn, kukosnuksojn kaj aliajn fruktojn, ovojn, termitojn, plantajn elburĝonaĵojn, insektojn, radikojn, kaj kakaon. Ili ofte trovas manĝaĵojn per sia bona flarsento, ĉar la okuloj estas malbonaj.

    Ĝenerale noktaj bestoj, sunursoj ripozas dum la tago sur malaltaj arb-branĉoj. La ursoj iame damaĝas arbojn, inkluzive de kukosujojn kaj kakaajn arbojn en plantejoj. Mortigado de tiaj ĝenuloj, kaj ankaŭ ĉasado por korpaj partoj por uzo en ĉina medicino aŭ por la felo, estas ĉefa kialo por la malkresko de la specio.

    Sunursoj ne dormas la tutan vintron kiel iaj aliaj ursoj. Pro tio, ili reproduktas tutjare. Ili gravedas ĉirkaŭ 96 tagojn kaj povas naski po du idojn por fojo, ĉiu pezante proksimume 280-340 gramojn. Ili mamnutras 18 monatojn, kaj la idoj atingas seksan maturecon post 3-4 jarojn. Kaptitece, ili vivas ĝis 28 jarojn.

    Estas nur unu subspecio de tiu orientalisa urso, Helarctos malayanus euryspilus, kaj ĝi loĝadas nur ĉe la insulo de Borneo. La malaja nomo por la sunurso estas "basindo nan tenggil", kiu tradukiĝas, "li kiu ĝuas sidi alte."

    license
    cc-by-sa-3.0
    copyright
    Vikipedio aŭtoroj kaj redaktantoj
    original
    visit source
    partner site
    wikipedia EO

    Helarctos malayanus ( Spanish; Castilian )

    provided by wikipedia ES

    El oso malayo (Helarctos malayanus) es una especie de mamífero carnívoro de la familia de los úrsidos.[2]​ Es una pequeña especie de oso, la menor entre todas las actuales,[3]​ que vive en los bosques tropicales del sureste asiático, concretamente en el centro-oeste de Birmania, Indochina, Malaca, Sumatra y Borneo (en esta última isla representado por una subespecie endémica). Es la única especie de su género y está poco emparentada con las otras especies de osos del mundo.

    Denominaciones

    El oso malayo recibe nombres curiosos en algunos idiomas, como por ejemplo el malayo, en el que se le conoce como basindo nan tenggil, "el que le gusta sentarse alto". En francés se le llama ours des cocotiers, "oso de los cocoteros", por su afición a los cocos, mientras que en inglés se le apoda sun bear, "oso del Sol".

    Descripción

     src=
    Oso malayo.

    Su altura es de apenas 1,2 m en posición erguida en el caso de los machos, siendo las hembras incluso menores. El peso de estas últimas es de entre 20 y 40 kg, mientras que los machos adultos rondan entre los 30 y 60.[4]​ Además del tamaño, los osos malayos se diferencian fácilmente de otras especies de osos por su forma alargada, orejas pequeñas, cola prácticamente inexistente (con sólo 3 cm, resulta difícil verla a cierta distancia) y patas y cuello proporcionalmente más largos. El manto de pelo es corto y negro, excepto en el hocico, ojos y pecho, donde varía entre el amarillo blanquecino y el anaranjado. Presenta en el pecho una mancha, generalmente en forma de U muy abierta.[5]​ Las plantas de los pies están desnudas, y por delante de ellas destacan las fuertes, largas y ganchudas zarpas de sus dedos, especialmente los anteriores. Esta característica permite a los osos malayos trepar a árboles altos hasta su copa, donde se alimentan de frutos, sobre todo de cocos que parte sin dificultad con sus poderosas mandíbulas. Usa preferentemente el sentido del olfato para encontrar comida, pues como en los demás úrsidos, su vista es pobre.

    Su fórmula dentaria es la siguiente: 3/3, 1/1, 3-4/3, 2/3 = 38-40.[6]

    Biología y ecología

    Pese a su robustez es un animal activo, ágil y buen trepador de árboles.[3]​ Al igual que el oso negro asiático (Ursus thibetanus) también construye nidos de asoleamiento con ramas, a menudo bastante por encima del suelo.[3]​ La alimentación, que se lleva a cabo durante la noche, se completa con la ingesta de insectos, lagartos, pequeñas aves y mamíferos, hojas de palmera, miel y semillas. Ocasionalmente irrumpe en las plantaciones de cocos, plátanos y cacao, donde puede generar serios destrozos. Esto ha ocasionado un peligroso aumento de la caza de este animal en numerosas regiones, que unida a la demanda de partes de su cuerpo por la medicina tradicional china ha reducido su población en muchas zonas. Se considera que la especie aún no está en peligro serio de extinción, aunque sí es vulnerable.

    Debido a que habitan en zonas de climas cálidos tropicales, los osos malayos, a diferencia de otros úrsidos, no hibernan. Esto permite a las hembras tener una camada de dos oseznos cada año, aunque las crías no llegan a la madurez hasta los 3 o 4 años. El período de gestación es de entre 95 y 100 días.[5]​ Se desconoce cuánto tiempo viven en libertad, mientras que en cautividad pueden alcanzar los 28 años.

    Subespecies

    Se reconocen las siguientes subespecies:[2]

    Referencias

    1. Fredriksson, G., Steinmetz, R., Wong, S. & Garshelis, D.L. (IUCN SSC Bear Specialist Group) (2008). «Helarctos malayanus». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2010.1 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 22 de abril de 2010.
    2. a b Wozencraft (2005). Wilson, Don E.; Reeder, DeeAnn M., eds. Mammal Species of the World (en inglés) (3ª edición). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2 vols. (2142 pp.). ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0.
    3. a b c Matthews, L. Harrison (1977). La Vida de los Mamíferos, Tomo II. Historia Natural Destino, vol. 17. Barcelona, España: Ediciones Destino. p. 414. ISBN 84-233-0700-X.
    4. Predation on Sun Bears by Reticulated Python in East Kalimantan, Indonesian Borneo Archivado el 11 de agosto de 2007 en Wayback Machine. Gabriella M. Fredriksson.
    5. a b Hanák, V. y Mazák, V. (1991). Enciclopedia de los Animales, Mamíferos de todo el Mundo. Madrid, España: Susaeta. p. 354. ISBN 84-305-1967-X.
    6. Fitzgerald, C. S. y Krausman, P. R. (2002). «Helarctos malayanus». Mammalian Species (en inglés) (The American Society of Mammalogists) 696: 1-5.

     title=
    license
    cc-by-sa-3.0
    copyright
    Autores y editores de Wikipedia
    original
    visit source
    partner site
    wikipedia ES

    Helarctos malayanus: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

    provided by wikipedia ES

    El oso malayo (Helarctos malayanus) es una especie de mamífero carnívoro de la familia de los úrsidos.​ Es una pequeña especie de oso, la menor entre todas las actuales,​ que vive en los bosques tropicales del sureste asiático, concretamente en el centro-oeste de Birmania, Indochina, Malaca, Sumatra y Borneo (en esta última isla representado por una subespecie endémica). Es la única especie de su género y está poco emparentada con las otras especies de osos del mundo.

    license
    cc-by-sa-3.0
    copyright
    Autores y editores de Wikipedia
    original
    visit source
    partner site
    wikipedia ES

    Päikesekaru ( Estonian )

    provided by wikipedia ET
    Disambig gray.svg See artikkel räägib liigist; perekonna kohta vaata artiklit Päikesekaru (perekond)

    Päikesekaru ehk malai karu ehk biruang (Helarctos malayanus) on karuliik.[1]Teda loetakse maailma väikseimaks karuks. Päikesekarud on öise eluviisiga ja talveund ei maga.

    Klassifikatsioon

    Päikesekarudel klassifitseeritakse järgmised alamliigid:

    Levila

    Päikesekaru looduslikud elupaigad asuvad tänapäeval Kagu-Aasias Laoses, Malaisias, Tais, Myanmaris, Kambodžas, Sumatral, Kalimantanil ja Vietnamis.

    Viited

    1. Loomade elu 7:243.
    2. Ellerman, J. R., Morrison-Scott, T. C. S. (1966).Checklist of Palaearctic and Indian mammals 1758 to 1946. Second edition. British Museum of Natural History, London. Page 241, Veebiversioon (vaadatud 21.12.2013) (inglise keeles)
    3. Meijaard, E. (2004). Craniometric differences among Malayan sun bears (Ursus malayanus); Evolutionary and taxonomic implications. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 52: 665–672, Veebiversioon (vaadatud 21.12.2013) (inglise keeles)

    Välislingid

    Selles artiklis on kasutatud prantsuskeelset artiklit fr:Ours malais seisuga 21.12.2013.

    license
    cc-by-sa-3.0
    copyright
    Vikipeedia autorid ja toimetajad
    original
    visit source
    partner site
    wikipedia ET

    Päikesekaru: Brief Summary ( Estonian )

    provided by wikipedia ET

    Päikesekaru ehk malai karu ehk biruang (Helarctos malayanus) on karuliik.Teda loetakse maailma väikseimaks karuks. Päikesekarud on öise eluviisiga ja talveund ei maga.

    license
    cc-by-sa-3.0
    copyright
    Vikipeedia autorid ja toimetajad
    original
    visit source
    partner site
    wikipedia ET

    Malaysiako hartz ( Basque )

    provided by wikipedia EU

    Malaysiako hartza edo eguzki-hartza (Helarctos malayanus) Helarctos generoko animalia bat da. Artiodaktiloen barruko Ursidae familian sailkatuta dago.

    Bi azpiespezie ditu:

    • Helarctos malayanus malayanus
    • Helarctos malayanus euryspilus

    Erreferentziak

    1. Raffles (1821) 13 Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. 254. or..

    Ikus, gainera

    (RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
    license
    cc-by-sa-3.0
    copyright
    Wikipediako egileak eta editoreak
    original
    visit source
    partner site
    wikipedia EU

    Malaysiako hartz: Brief Summary ( Basque )

    provided by wikipedia EU

    Malaysiako hartza edo eguzki-hartza (Helarctos malayanus) Helarctos generoko animalia bat da. Artiodaktiloen barruko Ursidae familian sailkatuta dago.

    Bi azpiespezie ditu:

    Helarctos malayanus malayanus Helarctos malayanus euryspilus
    license
    cc-by-sa-3.0
    copyright
    Wikipediako egileak eta editoreak
    original
    visit source
    partner site
    wikipedia EU

    Malaijikarhu ( Finnish )

    provided by wikipedia FI

    Malaijikarhu[2] eli malajikarhu[3] eli biruangi (Helarctos malayanus) on maailman pienin karhulaji, ja sen sanotaan olevan yksi älykkäimmistä karhuista. Malaijikarhu elää Kaakkois-Aasian troopiikin metsissä.[2] Sen ravintoa ovat hedelmät ja erilaiset eläimet. Se asuu useimmiten puussa ja nukkuu oksalla. Malaijikarhu kasvaa enintään 140 senttimetrin pituiseksi ja 65 kilogramman painoiseksi.[2] Malaijikarhulla on hyvin lyhytkarvainen ja väriltään musta turkki.[4]

    Nisäkäsnimistötoimikunnan ehdotus lajin uudeksi suomenkieliseksi nimeksi on pikkukarhu.[3]

    Lähteet

    1. Fredriksson, G., Steinmetz, R., Wong, S. & Garshelis, D.L. (IUCN SSC Bear Specialist Group): Helarctos malayanus IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.1. 2008. International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN, Iucnredlist.org. Viitattu 14.7.2014. (englanniksi)
    2. a b c Nurminen, Matti (toim.): Maailman eläimet: Nisäkkäät 1, s. 88–89. (Englanninkielinen alkuperäisteos The Encyclopedia of Mammals 1, sarjassa World of animals). Helsinki: Tammi, 1986. ISBN 951-30-6530-8.
    3. a b Nisäkäsnimistötoimikunta: Maailman nisäkkäiden suomenkieliset nimet (vahvistamaton ehdotus nisäkkäiden nimiksi) luomus.fi. 2008. Viitattu 21.12.2010.
    4. Burnie, David: Matka eläinten maailmaan, sivu 269, WSOY, 2004, ISBN 951-0-29414-4 (alk. teos: The Concise Animal Encyclopedia, 2003)

    Aiheesta muualla

    Tämä nisäkkäisiin liittyvä artikkeli on tynkä. Voit auttaa Wikipediaa laajentamalla artikkelia.
    license
    cc-by-sa-3.0
    copyright
    Wikipedian tekijät ja toimittajat
    original
    visit source
    partner site
    wikipedia FI

    Malaijikarhu: Brief Summary ( Finnish )

    provided by wikipedia FI

    Malaijikarhu eli malajikarhu eli biruangi (Helarctos malayanus) on maailman pienin karhulaji, ja sen sanotaan olevan yksi älykkäimmistä karhuista. Malaijikarhu elää Kaakkois-Aasian troopiikin metsissä. Sen ravintoa ovat hedelmät ja erilaiset eläimet. Se asuu useimmiten puussa ja nukkuu oksalla. Malaijikarhu kasvaa enintään 140 senttimetrin pituiseksi ja 65 kilogramman painoiseksi. Malaijikarhulla on hyvin lyhytkarvainen ja väriltään musta turkki.

    Nisäkäsnimistötoimikunnan ehdotus lajin uudeksi suomenkieliseksi nimeksi on pikkukarhu.

    license
    cc-by-sa-3.0
    copyright
    Wikipedian tekijät ja toimittajat
    original
    visit source
    partner site
    wikipedia FI

    Ours malais ( French )

    provided by wikipedia FR

    Helarctos malayanus

    L'ours malais[1] (Helarctos malayanus), ou ours des cocotiers[1] ou bruan (du malais beruang, "ours"), est un ours. C'est la seule espèce du genre Helarctos. C'est le seul ours vraiment tropical et le plus petit des ours[2].

    Description

     src=
    Ours malais au Zoo de Shanghai

    L'ours malais mesure en longueur de 1 à 1,4 m (corps et tête, a une courte queue de 3 à 7 cm, a une hauteur qui dépasse rarement les 60 cm à l'épaule et il pèse de 27 à 65 kg.[3]

    Ses pattes arrière sont légèrement torses, à cause de ses grands pieds "en-dedans". Terminés par d'immenses griffes falciformes, ceux-ci lui sont très utiles pour grimper. C'est un excellent grimpeur : en effet, cet ours volontiers noctambule construit des nids de branches et de brindilles dans les arbres où il passe ses journées à dormir ou à se chauffer au soleil.

    Il est couvert d'une fourrure rase et luisante dont la couleur peut aller du noir de jais au brun-noir. Cette fourrure forme un collier jaune caractéristique.

    Sa tête est massive et aplatie sur le dessus, avec un museau assez court et une immense langue longue de 20 à 25 cm, étroite et extensible dont il se sert pour aller chercher le miel et les larves. Ce museau est assez clair, le plus souvent gris-brun[4].

    Habitat et mode de vie

    Malayan Sun Bear - Oregon Zoo.jpg

    C'est le plus arboricole des Ursidés. Il dort même souvent dans les arbres.

    On le rencontre dans les forêts tropicales d'Asie du Sud-Est. Sa zone de répartition comprend le nord-est de l'Inde, le Bangladesh et l'Asie du Sud-Est du sud de la Chine à l'Indonésie[5].

    Nutrition

    C'est un ours solitaire particulièrement friand de miel (d'où son nom malais de beruang madu, "ours à miel"), mais il consomme aussi des termites et les cœurs tendres des cocotiers, régime qu'il complète de fruits, de pousses, de divers végétaux, d’œufs, de larves et de petits vertébrés tels que des grenouilles, des lézards et des rongeurs.[6]

    Reproduction

    Au moment de la reproduction l'ours malais ne passe que quelques jours avec sa compagne.

