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Tussilago farfara L.

Biology ( 英語 )

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Colt's-foot is a perennial species that arises from rhizomes (3). The flowers, which are present from February to April (6), close at night and in poor weather and are pollinated by a range of flies and bees (2) (1). The seeds are dispersed by wind, but to seedlings require constantly moist conditions to survive. Most plants spread from the rhizome by vegetative reproduction (1). This plant has been put to a wide range of uses through the years (4). The leaves can be incorporated into salads, cooked and used to make tea. The felt from the leaves has been used as a stuffing agent and dried for use as tinder. Colt's-foot is still available in health-food outlets as a treatment for coughs and other chest problems. The plant must be boiled before being ingested as it contains substances that can be toxic to the liver (6).
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Conservation ( 英語 )

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Conservation action is not required for this species at present.
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Description ( 英語 )

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Colt's foot is one of the earliest flowers each spring. The alternative name 'son-before-father' refers to the fact that the bright yellow flowers held on purplish woolly shoots are often present before the leaves (4) (5). The large leaves with their thick felt-covered undersides occur in rosettes (2). They are similar in shape to animal hooves, hence the names colt's or foal's-foot. The scientific name Tussilago derives from the latin for 'cough' (Tussis), and hints at the widespread smoking of the dried leaves in folk-medicine to cure coughs (4) (5). It is still smoked in some areas today as herbal tobacco, and the names 'baccy plant' and 'poor-man's-baccy' survive in some parts of Britain (4).
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Habitat ( 英語 )

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Occurs in a range of habitats that are typically disturbed, including rough grassland, shingle and sand dunes, road verges, waste ground, cliff slopes, spoil heaps and river banks. In agricultural areas, colt's-foot can be a stubborn arable weed (2) (3).
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Range ( 英語 )

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Common throughout Britain, reaching heights of up to 1065m in Scotland (2) (3). Elsewhere, this species is found throughout most of Europe reaching its northernmost extreme in Norway. It also occurs in North Africa, western and northern Asia, and has been introduced to North America (2).
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Status ( 英語 )

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Not threatened (3).
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Threats ( 英語 )

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This plant is not threatened.
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Associations ( 英語 )

由BioImages, the virtual fieldguide, UK提供
In Great Britain and/or Ireland:
Foodplant / miner
larva of Acidia cognata mines leaf of Tussilago farfara

Foodplant / spot causer
subcuticular mycelial strands of Asteroma coelomycetous anamorph of Asteroma impressum causes spots on live leaf of Tussilago farfara

Foodplant / parasite
hypophyllous telium of Coleosporium tussilaginis parasitises live leaf of Tussilago farfara
Other: major host/prey

Foodplant / parasite
Golovinomyces cichoracearum parasitises live Tussilago farfara

Foodplant / open feeder
adult of Longitarsus gracilis grazes on leaf of Tussilago farfara

Foodplant / spot causer
amphigenous colony of Ramularia hyphomycetous anamorph of Mycosphaerella tussilaginis causes spots on live leaf of Tussilago farfara

Foodplant / miner
larva of Phytomyza tussilaginis mines leaf of Tussilago farfara

Foodplant / parasite
pycnium of Puccinia poarum parasitises leaf of Tussilago farfara
Remarks: season: 5-6

Foodplant / spot causer
epiphyllous, subepidermal, covered then bursting at apex pycnidium of Stagonospora coelomycetous anamorph of Stagonospora tussilaginis causes spots on live leaf of Tussilago farfara
Remarks: season: 7-8

Foodplant / open feeder
nocturnal larva of Tenthredo mandibularis grazes on leaf of Tussilago farfara
Other: minor host/prey

Foodplant / miner
larva of Trypeta zoe mines leaf of Tussilago farfara
Remarks: Other: uncertain

Foodplant / miner
larva of Vidalia cornuta mines leaf of Tussilago farfara
Remarks: Other: uncertain

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Comments ( 英語 )

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Flowering heads of Tussilago farfara close at night (laminae of ray corollas arch and roll inward). The species is becoming an invasive weed in some areas.
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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
書目引用
Flora of North America Vol. 20: 633,635 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Description ( 英語 )

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Basal leaves: blades palmately 5–12-lobed or -angled, mostly 5–20+ × 5–20+ cm, margins irregularly denticulate. Cauline leaves mostly 5–25 mm. Calyculi: bractlets 5–15 mm. Phyllaries mostly 7–15 mm. Ray corollas: laminae (2–)4–10 mm. Disc corollas 10–12 mm. Cypselae 3–4 mm; pappi 8–12 mm, ± surpassing involucres. 2n = 60.
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Flora of North America Vol. 20: 633,635 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Distribution ( 英語 )

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N. Africa, Europe, Asia eastwards to China, introduced in N. America.
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書目引用
Annotated Checklist of the Flowering Plants of Nepal Vol. 0 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Annotated Checklist of the Flowering Plants of Nepal @ eFloras.org
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K.K. Shrestha, J.R. Press and D.A. Sutton
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Elevation Range ( 英語 )

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2800-3800 m
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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
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Annotated Checklist of the Flowering Plants of Nepal Vol. 0 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Annotated Checklist of the Flowering Plants of Nepal @ eFloras.org
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K.K. Shrestha, J.R. Press and D.A. Sutton
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Common Names ( 英語 )

由Fire Effects Information System Plants提供
coltsfoot

colt's foot
書目引用
Innes, Robin J. 2011. Tussilago farfara. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/forb/tusfar/all.html
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Conservation Status ( 英語 )

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Information on state-level noxious weed status of plants in the United States is available at Plants Database.
書目引用
Innes, Robin J. 2011. Tussilago farfara. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/forb/tusfar/all.html
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Description ( 英語 )

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More info for the terms: adventitious, forb, formation, pappus, rhizome, root crown

Botanical description: This description covers characteristics that may be relevant to fire ecology and is not meant for identification. Keys for identification are available (e.g., [36,43,57,79,84]).

Form and architecture: Coltsfoot is a rhizomatous perennial forb [36,43,57] that is 2 to 20 inches (5-50 cm) tall [36,43].

Reproductive structures: Coltsfoot flowers resemble that of common dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) but are smaller and have disc florets and numerous, radiate, yellow ray florets [19,36,57,79]. Disc florets are sterile, whereas ray florets are fertile [36,57,84]. In a flower head, 3 to 80 disc florets are surrounded by 150 to 500 ray florets in several rows (Bakker 1952 cited in [4]). Flower heads are 1.00 to 1.25 inches (2.54-3.18 cm) wide and occur singly at the top of flowering stems [19,36,57].

Flowering stems are covered with wooly hairs and scaly bracts and emerge in early spring prior to the leaves [19,36,43,57,79]. Several flowering stems arise from one root crown. Flowering stems are 2 to 6 inches (5-15 cm) tall when flowering begins and may reach 12 to 20 inches (30-51 cm) tall by the time flowers mature [19,57].

Coltsfoot seeds are achenes with a small pappus, resembling that of the common dandelion [62,64,95]. The seeds are small nutlets about 0.1 to 0.2 inch (0.3-0.4 cm) long [30,33,64] and weigh approximately 0.3 mg each [10,11,33].

Photo courtesy of Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Bugwood.org

Leaves: Coltsfoot leaves emerge after flowers mature [19,57]. Leaves grow in the form of a basal rosette. They are long-petioled, heart-shaped [19,36,43,57], and 2 to 8 inches (5-20 cm) long [19,36]. They are deciduous [11].

Underground structures: Upon germination, coltsfoot has a branched primary tap root that may grow 2 to 4 inches (5-10 cm) deep before leaves emerge [4,62,69]. The primary root dies 3 to 4 months after germination. In the meantime, adventitious roots develop from the first nodes of the stem. Adventitious roots may grow up to 5 feet (1.5 m) deep.

Coltsfoot has a deep, extensive rhizome system [19,39]. As early as 2 to 4 months after germination, rhizomes grow out from the basal leaf axils. Rhizomes may produce aerial vegetative shoots in their first year [4]. Rhizomes may grow >3 feet (1 m) between the time of initiation and the formation of aerial shoots [69] and may grow up to 18 feet (5.5 m) long [67]. According to fact sheets, rhizomes may grow up to 10 feet (3 m) deep [19], but most grow between 2 and 8 inches (5-20 cm) deep [109]. Rhizomes are brittle, and fragmentation of plants by breaking and rotting of rhizomes leads to development of independent ramets that are genetically identical to their parent [13,73]. Generally, a rhizome initiated in one year produces aerial shoots the succeeding year, and these shoots produce flowers in the third year. After this the rhizome usually dies, leading to fragmentation of the rhizome system [13,62,69]. In hydric soils in the Netherlands, the central parts of some coltsfoot clones died in the second year after establishment, while the outer parts survived [4]. Thus, new growth may occur at points distant from that of the previous year [62].

Physiology: Coltsfoot is apparently salt tolerant. In New York, coltsfoot occurred along the southwestern shore of Onondaga Lake near Syracuse, New York, where saline industrial residues (finely ground limestone rich in salts) were dumped 34 years prior to the study [111]. In East Bohemia, Czech Republic, coltsfoot persisted on a road bank that was exposed to winter salt spray through a 7-year study [51]. Coltsfoot also appears to be tolerant of intermittent flooding (e.g., [47,72,93]). For more information on coltsfoot's soil moisture tolerance, see Site Characteristics.

書目引用
Innes, Robin J. 2011. Tussilago farfara. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/forb/tusfar/all.html
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Distribution ( 英語 )

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Coltsfoot is nonnative in North America. It is most widespread in the eastern United States from Minnesota south to Tennessee, east to North Carolina, and north to Maine [36,43,57,95,106]. It occurs throughout southern Ontario, southern Quebec, and the Canadian Maritime provinces. It is also found in southwestern British Columbia and Vancouver Island [83] and occasionally west of the Cascade Range in the Pacific Northwest [43]. Plants Database provides a distributional map of coltsfoot.

Coltsfoot is native to Europe, western Asia, and northwestern Africa ([33,36,43], Hulten and Fries 1986 cited in [48]). Coltsfoot's native geographical distribution extends from the British Isles east to Siberia, north to the Arctic Circle, and south to the Himalayas [62]. Coltsfoot was probably introduced from its native range to the United States by early European settlers for its medicinal properties (see Other Uses) [95]. It was present in the United States as early as 1840 [105] and present in Canada in the 1920s [109]. Coltsfoot has escaped from cultivation and has spread extensively (see Impacts) [48].

書目引用
Innes, Robin J. 2011. Tussilago farfara. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/forb/tusfar/all.html
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Fire Management Considerations ( 英語 )

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More info for the terms: fire suppression, prescribed fire, restoration, seed, wildfire

Potential for postfire establishment and spread: Coltsfoot possesses traits that are likely to allow it to survive and establish after fire (see Fire adaptations). The available literature documents coltsfoot establishment in burned areas following wildfire [24,25,85,97,112]. In one study, coltsfoot established from seed from adjacent unburned areas [24] (see Plant response to fire).

Preventing postfire establishment and spread: Because of its potential for long-distance seed dispersal, coltsfoot may establish on burned sites via wind-dispersed seed. Thus, monitoring burned areas in close proximity to known coltsfoot populations is advised. Because of coltsfoot's potential for seed dispersal via water, monitoring burned areas downstream of coltsfoot populations is also advised. Coltsfoot establishment may occur in the first several years after fire. For example, it established 1 year after wildfire in Ireland [24], 2 years after wildfire in Bulgaria [97], 2 years after wildfire in England [85], 1 to 4 years after wildfire in Russia [112], and 5 years after wildfire in Ontario [25].

Preventing invasive plants from establishing in weed-free burned areas is the most effective and least costly management method. This may be accomplished through early detection and eradication, careful monitoring and follow-up, and limiting dispersal of invasive plant propagules into burned areas. General recommendations for preventing postfire establishment and spread of invasive plants include:

  • Incorporate cost of weed prevention and management into fire rehabilitation plans
  • Acquire restoration funding
  • Include weed prevention education in fire training
  • Minimize soil disturbance and vegetation removal during fire suppression and rehabilitation activities
  • Minimize the use of retardants that may alter soil nutrient availability, such as those containing nitrogen and phosphorus
  • Avoid areas dominated by high priority invasive plants when locating firelines, monitoring camps, staging areas, and helibases
  • Clean equipment and vehicles prior to entering burned areas
  • Regulate or prevent human and livestock entry into burned areas until desirable site vegetation has recovered sufficiently to resist invasion by undesirable vegetation
  • Monitor burned areas and areas of significant disturbance or traffic from management activity
  • Detect weeds early and eradicate before vegetative spread and/or seed dispersal
  • Eradicate small patches and contain or control large infestations within or adjacent to the burned area
  • Reestablish vegetation on bare ground as soon as possible
  • Avoid use of fertilizers in postfire rehabilitation and restoration
  • Use only certified weed-free seed mixes when revegetation is necessary

For more detailed information on these topics, see the following publications: [3,16,37,102].

Use of prescribed fire as a control agent: Prescribed fire may not be an appropriate management tool where coltsfoot occurs, or prescribed fire may need to be used in combination with other management techniques. Though no studies have used prescribed fire specifically to control coltsfoot, its establishment following wildfire [24,25,85,97,112] suggests that prescribed fire may encourage coltsfoot establishment.
書目引用
Innes, Robin J. 2011. Tussilago farfara. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/forb/tusfar/all.html
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Fire Regime Table ( 英語 )

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書目引用
Innes, Robin J. 2011. Tussilago farfara. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/forb/tusfar/all.html
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Fuels and Fire Regimes ( 英語 )

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More info for the terms: fire regime, fuel, presettlement fire regime

Fuels: As of this writing (2011), no information was available regarding the fuel characteristics of coltsfoot.