    La femelle peut se reproduire à partir de 3 ans. Elle donne généralement naissance à 1 ou 2 petits après un peu plus 3 mois de gestation (de 95 à 174 jours).

    Les bébés ours naissent aveugles et sans poils et ne pèsent qu'une dizaine de grammes. Au bout d'un mois, les oursons ouvrent les yeux puis il se mettent à courir, jouent et commencent à s'éloigner de leur mère. Au bout 2 mois, ils commencent à manger des fruits qu'ils trouvent sur le sol mais leur mère les allaite encore pendant près de 18 mois. Les oursons deviennent adultes à l'âge de 3-4 ans.[7]

    Menaces

    L'ours malais (ours des cocotiers) est protégé par la CITES, car il a été exterminé pendant le XXe siècle. En Birmanie et en Thaïlande, où le déboisement est très important, son habitat est menacé, même si la suppression des primes a mis fin en grande partie à son massacre par les chasseurs. En Malaisie, les ours entrent dans la catégorie du gros gibier, mais on les chasse assez peu. Ils sont par contre souvent victimes des pièges destinés aux sangliers. Ils étaient aussi victimes de la chasse pour leurs organes, aux soi-disant vertus aphrodisiaques[5].

    Autre menace : les tigres, les panthères et les léopards sont de potentiels prédateurs de l'ours malais.

    Dernière menace, les petits ours des cocotiers étaient (cela tend à s'améliorer) appréciés comme animaux de compagnie, avant d'être abandonnés une fois devenus grands.

    Synonymes latins

    • Ursus malayanus Raffles, 1821
    • Helarctos euryspilus Horsfield, 1825
    • Helarctos malayanus Horsfield, 1825
    • Helarctos anmamiticus Heude, 1901

    Notes et références

    1. a et b Annexes au Journal officiel des Communautés européennes du 18 décembre 2000. Lire en ligne.
    2. Collectif (trad. Sylvie Menny), Le règne animal, Gallimard Jeunesse, octobre 2002, 624 p. (ISBN 2-07-055151-2), Ours malais page 190
    3. (th + en) Sompoad Srikosamatara et Troy Hansel (ill. Sakon Jisomkom), ในอุทยานแห่งชาติเขาใหญ่ / Mammals of Khao Yai National Park, Bangkok, Green World Foundation,‎ 2004, 3e éd., 120 p. (ISBN 974-89411-0-8), หมีหมา หรือหมีคน / Malayan Sun Bear pages 60 et 61
    4. Futura, « Ours malais », sur Futura (consulté le 27 février 2020)
    5. a et b « Ours malais (Helarctos malayanus) », sur www.manimalworld.net (consulté le 27 février 2020).
    6. Jiří Felix (trad. Jean et Renée Karel), Faune d'Asie, Gründ, 1982, 302 p. (ISBN 2-7000-1512-6), Ours des cocotiers page 28
    7. (en) Parcs nationaux de Thaïlande, « Sun Bear », sur thainationalparks.com (consulté le 14 octobre 2020)

    Voir aussi

    L'ours malais est la mascotte de la ville indonésienne de Balikpapan et de son club de football, le Persiba Balikpapan.

    Deux ours malais, Malaka et Tedy, résident au Zooparc de Trégomeur, en Cotes-d'armor, ainsi que deux autres au Zoo du Bassin d'Arcachon, Dara et Lailana, dans le Bassin d'Arcachon.

    license
    cc-by-sa-3.0
    copyright
    Auteurs et éditeurs de Wikipedia
    original
    visit source
    partner site
    wikipedia FR

    Ours malais: Brief Summary ( French )

    provided by wikipedia FR

    Helarctos malayanus

    L'ours malais (Helarctos malayanus), ou ours des cocotiers ou bruan (du malais beruang, "ours"), est un ours. C'est la seule espèce du genre Helarctos. C'est le seul ours vraiment tropical et le plus petit des ours.

    license
    cc-by-sa-3.0
    copyright
    Auteurs et éditeurs de Wikipedia
    original
    visit source
    partner site
    wikipedia FR

    Béar gréine ( Irish )

    provided by wikipedia GA

    Ainmhí uiliteach is ea an béar gréine. Mamach atá ann, agus is ball d'fhine na Ursidae é. Itheann an béar gréine duilleoga, feithidí, mil, laghairtí beaga agus a leithéid. Maireann sé in oirdheisceart na hÁise.


    Ainmhí
    Is síol ainmhí é an t-alt seo. Cuir leis, chun cuidiú leis an Vicipéid.
    Má tá alt níos forbartha le fáil i dteanga eile, is féidir leat aistriúchán Gaeilge a dhéanamh.


    license
    cc-by-sa-3.0
    copyright
    Údair agus eagarthóirí Vicipéid
    original
    visit source
    partner site
    wikipedia GA

    Sunčev medvjed ( Croatian )

    provided by wikipedia hr Croatian

    Sunčev medvjed (lat. Helarctos malayanus) je vrsta zvijeri iz porodice medvjeda koji živi u tropskim kišnim šumama jugoistočne Azije.

    Izgled

     src=
    Sunčev medvjed

    Za razliku od drugih članova svoje porodice, sunčev medvjed ima kratko i glatko krzno, koje je tamnosmeđe ili potpuno crne boje. Na prsima se nalazi žuto-narančasta mrlja u obliku polumjeseca. Područja oko očiju i njuške također su žuto-narančasta. Ima srpaste kandže. Šape su velike i imaju gole tabane, što mu pomaže u penjanju. Uši su male i okrugle, a njuška je crna. Rep je dug 3-7 centimetara.[1] Unatoč tome što je malih dimenzija, sunčev medvjed ima vrlo dug jezik (20-25 centimetara), koji mu služi za uzimanje meda iz košnica[2].

    Sunčev medvjed dug je 120-150 centimetara, a to ga čini najmanjim članom porodice medvjeda.[3] Mužjaci su 10-45% veći od ženki[1]. Težina varira između 30 i 70 kilograma[4], dok je visina ramena 60-78 centimetara[5].

    Ishrana

    Ishranu sunčeva medvjeda uglavnom čine beskralježnjaci i plodovi biljaka. Ipak, on je svežder, pa mu je izbor hrane raznovrstan. Jede male kralježnjake, kao što su gušteri, ptice i jaja kornjača. Hrani se također i mladim vrhovima palmi, gnijezdima pčela, bobicama, korijenjem, itd. Ustvari, ovaj medvjed voli jesti preko 100 vrsta kukaca i preko 50 biljnih vrsta[6]. Moćnim kandžama razbija orašaste plodove. Njih koristi i za traženje hrane u drvećima, npr. med, ličinke i termiti. Ima slabo razvijen vid, te hranu otkriva osjetilom njuha.

    Način života i razmnožavanje

    Ne hibernira, pa može dobivati potomke tijekom cijele godine. Spolno zrel postaje s 3-4 godine i u zatočeništvu može doživjeti 30 godina. Ženka okoti jednog ili dva mala medvjeda godišnje. Gestacija traje 96 dana. Mladi medvjed nakon rođenja je težak 300-400 grama, slijepi je i nema krzna. Majka o njemu brine oko godinu i pol. Nakon 1-3 mjeseca može trčati i tragati za hranom u blizini majke.

    Noćna je životinja. Danju vrijeme provodi odmarajući na drvećima oko 2-9 metara iznad zemlje. Upravo zato što previše vremena provodi na njima, može uzrokovati ozbiljnu štetu. Poznat je po uništavanju stabala kokosa i kakaovca.

    Logotip Wikivrsta
    Wikivrste imaju podatke o: Helarctos malayanus


    Izvori

    license
    cc-by-sa-3.0
    copyright
    Autori i urednici Wikipedije
    original
    visit source
    partner site
    wikipedia hr Croatian

    Sunčev medvjed: Brief Summary ( Croatian )

    provided by wikipedia hr Croatian

    Sunčev medvjed (lat. Helarctos malayanus) je vrsta zvijeri iz porodice medvjeda koji živi u tropskim kišnim šumama jugoistočne Azije.

    license
    cc-by-sa-3.0
    copyright
    Autori i urednici Wikipedije
    original
    visit source
    partner site
    wikipedia hr Croatian

    Malajiski mjedwjedź ( Upper Sorbian )

    provided by wikipedia HSB

    Malajiski mjedwjedź (zwjetša Helarctos malayanus, druhdy Ursus malayanus) je družina mjedwjedźow (Ursidae).

    Wopis

    Malajiski mjedwjedź je najmjeńši mjedwjedź a docpěje dołhosć wot něhdźe 1,4 m a wysokosć ramjenjow wot maksimalnje 70 cm. Jeho koža je krótka, hładka a čorna. Klama je swětła. Ma běłojty hač oranžožołty muster na hródźi. Jeho žratwa wobsteji z rostlinow, płodow, małkich zwěrjatow a mjedu.

    Rozšěrjenje a žiwjenski rum

    Malajiski mjedwjedź je žiwy w juhowuchodnej Aziji, předewšěm w južnej Chinje, zadnjej Indiskej, na kupomaj Sumatra a Borneo. Wón so zwjetša tam na štomach zdźerža.

    Žórła

    • Wolfgang Puschmann (wud.): BI-Lexikon Zootiere. VEB Biobliographisches Institut, Leipzig 1989. , strona 244 (němsce)
    • Meyers Taschenlexikon Biologie, In 3 Bänden, 2. zwjazk, ISBN 3-411-12023-1, strona 161 (němsce)

    Eksterne wotkazy

    Commons
    Hlej wotpowědne dataje we Wikimedia Commons:
    Malajiski mjedwjedź
    license
    cc-by-sa-3.0
    copyright
    Wikipedia authors and editors
    original
    visit source
    partner site
    wikipedia HSB

    Malajiski mjedwjedź: Brief Summary ( Upper Sorbian )

    provided by wikipedia HSB

    Malajiski mjedwjedź (zwjetša Helarctos malayanus, druhdy Ursus malayanus) je družina mjedwjedźow (Ursidae).

    license
    cc-by-sa-3.0
    copyright
    Wikipedia authors and editors
    original
    visit source
    partner site
    wikipedia HSB

    Beruang madu ( Indonesian )

    provided by wikipedia ID

    Beruang madu (Helarctos malayanus) termasuk familia Ursidae[2] dan merupakan jenis paling kecil dari kedelapan jenis beruang yang ada di dunia.[3] Beruang ini adalah fauna khas provinsi Bengkulu sekaligus dipakai sebagai simbol dari provinsi tersebut.[4] Beruang madu juga merupakan maskot dari kota Balikpapan[5]. Beruang madu di Balikpapan dikonservasi di sebuah hutan lindung bernama Hutan Lindung Sungai Wain[6].

    Fisik

    Malaienbaer 0744-2.jpg

    Panjang tubuhnya 1,40 m, tinggi punggungnya 70 cm dengan berat berkisar 50 – 65 kg.[7] Bulu beruang madu cenderung pendek, berkilau dan pada umumnya hitam, matanya berwarna cokelat atau biru,selain itu hidungnya relatif lebar tetapi tidak terlalu moncong.[3].Jenis bulu beruang madu adalah yang paling pendek dan halus dibandingkan beruang lainnya, berwarna hitam kelam atau hitam kecoklatan, di bawah bulu lehernya terdapat tanda yang unik berwarna oranye yang dipercaya menggambarkan matahari terbit.[8] Berbeda dengan beruang madu dewasa, bayi beruang madu yang baru lahir memiliki bulu yang lebih lembut, tipis dan bersinar.[9] Karena hidupnya di pepohonan maka telapak kaki beruang ini tidak berbulu sehingga ia dapat bergerak dengan kecepatan hingga 48 kilometer per jam dan memiliki tenaga yang sangat kuat.[10] Kepala beruang madu relatif besar sehingga menyerupai anjing yakni memiliki telinga kecil dan berbentuk bundar.[3] Beruang jenis ini memiliki lidah yang sangat panjang dan dapat dipanjangkan sesuai dengan kondisi alam untuk menyarikan madu dari sarang lebah di pepohonan.[8] Selain itu, lidah yang panjangnya dapat melebihi 25 cm itu juga digunakan untuk menangkap serangga kecil di batang pohon.[11] Beruang madu memiliki penciuman yang sangat tajam dan memiliki kuku yang panjang di keempat lengannya yang digunakan untuk mempermudah mencari makanan.[12] Beruang madu lebih sering berjalan dengan empat kaki, dan sangat jarang berjalan dengan dua kaki seperti manusia.[11] Lengan beruang jenis ini cukup lebar dan memiliki kuku melengkung serta berlubang yang memudahkannya memanjat pohon.[13] Kuku tangan yang melengkung digunakan oleh beruang ini untuk menggali rayap, semut dan sarang lebah dan beruang yang sedang mencari madu akan segera menghancurkan kayu yang masih hidup dan segar dan bahkan berusaha untuk menggaruk pohon yang kayunya keras.[14]Rahang beruang madu tidak proporsional karena terlalu besar sehingga tidak dapat memecahkan buah-buah besar seperti kelapa.[15] Gigi beruang ini lebih datar dan merata dibandingkan dengan jenis beruang lain, gigi taringnya cukup panjang sehingga menonjol keluar dari mulut.[16] Ukuran tulang tengkorak kepala beruang madu pada umunya memiliki panjang tengkorak 264,5 mm, panjang condylobasal 241,3 mm, lebar zygomatic 214,6 mm, lebar mastoid 170,2 mm, lebar interorbital 70,5 mm, lebar maxilla 76,2 mm.[17]

    Habitat

     src=
    Beruang madu hidup di hutan hujan tropis sekitar Asia

    Beruang madu hidup di hutan-hutan primer, hutan sekunder dan sering juga di lahan-lahan pertanian, mereka biasanya berada di pohon pada ketinggian 2 - 7 meter dari tanah, dan suka mematahkan cabang-cabang pohon atau membuatnya melengkung untuk membuat sarang.[18] Habitat beruang madu terdapat di daerah hujan tropis Asia Tenggara.[19] Penyebarannya terdapat di pulau Borneo,Sumatera,Indocina, Cina Selatan,Burma, serta Semenanjung malaya.[18] Oleh karena itulah jenis ini tidak memerlukan masa hibernasi seperti beruang lain yang tinggal di wilayah empat musim.[20] Beruang madu pada masa lalu diketahui tersebar hampir di seluruh benua Asia, namun sekarang menjadi semakin jarang akibat kehilangan dan fragmentasi habitat.[21]

    Makanan

    Beruang madu adalah binatang omnivora yang memakan apa saja di hutan.[2] Mereka memakan aneka buah-buahan dan tanaman hutan hujan tropis, termasuk juga tunas tanaman jenis palem.[3] Mereka juga memakan serangga, madu, burung, dan binatang kecil lainnya.[22] Apabila beruang madu memakan buah, biji ditelan utuh, sehingga tidak rusak, setelah buang air besar, biji yang ada di dalam kotoran mulai tumbuh sehingga beruang madu mempunyai peran yang sangat penting sebagai penyebar tumbuhan buah berbiji besar seperti cempedak, durian, lahung, kerantungan dan banyak jenis lain.[3] Pada wilayah yang telah diganggu oleh manusia, mereka akan merusak lahan pertanian, menghancurkan pisang, pepaya atau tanaman kebun lainnya.[22]

    Perilaku

     src=
    Beruang madu hidup secara soliter di alam bebas.