FIRE REGIMES: It is not known what fire regime coltsfoot is best adapted to. In North America, coltsfoot occurs in a variety of plant communities with a range of presettlement fire regime characteristics. See the Fire Regime Table for further information on fire regimes of vegetation communities in which coltsfoot may occur. Find further fire regime information for the plant communities in which this species may occur by entering the species name in the FEIS home page under "Find FIRE REGIMES".

書目引用
Innes, Robin J. 2011. Tussilago farfara. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/forb/tusfar/all.html
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Germination ( 英語 )

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More info for the terms: fresh, natural, seed

Coltsfoot seeds do not show dormancy. Secondary dormancy does not occur in coltsfoot. Seeds usually germinate the season they are produced [10]. Under laboratory and natural conditions, seed viability decreases rapidly over time. Most seeds >5 months old do not germinate [4,10,64]. Under laboratory conditions in the Netherlands, mean percent germination of coltsfoot seeds decreased from 94% immediately after harvest to 3% 4 months later [4]:

Mean percent germination of coltsfoot seeds immediately after harvest and after storage under varied conditions [4] Storage conditions Storage time Immediately after harvest 1 month 2 months 4 months Indoors, 18-23 °C 94 57 41 3 Outdoors, 40 cm below the soil surface 94 21 3 0 Outdoors, 50 cm below the water surface 94 37 0 0

Coltsfoot seeds collected in May from wild populations in Poland and sown on filter paper in May and June reached 100% germination within 24 hours. Seeds sown in July reached 92% germination within 3 days; those sown in September reached 4.7% germination in 6 days; none of those sown in October germinated [64]. All coltsfoot seeds collected in April and May from wild populations in England and planted immediately after harvesting germinated in the laboratory. All seeds stored for 8 weeks at 37 °F (3 °C) also germinated in the laboratory, suggesting no loss of viability during 8 weeks of storage. However, all seeds stored at 37 °F for 6 months, then stored for an additional 6 months either at 81 °F (27 °C) in the laboratory or buried in mesh bags in potting soil outside, failed to germinate [10].

Viability and germination of coltsfoot seeds in the laboratory are high [4,10,64] but may not reflect germination rates in wild populations [64]. In laboratory experiments, viability reported for coltsfoot seeds from wild populations ranged from about 52% [11] to 76% [10]. However, seed germination in the field may be much lower than that in the laboratory. Namura-Ochalska [64] reported that even in years of high seed production, "no more than a few seedlings emerged", with as few as 0.5% of seeds germinating.

Coltsfoot seeds germinate in a range of light, temperature, soil moisture, and soil pH conditions, but cold temperatures and dry or extremely acid soils inhibit germination. Coltsfoot seeds germinate equally well in light and in dark [4,10,64]. Fresh coltsfoot seeds germinate at constant temperatures ranging from 41 to 86 °F (5-30 °C) [10], but >50 to 77 °F (10-25 °C) is optimum [4,6,10]. Coltsfoot seeds germinate well on substrates with a range of water availability, although they germinate best on moist substrates [10,64]. In the laboratory in Poland, seedling emergence tests indicated that coltsfoot seeds tolerated excess water, including submergence, but were very susceptible to water shortage [64]. In a culture solution, coltsfoot seeds germinated at a pH ranging from 4.5 to 6.5; germination was "slow" at pH 4; and no seeds germinated at pH <3.5 [62].

Seedling emergence tests indicate that coltsfoot seeds germinate best when on the soil surface, and seeds buried deeper than 0.2 inch (0.5 cm) [4] to 0.8 inch (2 cm) [64] do not germinate. In the laboratory in Poland, 100% of seeds planted on the soil surface germinated within 2 days; 50% germinated within 9 days when planted 0.4 inch (1 cm) deep; and 12% germinated within 12 days when planted 0.8 inch (2 cm) deep. Seeds sown deeper did not germinate [64].

書目引用
Innes, Robin J. 2011. Tussilago farfara. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/forb/tusfar/all.html
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Growth Form (according to Raunkiær Life-form classification) ( 英語 )

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More info on this topic.

More info for the terms: geophyte, hemicryptophyte

Raunkiaer [78] life form:
Hemicryptophyte
Geophyte
書目引用
Innes, Robin J. 2011. Tussilago farfara. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/forb/tusfar/all.html
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Habitat characteristics ( 英語 )

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More info for the terms: association, cover, forest, mesic, restoration

Coltsfoot establishes on lowland and upland sites with a range of soil and climatic conditions, but is most common on moist soils in cool climates. According to fact sheets, coltsfoot grows best in low-lying mesic areas including streambanks and moist grasslands and in disturbed areas such as roadsides, although it also grows in dry sites [95]. It prefers full sun (see Seedling establishment and plant growth). It primarily establishes on open, disturbed sites, though it may occasionally occur in intact native plant communities including wetlands and forests. See Habitat Types and Plant Communities for descriptions of plant communities where coltsfoot occurs.

Soils: According to a fact sheet from Ohio, coltsfoot prefers moist, clay soils in cool climates [19].

Photo courtesy of Chris Evans, River to River CWMA, Bugwood.org

Texture: Coltsfoot occurs in clays [9], silts [99], loams [28], silt loams [82,99], silty clay loams [90,99], sandy loams [2,99], and sands [25,64]. Coltsfoot occurs in peatlands in its native [81] and North American [23] ranges. In the Cayuga Lake Basin in New York, Turner [99] concluded that the "optimum" soil textures for coltsfoot were silt loam and silty clay loam.

pH: Coltsfoot occurs in soils with pH ranging from 4.6 to 10 [2,2,13,23,62,64,99,112]. It occurs primarily on neutral to very strongly alkaline soils [2,13,62]. In the Cayuga Lake Basin in New York, coltsfoot did not occur in soils with pH <6.9; 20% of plants occurred in neutral (7.0 pH) soils; and most plants (45%) occurred in soils with pH >7.1 [99].

Soil fertility: Coltsfoot can occur in infertile (e.g., [82,90]) to very fertile (e.g., [28]) soils. Coltsfoot's tolerance of extremely infertile soils caused Myerscough and Whitehead [62] to suggest that coltsfoot "appears to have a competitive advantage in that germination can occur at lower levels of nutrient concentration than in other species". Coltsfoot is mycorrhizal, and symbiotic vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae were found on coltsfoot roots in Pennsylvania [60].

Moisture: Coltsfoot occurs in dry and moist soils but is most common in moist soils. Coltsfoots was listed as a facultative upland species in Ohio. Facultative upland species were those that usually occurred in nonwetland habitats (67-99% of the time) but occasionally occurred in wetlands (Sabine 1993 cited in [107]).

Coltsfoot commonly occurs in poorly drained and intermittently flooded areas. In the Cayuga Lake Basin in New York, coltsfoot was "fairly abundant" in poorly drained silt loam, abundant in moderately well-drained silty clay loam, fairly abundant in well-drained fine sandy loam, and scarce in marly silt of marshy basins and outlets of marl springs [99]. In the Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area, coltsfoot occurred on low river banks in the black willow/reed canarygrass-Indianhemp association that was intermittently flooded [72]. In the Pra River floodplain in Russia, coltsfoot occurred in burned peatlands that were flooded for 1 to 2 months in spring and had a high groundwater table (16-20 inches (40-50 cm) deep) in summer [112]. In Germany, coltsfoot occurred in wet, shaded oak-alder (Quercus spp.-Alnus spp.) stands along a river bank [73]. In Scotland, coltsfoot occurred in very open gravel-flushes and springs within woodlands where cover was patchy; it appeared to be tolerant of rapid water flow and periodic submergence [47]. In the British Isles, coltsfoot occurred in calcareous seepage fens (Clapman 1953 cited in [62]).

Two years after forest restoration efforts on a surface mine in eastern Kentucky, coltsfoot established on brown, weathered sandstone ("brown spoils") and had the highest cover of any plant species (51% cover). Coltsfoot did not occur on gray, weathered sandstone ("gray spoils") or mixed weathered and unweathered sandstones and shale ("mixed soils"). Total vegetation cover was 66%, 6%, and 2% on brown, gray, and mixed spoils, respectively. Three years after restoration efforts, coltsfoot remained dominant in brown spoils and became dominant in gray and mixed spoils. Coltsfoot cover was 30%, 41%, and 30% on brown, gray and mixed spoils, respectively. Differences in coltsfoot cover on the 3 spoils was explained in part by soil moisture and pH. Brown spoils had the highest soil moisture and gray spoils the least. Brown spoils were moderately acidic to neutral (pH 6.0-6.6), whereas mixed and gray spoils were moderately to strongly alkaline (pH 8.1-8.6) [2].

Coltsfoot infrequently occurs in dry soils. In Great Falls Park, Virginia, coltsfoot was rare in white oak-red oak-mockernut hickory forest on dry middle or upper slopes and ridges with high solar exposure [90]. In Germany, coltsfoot occurred in a sunny, dry gravel pit [73].

Climate: Coltsfoot appears to prefer cool, moist climates [106]. Cold temperatures in winter are apparently required for breaking bud dormancy in early spring [61]. According to Ogden [69], coltsfoot seems well-adapted to places in which the growing season is short and the winter severe.

Mean maximum and minimum temperatures and mean annual precipitation of some sites with coltsfoot in North America Location Mean annual temperature (°C) Mean annual precipitation (mm) Minimum Maximum King George County, Pennsylvania 7.7 31.7 1,019 [88] Prince Georges and Charles counties, Maryland 5.9 19.6 1,144 [91] Quebec City, Quebec -12 18 924 [23]

In Europe, coltsfoot occurred on sites where mean annual temperature ranged from 47 to 49 °F (8.5-9.2 °C) and mean annual precipitation ranged from 19 to 33 inches (480-850 mm) [28,38,68].

Fruiting timing is affected by elevation and temperature. During one year near Bath, England, coltsfoot plants in the valley (elevation 65 feet (20 m)) bloomed 36 days earlier than plants on the plateau (elevation 720 feet (220 m)) [5]. An analysis of 36 years of first flowering dates in central England found that coltsfoot flowered earlier following warm winters, whereas warm temperatures in fall resulted in later flowering the following spring [32].

The relationship between temperature and coltsfoot flowering has been used to study potential effects from climatic warming. In central England, models based on 36 years of first flowering dates suggested that an increase in monthly mean temperature by 1.8 °F (1.0 °C) may advance coltsfoot flowering by 20 days [32]. Timing of flowering by coltsfoot may be affected by the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), which accounts for much of the interannual variation in wintertime temperature and precipitation in the northern hemisphere and exhibits phases of increase and decrease that persist over decades. Analysis of 34 to 50 years of flowering data from Norway found that coltsfoot flowering was negatively related to the NAO index of the preceding winter at 20 out of 23 sites (P≤0.05 for all tests); coltsfoot plants bloomed earlier following warm, wet winters. Following increasingly warm, wet winters, the flowering season was prolonged by an average of 18.5 days [74].

Elevation: As of this writing (2011), few authors reported elevation data for sites with coltsfoot in North America. In coltsfoot's native range in the British Isles, it occurs from sea level to 3,497 feet (1,066 m) [33]. In Europe, coltsfoot occurs from sea level to 7,500 feet (2,300 m) in the Alps Range [38,51,68,70,73,74,97]. Coltsfoot occurs from 7,580 to 10,100 feet (2,310-3,080 m) in the Himalayas in Pakistan [27].

Topography: Coltsfoot occurs on level to gently sloping topography (e.g., [25,46]) and on steep, erosional slopes, especially road cuts (e.g., [38,88,94]).

書目引用
Innes, Robin J. 2011. Tussilago farfara. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/forb/tusfar/all.html
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Impacts and Control ( 英語 )

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More info for the terms: cover, density, fire management, invasive species, natural, prescribed fire, rhizome, seed

Impacts: Coltsfoot often forms dense stands, particularly along roadsides (e.g., [21,22,59]), and occasionally dominates disturbed native plant communities (e.g., [2,80]). Coltsfoot's ability to dominate disturbed areas is attributed to its high seed production, fast vegetative spread, and ability to tolerate a wide range of environmental conditions [66,77]. According to management guidelines from 2005, however, evidence was lacking that coltsfoot out-competes other vegetation in relatively undisturbed native habitats [58]. In 2004, a compilation of invasive species lists and expert opinion from throughout the northeastern and north-central United States indicated that coltsfoot was “not currently known to be especially invasive” [101]. Although coltsfoot was introduced in Canada in the 1920s, Wright [109] stated that by 1997 it had not spread extensively. Most fact sheets, government publications, and weed management guides indicated that coltsfoot had no more than a moderate impact on native vegetation [20,26,95,101]. In the Upper Midwest, coltsfoot appears most invasive in grasslands and wetlands [26]. In Massachusetts, coltsfoot appears most invasive in lime seeps and disturbed sites [58].

Photo courtesy of Leslie J. Mehrhoff, University of Connecticut, Bugwood.org

Control: Coltsfoot control is complicated by its abundant seed production and ability to sprout from rhizomes following disturbance [77,109]. Because coltsfoot often becomes established after disturbance, control efforts should focus on management of existing infestations and minimization of disturbance to forests, wetlands, and other natural communities. Control effectiveness may depend on a program that integrates multiple management procedures such as herbicides, seeding of desired species, and other techniques that decrease coltsfoot spread and favor desired species.

In all cases where invasive species are targeted for control, no matter what method is employed, the potential for other invasive species to fill their void must be considered [17]. Control of biotic invasions is most effective when it employs a long-term, ecosystem-wide strategy rather than a tactical approach focused on battling individual invaders [55].

Prevention: Coltsfoot's preference for disturbed sites (see Successional Status) suggests that its establishment may be prevented by minimizing soil disturbance. It is commonly argued that the most cost-efficient and effective method of managing invasive species is to prevent their establishment and spread by maintaining "healthy" natural communities [55,87] (e.g., avoid road building in wildlands [100]) and by monitoring several times each year [49]. Managing to maintain the integrity of the native plant community and mitigate the factors enhancing ecosystem invasibility is likely to be more effective than managing solely to control the invader [44].

Weed prevention and control can be incorporated into many types of management plans, including those for logging and site preparation, grazing allotments, recreation management, research projects, road building and maintenance, and fire management [102]. See the Guide to noxious weed prevention practices [102] for specific guidelines in preventing the spread of weed seeds and propagules under different management conditions.

Fire: For information on the use of prescribed fire to control this species, see Fire Management Considerations.

Cultural control: Because increased vegetation density and cover may result in decreased coltsfoot cover (see Successional Status), it may be possible to control coltsfoot by establishing native vegetation. In a greenhouse in Poland, coltsfoot seedling survival decreased with increased seedling density, and increased seedling density also delayed coltsfoot seedling development [66]. In field experiments in the Netherlands, coltsfoot did not grow well from germination to the reproductive stage when grown among dense agricultural crops, due in part to low light intensities under these crops [4]. Other researchers reported that because coltsfoot was low-growing, vegetative reproduction was reduced by the abundance of other low-growing herbs such as clover (Fabaceae) and ryegrass (Lolium spp.) (review by [4]). In combination, these studies suggest that establishing native vegetation may slow coltsfoot establishment and spread. For more information on this topic, see Seedling establishment and plant growth.

Physical or mechanical control: Coltsfoot has deep, brittle rhizomes, making it difficult to control by hand-pulling. Small coltsfoot infestations may be eradicated by carefully digging out plants [26,95]. It is critical that all underground portions of the plant are removed because even small fragments of rhizomes left in the soil are likely to give rise to new plants [66]. According to a fact sheet, coltsfoot roots can remain dormant underground for long periods [95] and presumably retain the potential to generate new plants. Coltsfoot seedlings hand-pulled after germination but prior to rhizome development are usually killed and not capable of vegetative reproduction (see Vegetative regeneration) [4]. Hand-pulling before the plant has set seed may reduce spread [95].

Biological control: No biological controls of coltsfoot are known as of this writing (2011). Biological control of invasive species has a long history that indicates many factors must be considered before using biological controls. Refer to these sources: [104,108] and the Weed control methods handbook [98] for background information and important considerations for developing and implementing biological control programs.

Chemical control: Herbicides may control coltsfoot. Fact sheets provide information on specific chemicals that may be used to control coltsfoot: [95,109]. However, little detailed information regarding the effectiveness of herbicides on coltsfoot was available as of this writing (2011). Herbicides are effective in gaining initial control of a new invasion or a severe infestation, but they are rarely a complete or long-term solution to weed management [18]. See the Weed control methods handbook [98] for considerations on the use of herbicides in natural areas and detailed information on specific chemicals.

Integrated management: Integrated management includes considerations of not only killing the target plant but also of establishing desirable species and maintaining weed-free systems over the long term. Integrated management techniques may be more effective than individual methods at controlling coltsfoot, but as of this writing (2011) no information was available.
書目引用
Innes, Robin J. 2011. Tussilago farfara. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/forb/tusfar/all.html
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Importance to Livestock and Wildlife ( 英語 )

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More info for the term: cover

As of this writing (2011), little information was available in the published literature regarding coltsfoot's use by wildlife or livestock. In Manchester, England, coltsfoot flower heads were harvested by birds [11].

Palatability and nutritional value: As of this writing (2011), little information was available in the published literature regarding coltsfoot's palatability or nutritional value to wildlife or livestock. In coltsfoot's native range, its flowers are visited by a variety of invertebrates, including bees (Hymenoptera), hoverflies (Syrphidae), flies (Diptera), and beetles (Coleoptera) [71,73]. On the British Isles, leaf-miner flies (Agromyzidae), aphids (Aphididae), gelechiid moths (Gelechiidae), plume moths (Pterophoridae) and tortix moths (Tortricidae) feed on the roots, stems, leaves, and flowers of coltsfoot [33].

Cover value: No information is available on this topic.

書目引用
Innes, Robin J. 2011. Tussilago farfara. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/forb/tusfar/all.html
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Key Plant Community Associations ( 英語 )

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More info for the terms: association, fen, fire regime, forest, herbaceous, nonnative species, shrubland, swamp

Plant community associations of nonnative species are often difficult to describe accurately
because detailed survey information is lacking, there are gaps in understanding of nonnative
species' ecological characteristics, and nonnative species may still be expanding their
North American range. Therefore, coltsfoot may occur in plant communities other than those
discussed here and listed in the Fire Regime Table.

Coltsfoot occurs in a variety of habitats and plant communities throughout the United States
and Canada that are similar to those of its native range (see Site Characteristics). It occurs in upland and floodplain forests and woodlands; in wetlands
and along riverbanks and shorelines of lakes and ponds; and in grasslands. It also occurs in anthropogenically disturbed areas such as cultivated, fallow, and successional fields, railroad rights-of-way, roadsides, and ditches (e.g., [21,22,29,31,41,57,59,88,90,93]).


Wetlands and shoreline communities:
Coltsfoot commonly occurs in and on the edge of rivers, lakes, ponds, swamps, marshes, and fens. In Gros Morne National Park, Newfoundland,
coltsfoot occasionally dominated highly disturbed gravel riverbanks [80].
Near Quebec City, Quebec, it was the most abundant species in ditches in lowland boreal peatlands
[23]. It occurred on a sand dune dominated by switchgrass (Panicum virgatum)
and Great Lakes wheatgrass (Elymus lanceolatus spp. psammophilus) on the
northern shore of Lake Erie, Ontario [113]. On Timber Island in Lake Winnipesaukee,
New Hampshire, coltsfoot was infrequent in moist and wet crevices along the shoreline [14].
In Strouds Run State Park, south-central Ohio, it occurred in marshes and on lake edges [41].
In the Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area, coltsfoot occurred in the northern
bayberry-shrubby cinquefoil/dioecious sedge-yellow sedge (Morella pensylvanica-
Dasiphora fruticosa spp. floribunda/Carex sterilis-Carex flava)
marl fen association [72]. Along the New River Gorge National River in West Virginia, coltsfoot
occurred in an American eelgrass-pondweed (Vallisneria americana-Potamogeton spp.) wetland [93]. In Kentucky, coltsfoot occurred in mud flats along Cave Run Lake [54].
In King George County, Virginia, it occurred along steeply sloped river bluffs and on beach
berms located at the bases of these bluffs [88]. In Washington, it occurred in a larch
(Larix spp.) swamp [31].


Riparian floodplain and bottomland communities: In the northeastern United States and southeastern Canada, coltsfoot commonly occurs in mixed-hardwood riparian floodplain and bottomland communities. In Gros Morne National Park, Newfoundland, coltsfoot
was one of the most common nonnative herbaceous species within canopy gaps in lowland balsam fir-white spruce-paper birch (Abies balsamifera-Picea alba-Betula papyrifera) forest [46]. In the Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area, it occurred on low riverbanks
in the black willow/reed canarygrass-Indianhemp (Salix nigra/Phalaris arundinacea-Apocynum cannabinum) temporarily flooded shrubland association [72].
In Prince Georges and Charles counties, Maryland, it was rare in oak-sweetgum-red maple
(Quercus spp.-Liquidambar styraciflua-Acer rubrum) woodlands in the
Piscataway Creek floodplain [91]. Along the New River Gorge National River in West Virginia,
coltsfoot occurred in yellow-poplar-white oak-northern red oak-sugar maple (Liriodendron tulipifera-Quercus alba-Q. rubra-Acer saccharum) forest on bottomlands and slopes that
ranged from rarely flooded to frequently flooded and in sycamore-river birch forest that was
often flooded during high water [93].



Upland forest communities: Near Montreal, Quebec, coltsfoot occurred in an old-growth sugar maple-American beech (Fagus grandifolia)-northern red oak forest 5 years after an ice storm [35]. At the Waterloo Wildlife Research Station in Athens County, Ohio, it occurred in 7- to 9-year-old clearcuts dominated by pin oak (Quercus palustris), red maple, yellow-poplar, and bigtooth aspen (Populus grandidentata) with an understory of
sassafras (Sassafras albidum), common greenbriar (Smilax rotundifolia), and
blackberry (Rubus spp.) [89]. In south-central Pennsylvania, it occurred in white oak-white
ash (Fraxinus americana)-northern red oak forests [110].
In Great Falls Park, Fairfax County, Virginia, it was rare in white oak-northern red oak-mockernut hickory/flowering dogwood/deerberry-nakedflower ticktrefoil (Carya alba/Cornus
florida/Vaccinium stamineum-Desmodium nudiflorum) forest on dry middle or upper
slopes and ridges [90].
書目引用
Innes, Robin J. 2011. Tussilago farfara. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/forb/tusfar/all.html
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Life Form ( 英語 )

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More info for the term: forb

Forb
書目引用
Innes, Robin J. 2011. Tussilago farfara. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/forb/tusfar/all.html
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Other uses and values ( 英語 )

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Coltsfoot may provide erosion control [61]. Coltsfoot traditionally served a number of medical uses. Leaves and roots were dried, ground, or boiled and used to make teas, candies, and tobaccos. Preparations from leaves have been used to treat coughs and bronchial congestion. However, coltsfoot leaves contain a liver toxin and they are no longer used for this purpose ([30,57], fact sheets by [19,48]). Chemicals extracted from coltsfoot roots may be effective as a deterrent to larval eastern spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana) [8].
書目引用
Innes, Robin J. 2011. Tussilago farfara. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/forb/tusfar/all.html
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Phenology ( 英語 )

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More info for the terms: adventitious, root crown

Coltsfoot seeds germinate in late spring and early summer shortly after they are shed (see Germination). Shortly after germination, a tap root develops. During the first summer, adventitious roots develop on the lowest nodes of the stem, followed by rhizomes that are initiated in the same region (see Underground structures). By fall, several leaves are typically present, rhizomes are well developed, and flower buds have usually formed. In favorable environments, vegetative reproduction may occur before winter, with the tips of some rhizomes growing upwards to produce new plants. During winter, leaves die so all that is visible at the soil surface is a cluster of flower buds on the root crown. Flower buds continue to develop during winter, and early the following spring new vegetative shoots develop, flowering stems elongate, and flowers open. After flowers mature, seeds are dispersed, and vegetative shoots grow. Leaves grow from vegetative shoots in early summer after flowering stems die. During summer, rhizomes grow and develop aerial shoots, and the cycle recommences the following spring [4,62,69,109].

In North America, coltsfoot generally flowers from March through June:

General flowering dates reported for coltsfoot in parts of its North American range Location Dates New England April-June [36] New England 19 April-11 June [84] New England and New York April-June [57] Ohio March (fact sheet by [19]) Maryland March-May [30] southern Ontario April-early May (fact sheet by [109]) Nova Scotia late April-early May [79]

In the European range of coltsfoot, temperature appears to affect timing of flowering, with plants at higher elevation and more northerly latitudes flowering later in the season. For example, flowering generally occurs from June to July in Fennoscandia, but from March to April in southern Great Britain [62]. For more information on this topic, see Climate.

書目引用
Innes, Robin J. 2011. Tussilago farfara. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/forb/tusfar/all.html
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Pollination and breeding system ( 英語 )

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Pollination and breeding system: Coltsfoot may self-pollinate, but it is principally cross-pollinated [4,34,62] by insects [11,33,62]. Self-pollination "does not...appear to be very successful as may be seen from the numerous shriveled empty fruits...found in most heads if insects are excluded" [62]. In its native range, coltsfoot is pollinated by bees (Hymenoptera) [71,73], hoverflies (Syrphidae), flies (Diptera), beetles (Coleoptera), and possibly ants (Formicidae) [73].
書目引用
Innes, Robin J. 2011. Tussilago farfara. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/forb/tusfar/all.html
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Regeneration Processes ( 英語 )

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More info for the terms: breeding system, density, herbaceous, seed

Coltsfoot is a rapidly growing, herbaceous perennial that reproduces vegetatively by rhizomes and by seed [4,11,63,69,109]. Fact sheets state that coltsfoot reproduces primarily by rhizomes [19,48]. However, the balance between vegetative reproduction and reproduction by seed in coltsfoot may be influenced by plant density, where low-density populations have greater vegetative reproduction and reduced seed production [69].