    Beruang madu aktif di malam hari atau disebut juga dengan makhluk nokturnal, mereka menghabiskan waktu di tanah dan memanjat pepohonan untuk mencari makanan.Kecuali betina dengan anaknya, beruang madu umumnya bersifat soliter. Mereka tidak berhibernasi sebagaimana spesies beruang lainnya karena sumber pakannya tersedia sepanjang tahun.[23] Dalam satu hari seekor beruang madu berjalan rata-rata 8 km untuk mencari makanannya.Perilaku beruang madu yakni menggali dan membongkar juga bermanfaat untuk mempercepat proses penguraian dan daur ulang yang sangat penting untuk hutan hujan tropis.[3] Beruang madu juga sangat berperan dalam meregenerasi hutan sebagai penyebar biji buah-buahan, dan terkenal sebagai pemanjat pohon yang ulung. Sifatnya pemalu, hidup penyendiri, aktif di siang hari dengan kebutuhan wilayah jelajah yang luas.[24]

    Perkembangbiakan

    Beruang madu tidak mempunyai musim kawin tetapi perkawinan dilakukan sewaktu-waktu terutama bila beruang madu betina telah siap kawin. Lama mengandung beruang betina adalah 95-96 hari, anak yang dilahirkan biasanya berjumlah dua ekor dan disusui selama 18 bulan.[25] Terkadang, beruang betina hanya terlihat dengan satu bayi dan sangat jarang ditemukan membawa dua bayi setelah masa kehamilannya.[13] Hal ini sangat dimungkinkan karena beruang madu sengaja menunda perkawinan untuk mengupayakan agar bayi terlahir saat induk memiliki berat badan yang cukup, cuaca yang sesuai serta makanan tersedia dalam jumlah yang memadai.[26] Beruang melahirkan di sarang yang berbentuk gua atau lubang pepohonan dimana bayi yang terlahir tanpa bulu dan masih sangat lemah dapat bertahan hidup. Bayi akan tetap tinggal di sarang sampai ia mampu berjalan bersama induknya mencari makanan.[27] Bayi beruang madu di duga hidup bersama induknya hingga berusia dua tahun dan kemudian mulai hidup secara mandiri.[28]

    Ancaman terhadap beruang madu

    Beruang madu telah dikategorikan sebagai binatang yang mudah di serang dan terancam kelangsungan hidupnya.[29] Hal ini disebabkan oleh pengerusakan habitat yang berlangsung terus-menerus.[26] Ancaman terbesar bagi beruang madu memang semakin hilangnya habitat yang berupa hutan hujan tropis , termasuk diantaranya fragmentasi hutan dan degradasi hutan yang disebabkan oleh perilaku manusia berupa pembalakan hutan secara liar serta penebangan hutan untuk keperluan perkebunan karet, kelapa sawit serta kopi.[30] Ancaman lain bagi beruang madu adalah adanya perburuan, baik dikawasan perlindungan maupun di luar kawasan perlindungan, bagian tubuh beruang madu seperti katung empedu serta cairannya banyak diperdagangkan secara gelap untuk memenuhi permintaan pasar pengobatan tradisional.[31] Selain itu, konflik yang terjadi antara manusia dengan beruang madu terkait dengan perusakan wilayah pertanian juga merupakan ancaman bagi beruang jenis ini.[32] Bencana alam seperti kebakaran hutan turut memengaruhi kelangsungan hidup beruang madu karena berhubungan erat dengan kelestarian habitat serta ketersediaan makanan.[27]

    Konservasi

    Konservasi beruang madu masih sangat jarang dilakukan.[33] Beruang ini telah terdaftar dalam Appendix I of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) sejak tahun 1979 yang menyatakan bahwa mereka tidak boleh diburu oleh siapapun.[34] Penelitian lebih lanjut mengenai beruang madu sedang dilakukan, khususnya tentang dasar-dasar biologis, ekologi, serta perilakunya.[35] Konservasi beruang madu perlu difokuskan pada perlindungan terhadap habitat hutan, manajemen yang baik terhadap bidang perlindungan beruang madu, supremasi hukum yang tegas terkait dengan pelanggaran terhadap perlindungan beruang madu, menghentikan perdagangan anggota tubuh beruang, serta mengurangi konflik antara manusia dan beruang madu di wilayah hutan.[35]

    Referensi

    1. ^ Fredriksson, G., Steinmetz, R., Wong, S. and Garshelis, D. L. (IUCN SSC Bear Specialist Group) (2008). "Helarctos malayanus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature.Pemeliharaan CS1: Menggunakan parameter penulis (link)
    2. ^ a b Situs Arktofile: Sun Bear diakses 3 mei 2010
    3. ^ a b c d e f ,Gabriella FredrikssonSun Bear Funsheet, http://www.beruangmadu.org/uploads/pdfs/sun_bear_facts_indo.pdf diakses 22 April 2010
    4. ^ http://www.sekolahvirtual.or.id/2009/10/daftar-fauna-identitas-provinsi-di-indonesia/ diakses 25 Mei 2010
    5. ^ Humas Pemkot Balikpapan - Maskot Kota Balikpapan
    6. ^ - Tribun News - Beruang Madu Balikpapan Terancam Punah. Diakses 28 Juni 2010
    7. ^ Situs Kidnesia: Beruang Madu diakses 22 April 2010
    8. ^ a b (en) Situs Honolulu Zoo, 2008 diakses 26 April 2010
    9. ^ (en)Sanderson, I. Living Mammals of the World. 1972.Garden City, New York: Doubleday and Company.
    10. ^ Ari Rakatama,Buletin Triwulan RAKATA, Edisi 11/III/2005
    11. ^ a b Situs Maharani Zoo & Goa diakses 27 April 2010
    12. ^ National Geographic, 2010, http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/mammals/sun-bear.html diakses 26 April 2010
    13. ^ a b (en) IUCN/SSC Bear Specialist Group – International Association for Bear Research and Management (April, 2008) Situs Bearbiiology diakses 27 April 2010
    14. ^ Taman Nasional Kerinci Seblat, 1998, http://www.angelfire.com/id2/jambi/beruang.htm diakses 22 April 2010
    15. ^ (en) Kenneth Eke,Sun Bear. Situs Whozoo diakses 3 Mei 2010
    16. ^ (en) Situs bears: Sun Bear diakses 3 Mei 2010
    17. ^ (en) Fitzgerald, C., P. Krausman. Helarctos malayanus. 2002.Mammalian Species , 696: 1-5.
    18. ^ a b Hanum Putri Permatsari.2009.Fauna Identitas: BERUANG MADU (Helarctos malayanus (Raffles).http://indopedia.gunadarma.ac.id/pdf/5941.pdf diakses 29 April 2010
    19. ^ Ketua Bubuhan.2010.Beruang Madu dan Balikpapan.http://balikpapancitizen.com/bubuhan.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=79:beruang-madu-dan-balikpapan&catid=62:culture&Itemid=161 diakses 29 April 2010
    20. ^ (en) The Bear Planet. 2010.http://www.bearplanet.org/sunbear.shtml diakses 29 April 2010
    21. ^ harapan rainforest.2009.Perjumpaan dengan keluarga Beruang Madu.http://harapanrainforest.org/id/blog-beruang diakses 29 April 2010
    22. ^ a b (en) Howard Youth.Sun Bear .ZooGoer 28(2) 1999.Friends of the National Zoo.
    23. ^ Taman Nasional Gunung Leuser.2009.http://orangutancentre.org/wp-content/uploads/bukusaku_b_lawang_bhs.pdf diakses 5 Mei 2010
    24. ^ Beruang madu “Helarctos malayanus”, Kumpulan Informasi Menarik Tentang Beruang Terkecil di Dunia. Diterbitkan oleh: -Badan Pengelola Hutan Lindung Sungai Wain Yayasan Peduli Hutan Lindung Sungai Wain (Friend Of Sungai Wain/FoW.http://www.ffi.or.id/beruangmadu.php diakses 22 April 2010
    25. ^ Balai Konservasi Sumber Daya Alam Yogyakarta.http://bksdadiy.dephut.go.id/katalog_detail.php?kat=&id=8 5 Mei 2010
    26. ^ a b (en) Fredriksson, G.M., Wich, S.A. and Trisno, X. Frugivory in sun bears (Helarctosmalayanus) is linked to El Niño-related fluctuations in fruiting phenology, East Kalimantan, Indonesia.2006. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 89: 489 - 508.
    27. ^ a b (en) Fredriksson, G.M., Danielsen, L.S. and Swenson, J.E. Impacts of El Nino related drought and forest fires on sun bear fruit resources in lowland dipterocarp forest of East Borneo. 2007.Biodiversity and Conservation, 16(6): 1823 - 1838.
    28. ^ (en) Schwarzenberger, F., Fredriksson, G., Schallerc, K. and Kolter, L. Fecal steroid analysis for monitoring reproduction in the sun bear (Helarctos malayanus).2004. Theriogenology, 62: 1677 - 1692.
    29. ^ (en) IUCN Red List (March, 2008) http://www.iucnredlist.org diakses 5 mei 2010
    30. ^ (en) Meijaard, E., Sheil, D., Nasi, R., Augeri, D., Rosenbaum, B., Iskandar, D., Setyawati, T., Lammertink, M., Rachmatika, I., Wong, A., Soehartono, T., Stanley, S. and O'Brien, T. Life after Logging: Reconciling Wildlife Conservation and Production Forestry in Indonesian Borneo.2005. Bogor. CIFOR and UNESCO.
    31. ^ Govind, V. and Ho, S. The Consumer Reporton the Trade in Bear Gall Bladder and Bear Bile Products in Singapore. 2001. UK.Animal Concerns Research and Education Society
    32. ^ (en) Fredriksson G. Human–sun bear conflicts in East Kalimantan, Indonesian Borneo.2005. Ursus, 16(1): 130 - 137.
    33. ^ (en) Servheen, C., Herrero, S. and Peyton, B. (1999) Bears Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.
    34. ^ (en) CITES (December, 2004) http://www.cites.org diakses 5 Mei 2010
    35. ^ a b (en) Fredriksson, G.M. (2008) Pers. comm.

    Pranala luar

    license
    cc-by-sa-3.0
    copyright
    Penulis dan editor Wikipedia
    original
    visit source
    partner site
    wikipedia ID

    Beruang madu: Brief Summary ( Indonesian )

    provided by wikipedia ID

    Beruang madu (Helarctos malayanus) termasuk familia Ursidae dan merupakan jenis paling kecil dari kedelapan jenis beruang yang ada di dunia. Beruang ini adalah fauna khas provinsi Bengkulu sekaligus dipakai sebagai simbol dari provinsi tersebut. Beruang madu juga merupakan maskot dari kota Balikpapan. Beruang madu di Balikpapan dikonservasi di sebuah hutan lindung bernama Hutan Lindung Sungai Wain.

    license
    cc-by-sa-3.0
    copyright
    Penulis dan editor Wikipedia
    original
    visit source
    partner site
    wikipedia ID

    Helarctos malayanus ( Italian )

    provided by wikipedia IT

    L'orso malese (Helarctos malayanus Raffles, 1821), conosciuto anche con il nome di orso del sole, è un orso che abita principalmente le foreste pluviali dell'Asia sudorientale. È l'unico rappresentante del genere Helarctos.

    Il nome malese è basindo nan tenggil («colui che preferisce sedersi in alto»). Il nome indonesiano invece è Beruang Madu («orso del miele»).

    Descrizione

    L'orso malese misura approssimativamente 1,2 m di lunghezza, facendone il membro più piccolo della famiglia degli orsi. È spesso chiamato orso cane a causa della sua piccola statura. Ha una coda di 3 cm e un peso che in media non supera i 65 kg. I maschi tendono ad essere leggermente più grandi delle femmine.

    Diversamente dagli altri orsi, il pelo dell'orso malese è corto e lucido. Questo è probabilmente un adattamento al clima dei bassopiani che abita. Il suo corpo è ricoperto da una pelliccia nero scuro o nero-bruno, a eccezione del petto, dove è presente una macchia a forma di ferro di cavallo giallo-arancio pallido. Una colorazione del pelo simile si può trovare intorno al muso e agli occhi. Questi segni caratteristici hanno dato a quest'orso il nome inglese di sun bear, «orso del sole».

    L'orso malese possiede delle unghie a forma di falce, dal peso relativamente leggero. Ha delle grandi piante dei piedi con le palme nude, probabilmente per aiutarsi nelle arrampicate. Le sue zampe rivolte all'indentro gli conferiscono la tipica camminata da orso, ma è un eccellente arrampicatore. Ha orecchie piccole e arrotondate ed un muso corto. È dotato di una lingua molto lunga (fino a 20 cm) che usa per raccogliere gli insetti nelle fessure dei tronchi.

    La pelle di quest'orso è molto flaccida; così, se una tigre o un leopardo lo afferrano, l'orso può rigirarsi e mordere a sua volta.

    Biologia

    Creature prevalentemente notturne, gli orsi malesi tendono a rimanere sui rami più bassi, non lontani dal suolo. Poiché passano molto tempo sugli alberi, gli orsi malesi possono a volte causare danni consistenti alle proprietà private. Sappiamo di orsi che hanno distrutto palme da cocco e alberi di cacao nelle piantagioni. La caccia agli orsi dannosi è la maggiore causa del recente declino delle popolazioni di orso malese, così come il bracconaggio per impadronirsi della pelle e delle parti del suo corpo, usate nella medicina cinese.

    Malaienbaer 0744-2.jpg

    La dieta dell'orso malese varia molto e comprende piccoli vertebrati, come lucertole, uccelli e altri mammiferi, oltre a frutta, uova, termiti, germogli di alberi di palma, nidi di ape, bacche, germogli, insetti, radici, cacao e noci di cocco. Le sue potenti mascelle possono rompere perfino queste ultime. Gran parte del cibo dell'orso malese viene individuato grazie al senso dell'olfatto, dal momento che la sua vista è scarsa.

    L'orso malese non va in letargo, così può riprodursi durante tutto l'anno. Non è raro che dia alla luce due orsacchiotti per volta, entrambi del peso di 280–340 g. Il periodo di gestazione è di circa 96 giorni, ma l'allattamento può durare per circa 18 mesi. I piccoli raggiungono la maturità sessuale dopo 3-4 anni e possono vivere fino a 28 anni in cattività.

    Tassonomia

    Oltre alla sottospecie nominale ne è presente anche un'altra (Helarctos malayanus euryspilus), che si trova solamente sull'isola del Borneo.

    Bibliografia

     title=
    license
    cc-by-sa-3.0
    copyright
    Autori e redattori di Wikipedia
    original
    visit source
    partner site
    wikipedia IT

    Helarctos malayanus: Brief Summary ( Italian )

    provided by wikipedia IT

    L'orso malese (Helarctos malayanus Raffles, 1821), conosciuto anche con il nome di orso del sole, è un orso che abita principalmente le foreste pluviali dell'Asia sudorientale. È l'unico rappresentante del genere Helarctos.

    Il nome malese è basindo nan tenggil («colui che preferisce sedersi in alto»). Il nome indonesiano invece è Beruang Madu («orso del miele»).

    license
    cc-by-sa-3.0
    copyright
    Autori e redattori di Wikipedia
    original
    visit source
    partner site
    wikipedia IT

    Malajinis lokys ( Lithuanian )

    provided by wikipedia LT
    Binomas Helarctos malayanus

    Malajinis lokys (lot. Helarctos malayanus, sin. Ursus malayanus, angl. Sun Bear, vok. Malaienbär) – lokinių (Ursidae) šeimos žinduolis. Paplitęs Pietryčių Azijoje.

    Tai vienas iš mažiausių lokių. Kailis juodas ir trumpas. Malajiniai lokiai gyvena tropinio klimato juostos miškuose. Minta vaisiais ir įvairiais gyvūnais. Didelę gyvenimo dalį jie praleidžia medžiuose.


    Vikiteka

    Nebaigta Šis su teriologija susijęs straipsnis yra nebaigtas. Jūs galite prisidėti prie Vikipedijos papildydami šį straipsnį.