書目引用
Innes, Robin J. 2011. Tussilago farfara. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/forb/tusfar/all.html
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Seed banking ( 英語 )

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More info for the term: seed

Coltsfoot seeds show no dormancy, and most seeds germinate shortly after dispersal. Seeds >5 months old typically do not germinate (see Germination). This suggests that coltsfoot has a transient seed bank. A flora stated that coltsfoot seed bank longevity was <3 months [33]. According to a review, studies in northwestern Europe reported coltsfoot seed densities in the seed bank ranging from 53 to 60 seeds/m² [96]. In "microcatchments" in the badlands area of southeastern Spain near Vallcebre, where coltsfoot plants were abundant in the standing vegetation, 77.9 coltsfoot seeds/m² were found in samples taken from the upper 4 inches (10 cm) of soil in October; no germination tests were conducted and seed viability was not determined [38].
書目引用
Innes, Robin J. 2011. Tussilago farfara. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/forb/tusfar/all.html
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Seed dispersal ( 英語 )

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Coltsfoot seeds are dispersed by wind [1,4] and secondarily by water [4]. According to a fact sheet, seeds are dispersed by wind as far as 8 miles (13 km) [19]. In the Netherlands, wind dispersed some coltsfoot seeds up to 4 miles (6 km), although most seeds apparently landed within 300 feet (100 m) of their source population [4]. Seed dispersal is likely greatest in open habitats [10,86].
書目引用
Innes, Robin J. 2011. Tussilago farfara. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/forb/tusfar/all.html
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Seed production ( 英語 )

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More info for the terms: density, forest, grassland, seed, succession

Coltsfoot is sexually mature in its second year (see Seasonal Development) [7]. A fact sheet states that each coltsfoot plant produces about 3,500 seeds [109]. In Manchester, England, coltsfoot plants grown in pots outside produced 4,600 seeds/plant on average [11]. According to a flora, a single flower head may produce 100 to 1,000 seeds, although typically no more than 300 [33]. In England, one wild population of coltsfoot produced an average of 157 seeds/flower head [13], and another produced 178 seeds/flower head [11]:

Reproductive characteristics of a wild coltsfoot population in Manchester, England [11] Seeds/flower head 178.1 Loss of seeds to predation (%) 21.0 Flower heads/rootstock 7.7 Flower heads/rootstock of the largest plant 100 Seeds/rootstock, including loss of seeds to predation 1,080

Coltsfoot seed production may be variable among populations and years. In its native range in Poland, a coltsfoot population along a riverbank produced 23,308 seeds/m² one year and <500 seeds/m² the previous year. The author attributed the difference in part to weather. In the same study, coltsfoot seed production decreased 51-fold in an old field and 22-fold in a grassland over 4 years. The author attributed the decline to succession of sod-forming grasses [64]. In the Netherlands, coltsfoot planted on bare, unvegetated soil produced 226,715 seeds/m², whereas coltsfoot planted in a young forest produced 16,511 seeds/m² [4]:

Reproductive characteristics of coltsfoot planted in 2 habitats in the Netherlands [4] Variable Unshaded site* Shaded site** Flowering stems/m² 33 7 Flower heads/flowering stem 37 16 Seeds/flower head 211 162 Mean percent seed germination 88 91 Number of viable seeds/m² 226,715 16,511 *A bare, unvegetated site. Soils were moderately moist clay loam, aerated to a depth of 30-40 cm.
** A young forest (3-4 m tall), without groundlayer vegetation. Light intensity in July was 35-45% of full daylight. Soils were moderately moist clay loam, aerated to a depth of 50 cm.

In its native range in Denmark, coltsfoot did not produce seeds every year [1]. Coltsfoot seed production may be influenced by plant density. For more information on this topic, see Vegetative regeneration.

書目引用
Innes, Robin J. 2011. Tussilago farfara. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/forb/tusfar/all.html
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Seedling establishment and plant growth ( 英語 )

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More info for the terms: competition, density

Coltsfoot plants grow best in moist soils in full sun in areas with low vegetation abundance.

Although coltsfoot seeds can germinate equally well in light and in dark [4,10,64], coltsfoot seedling establishment and growth are optimum under full light, and shading delays growth. In field experiments in the Netherlands, coltsfoot seedling growth was best at 100% full light; seedling growth was delayed at 60% to 70% full light; and seedlings died at light intensities <20% full light [4]. In a greenhouse experiment in England, coltsfoot plants grown under 10% daylight had a mean dry weight of 7 mg, whereas plants grown at 70% daylight had a mean dry weight of 8,770 mg [63]. In southeastern Ohio, coltsfoot stem number tended to decrease with increased canopy closure, indicating increased coltsfoot recruitment under an open canopy [21].

Coltsfoot seedling establishment and growth appear to be optimum in moist but not saturated soils. In the Netherlands, coltsfoot seedlings were "hardly affected" by very moist and "badly aerated" soils. Conversely, many coltsfoot seedlings did not survive the first growing season in areas with low water availability in the upper soil surface in June [4].

Dense vegetation decreases coltsfoot seedling growth and establishment, probably due in part to competition with other plants for light and moisture. In field experiments in the Netherlands, coltsfoot did not grow well from germination to the reproductive stage when grown among dense agricultural crops, a result attributed in part to low light under these crops [4]. In a greenhouse in Poland, coltsfoot seedling survival decreased with increased sowing density; survival was 92% when 20 seeds were sown per tray and 19% when 500 seeds were sown per tray [66]. In field experiments in the Netherlands, coltsfoot seeds were planted at different densities in full sun in May. Sites with the lowest density showed the highest total vegetative production, and those with the highest density showed the highest mortality at the end of the first growing season. Most mortality occurred during drought at the end of June. Soil erosion and pathogens may have also caused some mortality [4]:

Survival of coltsfoot seedlings to reproductive stage from seeds planted at 4 densities in 2 experiments [4] Mean number of seedlings/dm² shortly after emergence Mean number of plants/dm² in the reproductive stage before the end of the first growing season 28-36 0-1 11-18 3-4 8 4 2-3 1-2

Coltsfoot seedlings are apparently most vulnerable to mortality prior to development of rhizomes, when seedlings are not capable of vegetative reproduction [4]. Two and 3 years after complete removal of aboveground vegetation along a river in Poland, a large number of coltsfoot seedlings germinated in May. However, about 90% of seedlings had died by the end of the growing season [67].

書目引用
Innes, Robin J. 2011. Tussilago farfara. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/forb/tusfar/all.html
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Successional Status ( 英語 )

由Fire Effects Information System Plants提供
More info on this topic.

More info for the terms: cover, density, forest, herbaceous, peat, peatland, reclamation, restoration, shrub, succession, wildfire

Coltsfoot generally achieves its highest densities in disturbed areas and does not persist past early succession. In its North American range, coltsfoot is frequently documented in early-successional plant communities or disturbed areas. Near Quebec City, Quebec, coltsfoot was the most abundant species (2.7% cover) in a boreal peatland 1 year after restoration efforts. Coltsfoot was present in ditches prior to restoration efforts, and rhizomes were left in the ground after a grader disturbed the plants. In postdisturbance year 2, coltsfoot cover had increased, and coltsfoot was the third most abundant (4.9% cover) species; field horsetail (Equisetum arvense) and winter bentgrass (Agrostic hyemalis) were the most abundant [23]. Five years after an ice storm near Montreal, Quebec, mean coltsfoot cover was 0.2% in an old-growth sugar maple-American beech-red oak forest [35]. In Athens County, Ohio, coltsfoot occurred in 7- to 9-year old clearcuts [89]. Coltsfoot dominated some highly disturbed gravel riverbanks in boreal forest in Gros Morne National Park, Newfoundland [80].

Coltsfoot also occurs in early-successional plant communities or disturbed areas in its native range. In England, coltsfoot colonized the "less advanced stages" of fine-structured talus slopes and spoil banks in an abandoned chalk quarry [94]. In the British Isles, coltsfoot occurred on sand dunes where there was abundant bare ground and the soil was too unstable for moss colonization [42]. In Sweden, coltsfoot occurred in young (<10 years old) and old (up to 100 years old) abandoned gravel pits but was most common in young pits with high clay content [9]. In northwestern Czech Republic, coltsfoot often dominated 4- to 10-year-old abandoned basalt quarries where spoils with a high proportion of fine-structured subsoil were dumped [68]. In Hungary, coltsfoot dominated brown coal spoils within 3 years after abandonment [75].

In its native range, coltsfoot generally does not persist past early succession. In an abandoned wheat (Triticum spp.) field in Great Britain, coltsfoot was abundant 4 and 13 years after abandonment but scarce or occasional 21 and 31 years after abandonment. The author noted that coltsfoot looked like it would be "eliminated within the next few years" [15]. On nutrient-poor (low organic carbon and nitrogen) "protosoil" in central Germany, coltsfoot had the third highest cover (approximately 15%) during postdisturbance year 1. Coltsfoot cover subsequently declined, and at the end of the study in postdisturbance year 14, its cover was approximately 2% [82]. Coltsfoot colonized gravel areas in a moraine following a receding glacier in Obergurgl, Austria. It was found within 1,300 feet (400 m) of the glacial snout within 4 years of the start of colonization but was absent by the 19th year [70].

Coltsfoot is considered a "weak competitor" [64]. Coltsfoot cover apparently declines over time with increased vegetation density and cover. After a stand-replacing wildfire on drained peat soils in forested lowlands in the Pra River floodplain, Russia, coltsfoot occurred in mucky depressions where a thick peat layer (>39 inches (100 cm)) had burned to mineral soil and created a 4- to 6-inch (10-15 cm) deep ash horizon. Coltsfoot was present in postfire years 1 to 4 but absent in postfire year 5. Starting in postfire year 4, a continuous plant cover dominated by chee reedgrass (Calamagrostis epigeios) developed, and a humus horizon had formed in the upper soil layer [112], apparently reducing coltsfoot cover. In northwestern Czech Republic, coltsfoot cover decreased on reclaimed spoil heaps as woody vegetation increased during 35 years. Coltsfoot was not present the first 5 years but was abundant at 5 to 8 years when herbaceous perennials started to dominate. Coltsfoot cover declined as cover of other perennial herbs increased, and 15 years after abandonment, cover of other perennial herbs was dense. In subsequent years, coltsfoot and other perennial herbs declined as woody species cover increased [45]:

Percent coltsfoot cover on spoil heaps in a reclaimed coal mine in northwestern Czech Republic [45] Years since reclamation Mean percent coltsfoot cover Mean woody species cover 1-5 years not present present with negligible cover 6-10 years 20.5 1.0 11-15 years 4.9 6.4 16-25 years 2.6 9.0 26-35 years 0.3 15.0 35-45 years 3.1 10.0

In an abandoned fly ash waste dump in the Lee Valley, southern England, coltsfoot was abundant during early succession. Coltsfoot cover in 7-year-old and 10-year old dumps was 50% and 30%, respectively. After about 10 years, coltsfoot began to be shaded out by willow (Salix spp.) and birch (Betula spp.). Coltsfoot cover in 12- to 14-year-old ash dumps was 1% to 20%. After about 25 years, dumps succeeded to willow-birch woodlands. Coltsfoot was absent from a 24-year-old dump [85]. In central Finland, coltsfoot cover was about 2% in young peat fields (1-2 years after abandonment), but coltsfoot was absent from old peat fields (5-8 years after abandonment). Six to 8 years after abandonment, the ground was totally covered by mosses (Polytrichum spp.), and willow and birch dominated the shrub layer [81]. Coltsfoot and quackgrass (Elymus repens) dominated a 1-year-old abandoned agricultural field in Poland. Coltsfoot cover declined each succeeding year until postdisturbance year 4, when the site was dominated by orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata) and quackgrass, and only trace coltsfoot cover was present. The authors suggested that coltsfoot rhizomes were apparently not able to grow through the thick, dense layer of rhizomes and roots of the dominant grasses [65].

Coltsfoot prefers full sun and may be favored by high-light conditions following disturbance. Coltsfoot dominated some highly disturbed gravel riverbanks in boreal forest in Gros Morne National Park, Newfoundland. The author surmised that bare soil and high light intensities created by regular disturbance along the riverbank favored coltsfoot establishment [80]. Several North American studies indicate that coltsfoot is often found in edge habitats but absent in interior forest habitats [21,56,59].
書目引用
Innes, Robin J. 2011. Tussilago farfara. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/forb/tusfar/all.html
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Taxonomy ( 英語 )

由Fire Effects Information System Plants提供
The scientific name of coltsfoot is Tussilago farfara L. (Asteraceae) [36,43,57,84].
書目引用
Innes, Robin J. 2011. Tussilago farfara. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/forb/tusfar/all.html
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Vegetative regeneration ( 英語 )

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More info for the terms: cover, density, formation, rhizome, seed

Coltsfoot reproduces vegetatively via rhizomes. Rhizomes may grow out from the basal leaf-axils and produce aerial shoots as early as 2 to 4 months after germination.

Coltsfoot is capable of rapid vegetative growth. Rhizomes may grow >3 feet (1 m) long between initiation and the formation of aerial shoots [4,69]. Two years after sowing and transplant experiments in the Netherlands, some coltsfoot plants on bare, moist, aerated soils grew into patches 8.2 to 11.5 feet (2.5-3.5 m) long [4]. In southeastern Ohio, a 4-year-old coltsfoot patch along a road was 16 to 20 feet (5-6 m) long [21].

Vegetative reproduction in coltsfoot may be decreased by shading and overcrowding. In the Netherlands, mean density of rhizomes in unshaded sites (206-228 rhizomes/m²) was substantially higher than mean density of rhizomes in shaded sites (0-38 rhizomes/m²) [4]:

Coltsfoot vegetative reproduction 2 years after planting at 4 sites [4] Site characteristics Mean number of rhizomes/m² Unshaded, moderately moist, and aerated to 30-40 cm deep* 228 Shaded, moderately moist, and aerated to 50 cm deep** 38 Unshaded, very moist, and aerated to 0-5 cm deep* 206 Shaded, very moist, and aerated to 0-5 cm deep*** 0 *Bare, unvegetated soil.
**Young forests (3-4 m tall) without other groundlayer vegetation. Light intensity on the soil surface in July was 35-45% of full daylight.
***A stand of common reed (Phragmites communis). Light intensity on the soil surface in July was 60-70% of full daylight the first year and 5-10% the 2nd year.

In a common garden in Poland, coltsfoot individuals growing under the least crowded conditions had the most vegetative shoots [66]. In a common garden in Wales, coltsfoot allocated proportionally more biomass to vegetative reproduction than to seed production at low densities; at high densities, many plants failed to produce a rhizome [69]. In a greenhouse experiment in England, the greatest increases in density as a result of vegetative spread occurred when coltsfoot plants were at low density. At the highest densities, many individuals produced no rhizomes [63]. Along a river in Poland, complete removal of aboveground vegetation resulted in a decrease in grass density and an increase in coltsfoot density the year after the disturbance. Coltsfoot vegetative stem density doubled compared to the year prior to the disturbance. Vegetative stem density peaked in postdisturbance year 2, when coltsfoot cover was up to 70%. During postdisturbance year 3, coltsfoot vegetative stem density declined to predisturbance levels and grass cover and "sodding" increased. When 50% of the aboveground vegetation was removed along the river, coltsfoot vegetative stem density increased but was markedly lower than when 100% of aboveground vegetation was removed [67].

Vegetative reproduction in coltsfoot may decrease in harsh environments. In a seedling transplant experiment in England, coltsfoot plants in harsh environments (low soil fertility; soil pH: 4.6; mean daily temperature in summer: 51.1 °F (10.6 °C)) allocated proportionally less biomass to seed production and more to vegetative reproduction than did those in milder environments (high soil fertility; soil pH: 7.9; mean daily temperature in summer: 58.1 °F (14.5 °C)) [13]. In a common garden in Wales, total rhizome production was greater in fertile soils than in nutrient-poor soils [69].

書目引用
Innes, Robin J. 2011. Tussilago farfara. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/forb/tusfar/all.html
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Comprehensive Description ( 英語 )

由North American Flora提供
Tussilago farfara L. Sp. PI. 865. 1753
Tussilago vulgaris Lam. Fl. Fr. 2: 71. 1778. Petasiles Farfara Baill. Hist. PI. 8: 58, 309. 1882.
Scape slender, 5-45 cm. high, arachnoid-floccose ; scales lanceolate, 1-2 cm. long; petioles
5-20 cm. long, floccose; leaf-blades with a deep sinus, 5-15 cm. broad, slightly floccose above
when young, white-tomentose beneath; involucre 12-15 mm. high, about 2 cm. broad; bracts
linear, obtuse; tube of the ray-flowers very' slender, 5 mm. long; ligules 6-7 mm. long, 0.2-
0.3 mm. wide; disk-corollas 7 mm. long; lobes 1.5 mm. long; achenes 2 mm. long; pappus
white, about 10 mm. long.
Type locality : Europe.
Distribution: Nova Scotia to New Jersev and Minnesota; naturalized from Europe.
書目引用
Per Axel Rydberg. 1927. (CARDUALES); CARDUACEAE; LIABEAE, NEUROLAENEAE, SENECIONEAE (pars). North American flora. vol 34(4). New York Botanical Garden, New York, NY
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Tussilago ( 阿斯圖里亞斯語 )

由wikipedia AST提供
Pa ver otra planta tamién llamada "tusílago", Petasites fragrans.

Tusilago (Tussilago farfara) ye la única especie del xéneru Tussilago de plantes de flores perteneciente a la familia Asteraceae. Denominar popularmente: Tusilago, fárfara, pie de caballu, uña de caballu. Son nativos d'Eurasia. Anque tamién ye común en Norteamérica y Suramérica onde fueron introducíos pa la producción de plantes melecinales.

Descripción

Ye una planta yerbácea perenne llantar por granes o rizomes. Arrexuntar en colonies de docenes de plantes. Les sos fueyes son grandes, cordaes de perfil angulosu, son de color verde ablancazáu al nacer y verdes al avieyar. Los tarmos florales desenvuélvense primero qu'apaezan les fueyes, son carnosos, esponxosos y con escames. Les flores arrexuntar en capítulos de color mariellu doráu.

Etnobotánica, farmacognosia y fitoquímica

El nome tussilago tien el so orixe l'el llatín tussis, que significa "tos", lo qu'indica l'usu popular que se se dio a la planta dende tiempos bien remotos como antitusivo. Nos países orientales yera común fumar o aspirar el humode les fueyes p'aselar los accesos de tos y d'asma, de tal manera que dalgunos entá se refieren a ella como coughwort (remediu pa la tos). Amás, na Segunda Guerra Mundial los soldaos n'Europa fumar y en delles partes entá se fuma como sustitutu del tabacu, de tal manera que los nomes baccy plant (planta de tabacu) y poor-man's-baccy (tabacu de los probes) entá sobreviven na Gran Bretaña.

Ye una de les plantes que más s'utilicen nel tratamientu d'enfermedaes bronquiales y reconócense-y propiedaes terapéutiques antitusiva, astrinxente, demulcente, emoliente, expectorante, estimulante y tónica. La fervinchu de les fueyes sollivia la bronquitis, asma y afecciones pulmonares.

Combinada con regaliza (Glycyrrhiza) y tomillu (Thymus) emplegar nel tratamientu de la bronquitis, catarros, problemes respiratorios y enfisema crónicu. Tamién ye un ingrediente en fervinchos pa les fories. Les fueyes esmagayaes usar contra'l dolor de les articulaciones, mancaes, úlceras, quemadures, inflamación ya irritación de la piel. Al pasu de los años esta planta foi oxetu d'una amplia gama d'usos; asina, dizse les fueyes y flores seques y asadasse usen como sustitutu de sal y pol so arume anisáu emplegar n'ensalaes, sopes y tés.[1]

Tocantes a la so composición química demostróse qu'estes plantes producen una gran cantidá de mucílagos (Glicoproteínes, polisacáridos), de los que se cree que deriven les sos propiedaes melecinales, amás de esteroles, flavonoides, taníns y inulina.[2] Amás atopáronse una gran diversidá de metabolitos secundarios:

  • Cromonas (6-Acetil-7-hidroxi-2,3-dimetilcromona,[3] ácidu 7-hidroxi-2,3-dimetilcromano-6-carboxílico.[4])
  • Sesquiterpenos con estructura tipo eudesmano (Tusfarfarina A[5]), oplopano y bisabolano[6]
  • Triterpenos con estructura tipo baurano (7-Baureno-3,16-diol[7]) y taraxastano (Faradiol[8])
  • Alcaloides pirrolizidínicos (P. exemplu l'ácidu neotusilagínico, neotusilagina, acedu neoisotusilágico, tusilaginina, acedu tusilágico, tusilagina, acedu isotusilagínico, isotusilagina[9]).
 src=
Componentes de Tussilago. (1) Tusilagonona; (2) Notonipetranona; (3) 7β-Senecioiloxioplopa-3(14)Z,8(10)-dien-2-ona; (4) Tusilagona

Taxonomía

Tussilago farfara describióse por Carlos Linneo y espublizóse en Species Plantarum 2: 865. 1753.[10]

Sinonimia
  • Cineraria farfara Bernh.
  • Farfara radiata Gilib.
  • Tussilago alpestris Hegetschw.
  • Tussilago umbertina Borbás[11][12]

Nome común

  • Castellanu: espatas, farfara, fárfara, cordollobu, pasu de pollín, pata-güe, pata de pollín, pata de mula, pata de mular, pie de caballu, pie de mula, piedemulo, pie de mular, potas, sombrerera, tusilago, tusillago, tusílago, uña de pollín, uña de caballu[13]

Referencies

  1. Alpine ethnobotany in Italy: traditional knowledge of gastronomic and melecinal plants among the Occitans of the upper Varaita valley, Piedmont Andrea Pieroni1 and Maria Elena Giusti. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 2009, 5:32
  2. Tussilago farfara, Tusilago, fárfara, pata de caballu, uña de caballu, coltsfoot, housefoot, brittish tobacco. Folium. Quijano L. Setiembre/Avientu. Añu XVII, 50; pp 6-7 (2008)
  3. Wu, D. et al., Biochem. Syst. Ecol., 2008, 36, 219- 222
  4. Wu, D. et al., Biochem. Syst. Ecol., 2008, 36, 219- 222
  5. Liu, L.-L. et al., J. Asian Nat. Prod. Res., 2011, 13, 920- 929
  6. Tang, Z.Y. et al., Chin. Chem. Lett., 2009, 20, 1017- 1018
  7. Yaoita, Y. et al., Nat. Med. (Tokyo), 1998, 52, 273- 275
  8. Zimmerman, J.Helv. Chim. Acta, 1943, 26, 642- 647
  9. Adamczak A., Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae. Vol 82, Non 4 (2013)
  10. «Tussilago». Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. Consultáu'l 28 d'agostu de 2012.
  11. Tussilago en Global Compositae
  12. Tussilago en PlantList
  13. «Tussilago». Real Xardín Botánicu: Proyeutu Anthos. Consultáu'l 25 de payares de 2009.

Bibliografía

  1. Cronquist, A. J. 1980. Asteraceae. 1: i–xv, 1–261. In Vasc. Fl. S.Y. O. S.. The University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill.
  2. Fernald, M. 1950. Manual (ed. 8) i–lxiv, 1–1632. American Book Co., New York.
  3. Flora of China Editorial Committee. 2011. Fl. China 20–21: 1–992. Science Press & Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing & St. Louis.
  4. Flora of North America Editorial Committee, y. 2006. Magnoliophyta: Asteridae, part 7: Asteraceae, part 2. 20: i–xxii + 1–666. In Fl. N. Amer.. Oxford University Press, New York.
  5. Gleason, H. A. 1968. The Sympetalous Dicotyledoneae. vol. 3. 596 pp. In H. A. Gleason Ill. Fl. N. O.S. (ed. 3). New York Botanical Garden, New York.
  6. Gleason, H. A. & A. J. Cronquist. 1991. Man. Vasc. Pl. N.Y. O.S. (ed. 2) i–910. New York Botanical Garden, Bronx.
  7. ORSTOM. 1988. List Vasc. Pl. Gabon Herbier National du Gabon, Yaounde.
  8. Scoggan, H. J. 1979. Dicotyledoneae (Loasaceae to Compositae). Part 4. 1117–1711 pp. In Fl. Canada. National Museums of Canada, Ottawa.
  9. Voss, Y. G. 1996. Michigan Flora, Part III: Dicots (Pyrolaceae-Compositae). Cranbrook Inst. of Science, Ann Arbor.

Enllaces esternos

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Tussilago: Brief Summary ( 阿斯圖里亞斯語 )

由wikipedia AST提供
Tussilago Pa ver otra planta tamién llamada "tusílago", Petasites fragrans.

Tusilago (Tussilago farfara) ye la única especie del xéneru Tussilago de plantes de flores perteneciente a la familia Asteraceae. Denominar popularmente: Tusilago, fárfara, pie de caballu, uña de caballu. Son nativos d'Eurasia. Anque tamién ye común en Norteamérica y Suramérica onde fueron introducíos pa la producción de plantes melecinales.

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Adi dəvədabanı ( 亞塞拜然語 )

由wikipedia AZ提供

[1]Adi dəvədabanı (lat. Tussilago farfara L.)[2] - dəvədabanı cinsinə aid bitki növü.[3]

Qısa morfoloji xüsusiyyətləri

Hündürlüyü çiçəkləyən zaman 3-15 sm, meyvə verən zaman isə 33 sm-ə qədər, gövdəsi adətən çoxsaylı olan çoxillik ot

bitkiisdir. Kökümsovu oduncaqlaşmış, uzun və sürünəndir.

Yarpaq

Gövdə yarpaqları ensizdir, gövdəyə doğru qısılmışdır, pulcuqşəkilli, uzunsov-neştərvari, sivritəhər və adətən tündqırmızı

rəngə boyanmışdır. Kökətrafı yarpaqları çiçəkləmənin sonunda əmələ gəlir, iri, uzun saplaqlı, dəyirmi-ürəkşəkilli, bərk,

qalın dərilidir, qaidə hissəsi enli-oyuqludur, zəif barmaqvari-bölümlü və ya qeyri-bərabər kələ-kötür oyuqlu-dişlidir, üst tərəfdən yaşıl,

demək olar ki, çılpaqdır, alt tərəfdən yumşaq ağ keçə-tüklüdür.

Çiçək

Səbətləri tək, silindrik formalı, eni 8- 11 mm olub, çiçəkləyənə qədər və sonra əyiləndir, qızılı-sarı rəngli çiçəkləri yarpaqlardan əvvəl açılır (bəzən, yarpaqla eyni vaxtda). Dilcikşəkilli çiçəkləri çoxsaylı, çoxcərgəli, ensiz, bəzən, sapşəkillidir və azacıq qından uzundur.

Meyvə

Toxumları 3-4 sm uzunluqdadır, silindrşəkilli, tin-tin və çılpaqdır; kəkili sadə, ağ, Ipəyəoxşar tüklərdən ibarətdir, toxumdan

2-3 dəfə uzundur, dilcikşəkilli çiçəklərdə kəkil çoxcərgəli, borucuqşəkilli çiçklərdə isə bircərgəli olub, daha qısadır.

Çiçəkləməsi

(Fevral) Mart-Aprel

Meyvə verməsi

May-İyun

Azərbaycanda yayılması

SamurŞabran oval., BQ (Quba), BQ şərq, BQ qərb, KQ şimal, Nax. dağ. Ovalıqdan, orta dağ qurşağına və ondan yüksəyə qədər

(2200 m-ə qədər).