    Šaltiniai

    1. „IUCN Red List - Helarctos malayanus“. IUCN Red list. Nuoroda tikrinta 2012-03-19.
    license
    cc-by-sa-3.0
    copyright
    Vikipedijos autoriai ir redaktoriai
    original
    visit source
    partner site
    wikipedia LT

    Saules lācis ( Latvian )

    provided by wikipedia LV

    Saules lācis (Helarctos malayanus) ir lāču dzimtas (Ursidae) zīdītājs, kas ir vienīgā suga saules laču ģintī (Helarctos). To mēdz saukt arī par Malaizijas saules lāci vai medus lāci.

    Saules lācis dzīvo Dienvidaustrumāzijas tropu lietus mežos.[1] Tos var sastapt sākot ar Ķīnas rietumiem un Indijas austrumiem un beidzot ar Indonēzijas austrumiem.[2] Zinātnieki uzskata, ka saules lācis no pārējiem lāciem ir atdalījies pirms miljons gadiem, nokļūstot izolācijā uz Borneo un Sumatras salām, tā kā jūras līmenis bija augstāks kā mūsdienās.[3]

    Izskats un ieradumi

     src=
    Uz krūtīm ir dzeltena vai oranža pakavveida zīme

    Saules lācis ir mazākais lāču dzimtā.[4] Tā ķermeņa garums ir apmēram 1,2 m, svars tēviņiem ir 30 - 60 kg, mātītēm 20 - 40 kg.[5] Tēviņi ir 10 - 45% lielāki par mātītēm[6]. Tam ir lielas ķepas ar gariem, sirpveidīgiem nagiem un kailām zolēm. Nagi ir relatīvi viegli. Ķepas ir iegrieztas uz iekšu, un gaita līdz ar to izskatās lempīga, bet saules lācis ir veikls kāpējs kokos. Ausis ir nelielas, apaļas, bet purns masīvs. Aste 3 - 7 cm gara. Neskatoties uz to, ka lācis ir maza auguma, tam ir ļoti gara, slaida mēle, kas ir apmēram 20 - 25 cm gara. Mēle tiek lietota, lai tiktu klāt pie medus bišu ligzdās[7].

    Atšķirībā no citiem lāčiem saules lāča kažoka apspalvojums ir īss un slīdīgs. Kažoks ir melns vai tumši brūns, bet uz krūtīm ir dzeltena vai oranža zīme, kas atgādina zirga pakavu. Arī purns ir gaišs, līdzīgā krāsā kā krūšu zīme. Pateicoties šīm košajām zīmēm lācis ieguva savu vārdu - saules lācis.

    Saules lācis ir nakts dzīvnieks, un dienas laikā tas atpūšas koka apakšējos zaros. Tā kā tas dienas lielāko daļu pavada kokos, tad reizēm nodara postījumus kokosriekstu palmu stādījumos. Lāča galvenais ienaidnieks ir cilvēks, kas medī lāci kā stādījumu kaitnieku, kā arī Ķīnas medicīnā izmanto tā žulti. Reizēm tam uzbrūk tīģeris, leopards, Āzijas melnais lācis vai pitons[5]. Saules lācim uz kakla ir daudz brīvas ādas, kas ļauj tam apgriezties apkārt, ja kāds plēsējs to ir satvēris aiz skausta, un cīnīties pretī ienaidniekam.

    Barība

    Sun Bear 3.jpg

    Saules lācis ir visēdājs, un tas medī nelielus dzīvniekusķirzakas, putnus, grauzējus, kā arī ēd augļus, olas, termītus, palmu koku jaunos dzinumus, bišu ligzdas, medu, ogas, asnus, kukaiņus, saknes, kakao un kokosriekstus. Tā spēcīgie žokļi viegli sakož riekstus. Meklējot barību, saules lācis balstās uz savu smalko ožu, bet tā redze ir ļoti vāja.

    Vairošanās

    Saules lācis nedodas ziemas guļā, līdz ar to tā pārošanās sezona nav noteikta. Ir uzskats, ka saules lāčiem ir monogāmas attiecības.[8] Dzimumbriedumu saules lāči sasniedz 3 - 4 gadu vecumā. Saules lācim katru gadu piedzimst mazuļi. Grūsnības periods ilgst 96 dienas un piedzimst apmēram 300 - 400 g smags viens vai divi lācēni. Mazuļi ir akli, bez spalvām un nevarīgi. Tie zīž mātes pienu līdz pat 18 mēnešiem. Kad mazuļi ir 1 līdz 3 mēnešus veci, tie sāk savai mātei sekot un skriet līdzi. Dzīves garums nebrīvē tiem var sasniegt 28 gadus.

    Sistemātika

    Saules lācim ir divas pasugas:

    • Helarctos malayanus malayanus
    • Helarctos malayanus euryspilus - tikai Borneo salā[9].

    Atsauces

    license
    cc-by-sa-3.0
    copyright
    Wikipedia autori un redaktori
    original
    visit source
    partner site
    wikipedia LV

    Saules lācis: Brief Summary ( Latvian )

    provided by wikipedia LV

    Saules lācis (Helarctos malayanus) ir lāču dzimtas (Ursidae) zīdītājs, kas ir vienīgā suga saules laču ģintī (Helarctos). To mēdz saukt arī par Malaizijas saules lāci vai medus lāci.

    Saules lācis dzīvo Dienvidaustrumāzijas tropu lietus mežos. Tos var sastapt sākot ar Ķīnas rietumiem un Indijas austrumiem un beidzot ar Indonēzijas austrumiem. Zinātnieki uzskata, ka saules lācis no pārējiem lāciem ir atdalījies pirms miljons gadiem, nokļūstot izolācijā uz Borneo un Sumatras salām, tā kā jūras līmenis bija augstāks kā mūsdienās.

    license
    cc-by-sa-3.0
    copyright
    Wikipedia autori un redaktori
    original
    visit source
    partner site
    wikipedia LV

    Beruang Madu ( Malay )

    provided by wikipedia MS
    "Beruang matahari" dilencongkan di sini.

    Beruang madu (Ursus malayanus), juga dikenali sebagai beruang matahari merupakan beruang yang kebanyakannya terdapat di hutan hujan tropika Asia Tenggara; Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Kemboja, Vietnam, Selatan China, Semenanjung Malaysia, dan pulau Sumatra dan Borneo.[2] Nama saintifiknya adalah Ursus (sebelum ini Helarctos) malayanus.[3]

    Gambaran

    Beruang madu adalah sepanjang 120-150 cm (47-60 in), menjadikannya ahli terkecil dalam keluarga (Ursidae) beruang.[4] Beruang jantan cenderung 10-45% lebih besar berbanding beruang betina;[5] jantan biasanya seberat antara 30 dan 70 kg (66-154 lb), dan betina antara 20 dan 40 kg (44-88 lb).[6] Ketinggian bahu adalah sekitar 60-72 cm (24-28 in).[7] Beruang madu memiliki cakar berbentuk sabit yang agak ringan dari segi beratnya. Ia memiliki telapak tangan yang besar dengan tumit kaki licin, kemungkinannya untuk membantu memanjat. Kakinya mengarah ke dalam menjadikan beruang madu berjalan seperti merpati, tetapi merupakan pemanjat yang baik. Ia memiliki telinga bulat, kecil dan hidung yang sasa. Ekornya adalah sepanjang 1.2-2.8 inci (3-7 cm).[5] Sungguhpun bersaiz kecil, beruang madu memiliki lidah yang halus dan amat panjang, antara 8 hingga 10 inci (20-25 cm) panjang. Berung ini menggunakan lidahnya bagi mengeluarkan madu dari sarang lebah.[8]

    Tidak seperti beruang lain, bulu beruang madu adalah pendek dan licin. Adaptasi ini kemungkinannya disebabkan cuaca tanah rendah yang didiaminya. Bulu hitam gelap atau perang-hitam menyelitupi keseluruhan badannya, kecuali di dada, di mana terdapat tanda kuning bata pucat dalam bentuk bulan sabit. Bulu dengan warna yang sama juga terdapat di sekeliling muncung dan matanya. Tanda menonjol inilah yang memberikan nama Inggerisnya.

    Diet

    Permakanan beruang madu kebanyakannya terdiri daripada invertebra dan buah-buahan tetapi sebagai maserba mereka akan makan sejumlah besar makanan termasuk vertebra kecil, seperti mengkarung, burung, dan penyu, telor, pucuk pokok palma, sarang lebah, beri, pucuk, akar, dan buah kelapa. Malah, beruang madu telah dilihat makan lebih dari 100 spesies serangga dan lebih dari 50 spesies tumbuhan.[9]

    Sungguhpun mampu memakan banyak spesies, beruang madu mempunyai sumber makanan kegemaran. Ini dipaparkan dalam satu kajian di mana anai-anai, semut, kumbang dan larva kumbang membentuk sejumlah besar invertebra yang dimakan, sementara buah pokok Ara merupakan sumber buah paling penting yang dimakan.[10]

    Kegemaran beruang madu terhadap madu memberi namanya. Rahangnya yang berkuasa mampu membuka kelapa. Cakarnya yang berkuasa dan panjang digunakan bagi memecah batang kayu dan balak tumbang bagi mencapai madu, pucuk dan anai-anai. Kebanyakan makanan beruang madu dikesan melalui deria bau kerana penglihatannya yang lemah.

    Gaya hidup dan pembiakan

     src=
    Beruang madu Malaya.

    Beruang matahari tidak melakukan hibernasi dan oleh itu, dapat membiak sepanjang tahun. Anak beruang boleh mencapai kematangan seksual selepas 3-4 tahun dan boleh hidup hingga 30 tahun dalam kurungan. Beruang madu betina boleh melahirkan satu atau dua ekor anak beruang setahun. Beruang matahari mengandung selama kira-kira 96 hari lalu melahirkan anak beruang yang buta dan tidak berbulu dengan jisim kira-kira 300 ke 400 gram. Anak beruang pada awalnya bergantung sepenuhnya terhadap ibunya dan penyusuan boleh berlanjutan hingga 18 bulan. Selepas satu hingga tiga bulan, anak beruang boleh berlari, bermain dan berburu di samping ibunya. Beruang matahari jantan lebih banyak membesar berbanding betina. Beruang betina mula mengawan pada tiga tahun. Ketika mengawan, beruang matahari akan melakukan tindakan seperti memeluk, pergaduhan olok-olok dan berlanggar muka bersama pasangannya.

    Sebagai makhluk yang umumnya nokturnal, beruang madu cenderung untuk berehat pada waktu siang pada anggota bawah di kawasan sedikit di atas tanah. Oleh kerana beruang madu meluangkan masa yang lama di atas pokok, beruang ini boleh mengakibatkan kerosakan pada harta persendirian, di mana beruang madu diketahui pernah merosakkan pokok kelapa dan koko di kawasan pertanian.

    Ancaman

    Beruang madu dewasa biasanya hampir tidak mempunyai pemangsa melainkan manusia dengan sifat liar dan giginya.[11] Kadangkala, beruang madu boleh diatasi oleh harimau atau ular sawa batik bersaiz besar. Pemangsa lain termasuklah harimau bintang, harimau dahan dan beruang hitam Asia, beruang berkedudukan sama dengan taburan beruang madu yang lebih besar.[6] Kulit leher beruang yang longgar membenarkan beruang madu untuk menggeliang-geliutkan kepalanya dengan jauh sehingga dapat berpusing dan menggigit penyerang apabila diserang.

    Penurunan populasi beruang madu pada masa ini biasanya berlaku akibat pemburuan "beruang pengacau" yang merosakkan tanaman dan juga pemburuan haram untuk bulu dan hempedunya yang digunakan dalam perubatan Cina.

    Kadangkala, beruang madu ditangkap atau dijaga sebagai haiwan peliharaan, suatu pilihan yang dikatakan baik untuknya disebabkan oleh sifatnya yang tidak begitu mengganas berbanding spesis beruang yang lain.[12]

    Pihak IUCN mengelaskan semula status beruang madu daripada "kekurangan data" kepada "terjejas" pada 2007.[13]

    Spesies kecil

    • Helarctos malayanus malayanus
    • Helarctos malayanus euryspilus, hanya dijumpai di Borneo.

    Rujukan

    1. ^ Fredriksson, G., Steinmetz, R., Wong, S. & Garshelis, D.L. (2008). Helarctos malayanus. Senarai Merah Spesies Terancam IUCN 2008. IUCN 2008. Dicapai pada 26 January 2009.
    2. ^ Stirling I., 1993; Bears, majestic creatures of the World. Rodale Press, Emmaus
    3. ^ Protection of Wild Life Act 1972
      LAWS OF MALAYSIA
    4. ^ http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/mammals/sun-bear/
    5. ^ a b Brown, Gary (1996). Great Bear Almanac. m/s. 340. ISBN 1558214747.
    6. ^ a b Fredriksson, Gabriella M. (2005). "Predation on Sun Bears by Reticulated Python in East Kalimantan, Indonesian Borneo" (PDF). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology. 53 (1): 165–168.
    7. ^ http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Helarctos_malayanus.html
    8. ^ Sun Bear at Arktofile
    9. ^ Frediksson Gabriella, 2001; "Beruang madu." "Sahabat Alam, LORIES. Jan 2001:3-6."
    10. ^ Wong Siew Te, Servheen Christopher, Ambu Laurentius, 2002; "Food habits of Malayan Sun Bears in lowland tropical forests of Borneo."Ursus 13:127-136"
    11. ^ San Diego Zoo's Animal Bytes: Sun Bear
    12. ^ Bunnell, Fred (1984). Macdonald, D., penyunting. The Encyclopedia of Mammals. New York: Facts on File. m/s. 97. ISBN 0-87196-871-1.
    13. ^ Concern grows for the smallest bear, BBC News, accessed 2007-11-12

    Pautan luar

    Wikimedia Commons mempunyai media berkaitan: Beruang Madu. Wikispesies mempunyai maklumat berkaitan dengan Beruang Madu
    license
    cc-by-sa-3.0
    copyright
    Pengarang dan editor Wikipedia
    original
    visit source
    partner site
    wikipedia MS

    Beruang Madu: Brief Summary ( Malay )

    provided by wikipedia MS
    "Beruang matahari" dilencongkan di sini.

    Beruang madu (Ursus malayanus), juga dikenali sebagai beruang matahari merupakan beruang yang kebanyakannya terdapat di hutan hujan tropika Asia Tenggara; Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Kemboja, Vietnam, Selatan China, Semenanjung Malaysia, dan pulau Sumatra dan Borneo. Nama saintifiknya adalah Ursus (sebelum ini Helarctos) malayanus.

    license
    cc-by-sa-3.0
    copyright
    Pengarang dan editor Wikipedia
    original
    visit source
    partner site
    wikipedia MS

    Maleise beer ( Dutch; Flemish )

    provided by wikipedia NL

    De Maleise beer of honingbeer (Helarctos malayanus) is een beer uit Zuidoost-Azië. In Maleisië wordt hij biroeang of broeang genoemd.

    Anatomie

    Malaienbaer 0744-2.jpg

    Opvallend aan deze overwegend zwarte (soms grijs of roestkleurig) beer is de heldere witte of gele, halvemaanvormige vlek op de borst. De korte snuit heeft ook een heldere kleur, meestal geel of oranjeachtig. Deze gelaatskleur strekt zich meestal tot boven de ogen uit. De oren zijn klein en rond. Karakteristiek zijn verder de grote gebogen klauwen en de onbehaarde voetzolen.

    Een volwassen dier kan een lichaamslengte van 120 tot 150 cm bereiken en een gewicht van tussen de 30 en 60 kg. Daarmee is de Maleise beer een van de kleinste vertegenwoordigers van de berenfamilie (Ursidae).