Yaşayış mühiti

Açıq, çox vaxt gilli yerlərdə, dağ çaylarının və çayların sahilində, arxların kənarında rast gəlinir.

Mənşəyi və yayılması

Adi dəvədabanı boreal coğrafi tipinin palearktik sinfinə aiddir. Avropa, Şimali Afrika, Balkan və Kiçik Asiya ölkələri, İran, Əfqanıstan, Şimali Amerika, Rusiya, Ukrayna, Orta Asiya və Qafqazda yayılmışdır. Azərbaycanda adi dəvədabanı Kiçik Qafqazın şimal, Böyük Qafqazın isə bütün rayonlarında, Samur-Dəvəçi ovalığında və Naxçıvanın dağlıq hissəsində yayılmışdır. Arandan yuxarı dağ qurşağına kimi (dəniz səviyyəsindən 2300 m qədər) bitir.

Ekoloji qrup və bitdiyi yerlər

Mezokserofitdir, quru-bozqır və sahilyanı bitkilik tiplərində rast gəlir. Əsasən açıq və gilli yerlərdə, çaqıl daşlıqlarda, çay və arx kənarlarında, quru-töküntü yamaclarda böyük ləkələr əmələ gətirir.

Kimyəvi tərkibi

Alkaloid, flavonoid, efir yağları, C vitamini, aşı və acı maddələr, eləcə də steroid, seskviterpenoid və kauçuk ilə zəngindir.

Təsiri və tətbiqi

Farmakopeyaya daxil olan ofisinal dərman bitkisidir. Elmi, praktiki, eksperimental, Çin, Hind və xalq təbabətində, eləcə də baytarlıqda geniş tətbiq edilir. Əsasən böyrək, mədə-bağırsaq, sidik kisəsi, bəd xassəli şişlər, ağciyər vərəmi, bronxit və bronxial astma, nəfəs yolları, ürək, malyariya, epilepsiya, allergiya, revmatizm xəstəlikləri, habelə podaqra, irinli yara və xoralar, ağız boşluğu və burunda iltihab prosesləri, ziyil və döyənəklər zamanı istifadə olunur. Antivirus, antitoksik, antibakterial, antiseptik, şualanmadan qoruyucu, ödqovucu, yumşaldıcı, yarasağaldıcı, spazmolitik, tərlədici və iltihab proseslərinə qarşı təsirə malikdir.[4]

İstifadə olunan hissələri

Müalıcə məqsədi ilə bitkinin yarpaqları, çiçəkləri və kökümsovu istifadə edilir.

İstifadə formaları

Cövhər və dəmləmələr.

Digər faydalı xüsusiyyətləri və istifadəsi

Bal, çiçək tozu verən və yem bitkisidir.

Təsərrüfat əhəmiyyəti

Dərman bitkisidir

Mənbə

  1. Eldar Şükürov.İsmayıllı rayonu meşə bitkilərinin bələdçi kitabı,Bakı 2016
  2. Nurəddin Əliyev. Azərbaycanın dərman bitkiləri və fitoterapiya. Bakı, Elm, 1998.
  3. Elşad Qurbanov. Ali bitkilərin sistematikası, Bakı, 2009.
  4. Mehdiyeva N.P. «Azərbaycanın dərman florasının biomüxtəlifliyi», Bakı,2011
Inula britannica.jpeg İkiləpəlilər ilə əlaqədar bu məqalə qaralama halındadır. Məqaləni redaktə edərək Vikipediyanı zənginləşdirin.
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Adi dəvədabanı: Brief Summary ( 亞塞拜然語 )

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Adi dəvədabanı (lat. Tussilago farfara L.) - dəvədabanı cinsinə aid bitki növü.

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Pota de cavall ( 加泰隆語 )

由wikipedia CA提供
 src= Aquest article tracta sobre la planta asteràcia. Vegeu-ne altres significats a «pota de cavall (bolet)».

La pota de cavall (Tussilago farfara) és una espècie de planta de la família de les asteràcies originària d'Europa i Àsia i introduïda en altres continents. Aquesta planta es coneix popularment com a fills abans del pare o fill abans del pare perquè primer en neixen les flors directament de la soca i nomé després quan es marceixen creixen les fulles. Entre els altres noms populars rep els de barretera, fulles de vellut, peu d'ase, peu d'egua, peu de mula, pota de bou, pota de burro, ungla d'ase i ungla de cavall.[1]

 src=
Fulles

És una planta herbàcia perenne, amb rizoma. Les fulles totes surten des de la base, arrodonides i cordiformes amb un llarg pecíol. Flors en capítols grocs, que apareixen abans que les flors. Creix en terrenys argilosos humits en colònies de diversos individus.

La utilització principal farmacèutica, com indica el nom del gènere Tussilago, és com antitussigen.

Referències

Enllaços externs

En altres projectes de Wikimedia:
Commons
Commons (Galeria)
Commons
Commons (Categoria) Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata
Viquiespècies
Viquiespècies


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Pota de cavall: Brief Summary ( 加泰隆語 )

由wikipedia CA提供

La pota de cavall (Tussilago farfara) és una espècie de planta de la família de les asteràcies originària d'Europa i Àsia i introduïda en altres continents. Aquesta planta es coneix popularment com a fills abans del pare o fill abans del pare perquè primer en neixen les flors directament de la soca i nomé després quan es marceixen creixen les fulles. Entre els altres noms populars rep els de barretera, fulles de vellut, peu d'ase, peu d'egua, peu de mula, pota de bou, pota de burro, ungla d'ase i ungla de cavall.

 src= Fulles

És una planta herbàcia perenne, amb rizoma. Les fulles totes surten des de la base, arrodonides i cordiformes amb un llarg pecíol. Flors en capítols grocs, que apareixen abans que les flors. Creix en terrenys argilosos humits en colònies de diversos individus.

La utilització principal farmacèutica, com indica el nom del gènere Tussilago, és com antitussigen.

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Dail troed yr ebol ( 威爾斯語 )

由wikipedia CY提供

Llysieuyn bychan a dyfir mewn gardd neu yn rhydd mewn gwrychoedd ydy dail troed yr ebol neu carn yr ebol (Lladin: Tussilago farfara; Saesneg: Coltsfoot). Ystyr y gair Lladin Tussilago ydy 'Lleihau pesychu' ac mae wedi cael ei ddefnyddio ers canrifoedd at anhwylderau'n ymwneud â'r ysgyfaint, anhwylderau megis asma neu beswch. O ran pryd a gwedd, maen nhw'n edrych yn debyg iawn i ddant y llew. Mae'r llysieuyn rhwng 10 cm a 30 cm o ran maint.

Cynhyrchir melysion ar gyfer dolur gwddw wedi ei wneud gan Stockley's Sweets of Oswaldtwistle gyda dail carn yr ebol - o'r enw "Coltsfoot Rock".[1]

Rhinweddau meddygol

Gellir casglu'r dail yn y gwanwyn a'u berwi mewn peint o ddŵr mewn sosban fawr heb glawr nes y daw hyd at hanner y dŵr. Wedi ei hidlo ac ychwanegu mêl a lemwn ynddo gellir ei yfed deirgwaith y dydd bob yn llwyaid.[2] Dywedir hefyd fod y blodyn ei hun yn medru gwella anhwylderau'r croen.

Cyfeiriadau

  1. Gwefan y Cwmni Stockley's Sweets of Oswaldtwistle
  2. Llysiau Rhinweddol gan Ann Jenkins, cyhoeddwyd gan Wasg Gomer, 1982.

Gweler hefyd

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Dail troed yr ebol: Brief Summary ( 威爾斯語 )

由wikipedia CY提供

Llysieuyn bychan a dyfir mewn gardd neu yn rhydd mewn gwrychoedd ydy dail troed yr ebol neu carn yr ebol (Lladin: Tussilago farfara; Saesneg: Coltsfoot). Ystyr y gair Lladin Tussilago ydy 'Lleihau pesychu' ac mae wedi cael ei ddefnyddio ers canrifoedd at anhwylderau'n ymwneud â'r ysgyfaint, anhwylderau megis asma neu beswch. O ran pryd a gwedd, maen nhw'n edrych yn debyg iawn i ddant y llew. Mae'r llysieuyn rhwng 10 cm a 30 cm o ran maint.

Cynhyrchir melysion ar gyfer dolur gwddw wedi ei wneud gan Stockley's Sweets of Oswaldtwistle gyda dail carn yr ebol - o'r enw "Coltsfoot Rock".

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Podběl lékařský ( 捷克語 )

由wikipedia CZ提供

Podběl lékařský (Tussilago farfara), někdy také podběl obecný, je vytrvalá léčivá rostlina s dlouhým plazivým oddenkem. Listy začínají růst až po odkvětu. Vyskytuje se v celé Evropě a v Asii. V Česku roste převážně na vlhkých místech, na polích, u vody, na loukách, na březích potoků a v příkopech.

Latinské rodové jméno Tussilago odkazuje na jeho léčivé schopnosti (tussis – kašel, ago – odháním), zatímco druhové jméno farfara (far – mouka, ferre – nésti) na husté oplstění rubu listů, které díky tomu mají moučnatě bělavé zabarvení.

Popis

Podběl je vytrvalá bylina s podzemním plazivým šupinatým oddenkem. Podzemní výběžky oddenku dosahují nezřídka délky přes 1 metr. Květonosná lodyha je 5 až 15 cm dlouhá, za plodu se protahuje až na 30 cm. Lodyha je přímá, tenká, porostlá šupinovitými listy a je zakončena jediným úborem. Listy jsou jednoduché, řapíkaté, uspořádané v přízemní růžici a vyvíjejí se zpravidla až po odkvětu. Čepel je okrouhlá, široce vejčitá až srdčitá, mělce dlanitě laločnatá a na okraji oddáleně zubatá. Listy jsou v mládí oboustranně bíle plstnaté, na líci později olysávající. Úbory jsou zlatožluté, v průměru 2-3 cm široké, složené ze středových trubkovitých květů a hojných okrajových jazykovitých květů s plochou ligulou. Plodem je válcovitá 3-5 mm dlouhá nažka s chmýrem. Podběl kvete od března do dubna, v horských oblastech až do srpna. [1]

Rozšíření

Podběl lékařský je rozšířen v celé Evropě, v horách severní Afriky, v Asii jeho areál sahá přes Sibiř po Dálný východ a přes Kavkaz a Írán po Indii. Jako zavlečený druh se vyskytuje i v Severní Americe.[1]

Taxonomie

Podběl lékařský je jediným druhem rodu podběl.

Lidové názvy

Lopušnice, koňské kopyto, májík, ubytmík, mateří líčko, líčko Panny Marie, babuška a babuše.

Obsahové látky

Květy obsahují flavonoidy, žlutá barviva xanthofyly, dále sliz, glykosidové hořčiny, třísloviny a malé množství silice. V listech je obsažen především sliz, hořčiny, třísloviny, organické kyseliny, cholin, cukry a polysacharid inulin. Z minerálních látek je významný především zinek a draslík. V listu i květu byl zjištěn obsah nežádoucích látek ze skupiny pyrolizidinových alkaloidů. [2]

Sběr a zpracování

Úbory („květ“) se sbírají časně zjara za suchého počasí a rychle se ve stínu suší. Umělá teplota nemá překročit 40 °C. Není vhodné sušit úbory příliš rozkvetlé, protože se brzy rozpadají. Je bez pachu, chuti poněkud hořké. Listy se sbírají v březnu a dubnu. Jeden den se předsuší na slunci, pak se rychle dosuší ve stínu. Řapíky špatně schnou. Za vlhkého počasí listy hnědnou nebo černají. Pach i chuť jsou stejné jako u květu.

Využití

Podběl lékařský má dezinfekční a protizánětlivé účinky. Používá se při zánětech horních cest dýchacích k lepšímu odkašlávání a k potlačení zánětů. Užívá se v nálevu, samotný nebo v čajových směsích. Čerstvé lístky z odvaru se přikládají na spáleniny, oteklé a bolavé klouby a na špatně hojící se vředy. Má mírný močopudný a antiastmaický účinek. Lidové léčitelství doporučuje obklady z jeho výluhu na záněty žil a obtížně se hojící rány.

Podběl se nedoporučuje vzhledem k obsahu pyrolizidinových alkaloidů k dlouhodobému užívání, ačkoliv je jejich obsah velmi malý a rapidně se snižuje sušením. Samostatně podávaný také není vhodný pro děti a těhotné a kojící ženy.[2]

Příprava čaje

Jedna čajová lžička květů a řezaných lístků se dá do čtvrt litru vody. A necháme projít varem, 16 minut luhujeme. Pak scedíme. Pijeme pomalu, 1-2 hrníčky denně. Čaj nelze užívat trvale.

Příprava obkladů

Čerstvé lístky očistíme a rozmačkáme na kaši. Kaši pokládáme na poškozené místo (na popáleniny, špatně hojitelné rány, oteklé klouby.)a obvážeme obinadlem.

Inhalace

Do vařící vody dáme jednu vrchovatou polévkovou lžíci úborů a lístků. Vdechujeme pod plachtou, opakujeme několikrát denně.

Reference

  1. a b SLAVÍK, Bohumil (editor). Květena České republiky 7. Praha: Academia, 2004. ISBN 80-200-1161-7.
  2. a b JANČA, Jiří; ZENTRICH, Josef. Herbář léčivých rostlin 4. díl. Praha: Eminent, 2008. ISBN 978-80-7281-378-0.

Externí odkazy

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Podběl lékařský: Brief Summary ( 捷克語 )

由wikipedia CZ提供

Podběl lékařský (Tussilago farfara), někdy také podběl obecný, je vytrvalá léčivá rostlina s dlouhým plazivým oddenkem. Listy začínají růst až po odkvětu. Vyskytuje se v celé Evropě a v Asii. V Česku roste převážně na vlhkých místech, na polích, u vody, na loukách, na březích potoků a v příkopech.

Latinské rodové jméno Tussilago odkazuje na jeho léčivé schopnosti (tussis – kašel, ago – odháním), zatímco druhové jméno farfara (far – mouka, ferre – nésti) na husté oplstění rubu listů, které díky tomu mají moučnatě bělavé zabarvení.

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Følfod (plante) ( 丹麥語 )

由wikipedia DA提供

Følfod (Tussilago farfara), også kaldet almindelig følfod, er en 10-15 cm høj urt, der især vokser på skrænter og i vejkanter. De cirka to centimeter brede, enlige, gule blomsterkurve kan på afstand ligne Mælkebøtter.

Beskrivelse

Følfod er en lavtvoksende flerårig urt med en grundstillet bladroset. Bladene er nyreformede til runde med grove tænder langs randen. Oversiden er mat og lysegrøn, mens undersiden er hvidfiltet. Bladene ses først efter blomstringen, der foregår i marts-april.

Blomsterne er samlet i endestillede, gule kurve, som sidder på oprette, trådagtigt hårede skud med rødlige, skælagtige blade. Frugterne er nødder med hvid fnok.

Rodnettet består af forgrenede, skællede jordstængler, der bærer de forholdsvis få trævlerødder.

Højde x bredde og årlig tilvækst: 0,15 x 2 m (15 x 20 cm/år).

Voksested

Planten er vildtvoksende i Danmark, hvor den er almindelig i hele landet som pionerplante og på rå jord med et højt indhold af frit kalium og magnesium (indikatorplante), ofte lerbund eller kalkbund med udsivende vand.

På fugtige og lysåbne steder kan den blive til et ubehageligt ukrudt, som er besværligt at udrydde.




Kilder

  • Signe Frederiksen et al., Dansk flora, 2. udgave, Gyldendal 2012. ISBN 8702112191.

Eksterne henvisninger

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Følfod (plante): Brief Summary ( 丹麥語 )

由wikipedia DA提供

Følfod (Tussilago farfara), også kaldet almindelig følfod, er en 10-15 cm høj urt, der især vokser på skrænter og i vejkanter. De cirka to centimeter brede, enlige, gule blomsterkurve kan på afstand ligne Mælkebøtter.

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Huflattich ( 德語 )

由wikipedia DE提供

Der Huflattich (Tussilago farfara) ist die einzige Pflanzenart der Gattung Tussilago aus der Familie der Korbblütler (Asteraceae). Er gehört zu den ersten Frühjahrsblumen, deren Blüten vor der Entwicklung der Laubblätter erscheinen. Der Huflattich war in Deutschland die Heilpflanze des Jahres 1994. Er ist auch bekannt unter den Namen Breit-, Brust- oder Eselslattich, Latten, Lette, Ackerlatsche, Wanderers Klopapier,[1] Kuhfladen, Esels- oder Rosshuf (lateinisch Ungula caballina, auch Farfara[2]), Eselstappe, Fohlenfuß, Hufblatt und Zieglerblume.[3]

Beschreibung

 src=
Illustration

Der Huflattich wächst als ausdauernde (perennierende) krautige Pflanze und erreicht Wuchshöhen von 10 bis 30 Zentimetern. Die langgestielten und grundständigen Laubblätter erreichen etwa 10 bis 20 Zentimeter Breite. Sie sind gezähnt und herz- oder hufförmig. Durch die weißfilzige Blattunterseite ist das stark-nervige Adernetz nicht deutlich sichtbar. Die Blätter, deren leicht bitterer Geschmack zusammenziehend wirkt, haben einen schwachen Geruch.

Zeitig im Frühjahr erscheinen zunächst nur die korbförmigen Blütenstände, die etwa 300 weibliche gelbe Zungenblüten und 30 bis 40 männliche gelbe Röhrenblüten enthalten. Erst nach deren Verblühen folgen die Blätter. Zur Blütezeit sind die Stängel lediglich mit braunen oder rötlichen, behaarten Schuppenblättern besetzt. Verblühte Stängel strecken sich beträchtlich und sind bis kurz vor der Reife der „Samen“ deutlich überhängend nickend, danach aufrecht. Dies begünstigt die Ausbreitung durch Luftbewegungen (Anemochorie). Die Blüten duften schwach honigartig und schmecken ähnlich wie die Blätter, jedoch etwas süßer.

Die Chromosomenzahl beträgt 2n = 60.[4]

Verwechslungsmöglichkeiten

Die Blätter des Huflattichs sind leicht mit den sehr ähnlichen Blättern der Weißen Pestwurz (Petasites albus) zu verwechseln. Die Huflattichblätter sind jedoch im Allgemeinen kleiner als die der Weißen Pestwurz und haben schwarze Blattrandzähne. Bei der Pestwurz sind die Leitbündel im Querschnitt des Blattstiels unregelmäßig und nicht U-förmig angeordnet wie beim Huflattich.[5]

Ökologie

Der Huflattich treibt aus einem Wurzelstock mit kriechenden, bis zu 2 Meter langen unterirdischen Wurzelausläufern.

Die Blütezeit erstreckt sich von Februar bis April. Der Huflattich gehört somit zu den ersten Frühjahrsblumen und wird von Bienen, Käfern und Schwebfliegen bestäubt. Auch Selbstbestäubung kommt vor. Die Samenausbreitung erfolgt (wie beim Gewöhnlichen Löwenzahn) durch Schirmflieger über den Wind. Auch über Klettausbreitung und Ameisen werden die Samen weitergetragen.

Der Huflattich dient mehreren in ihrem Bestand gefährdeten Schmetterlingsarten als Futterpflanze, darunter den Raupen des Alpen-Würfeldickkopffalters (Pyrgus cacaliae), der Großen Bodeneule (Rhyacia lucipeta) und der Gelblichen Alpen-Erdeule (Xestia ochreago). Larven der Fliege Acidia cognata minieren in den Blättern von Huflattich und Pestwurzen.[6]

Der Huflattich wird von den Rostpilzen Puccinia poarum var. poarum (mit Spermogonien und Aecien) und Coleosporium tussilaginis (mit Uredien und Telien) befallen.[7] Er ist auch eine Wirtspflanze der Pestwurz-Sommerwurz (Orobanche flava).[8]

Verbreitung und Standort

 src=
Huflattich blühend und fruchtend

Der Huflattich ist in Europa, Afrika und in West- und Ost-Asien heimisch. In Nordamerika gilt er als eingebürgert (invasive Pflanze).

Er besiedelt wechselfeuchte oder mäßig feuchte helle Standorte und scheut saure Böden.[9] Im Gebirge kommt er bis in Höhenlagen von etwa 2300 Metern vor. In den Allgäuer Alpen steigt er am Hochrappenkopf in Bayern bis zu 2115 m Meereshöhe auf.[10]

Huflattich ist nach Gerhard MadausLehrbuch der biologischen Heilmittel von 1938 die einzige Pflanzenart, die selbst auf reiner Braunkohle gedeihen kann.[11] Des Weiteren gilt er als Zeigerpflanze für staunasse Bereiche.

 src=
Huflattichrasen auf einer Brachfläche

Unter bestimmten Bedingungen kann der Huflattich zur alles beherrschenden Charakterart einer besonderen Pflanzengesellschaft werden, der Huflattichflur (Poo-Tussilaginetum Tx. 1931). Diese wird dem Verband der halbruderalen Halbtrockenrasen (Convolvulo-Agropyrion) untergeordnet. Von Natur aus eine Pionierpflanze auf mindestens wechselfeuchten, lehmigen oder tonigen Rohböden, findet der Huflattich durch menschliches Zutun zum Beispiel an Straßenböschungen, Sandgruben, Baustellen, Erdablagerungen und Steinbrüchen manchmal Bedingungen, die zu Massenbeständen führen. Im Sommer wachsen hier vor allem Rispengräser (Poa). Da die Huflattichflur meist als Folge der Tätigkeit des Menschen entsteht, wird sie in der Regel bald von anderen Pflanzengesellschaften verdrängt. Nur an natürlichen Standorten wie Bach- und Flussufern bleibt sie länger stabil. Nach dem Ende des Zweiten Weltkriegs war der Huflattich auf den Trümmern der Städte (z. B. in Stuttgart und anderswo) die vorherrschende Pflanze in der zweiten Besiedlungswelle nach den Einjährigen.[12][13]

Systematik

Die Erstveröffentlichung von Tussilago farfara erfolgte durch Carl von Linné. Tussilago farfara ist die einzige Art der Gattung Tussilago. Die Gattung Tussilago gehört zur Tribus Senecioneae in der Unterfamilie Asteroideae innerhalb der Familie Asteraceae.

Etymologie

Der heutige Gattungsname Tussilago ist erstmals in der Naturalis historia (26, 30) des Plinius belegt und eine Ableitung von lateinisch tussis „Husten“ mit dem auch bei anderen Pflanzennamen vorkommenden Suffix -(il)āgo. Das Art-Epitheton farfara ist aus dem Lateinischen entlehnt (Plautus frg. inc. 50 farfari, Poenulus 478 farferi, Plin. Nat. hist. 24, 135 farfarum ‚Huflattich‘), der weitere Ursprung ist unklar;[14] wahrscheinlich daraus umgebildet ist farfugium[15] (Plin. Nat. hist. 1, 24, 85 farfugio), das als Zusammensetzung aus far ‚Getreide, Mehl‘ und fugio ‚fliehen‘ bzw. fugo ‚in die Flucht schlagen‘ erscheint und daher als ‚Getreidescheuche‘ gedeutet wird. Der deutsche Name bezieht sich, wie die alte lateinische Bezeichnung ungula caballina (Pferdehuf), auf die hufförmige Gestalt der Blätter.[16] Ein lateinischer Name der Pflanze ist auch Bechium (von griechisch βηχιον;[17] vgl. altgriechisch βήξ, βηχός „Husten“).[18][19]

Der Huflattich gehört nicht zur Gattung der echten Lattiche (Lactuca), deren Name vom hohen Gehalt dieser Pflanzen an Milchsaft (lateinisch lac „Milch“) herrührt. Der Name -lattich geht auf das lateinische lapaticum zurück, mit dem man ursprünglich verschiedene großblättrige Pflanzen bezeichnete und das sich über laptica und lattica zu Lattich wandelte.

Inhaltsstoffe und Verwendung

 src=
Huflattich als – inzwischen obsolete – Blattdroge (Farfarae folium)

Inhaltsstoffe sind unter anderem Polysaccharide, Schleimstoffe, Sterole, Bitterstoffe und Gerbstoffe.[20]

Der Huflattich gilt als bedeutsame Heilpflanze bei Hustenreiz und wirkt schleimlösend. Arzneilich wirksamster Teil sind die Blätter (Droge: Farfarae folium). Der Huflattich gehört zu den ältesten Hustenmitteln. Schon Dioskurides, Plinius und Galenos empfehlen den Rauch der angezündeten Blätter gegen Husten. Auch Hildegard von Bingen weist auf die Heilkraft des Huflattichs bei Erkrankung der Atmungsorgane hin. Die Kommission E des ehemaligen Bundesgesundheitsamtes sah eine Wirksamkeit von Huflattichblättern gegeben bei „akuten Katarrhen der Luftwege mit Husten und Heiserkeit“ sowie „akuten, leichten Entzündungen der Mund- und Rachenschleimhaut“, was die Zulassung als Arzneimittel in Deutschland begründete.[21] Zubereitungen aus Huflattichblättern und -blüten enthalten mutagene und potentiell karzinogene Pyrrolizidinalkaloide (PA). Nach aktuellem Erkenntnisstand dürfen Huflattichblätter-haltige Arzneimittel – egal in welcher Darreichungsform – einen Grenzwert von 1 μg PA pro maximal deklarierter Tagesdosis nicht überschreiten. Der in der Kommission E-Monographie genannte Grenzwert von 10 μg PA ist damit nicht mehr gültig.[22] Dies bedeutet, dass nur geprüfte Heilpflanzendrogen aus kontrollierten Kulturen mit reduziertem PA-Gehalt angewendet werden sollten.[23] Im Fall von Huflattich wurden PA-freie Sorten herausselektioniert, was die Herstellung von Huflattich-Arzneimitteln prinzipiell wieder erlaubt;[24] die Pflanze findet jedoch derzeit keine Verwendung in der Medizin. Auch in Präparaten der Paramedizin ist kein Bestandteil der Tussilago farfara nachweisbar.

Die großen Blätter des Huflattichs sind unterseits weich behaart und werden daher von Naturfreunden auch als Toilettenpapier benutzt.

Literatur

  • Henning Haeupler, Thomas Muer: Bildatlas der Farn- und Blütenpflanzen Deutschlands. Hrsg.: Bundesamt für Naturschutz (= Die Farn- und Blütenpflanzen Deutschlands. Band 2). Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3364-4.
  • Rudolf Schubert, Günther Wagner: Botanisches Wörterbuch. Pflanzennamen und botanische Fachwörter mit einer „Einführung in die Terminologie und Nomenklatur“ , einem Verzeichnis der „Autorennamen“ und einem Überblick über das „System der Pflanzen“ (= UTB. Band 1476). 11. Auflage. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 1993, ISBN 3-8252-1476-1.