    Leefgebied

    De Maleise beer leeft in de tropische regenwouden van Zuidoost-Azië, van Birma, Yunnan (China) en India via Thailand, Laos, Cambodja en Vietnam tot Maleisië, Kalimantan en Sumatra (Indonesië).

    Voedsel en leefwijze

    Maleise beren zijn omnivoren. Hun menu bestaat onder andere uit kleine zoogdieren, vogels, insectenlarven, termieten, eieren, vruchten, jonge scheuten, andere plantenkost en honing, vandaar de naam. Het zijn goede klimmers die een groot deel van de dag rustend in de boom doorbrengen. In tegenstelling tot de meeste andere beren is de maleise beer vooral 's nachts actief. De scherpe klauwen komen bij het klimmen goed van pas. De dieren leven solitair, de jongen blijven 1 tot 2 jaar bij de moeder. Een nest bevat bevat meestal niet meer dan drie jongen.

    Literatuur

    Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
    license
    cc-by-sa-3.0
    copyright
    Wikipedia-auteurs en -editors
    original
    visit source
    partner site
    wikipedia NL

    Maleise beer: Brief Summary ( Dutch; Flemish )

    provided by wikipedia NL

    De Maleise beer of honingbeer (Helarctos malayanus) is een beer uit Zuidoost-Azië. In Maleisië wordt hij biroeang of broeang genoemd.

    license
    cc-by-sa-3.0
    copyright
    Wikipedia-auteurs en -editors
    original
    visit source
    partner site
    wikipedia NL

    Malayabjørn ( Norwegian )

    provided by wikipedia NO

    Malayabjørn (Helarctos malayanus) er det minste medlemmet i bjørnefamilien og den eneste representanten i slekten Helarctos.

    Habitat og geografisk spredning

    Malayabjørnen finnes først og fremst i tett lavlandsskog i tropiske strøk, der det er vanlig å finne den i trærne.[2] Geografisk kan man finne malayabjørn fra det østlige Himalaya og Sze-Chwan i Kina, og sørover gjennom Myanmar og deler av Indokina og Malaysia, herunder også på flere av de malayiske øyene, som Borneo og Sumatra. Noen forskere hevder at utbredelsen faktisk kan være større enn tidligere antatt.[3]

    Beskrivelse

    Malayabjørnen er den minste av bjørneartene. Den veier 25-65 kg (46 kg i snitt) og har normalt en skulderhøyde på ca. 70 cm. Binna veier normalt kun 30-35 kg. Kroppslengden ligger på ca. 100-170 cm målt fra snutespissen til haleroten. Halen er gjerne kun er ca. 3-7 cm lang. Som hos alle bjørner er hannen størst, men kun med ca. 10-20%.

    Den har kort og grov sort, men glatt pels, en grå til blek-orange snute og en kremgul u-formet flekk på brystet som har gitt den tilnavnet solbjørn. Bjørnen har store framben med kraftige sigdformede klør, og de relativt største tennene av bjørneartene. Snuten er lang og bevegelig og tunga er også svært lang. Disse tilpassingene gjør malayabjørnen til en spesialist på å ete insekt. Med de kraftige klørne åpner den råtne stokker og termittuer, den lange bevegelige snuten og tunga er gode redskaper til å få tak i insektene innenfor. Fotsålene er ikke pelsbekledte, noe som gjør denne bjørnen til en utmerket klatrer.

    Underarter

    Det er ingen anerkjente underarter av malayabjørn, men til forskningsbruk skiller man gjerne mellom bjørner som lever på fastlandet og på øyene Borneo og Sumatra. Fastlandsbjørner og øybjørner har imidlertid distinkte forskjeller i kraniet, noe som kan indikere to ulike underarter.[4] Dette nevnes også av IUCN.[1]. I Catalogue of Life nevnes det to underarter.[5]

    • Helarctos malayanus euryspilus, Borneobjørn (øyene)
    • Helarctos malayanus malayanus, Malayabjørn (fastlandet)

    Atferd og matvaner

    Malayabjørne er normalt nattaktiv, og dagene tilbringer den gjerne sovende oppe i et tre, normalt i 3-7 meters høyde over bakken. Den er en god klatrer, og mye av matsankingen foregår også i trærne. Denne bjørnen har ingen vintersøvn, men er aktive hele året, noe som trolig skyldes at tilgangen på mat er relativt stabil i tropiske strøk. Dette gjør også denne bjørnen til den mest stasjonære av alle bjørner, som ellers er kjent for å vandre langt for å tilfredsstille sitt matbehov.

    Malayabjørnen er en opportunistisk alteter som gjerne spiser bier, insekter, termitter, frukt, palmeskudd, honning osv. Om anledningen byr seg tar den gjerne også smågnagere, fugl og firfisler. I Indonesia kalles bjørnene honningbjørner. Nær menneskelige bosetninger er det kjent at malayabjørnen også spiser matrester, bufe og avlinger (f.eks. bananer).[6]

    Malayabjørnen regnes som smart og intelligent. Ved et tilfelle i fangenskap fikk en malayabjørn servert ris, som den tok i mot og spredte utover bakken der det gikk noen kyllinger å spiste. Risen tiltrakk fuglenes oppmerksomhet, og når de kom for å spise fanget bjørnen kyllingen og spiste den.[7]

    Reproduksjon og levetid

    Sun Bear 3.jpg

    Man vet lite om denne bjørnens reproduktive vaner i vill tilstand. Drektighetstiden er imidlertid ca. 95 dager, men det finnes bevis for at også malayabjørnen kan ha såkalt embryonisk diapause. I fangenskap er det registrert at binna først føder 174-240 dager etter parringen. I Berlin Zoo fødte ei binne i 1961 sågar ved to ulike anledninger, først i april og så igjen i august. Kullstørrelsen består vanligvis av én til to valper, av og til også tre valper. Ved fødselen er valpene blinde og hårløse, og veier normalt omkring 300 gram. De blir hos mora til de er kjønnsmodne og fullvoksne, omkring 3 år gamle.[8]

    Mat vet nærmest ingen ting om levetiden for malayabjørner i vill tilstand, men i fangenskap kan de bli nærmere 25 år gamle. Den eldste bjørnen man kjenner til døde da den var 24 år og 9 måneder gammel.[9]

    Bevaringsstatus

    Malayabjørnen er en av de mest sjeldne bjørnene, men man vet svært lite om hvor store populasjoner som finnes. Ny forskning kan indikere at denne bjørnens utbredelse kanskje er større enn tidligere antatt, men man er også rimelig sikre på at stammen er i tilbakegang. Dette skyldes jakt og reduksjon av habitat som følge av avskogning. Krypskyting er vanlig, også innenfor de beskyttede områdene. Man vet imidlertid så lite om denne bjørnens liv i vill tilstand, at det er en risiko for at de tiltak som gjøres er utilstrekkelige.[10]

    Referanser

    1. ^ a b Fredriksson, G., Steinmetz, R., Wong, S. & Garshelis, D.L. 2008. Helarctos malayanus. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2 Besøkt 2012-03-11
    2. ^ Sanderson, 1972
    3. ^ Sanderson, 1972; Ward og Kynaston, 1995
    4. ^ Meijaard, E. 2004. Craniometric differences among Malayan sun bears (Ursus malayanus); evolutionary and taxonomic implications. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology52:665-672. Besøkt 2012-03-11
    5. ^ Bisby F., Roskov Y., Culham A., Orrell T., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L., Bailly N., Appeltans W., Kirk P., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D., eds (2012). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life, 3rd February 2012. Digital resource at www.catalogueoflife.org/col/. Species 2000: Reading, UK.
    6. ^ Ward og Kynaston, 1995
    7. ^ Nowak, 1995
    8. ^ Sheng et al., 1999; IBA, 1999
    9. ^ Sheng et al., 1999
    10. ^ Ward og Kynaston, 1995; Servheen, 1999

    Eksterne lenker


    license
    cc-by-sa-3.0
    copyright
    Wikipedia forfattere og redaktører
    original
    visit source
    partner site
    wikipedia NO

    Malayabjørn: Brief Summary ( Norwegian )

    provided by wikipedia NO

    Malayabjørn (Helarctos malayanus) er det minste medlemmet i bjørnefamilien og den eneste representanten i slekten Helarctos.

    license
    cc-by-sa-3.0
    copyright
    Wikipedia forfattere og redaktører
    original
    visit source
    partner site
    wikipedia NO

    Biruang malajski ( Polish )

    provided by wikipedia POL
    Commons Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons

    Biruang malajski[4], niedźwiedź malajski[5] (Helarctos malayanus) – gatunek drapieżnego ssaka lądowego z rodziny niedźwiedziowatych (Ursidae), najmniejszego i jednego z najrzadziej występujących gatunków niedźwiedzi, a zarazem jeden z najsłabiej poznanych. Po raz pierwszy został opisany naukowo pod nazwą Ursus malayanus, następnie zaklasyfikowany do rodzaju Helarctos jako jedyny jego przedstawiciel.

    Zasięg występowania

    Występuje w lasach deszczowych Azji – od wschodnich Himalajów, Mjanmy i Tajlandii po prowincję Syczuan w Chinach i – na południe – Malezję, Sumatrę i Borneo. Dokładne granice zasięgu jego występowania nie są znane. W Singapurze wyginął.

    Charakterystyka

    Dorosłe osobniki nie są większe od dużych psów. Ważą zaledwie 35 kilogramów, przy ok. 70 cm wysokości w kłębie i 1,2-1,5 m długości ciała. Samce są o 10-20% większe od samic. Charakterystyczną cechą niedźwiedzi malajskich jest żółtopomarańczowa plama na piersi przyjmująca zwykle kształt litery U. Mają krótką, lśniącą sierść, która idealnie pasuje do gorącego klimatu lasów deszczowych.

     src=
    Biruangi malajskie. Zoo w Medan (Indonezja)

    Niedźwiedzie malajskie są świetnymi wspinaczami. Wchodzenie na drzewa ułatwiają im długie, zakrzywione pazury i nieowłosione stopy zapewniające lepszy chwyt. Podczas wspinaczki potrafią objąć nawet bardzo gruby pień drzewa. Nie zapadają w sen zimowy. Są aktywne nocą. Na drzewach spędzają nie tylko większość dnia, lecz budują także gniazda noclegowe. Śpią na wysokości 2–7 m. Żywią się głównie owadami, miodem dzikich pszczół oraz nektarem kwiatowym, który zlizują długim jęzorem.

    Biologia rozrodu w warunkach naturalnych została słabo poznana. Ciąża trwa ok. 95 dni, ale istnieją dowody na występowanie ciąży przedłużonej u tego gatunku. W miocie rodzi się zwykle 1-2, rzadziej 3 młodych. Noworodki nie widzą, nie słyszą i są w pełni zależne od opieki matki, z którą pozostają do czasu osiągnięcia dojrzałości płciowej – ok. 3 lat. Odnotowana w niewoli długość życia niedźwiedzia malajskiego wynosiła ponad 24 lata.

    Podgatunki

    Wyróżniono dwa podgatunki niedźwiedzia malajskiego[6], m.in. na podstawie różnic w wielkości[2]:

    • Helarctos malayanus malayanus (Raffles, 1821)podgatunek nominatywny, występuje na kontynencie azjatyckim i na Sumatrze,
    • Helarctos malayanus euryspilus Horsfield, 1825 – występuje na Borneo.

    Kwestia odrębności między podgatunkami była kwestionowana i uznawano gatunek za monotypowy[2]. Jednak podgatunek z Borneo (H. m. euryspilus) na tyle różni się od podgatunku występującego na kontynencie azjatyckim i Sumatrze (H. m. malayanus) co gwarantuje rozróżnienie obu taksonów[7]

    Zagrożenia i ochrona

    W klasyfikacji IUCN zaliczony został do kategorii gatunków narażonych na wyginięcie – VU (vulnerable). Analizy przeprowadzone przez zespół IUCN SSC Bear Specialist Group wykazały, że liczebność populacji niedźwiedzia malajskiego wykazuje trend spadkowy, ale brak jest wystarczających danych dla oceny rzeczywistego jej stanu. W edycji 2007 Czerwonej Księgi IUCN gatunek został zaliczony do kategorii DD (brak wystarczających danych).

    Za dwa podstawowe zagrożenia uważa się utratę siedlisk i komercyjne polowania. Na wielu obszarach w zasięgu występowania niedźwiedzia malajskiego, szczególnie na Sumatrze i Borneo, prowadzona jest rabunkowa deforestacja. Nielegalne polowania prowadzone są w celach handlowych. Niektóre części ciała niedźwiedzia (pęcherzyk żółciowy, pazury) są stosowane w chińskiej medycynie ludowej. Zwierzęta te są też często zabijane jako szkodniki upraw lub dla sportu. Pomimo zakazu handlu[8] oraz oficjalnego objęcia ochroną w większości krajów, brak jest konkretnych programów ochrony, niedźwiedzie są nadal zabijane, a kłusownictwo jest poza kontrolą prawa[9].

    Przypisy

    1. Helarctos malayanus, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.).
    2. a b c d e f Christopher S. Fitzgerald, Paul R. Krausman. Helarctos malayanus. „Mammalian Species”. 696, s. 1-5, 2002 (ang.).
    3. Fredriksson, G., Steinmetz, R., Wong, S. & Garshelis, D.L. (IUCN SSC Bear Specialist Group) 2008, Helarctos malayanus [w:] The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015 [online], wersja 2015.1 [dostęp 2015-07-13] (ang.).
    4. Systematyka i nazwy polskie za: Włodzimierz Cichocki, Agnieszka Ważna, Jan Cichocki, Ewa Rajska, Artur Jasiński, Wiesław Bogdanowicz: Polskie nazewnictwo ssaków świata. Warszawa: Muzeum i Instytut Zoologii PAN, 2015, s. 151. ISBN 978-83-88147-15-9.
    5. K. Kowalski (redaktor naukowy), A. Krzanowski, H. Kubiak, G. Rzebik-Kowalska, L. Sych: Ssaki. Wyd. IV. Warszawa: Wiedza Powszechna, 1991, s. 217, seria: Mały słownik zoologiczny. ISBN 83-214-0637-8.
    6. Wilson Don E. & Reeder DeeAnn M. (red.) Helarctos malayanus. w: Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (Wyd. 3.) [on-line]. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005. (ang.) [dostęp 29 czerwca 2008]
    7. Erik Meijaar. Craniometric differences among Malayan sun bears (Ursus malayanus); Evolutionary and taxonomic implications. „The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology”. 52 (2), s. 2004, 2004 (ang.).
    8. Gatunek jest objęty konwencją waszyngtońską CITES (załącznik I)CITES: Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, Appendices I, II and III (ang.). 2007. [dostęp 29 czerwca 2008].
    9. IUCN SSC Bear Specialist Group. Helarctos malayanus Sun Bear (format pdf) (en)

    Bibliografia

    1. Bies, L.: Helarctos malayanus (ang.). (On-line), Animal Diversity Web, 2007. [dostęp 29 czerwca 2008].
    2. Christopher S. Fitzgerald, Paul R. Krausman. Helarctos malayanus. „Mammalian Species”. 696, s. 1-5, 2002 (ang.).
    3. IUCN SSC Bear Specialist Group. Helarctos malayanus Sun Bear (format pdf) (en)
    license
    cc-by-sa-3.0
    copyright
    Autorzy i redaktorzy Wikipedii
    original
    visit source
    partner site
    wikipedia POL

    Biruang malajski: Brief Summary ( Polish )

    provided by wikipedia POL

    Biruang malajski, niedźwiedź malajski (Helarctos malayanus) – gatunek drapieżnego ssaka lądowego z rodziny niedźwiedziowatych (Ursidae), najmniejszego i jednego z najrzadziej występujących gatunków niedźwiedzi, a zarazem jeden z najsłabiej poznanych. Po raz pierwszy został opisany naukowo pod nazwą Ursus malayanus, następnie zaklasyfikowany do rodzaju Helarctos jako jedyny jego przedstawiciel.

    license
    cc-by-sa-3.0
    copyright
    Autorzy i redaktorzy Wikipedii
    original
    visit source
    partner site
    wikipedia POL

    Helarctos malayanus ( Portuguese )

    provided by wikipedia PT

    O urso-malaio (Helarctos malayanus), também conhecido como urso-do-sol ou urso-dos-coqueiros, é uma espécie de mamífero carnívoro da família dos ursos que habita as florestas tropicais do Sudeste asiático. É classificada como vulnerável pela União Internacional para a Conservação da Natureza (UICN), uma vez que o desmatamento em larga escala que ocorreu no sudeste asiático nas ultimas três décadas reduziu drasticamente o habitat adequado para o urso malaio. Acredita-se que a população global diminui mais de 30% nos últimos trinta anos.

    Características

     src=
    urso-malaio

    O urso malaio geralmente possui uma pelagem curta, lustrosa e de cor negra, mas que pode ser avermelhada ou até mesmo cinza, os animais da espécie também possui uma mancha clara no peito e na face. A sua língua é comprida e pode ter até 25 cm de comprimento. Suas orelhas são pequenas e redondas, largas na base e se movimentam muito pouco. As suas pernas da frente são curvadas para dentro e as garras são grandes e em forma de foice.

    É a menor espécie de urso. Os adultos tem cerca de 1,20 a 1,50 m de comprimento e pesam entre 27 e 80 kg. Os machos são de 10 a 20% maiores que as fêmeas. O focinho é curto e de cor rosa claro e na maioria dos casos a área branca se estende por cima dos olhos. Suas patas são grandes e suas almofadas são nuas, característica que acredita-se ser uma adaptação para escalar árvores. A cauda é pequena e tem entre 30 a 70 mm de comprimento.

    Durante a alimentação, o urso malaio pode prolongar sua linguá a até 20 ou 25 cm de comprimento para extrair insetos e mel. Tem caninos excepcionalmente grandes, e possui uma força de mordida poderosa com relação ao tamanho do corpo, e pode estar relacionada com o fato desses animais muito comumente abrir cascas de arvores com os dentes, para poder apanhar larvas e mel. A cabeça é grande, larga e pesada em proporção ao corpo, e o palato é largo em proporção ao cranio.

    Distribuição e habitat

    O urso malaio é encontrado nas florestas tropicais do sudeste asiático que vão desde o nordeste da índia, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Tailândia, península malásia, laos, Camboja, Vietnã, sul da província de yunnan na China e nas ilhas de sumatra e Bornéu na indonésia. Eles agora ocorrem de forma muito irregular em grande parte de sua faixa anterior, e foram extintos em muitas áreas de sua ocorrência original, especialmente no sudeste da asia continental. A sua distribuição atual no leste no Myanmar e na maior parte de yunnan é desconhecida.

    Comportamento social e reprodução

    Como ursos do sol ocorrem em regiões tropicais, onde o alimento está disponível durante todo o ano, eles não hibernam. Com exceção das fêmeas com seus filhotes, os ursos malaios são geralmente solitários e possuem hábitos principalmente diurnos,mas alguns são ativos durante a noite por curtos período de tempo. Os locais de descanso são principalmente troncos ocos caídos, mas também descansam em cima de arvores.

    Em cativeiro, eles possuem um comportamento social, e dormem principalmente durante o dia. Os ursos malaios também são conhecidos como animais muito ferozes quando surpreendidos na floresta.

    As fêmeas são relatadas acasalando com três anos de idade. Durante a época de acasalamento, o urso malaio mostra comportamentos de luta simulada e balançam repetidamente a cabeça de um lado para o outro. A gestação dura aproximadamente 95 a 174 dias. As ninhadas consistem em aproximadamente um ou dois filhotes que nascem cegos, desprovidos de pelos e pesando entre 280 e 325 g cada, inicialmente eles são totalmente dependentes de suas mães e são amamentados até os 18 meses de idade. Por volta dos 1 ou 3 meses os filhotes já podem correr,brincar e acompanhar a mãe em seus deslocamentos. Eles atingem a maturidade sexual por volta dos 3 ou 4 anos e podem viver por até 30 anos em cativeiro.

    Referências

    1. FREDRIKSSON, G.; STEINMETZ, R.; WONG, S.; GARSHELIS, D.L. (IUCN SSC Bear Specialist Group) (2008). Helarctos malayanus (em inglês). IUCN 2012. Lista Vermelha de Espécies Ameaçadas da IUCN de 2012 . Página visitada em 20 de junho de 2013..
     title=
    license
    cc-by-sa-3.0
    copyright
    Autores e editores de Wikipedia
    original
    visit source
    partner site
    wikipedia PT

    Helarctos malayanus: Brief Summary ( Portuguese )

    provided by wikipedia PT

    O urso-malaio (Helarctos malayanus), também conhecido como urso-do-sol ou urso-dos-coqueiros, é uma espécie de mamífero carnívoro da família dos ursos que habita as florestas tropicais do Sudeste asiático. É classificada como vulnerável pela União Internacional para a Conservação da Natureza (UICN), uma vez que o desmatamento em larga escala que ocorreu no sudeste asiático nas ultimas três décadas reduziu drasticamente o habitat adequado para o urso malaio. Acredita-se que a população global diminui mais de 30% nos últimos trinta anos.

    license
    cc-by-sa-3.0
    copyright
    Autores e editores de Wikipedia
    original
    visit source
    partner site
    wikipedia PT

    Ursul malaez ( Romanian; Moldavian; Moldovan )

    provided by wikipedia RO

    Ursul malaez sau ursul malaezian (Helarctos malayanus) este cel mai mic urs din familia Ursidae. Poate trăi până la 35 ani.

    Descrierea speciei

    Ursul soare este un mamifer mic, având o greutate de până la 80 kg, o înălțime de 0,7 m și o lungime de 1,5 m. Are o blană de culoare neagră, și pe piept are un segment semicircular de culoare aurie-deschisă. Are dantură diferită de alți urși, printre care și niște canini destul de lungi.

    Dieta

    Dieta urșilor constă din plante, fructe, mici nevertebrate (termite), mici păsări,rozătoare și pești.

    Arealul

    Arealul de răspândire include țări din Asia de Sud și Asia de Sud-Est, precum: Malaysia, Laos, Vietnam, Cambogia, Tailanda și Bangladeș.

    Clasificarea

    Azureus.png Acest articol referitor la subiecte din zoologie este un ciot. Puteți ajuta Wikipedia prin completarea sa.
    license
    cc-by-sa-3.0
    copyright
    Wikipedia autori și editori
    original
    visit source
    partner site
    wikipedia RO

    Ursul malaez: Brief Summary ( Romanian; Moldavian; Moldovan )

    provided by wikipedia RO

    Ursul malaez sau ursul malaezian (Helarctos malayanus) este cel mai mic urs din familia Ursidae. Poate trăi până la 35 ani.

    license
    cc-by-sa-3.0
    copyright
    Wikipedia autori și editori
    original
    visit source
    partner site
    wikipedia RO

    Sončni medved ( Spanish; Castilian )

    provided by wikipedia SL

    Ursus malayanus Raffles, 1821

    Sončni medved, tudi malajski medved (znanstveno ime Helarctos malayanus) je majhna zver iz družine medvedov, ki naseljuje tropske deževne gozdove Jugovzhodne Azije. Zaradi izsekavanja gozdov in komercialnega lova spada med ranljive vrste.

    Telesne značilnosti

    Sončni medved je najmanjši med vsemi medvedi, saj meri v dolžino le 120-150 cm in tehta 27-65 kg. Kožuh je navadno črne barve s kratkimi dlakami, vendar so nekateri osebki sivkaste ali rdečkaste barve. Na prsih se nahaja značilni vzorec v obliki polmeseca, ki je kremasto ali umazano bele do rumene, okraste in oranžne barve. Gobec je kratek in svetlo obarvan, navadno je svetel tudi predel nad očmi.[2][3][4]

    Stopala so široka in na spodnji strani niso porasla. Kremplji, še posebej na sprednjih stopalih, so dolgi in močni ter oblikovani kot srp. Sprednji nogi sta močnejši kot zadnji ter sta obrnjeni navznoter. Vse naštete značilnosti so odraz dobre plezalne sposobnosti sončnega medveda.[2]

    Življenjski prostor in navade

    Življenjski prostor sončnega medveda obsega območje, ki se razteza od Bangladeša in skrajnega juga Kitajske do severnih delov Indonezije. Glede na to, da življenjski prostor obsega v glavnem deževne gozdove s celoletnim dostopom do hrane, sončni medved ne hibernira. Aktivni so podnevi, izjemoma tudi ponoči v krajših intervalih. Počivajo v votlih deblih padlih dreves ter v luknjah pod drevesi in v krošnjah visoko nad tlemi.[5]

    Prehrana

    Je vsejed (omnivor), prehranjuje pa se predvsem z mravljami, termiti, ličinkami hroščev in čebel ter z različnimi sadeži, kot so smokve.[6] S svojimi močnimi sprednjimi kremplji in močnimi čeljustmi lahko v iskanju žuželk in ostale hrane zlahka razpara deblo ali termitnjak. K hranjenju pripomore dolgi jezik, ki meri do 25 cm.[7] Ker se rad prehranjuje s čebeljimi panji in medom, nosi tudi vzdevek »medeni medved«.[6]

    Ogroženost

    Sončnega medveda ogroža predvsem krčenje življenjskega prostora zaradi izsekavanja gozdov in komercialni lov, bodisi zaradi hrane bodisi zaradi žolčnih kamnov, cenjenih v tradicionalni medicini.[8] Ocenjuje se, da se je populacija sončnih medvedov zmanjšala za tretjino v času treh generacij. Od leta 1979 je uvrščen na seznam ranljivih vrst, zato je uboj sončnega medveda strogo prepovedan glede na Konvencijo o mednarodni trgovini z ogroženimi prosto živečimi živalskimi in rastlinskimi vrstami (CITES, dodatek I). Navkljub temu je izvajanje zakonskih predpisov zelo pomanjkljivo.[1]

    Sklici in opombe

    1. 1,0 1,1 Fredriksson G, Steinmetz R, Wong S, Garshelis DL (IUCN SSC Bear Specialist Group) (2008). "Helarctos malayanus". Rdeči seznam ogroženih vrst IUCN. Verzija 2012.2. Svetovna zveza za varstvo narave. CS1 vzdrževanje: Večkratna imena: authors list (link)
    2. 2,0 2,1 Servheen C, Herrero S in Peyton B. (1999). Bears: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. Gland, Švica: International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), str. 219.
    3. Pocock RI. (1941). The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Mammalia. – Volume 2. London: Taylor and Francis.
    4. Servheen C. (1993). The Sun Bear. V: Stirling I, Kirshner D in Knight F. (ur.) Bears, Majestic Creatures of the Wild. Emmaus, Pennsylvania: Rodale Press, str. 124.
    5. Wong ST, Servheen CW in Ambu L. (2004). "Home range, movement and activity patterns, and bedding sites of Malayan sun bears Helarctos malayanus in the Rainforest of Borneo" (PDF). Biological Conservation 119 (2): 169–81.
    6. 6,0 6,1 Lekagul B & McNeely JA. (1977). Mammals of Thailand. Bangkok: Kurusapha Ladprao Press.
    7. Meijaard, E. (1997). The Malayan Sun Bear on Borneo, with Special Emphasis on its Conservation Status in Kalimantan, Indonesia. International Ministry of Forestry – Tropendos Kalimantan Project and World Society for the Protection of Animals, London.
    8. Meijaard E. (1999). "Human imposed threats to sun bears in Borneo" (PDF). Ursus 11 (185–92).

    license
    cc-by-sa-3.0
    copyright
    Avtorji in uredniki Wikipedije
    original
    visit source
    partner site
    wikipedia SL

    Sončni medved: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

    provided by wikipedia SL

    Sončni medved, tudi malajski medved (znanstveno ime Helarctos malayanus) je majhna zver iz družine medvedov, ki naseljuje tropske deževne gozdove Jugovzhodne Azije. Zaradi izsekavanja gozdov in komercialnega lova spada med ranljive vrste.

    license
    cc-by-sa-3.0
    copyright
    Avtorji in uredniki Wikipedije
    original
    visit source
    partner site
    wikipedia SL

    Malajbjörn ( Swedish )

    provided by wikipedia SV

    Malajbjörnen eller Biruang[3] (Helarctos malayanus) är en liten art i familjen björnar som har svart päls och grågul nos. Arten förs vanligen till ett eget släkte Helarctos,[2] men ibland även till släktet Ursus. Ett annat namn är solbjörn, som även finns i släktnamnet (gr. helios = sol) och troligen syftar på den gula fläcken på bröstet.[4]

    Utseende

     src=
    Sittande malajbjörn.

    Malajbjörnen har svart päls med korta hår. På bröstet finns en halvmånformig fläck som är vit eller gulaktig. Den korta nosen har en ljust gulaktig eller orange färg. Kännetecknande är djurets långa tunga. Öronen är små och avrundade. Malajbjörnen har stora böjda vassa klor och nakna fotsulor som en anpassning till livet i träd.[5]

    En vuxen individ når en kroppslängd mellan 100 och 140 centimeter och en mankhöjd på omkring 70 centimeter. Den 3 till 7 centimeter långa svansen är bara en stump. Vikten varierar mellan 27 och 65 kilogram och hanar är betydligt tyngre än honor.[5]

    Utbredning och habitat

    Det normala utbredningsområdet är från Sumatra och Borneo över Malackahalvön till södra Kina (provinsen Yunnan och Tibet) och östra Indien (Assam). Habitatet utgörs främst av tropisk regnskog. Malajbjörnar lever även på Thailand, Laos, Kambodja och Vietnam.[1]

    Ekologi

    Malajbjörnar är aktiva på natten och sover på dagen i träd två till sju meter över marken. De bryter eller böjer grenar för att skapa ett slags bon eller en utsiktsplatå. På marken är de liksom alla björnar hälgångare, men de vrider fötterna åt insidan.[5]

    Som andra björnar lever de ensamma utanför parningstiden, men inte mycket är känt i allmänhet om artens sociala beteende. I motsats till flera andra björnar håller de ingen vinterdvala; detta på grund av att de i tropikerna hela året har tillgång till föda.[5]

    Föda

    Dessa björnar är allätare men föredrar insekter och andra ryggradslösa djur. De skalar barken från trädet med sina klor för att komma åt bin och andra trädlevande djur eller för att slicka honung. Malajbjörnar äter även många termiter. Detta sker genom att de öppnar termitstacken och sedan växelvis stoppar sina främre extremiteter i stacken. Efter att tillräckligt många termiter har klättrat upp på armen slickar björnarna av dessa från sina lemmar.[5] Malajbjörnen äter dessutom frukter, kokosnötter och andra växtdelar, vilket i områden med odlingar leder till att den uppfattas som skadedjur.

    Ibland tar de även små ryggradsdjur som gnagare,[5] fåglar eller ödlor som byte, och ibland äter as.

    Fortplantning

    Malajbjörnar kan para sig året runt. Själva dräktigheten varar i cirka 95 dagar men ofta vilar ägget en tid innan den egentliga dräktigheten börjar och därför ligger ibland 240 dagar mellan befruktningen och födelsen. Vanligtvis föds ett eller två ungdjur som i början väger 300-400 gram och som är nakna, blinda och hjälplösa. De stannar hos moderdjuret tills de är fullvuxna. Efter ungefär tre år är ungarna könsmogna. Det äldsta djuret i fångenskap blev 31 år gammalt.[5]

    Malajbjörnar och människor

    Malajbjörnar jagas på grund av att de även äter odlade växter. Dessutom påstås att vissa kroppsdelar, till exempel gallvätskan, har läkande egenskaper. I östra Asien hålls ungdjur ofta i fångenskap för att slaktas när de är fullvuxna. Ett ytterligare hot mot malajbjörnar är förstöringen av deras levnadsområde genom skogsröjning.[5]

    Alla dessa anledningar har medfört en nedgång i malajbjörnens population. Det antas att arten är utrotad i Indien och starkt hotad i Kina. Hela beståndet har tidigare ansetts sårbart (VU), men klassas numera som att kända data är otillräckliga (kunskapsbrist - DD).[1] Washingtonkonventionen listar arten under appendix I.

    Källor

    Den här artikeln är helt eller delvis baserad på material från tyskspråkiga Wikipedia

    Noter

    1. ^ [a b c] Fredriksson, G., Steinmetz, R., Wong, S. & Garshelis, D.L. 2008 Helarctos malayanus. Från: IUCN 2010. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.4. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Läst 24 november 2010.
    2. ^ [a b] Wilson & Reeder, red (2005). Helarctos (på engelska). Mammal Species of the World. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-8221-4
    3. ^ Carlquist, Gunnar, red (1939 (nyutgåva)). Svensk uppslagsbok. Bd 3. Malmö: Svensk Uppslagsbok AB. sid. 1170
    4. ^ Nordiska Riksmuseet: Björnar
    5. ^ [a b c d e f g h] Nowak, R. M. (1999) sid. 691/92.

    Tryckta källor

    • Ronald M. Nowak: Mammals of the World. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore 1999, ISBN 0-8018-5789-9

    Externa länkar

    license
    cc-by-sa-3.0
    copyright
    Wikipedia författare och redaktörer
    original
    visit source
    partner site
    wikipedia SV

    Malajbjörn: Brief Summary ( Swedish )

    provided by wikipedia SV

    Malajbjörnen eller Biruang (Helarctos malayanus) är en liten art i familjen björnar som har svart päls och grågul nos. Arten förs vanligen till ett eget släkte Helarctos, men ibland även till släktet Ursus. Ett annat namn är solbjörn, som även finns i släktnamnet (gr. helios = sol) och troligen syftar på den gula fläcken på bröstet.

    license
    cc-by-sa-3.0
    copyright
    Wikipedia författare och redaktörer
    original
    visit source
    partner site
    wikipedia SV

    Malaya ayısı ( Turkish )

    provided by wikipedia TR

    Malaya ayısı (Helarctos malayanus), ayıgiller (Ursidae) familyasından, esasen güneydoğu Asya'nın (Sumatra ve Borneo gibi) tropikal yağmur ormanlarında yaşayan bir ayı türüdür; var olan ayıların en küçüğüdür ve çok iyi tırmanıcıdır.

    Malaya ayısı için "güneş ayısı" ya da "tropikal ayı" adları da kullanılır. Göğsünde nal veya gerdanlık biçiminde sarımsı-turuncu bir leke bulunur.

    Bilimsel adlandırma

    Malaya ayısı için Wikipedia'da açılmış olan Sun Bear maddesinde yer alan bilimsel sınıflandırma tablosunda, cins için "Ursus (Helarctos)" ve tür için de "Ursus (Helarctos) malayanus" adlarına yer verilmektedir. Ancak:

    • Helarctos, içinde tek bir tür olarak Helarctos malayanus`u (güneş ayısı) içeren bir cinstir.
    • Ursus cinsinde yer alan türler içinde, "Ursus malayanus" olarak adlandırılmış bir tür yoktur.
    • IUCN Helarctos malayanus olarak geçmektedir.
    license
    cc-by-sa-3.0
    copyright
    Wikipedia yazarları ve editörleri
    original
    visit source
    partner site
    wikipedia TR

    Malaya ayısı: Brief Summary ( Turkish )

    provided by wikipedia TR

    Malaya ayısı (Helarctos malayanus), ayıgiller (Ursidae) familyasından, esasen güneydoğu Asya'nın (Sumatra ve Borneo gibi) tropikal yağmur ormanlarında yaşayan bir ayı türüdür; var olan ayıların en küçüğüdür ve çok iyi tırmanıcıdır.

    Malaya ayısı için "güneş ayısı" ya da "tropikal ayı" adları da kullanılır. Göğsünde nal veya gerdanlık biçiminde sarımsı-turuncu bir leke bulunur.

    license
    cc-by-sa-3.0
    copyright
    Wikipedia yazarları ve editörleri
    original
    visit source
    partner site
    wikipedia TR

    Малайський ведмідь ( Ukrainian )

    provided by wikipedia UK

    Зовнішній вигляд

    Malaienbaer 0744-2.jpg
     src=
    Ареал розселення малайського ведмедя (коричневий — теперішній, чорний — колишній)

    Малайський ведмідь — найдрібніший представник родини ведмедевих: у довжину він не перевищує 1,5 м (плюс 3–7 см хвіст), висота в холці всього 50–70 см; маса 27–65 кг. Самці на 10–20% більші за самиць. Це кремезна, сильна тварина з короткою і широкою мордою. Вуха короткі, округлі. Кінцівки високі з непомірно великими лапами; кігті дуже великі, вигнуті. Стопи голі. Ікла невеликі; корінні зуби невеликі, сплощені. Хутро у біруанга коротке, жорстке і гладке, забарвлення чорне, яке на морді переходить в чало-жовтий. Іноді світло-бурими бувають і кінцівки. На грудях звичайно є велика білувата або руда пляма у вигляді підкови, що нагадує за формою і кольором сонце, що сходить (звідси наукова назва роду — Helarctos, «сонячний ведмідь»).

    Поширення

    Біруанг поширений від північного сходу Індії (Ассам) і, можливо, південної частини Китаю (Сичуань) через М'янму, Таїланд, півострови Індокитай і Малакка до Індонезії (Суматра і Калімантан). На острові Борнео живе підвид Helarctos malayanus euryspilus.

    Спосіб життя і живлення

    Цей ведмідь мешкає в тропічних і субтропічних лісах передгір'їв і гір Південно-Східної Азії. Він добре пристосований до лазіння по деревах і, будучи нічною твариною, часто цілими днями спить або приймає сонячні ванни в гілках дерев, де будує собі подобу гнізда. Тут же він годується листям і плодами, заламуючи гілки так, як це робить гімалайський ведмідь. У зимову сплячку не впадає.

    Біруанг всеїдний. Живиться він переважно комахами( бджолами, термітами) і земляними хробаками, а також пагонами, кореневищами і плодами рослин. Довгий тонкий язик допомагає біруангові добувати термітів із гнізд і мед. Крім того, біруанги їдять дрібних гризунів, птахів і ящірок, а також падло, що залишається після трапез тигрів. У густонаселених районах може ритися в смітті, нападати на худобу і розоряти плантації (бананів, кокосових пальм). Потужні щелепи дозволяють йому розкушувати кокосові горіхи.

     src=
    Малайський ведмідь
     src=
    Довгий тонкий язик біруанга

    Розмноження

    Самиця після 95 днів вагітності приносить 1–2 дитинчат. Вагітність може бути з латентною стадією — в цьому випадку вона затягується на 174–240 днів. Новонароджені сліпі і безволосі і важать всього 300 г. Ведмежата залишаються з матір'ю приблизно до 3 років.

    Тривалість життя біруанга (у неволі) — до 24 років.

    Статус популяції

    Біруанг є одним з найбільш рідкісних видів ведмедів. Цей вид занесено до червоного списку МСОП зі статусом «знаходяться в уразливому становищі» (англ. Vulnerable, VU). Він також входить до Додатку 1 Конвенції про міжнародну торгівлю видами дикої фауни і флори, що перебувають під загрозою зникнення (CITES). Їх точна чисельність невідома.

    Його нерідко тримають в неволі і навіть як домашню тварину. Серце і жовчний міхур біруанга використовуються в традиційній азійській медицині.

    Точних даних про дику популяцію ведмедів немає. Знищення місць існування призвело до значного скорочення їх чисельності. Нині в багатьох районах охороняється і рідше стає об'єктом полювання.

    Посилання

    Question book-new.svg
    Ця стаття не містить посилань на джерела. Ви можете допомогти поліпшити цю статтю, додавши посилання на надійні джерела. Матеріал без джерел може бути підданий сумніву та вилучений. (квітень 2014)
    license
    cc-by-sa-3.0
    copyright
    Автори та редактори Вікіпедії
    original
    visit source
    partner site
    wikipedia UK

    Gấu chó ( Vietnamese )

    provided by wikipedia VI

    Gấu chó (danh pháp hai phần: Helarctos malayanus, từ đồng nghĩa: Ursus malayanus), được tìm thấy chủ yếu trong các rừng mưa nhiệt đới ở khu vực Đông Nam Á.

    Gấu chó có chiều dài khoảng 1,2 m (4 ft), chiều cao khoảng 0,7 m -do đó chúng là loài nhỏ nhất của họ Gấu. Nó có đuôi ngắn, khoảng 3–7 cm (2 inch) và trung bình nặng không quá 65 kg (145 pao). Gấu chó đực nặng hơn một chút so với gấu cái.

    Đặc trưng

    Không giống như các loài gấu khác, lông của chúng ngắn và mượt. Điều này có lẽ là do môi trường sống của chúng là những vùng đất thấp nóng ẩm. Màu lông của chúng là đen sẫm hay nâu đen, ngoại trừ phần ngực có màu vàng-da cam nhạt có hình dạng giống như móng ngựa hoặc hình chữ U. Màu lông tương tự có thể tìm thấy xung quanh mõmmắt.

    Gấu chó có vuốt có dạng lưỡi liềm, tương đối nhẹ về khối lượng. Chúng có bàn chân to với gan bàn chân trần, có lẽ là để hỗ trợ việc leo trèo. Chân chúng hướng vào trong nên bước đi của chúng giống như đi vòng kiềng, nhưng chúng là những con vật leo trèo giỏi.

    Chúng có tai ngắn và tròn, mõm ngắn.

    Là một con vật ăn đêm là chủ yếu, gấu chó thích tắm nắng hay nghỉ ngơi về ban ngày trên các cành cây to cách mặt đất khoảng 2-7 mét. Vì chúng tiêu hao nhiều thời gian ở trên cây, gấu chó đôi khi làm tổn thất nặng nề cho các loại cây trồng. Chúng được coi là những kẻ phá hoại dừaca cao trong các đồn điền. Tập tính này là nguyên nhân làm giảm số lượng của quần thể gấu chó cũng giống như việc săn bắn để lấy lông và mật để sử dụng trong y học Trung Hoa.

    Thức ăn của gấu chó dao động rất rộng và bao gồm các động vật có xương sống nhỏ như thằn lằn, chim, hay các loài động vật có vú khác, cũng như hoa quả, trứng, mối, ngọn non cây dừa, mật ong, quả mọng, chồi cây, côn trùng, rễ cây, quả của ca cao hay dừa. Hàm răng đầy sức mạnh của chúng có thể phá vỡ những quả dừa. Phần lớn thức ăn của gấu chó kiếm được là nhờ vào khứu giác của chúng vì mắt của chúng rất kém.

    Khu vực sinh sống

    Chúng sống ở phía đông dãy Himalaya(Hy Mã Lạp Sơn) đến Tứ XuyênTrung Quốc, cũng như trải rộng về phía nam tới Myanma, một phần của bán đảo Đông Dương và Malaysia.

    Sinh sản

    Vì gấu chó không ngủ đông, nên chúng có thể sinh đẻ quanh năm. Chúng thông thường đẻ hai con với trọng lượng khi sinh khoảng 280 - 340 g (10-12 aoxơ) mỗi con. Chu kỳ mang thai khoảng 96 ngày, nhưng chúng cho con bú khoảng 18 tháng. Gấu đạt đến độ tuổi trưởng thành sau khoảng 3-4 năm, và chúng sống đến 28 năm trong điều kiện nuôi nhốt.

    Thông tin khác

    Có một phân loài gấu chó (Helarctos malayanus euryspilus), chỉ tìm thấy trên đảo Borneo.

    Trong tiếng Malaysia tên của gấu chó là ‘basindo nan tenggil’, có thể dịch là ‘con vật thích ngồi trên cao’.

    Chú thích

    1. ^ Fredriksson, G., Steinmetz, R., Wong, S. and Garshelis, D. L. (IUCN SSC Bear Specialist Group) (2008). “Helarctos malayanus”. Sách Đỏ IUCN các loài bị đe dọa. Phiên bản 2012.2. Liên minh Bảo tồn Thiên nhiên Quốc tế.
    2. ^ Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. biên tập (2005). “Helarctos malayanus”. Mammal Species of the World . Baltimore: Nhà in Đại học Johns Hopkins, 2 tập (2.142 trang). ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.

    Liên kết ngoài

    license
    cc-by-sa-3.0
    copyright
    Wikipedia tác giả và biên tập viên
    original
    visit source
    partner site
    wikipedia VI

    Gấu chó: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

    provided by wikipedia VI

    Gấu chó (danh pháp hai phần: Helarctos malayanus, từ đồng nghĩa: Ursus malayanus), được tìm thấy chủ yếu trong các rừng mưa nhiệt đới ở khu vực Đông Nam Á.

    Gấu chó có chiều dài khoảng 1,2 m (4 ft), chiều cao khoảng 0,7 m -do đó chúng là loài nhỏ nhất của họ Gấu. Nó có đuôi ngắn, khoảng 3–7 cm (2 inch) và trung bình nặng không quá 65 kg (145 pao). Gấu chó đực nặng hơn một chút so với gấu cái.

    license
    cc-by-sa-3.0
    copyright
    Wikipedia tác giả và biên tập viên
    original
    visit source
    partner site
    wikipedia VI

    Малайский медведь ( Russian )

    provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию
    Question book-4.svg
    В этой статье не хватает ссылок на источники информации.
    Информация должна быть проверяема, иначе она может быть поставлена под сомнение и удалена.
    Вы можете отредактировать эту статью, добавив ссылки на авторитетные источники.
    Эта отметка установлена 12 января 2019 года.
     src=
    Малайский медведь
     src=
    Длинный тонкий язык бируанга

    Несмотря на небольшой вес, в среднем около 45 кг, является довольно опасным и агрессивным хищником, который способен успешно защитить себя даже от тигра. Другие зафиксированные естественные враги малайского медведя включают крокодилов, дымчатых леопардов и очень крупных сетчатых питонов.

    Размножение

    Самка после 95 дней беременности приносит 1—2 детенышей. Беременность может быть с латентной стадией — в этом случае она затягивается на 174—240 дней. Новорожденные слепые и безволосые и весят всего 300 г. Медвежата остаются с матерью примерно до 3 лет.

    Продолжительность жизни бируанга (в неволе) — около 23 лет. Самый старый известный бируанг — медведица Candy, жившая в зоопарке Miller Park Zoo, она умерла в 2017 году в возрасте 33 лет.[2][3]

    Статус популяции

    Бируанги являются одним из самых редких видов медведей. Этот вид занесён в международную Красную Книгу со статусом «находятся в уязвимом положении» (англ. Vulnerable, VU). Он также входит в Приложение 1 Конвенции о международной торговле видами дикой фауны и флоры, находящимися под угрозой исчезновения (CITES). Их точная численность неизвестна. Его нередко содержат в неволе и даже как домашнее животное. Сердце и желчный пузырь бируанга используется в традиционной азиатской медицине.


    Примечания

    1. Соколов В. Е. Пятиязычный словарь названий животных. Млекопитающие. Латинский, русский, английский, немецкий, французский. / под общей редакцией акад. В. Е. Соколова. — М.: Рус. яз., 1984. — С. 96. — 10 000 экз.
    2. Zoo bear put down after 'grave' diagnosis (англ.). WAND-TV. Проверено 25 января 2019.
    3. MARIA NAGLE mnagle@pantagraph.com. 'She will be missed:' Beloved sun bear Candy dies at Miller Park Zoo (англ.). pantagraph.com. Проверено 25 января 2019.
    Международная Красная книга
    Status iucn3.1 VU ru.svg
    Уязвимые виды
    IUCN 3.1 Vulnerable: 9760
    license
    cc-by-sa-3.0
    copyright
    Авторы и редакторы Википедии

    Малайский медведь: Brief Summary ( Russian )

    provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию
     src= Малайский медведь  src= Длинный тонкий язык бируанга

    Несмотря на небольшой вес, в среднем около 45 кг, является довольно опасным и агрессивным хищником, который способен успешно защитить себя даже от тигра. Другие зафиксированные естественные враги малайского медведя включают крокодилов, дымчатых леопардов и очень крупных сетчатых питонов.

    license
    cc-by-sa-3.0
    copyright
    Авторы и редакторы Википедии

    马来熊 ( Chinese )

    provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科

    马来熊学名Helarctos malayanus),英文名为「Sun Bear」,藏語譯音為「耐力喀蘇」,是熊科馬來熊屬(Helarctos)的唯一一种生物,生活在东南亚的热带雨林中。

    特征

     src=
    印尼一家动物园中站立起来的马来熊

    马来熊属熊科熊亚科马来熊属,是熊科动物中体型最小的成员。成年体高约120-150厘米,体重27-65公斤。马来熊全身黑色(雄性比雌性大10-45%),前胸通常有一块明显的"U"型斑纹,斑纹呈浅棕黄或黄白色。马来熊头部比较宽,口鼻不突出,裸露无毛,呈浅棕或灰色,耳朵圆而小,位置较低。马来熊舌头很长,便于吞食白蚁或其他昆虫。脚掌爪钩呈镰刀型,脚掌内撇。尾巴是30-70毫米(1.2-2.8英寸)長。

    习性

    马来熊善于爬树,主要食物是昆虫和果实,尤其喜爱蜂类和蜂蜜[2]。也以椰子树苗、脊椎動物等为食物,没有冬眠现象。是最适应热带生活的熊。

    在人工飼養下,牠們表現出社會行為,睡眠是牠們日間主要活動(牠們是晚上活動)。

    分布

    马来熊主要分布在东南亚南亚一带,包括老挝柬埔寨越南泰国马来西亚印尼苏门答腊,婆羅洲)、缅甸、和印度東北部孟加拉国等地,在中國雲南绿春以及西藏芒康也有少量分布。

    马来熊的主要适应生境为东南亚热带雨林季风雨林[3]

    參考文獻

    1. ^ Helarctos malayanus. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008. International Union for Conservation of Nature. 2008.
    2. ^ Lekagul, B. and J. A. McNeely (1977). Mammals of Thailand. Kurusapha Ladprao Press, Bangkok.
    3. ^ 壹立方數位科技有限公司. 台灣黑熊保育協會_關於世界上的熊. www.taiwanbear.org.tw. [2018-01-10] (英语).
    license
    cc-by-sa-3.0
    copyright
    维基百科作者和编辑

    马来熊: Brief Summary ( Chinese )

    provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科

    马来熊(学名:Helarctos malayanus),英文名为「Sun Bear」,藏語譯音為「耐力喀蘇」,是熊科馬來熊屬(Helarctos)的唯一一种生物,生活在东南亚的热带雨林中。

    license
    cc-by-sa-3.0
    copyright
    维基百科作者和编辑

    マレーグマ ( Japanese )

    provided by wikipedia 日本語
    マレーグマ
    生息年代: 更新世-現世, 1–0 Ma
    マレーグマ
    マレーグマ Helarctos malayanus
    保全状況評価 VULNERABLE (IUCN Red List Ver. 3.1 (2001))[1]
    Status iucn3.1 VU.svg
    分類 : 動物界 Animalia : 脊索動物門 Chordata 亜門 : 脊椎動物亜門 Vertebrata : 哺乳綱 Mammalia : 食肉目 Carnivora : クマ科 Ursidae 亜科 : クマ亜科 Ursinae : マレーグマ属 Helarctos : マレーグマ H. malayanus 学名 Helarctos malayanus
    (Raffles, 1821) 和名 マレーグマ 英名 Sun bear Sun Bear area.png
    マレーグマの分布
    (茶色 - 現在の生息域、黒色 - 過去の生息域、灰色 - 生息不明)

    マレーグマ(馬来熊、学名Helarctos malayanus)は、クマ科マレーグマ属に分類されるクマ。本種のみでマレーグマ属を形成する。

    分布[編集]

    インドインドネシアカンボジア中国南部、タイブルネイベトナムマレーシアミャンマーラオス

    形態[編集]

    体長100-150 cm、体重25-65kgとクマ科最小種。その小ささのために英語では“Dog bear”(熊の意)と呼ばれることがある。全身は黒く光沢のある短い体毛で覆われる。 そのことはおそらく彼らが生息する低地気候のためであると考えられる。胸部に明るい淡白色の三日月状の模様がある。この明るい胸の模様により“Sun bear”(太陽熊の意)の名前を持つ。視覚が発達していないため、ほとんどの食べ物は鋭い嗅覚で見つける。小さくて、丸い耳と短い鼻口部を持っており、鼻口部と目の周囲には胸の模様と同色の体毛で覆われる。舌は約25 cmと長く、昆虫類を舐め獲るのに使われる。

    形に鋭く曲がった鉤爪を持っている。毛の生えていない大きめの足裏と併せて、おそらく木登りの手助けとなっている。地上を歩く際には内股になる内側に曲がった足も、木登りの際には威力を発揮する。

    亜種[編集]

    • Helarctos malayanus euryspilus
    • Helarctos malayanus malayanus (Raffles, 1821)

    生態[編集]

    夜行性で、昼間は地面からそう離れていない低い枝の上で休息していることが多い。マレー語名はbasindo nan tenggilで、「高いところに座るのが好きな者」の意。冬ごもりは行わない。

    食性は雑食で、トカゲ鳥類やその卵、小型哺乳類昆虫類シロアリや蜂の巣および蜂蜜)、果実カカオヤシ)、若等を食べる。インドネシア語名はBeruang Maduで、「蜂蜜熊」の意。その強力な顎は堅果を割ってこじ開けることもできる。通常は直接口で食べるが、昆虫類は長い舌で絡めとって食べる。

    繁殖形態は胎生で、周年一度に2匹の子熊を産むことは珍しくなく、子熊の体重はおよそ280-340gである。妊娠の期間はおよそ96日間だが、授乳はおよそ18か月続く。 子は3-4年で性成熟し、飼育下では28年生きた記録がある。

    人間との関係[編集]

    農作物を食害する害獣としての駆除や、毛皮漢方薬目的の乱獲等により生息数は減少している。

    人に対する凶暴性・危険性が、クマの中では一番低いため[2]、生息地ではペットとして飼育されているケースもあり、特に子熊は、子供の良き遊び相手ともなっている。

     src= ウィキメディア・コモンズには、マレーグマに関連するメディアおよびカテゴリがあります。  src= ウィキスピーシーズにマレーグマに関する情報があります。

    脚注[編集]

    1. ^ Fredriksson, G., Steinmetz, R., Wong, S. & Garshelis, D.L. 2008. Helarctos malayanus. In: IUCN 2010. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.4.
    2. ^ インドネシアではマレーグマによる人の襲撃がまれに発生しており、2017年10月3日には、スマトラ島リアウ州のゴム園で所有者夫婦がマレーグマに襲われ、妻が死亡、夫が重傷を負う事故も発生した。“マレーグマが夫婦襲う、妻死亡 夫重傷 インドネシア”. AFPBB News (フランス通信社). (http://www.afpbb.com/articles/-/3145606

    参考文献[編集]

    • 『原色ワイド図鑑3 動物』、学習研究社、1984年、69頁。
    • 『小学館の図鑑NEO 動物』、小学館、2002年、53頁。

    外部リンク[編集]

     title=
    license
    cc-by-sa-3.0
    copyright
    ウィキペディアの著者と編集者
    original
    visit source
    partner site
    wikipedia 日本語

    マレーグマ: Brief Summary ( Japanese )

    provided by wikipedia 日本語

    マレーグマ(馬来熊、学名:Helarctos malayanus)は、クマ科マレーグマ属に分類されるクマ。本種のみでマレーグマ属を形成する。

    license
    cc-by-sa-3.0
    copyright
    ウィキペディアの著者と編集者
    original
    visit source
    partner site
    wikipedia 日本語

    말레이곰 ( Korean )

    provided by wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

    말레이곰(Helarctos malayanus)은 주로 동남아시아열대우림에 서식하는 곰의 일종이다. 태양곰이라고도 불린다. 인도 북부, 방글라데시, 미얀마, 태국, 라오스, 캄보디아, 베트남, 중국 남부, 말레이 반도, 보르네오·수마트라 등지에 분포하고 있다.[1]

    특징

    몸길이는 1.2~1.8 m로, 곰과의 동물 중에서 가장 작다.[2] 수컷은 암컷보다 10~45% 더 크고.[3] 몸무게는 각각 30~70 kg, 20~40 kg이다.[4] 어깨 높이는 60~78 cm이다.[5] 발톱이 낫처럼 휘어있고 발이 크며 발바닥에는 털이 없다. 또, 발이 안쪽으로 굽어있어서 안짱다리로 걷지만, 이것 때문에 무언가에 오를 때에는 효과적이다.[6] 귀는 몹시 짧고 둥글며 코는 회색 또는 오렌지색이다. 꼬리 길이는 3~7 cm이다.[3] 크기는 작지만, 혓바닥이 20~25 로 길다. 이 긴 혀를 이용해 벌집에서 꿀을 뽑아먹는다.[7]

    다른 곰과 달리, 털이 짧고 매끄러운데, 이것은 기후에 알맞게 적응한 결과이다. 털은 검은색이며 가슴에는 말굽 모양의 오랜지색 둥근 무늬가 있다. 전설에 따르면 이 무늬는 태양을 뜻한다고 한다.[2]

    식사

    안경곰아메리카흑곰과 마찬가지로 육식 위주의 잡식성도 아니고 초식 위주의 잡식성도 아닌 가리지 않고 닥치는대로 먹는 잡식성으로 평소에는 꿀을 먹지만 무화과 열매, 곤충도 먹고, 드물게 동물들을 잡아먹거나 식물을 먹기도 한다.[8] 100종의 곤충과 50종 이상의 식물을 먹는 것으로 관찰되기도 했다.[9]

    꿀을 매우 좋아하여 말레이어로 'Beruang Madu'라고 하는데, 이는 '꿀곰'(honey bear)라는 뜻이다.

    생활

    Sun Bear 3.jpg

    대왕판다와 마찬가지로 겨울잠을 자지 않는다. 암컷은 1년에 1~2마리의 새끼를 낳으며, 임신 기간은 96일이다. 갓 태어난 새끼의 몸무게는 300~400 g이며, 털과 시력은 없다. 생후 18개월까지는 어미와 같이 지내는데, 생후 1~3개월이 지나면 달릴 수 있고 3~4년이 지나면 성숙기에 이른다.

    주로 밤에 활동하며, 낮에는 나무 위에서 잠을 자거나 햇볕을 쬔다. 야생 말레이곰은 홀로 사는데, 이는 먹이를 두고 경쟁하지 않으려 하는 것으로 보인다.[10]

    위협

    천적으로는 인간을 제외하면 별로 없으나,[11] 가끔, 말레이호랑이수마트라호랑이, 그물무늬비단뱀, 구름표범 등 주변에 서식하는 포식동물의 습격을 받을 때도 있다.[4]

    다른 곰과 비교해서 크기도 작고 온순하여, 애완동물로 취급받는 경우도 있다.[12]

    주변의 농작물을 망가뜨려 발생하는 인간과의 충돌 및 가죽과 한약에 쓰이는 쓸개를 위한 남획으로 개체 수가 감소하고 있는 추세이다. 2007년, IUCN멸종위기등급을 "자료 부족"(data deficient)에서 "취약"(vulnerable)으로 격상했다.[13]

    아종

    • Helarctos malayanus malayanus
    • Helarctos malayanus euryspilus - 보르네오섬에서만 발견된다.

    계통 분류

    다음은 곰과의 계통 분류이다.[14]

    곰과 판다아과

    대왕판다

        안경곰아과

    안경곰

       

    Arctodus simus

        곰아과

    느림보곰

           

    말레이곰

         

    반달가슴곰

       

    아메리카흑곰

             

    동굴곰

         

    큰곰

       

    북극곰

                 

    각주

    1. Stirling I., 1993; Bears, majestic creatures of the World. Rodale Press, Emmaus
    2. “Helarctos malayanus”. 2012년 12월 31일에 확인함.
    3. Brown, Gary (1996). 《Great Bear Almanac》. 340쪽. ISBN 1-55821-474-7.
    4. Fredriksson, Gabriella M. (2005). “Predation on Sun Bears by Reticulated Python in East Kalimantan, Indonesian Borneo” (PDF). 《Raffles Bulletin of Zoology》 53 (1): 165–168. 2007년 8월 11일에 원본 문서 (PDF)에서 보존된 문서. 2012년 12월 31일에 확인함.
    5. Bies, L. (2007). ADW: Helarctos malayanus: Information “Helarctos malayanus” |url= 값 확인 필요 (도움말). 2012년 12월 31일에 확인함.
    6. “PLYMOUTH UNIVERSITY FIELD TRIP- MALAYSIA”. 2012년 12월 31일에 확인함.[깨진 링크(과거 내용 찾기)]
    7. Sun Bear at Arktofile. Arktofile.net. 2011-03-26.
    8. Wong Siew Te, Servheen Christopher, Ambu Laurentius (2002). “Food habits of Malayan Sun Bears in lowland tropical forests of Borneo” (PDF). 《Ursus》 13: 127–136. 2012년 3월 12일에 원본 문서 (PDF)에서 보존된 문서. 2012년 12월 31일에 확인함.
    9. Frediksson Gabriella, 2001; "Beruang madu." "Sahabat Alam, LORIES. Jan 2001:3–6."
    10. Wong, S. T. “The Integration of Fulung and Mary”. Borneo Sun Bear Conservation Center. 2014년 4월 24일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2012년 12월 31일에 확인함.
    11. San Diego Zoo's Animal Bytes: Sun Bear. Sandiegozoo.org. 2012년 12월 31일 확인.
    12. Bunnell, Fred (1984). Macdonald, D., 편집. 《The Encyclopedia of Mammals》. New York: Facts on File. 97쪽. ISBN 0-87196-871-1.
    13. Concern grows for the smallest bear. BBC News. 2007년 11월 12일 작성. 2007년 12월 31일에 확인.
    14. Johannes Krause et al.: Mitochondrial genomes reveal an explosive radiation of extinct and extant bears near the Miocene-Pliocene boundary.BMC Evolutionary Biology 2008, doi 10.1186/1471-2148-8-220
    Heckert GNU white.svgCc.logo.circle.svg 이 문서에는 다음커뮤니케이션(현 카카오)에서 GFDL 또는 CC-SA 라이선스로 배포한 글로벌 세계대백과사전의 내용을 기초로 작성된 글이 포함되어 있습니다.
     title=
    license
    cc-by-sa-3.0
    copyright
    Wikipedia 작가 및 편집자