Einzelnachweise

  1. Huflattich. In: hoehenrausch.de. Abgerufen am 29. April 2020.
  2. Otto Zekert (Hrsg.): Dispensatorium pro pharmacopoeis Viennensibus in Austria 1570. Hrsg. vom österreichischen Apothekerverein und der Gesellschaft für Geschichte der Pharmazie. Deutscher Apotheker-Verlag Hans Hösel, Berlin 1938, S. 142 und 158.
  3. Renate Schönfuß-Krause: Von der Ziegelei Lotzdorf zum Ziegelwerk Radeberg Lotzdorf. Online-Ressource, (PDF-Datei; 5,8 MB)
  4. Erich Oberdorfer: Pflanzensoziologische Exkursionsflora für Deutschland und angrenzende Gebiete. Unter Mitarbeit von Angelika Schwabe und Theo Müller. 8., stark überarbeitete und ergänzte Auflage. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5, S. 947.
  5. Manfred A. Fischer, Karl Oswald, Wolfgang Adler: Exkursionsflora für Österreich, Liechtenstein und Südtirol. 3., verbesserte Auflage. Land Oberösterreich, Biologiezentrum der Oberösterreichischen Landesmuseen, Linz 2008, ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9, S. 926.
  6. Joachim Haupt, Hiroko Haupt: Fliegen und Mücken. Beobachtung, Lebensweise. Naturbuch, Jena/ Stuttgart 1995, ISBN 3-89440-278-4.
  7. Peter Zwetko: Die Rostpilze Österreichs. Supplement und Wirt-Parasit-Verzeichnis zur 2. Auflage des Catalogus Florae Austriae. III. Teil, Heft 1: Uredinales. (PDF-Datei; 1,8 MB)
  8. Manfred A. Fischer, Wolfgang Adler, Karl Oswald: Exkursionsflora für Österreich, Liechtenstein und Südtirol. 2., verbesserte und erweiterte Auflage. Land Oberösterreich, Biologiezentrum der Oberösterreichischen Landesmuseen, Linz 2005, ISBN 3-85474-140-5.
  9. Heinz Ellenberg: Vegetation Mitteleuropas mit den Alpen in ökologischer, dynamischer und historischer Sicht (= UTB für Wissenschaft. Große Reihe. Band 8104). 5., stark veränderte und verbesserte Auflage. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 1996, ISBN 3-8252-8104-3.
  10. Erhard Dörr, Wolfgang Lippert: Flora des Allgäus und seiner Umgebung. Band 2, IHW, Eching 2004, ISBN 3-930167-61-1, S. 612.
  11. G. Madaus: Lehrbuch der biologischen Heilmittel. Band 2, Thieme, Leipzig 1938, S. 1338–1344.
  12. Wilhelm Kreh: Auf dem Stuttgarter Trümmerschutt erzeugte Samenmengen. In: Jahreshefte Verein vaterländische Naturkunde Württemberg, 110. Jahrgang, Seite 212–215, Stuttgart 1955.
  13. Gerhard Wagenitz: Familie Compositae. In Gustav Hegi: Illustrierte Flora von Mitteleuropa. 2. Auflage. Band VI, Teil 3, Verlag Paul Parey, Berlin/ Hamburg 1979, ISBN 3-489-84020-8, S. 1369.
  14. Thesaurus Linguae Latinae. Band VI 1, S. 281, s. v. farfarum, lin. 44ff.
  15. Alois Walde, Johann Baptist Hofmann: Lateinisches etymologisches Wörterbuch. Heidelberg 1938, S. 457.
  16. Heinrich Marzell, Heinz Paul: Wörterbuch der deutschen Pflanzennamen. Band IV, Stuttgart/ Wiesbaden 1979, S. 851.
  17. Techno-Science.net: Tussilage. Définition et Explications.
  18. Otto Zekert (Hrsg.): Dispensatorium pro pharmacopoeis Viennensibus in Austria 1570. Hrsg. vom österreichischen Apothekerverein und der Gesellschaft für Geschichte der Pharmazie. Deutscher Apotheker-Verlag Hans Hösel, Berlin 1938, S. 136 und 158.
  19. Samuel Hahnemanns Apothekerlexikon.
  20. Heilpflanzen: Huflattich. Abgerufen am 18. August 2015.
  21. Farfarae folium (Huflattichblätter). Monographie BGA/BfArM (Kommission E). In: Bundesanzeiger. 138, 27. Juli 1990. Abgerufen am 16. November 2015.
  22. T. Dingermann, D. Loew: Phytopharmakologie. Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft, Stuttgart, 2003, ISBN 3-8047-1896-5.
  23. JB: Grenzwerte für Pyrrolizidinalkaloide. In: Deutsche Apothekerzeitung. 31, 30. Jul 2015, S. 32.
  24. M. Wichtl: Teedrogen und Phytopharmaka. Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Stuttgart, 2009, ISBN 978-3-8047-2369-6.
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Huflattich: Brief Summary ( 德語 )

由wikipedia DE提供

Der Huflattich (Tussilago farfara) ist die einzige Pflanzenart der Gattung Tussilago aus der Familie der Korbblütler (Asteraceae). Er gehört zu den ersten Frühjahrsblumen, deren Blüten vor der Entwicklung der Laubblätter erscheinen. Der Huflattich war in Deutschland die Heilpflanze des Jahres 1994. Er ist auch bekannt unter den Namen Breit-, Brust- oder Eselslattich, Latten, Lette, Ackerlatsche, Wanderers Klopapier, Kuhfladen, Esels- oder Rosshuf (lateinisch Ungula caballina, auch Farfara), Eselstappe, Fohlenfuß, Hufblatt und Zieglerblume.

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Cabbag ny h-awin ( 曼島語 )

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She lus 'sy chynney Asteraceae ee cabbag ny h-awin (Tussilago farfara). Va ymmyd lhee jeant jee rere tradishoon, agh ta oayllee er ngeddyn alkaloydyn pyrrolizidine nieunagh assjee.

Jalloo-oaylleeaght

She lus lussagh sheer-vio t'ayn, as t'ee skeaylley liorish raisoamyn as rassyn. T'ee ry-akin dy mennick myr coloin ass ymmodee lossreeyn. T'ee 10-30cm er yrjid.

T'ee çheet my vlaa 'syn arragh roish my ta duillagyn eck, eddyr Toshiaght Arree as Averil, er gass y pheesh. Ta'n blaa gollrish blaa lus ny minnagh beg yinnys dhossan resh clooieagh rish appeeaght. Ta'n pappus clooieagh skeaylley ny rassyn ec y gheay. Ta'n rass hene mysh 3mm er lhiurid, ny rollian buigh ny ruy, as asnaghyn coheeynt rish.

Ta ny duillagyn anmagh gaase tra t'ee skeaylley rassyn. T'ad gaase er gish elley, ass buinney elley, as wheesh as 30cm er yrjid. Ta duillag lomarcan ec dagh gass. T'eh 10-20cm er lhiurid, cree-chrooagh ny kiarkylagh, as ta feeacklyn mooarey ec yn oirr echey. Ta fynney meein bane as cuishlinyn bassagh er yn eaghtyr s'inshley echey' ta'n eaghtyr s'yrjey rea as glass.

Rheam

Ta cabbag ny h-awin dooghyssagh ta'n Oarpey as yn Aishey, as t'ee jeant dooghyssahg ayns buill ayns America Hwoaie as America Yiass.

Ymmyd

Va ymmyd lhee jeant jee.[1] Ta gallane millish cabbag ny h-awin jeant jee ec Stockley's Sweets 'sy Reeriaght Unnaneyssit.

Nieu aaney

Ta alkaloydyn pyrrolizidine 'sy lus, as niart gientynagh kanghyr oc.[2] Ta feanish ayn jeh drogh-eiyrtyssyn, goaill stiagh çhingys aane ayns lhiannoo diu tey cabbag ny h-awin, as lhiannoo hooar baase erreish da'n voir echey iu y tey rish torraghys.[3][4] Ren reiltys ny Germaan neulhiggey da sleih creck cabbag ny h-awin, as ren oayllee croo arraghys noa, Tussilago farfara Wein, gyn alkaloydyn pyrrolizidine. [5] Ta'n arraghys shoh cooilleeney femeyn quallid slattyssagh.[6]

Imraaghyn

  1. The Medieval Garden Enclosed. Metropolitan Museum of Art.
  2. Fu, P.P.; Yang, Y.C., Xia, Q., Chou, M.C., Cui, Y.Y., Lin G. (2002). "Pyrrolizidine alkaloids-tumorigenic components in Chinese herbal medicines and dietary supplements". Journal of Food and Drug Analysis 10 (4).
  3. Sperl, W.; Stuppner, H., Gassner, I. (1995). "Reversible hepatic veno-occlusive disease in an infant after consumption of pyrrolizidine-containing herbal tea.". Eur J Pediatr. 154.
  4. Roulet, M.; Laurini, R., Rivier, L., Calame, A. (1988). "Hepatic veno-occlusive disease in newborn infant of a woman drinking herbal tea". J Pediatrics 112.
  5. Wawrosch, Ch. (2000). "Permanent monitoring of pyrrolizidine alkaloid content in micropropagated Tussilago farfara L. : A tool to fulfill statutory demands for the quality of coltsfoot in Austria and Germany". Acta horticulturae (530).
  6. C. Wawrosh (2005). "In Vitro Cultivation of Medicinal Plants", ayns Z. Yaniv & U. Bachrach: Handbook of Medicinal Plants. The Hawthorne Medical Press.

Lioaryn

  • R. Schubert & G. Wagner: Botanisches Wörterbuch Ulmer, Stuttgart 1993, ISBN 3-8252-1476-1
  • H. Haeupler & Th. Muer: Bildatlas der Farn- und Blütenpflanzen Deutschlands Ulmer Verlag, Stuttgart, 2000. ISBN 3-8001-3364-4.
  • Gerhard Madaus: Lehrbuch der biologischen Heilmittel Bd 1. Heilpflanzen. G. Thieme, Leipzig 1938, Olms, Hildesheim 1979. ISBN 3-487-05890-1
  • Guide des plantes sauvages comestibles et toxiques, les guides du naturaliste, François Couplan et Eva Stinner ISBN 2-603-00952-4
  • Кирпичников М. Э. Семейство сложноцветные, или астровые (Asteraceae, или Compositae) // Жизнь растений. В 6-ти т. / Под ред. А. Л. Тахтаджяна. — М.: Просвещение, 1981. — Т. 5. Ч. 2. Цветковые растения. — С. 462—476. — 300000 экз.

Kianglaghyn çheumooie

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Cabbag ny h-awin: Brief Summary ( 曼島語 )

由wikipedia emerging languages提供

She lus 'sy chynney Asteraceae ee cabbag ny h-awin (Tussilago farfara). Va ymmyd lhee jeant jee rere tradishoon, agh ta oayllee er ngeddyn alkaloydyn pyrrolizidine nieunagh assjee.

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Föölfet ( 北菲士蘭語 )

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Amrum.pngTekst üüb Öömrang

Föölfet (Tussilago farfara) as di nööm faan en plaant uun det famile faan a kurewbloosen (Asteraceae).

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Föölfet: Brief Summary ( 北菲士蘭語 )

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Föölfet (Tussilago farfara) as di nööm faan en plaant uun det famile faan a kurewbloosen (Asteraceae).

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Huflattich ( 巴伐利亞語 )

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Namen

Der Huflattich isch in sidóstdeitschn Raum unter mehrere Namen pekånnt: Huafpflutschn, Sauplåtschn, Påchpletschn, Ésltritt ... (Ésltritt entspricht in franzésischn Nåmen Pas-d’Ane); as Plattl håt die Fórm van an Huafåpdruck.

Peschreibung

Die Pflånz kriacht unterirdisch manånt; friah in Langes kimmp a Stingl, pis zu 20 cm lång, mit an 2 pis 3 cm proatn Kérbl vóll gelbe Pluah (entfernt éhnlich wi’a Léwnzåhnkérbl). Afn Stingl sein Schuppm, åber koane Laber. Pis zu der Reife verléngert sich der Stingl; ersch pål er ågstórbm isch, kémmen die Laber, rundlt pis herzférmig, iber 10 cm in Durchmesser, unterseits weiß-såmtig. Die Staud wåxt in af liachte Wåltwég, Acker, Schuttplétz, Ufer; sie håt gern faichte Pédn. Drhoam isch’i in Európa, Westasien, Nórdafrika, van Flåchlant pis in die Ålmmattn.

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Huflattich

Verwéndung

Der Huflattich håt in der Vólksmedizin an groaßn Stéllnwert. Die Pluah unt die Plattlen wern in easchta Linie pa Lungenkrånketn verwéndet: Bronchitis, Huastn, Kehlkopfkatarrh, Brustfellentzindung.

Literatua

  • Gesundheit aus der Apotheke Gottes; Maria Treben; Verlag Wilhelm Ennsthaler, Steyr

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Ieselsfouss ( 盧森堡語 )

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Den Ieselsfouss, respektiv den Ieselshouf (Tussilago farfara), ass déi eenzeg Aart vun der Gattung Tussilago aus der Famill vun den Asteraceae.

Nimm

Dem Heng Klees no huet si nach follgend lëtzebuergesch Nimm: Ieselsféiss, Fils avant le père, Kalefuerz, Kazeschéngchen, Leemblat, Moukeblat, Moukepräbbeli.[1] Beim Edmond J. Klein war 1897 follgend Schreifweis ze fannen: Lêmblât, Iêselsfǒss, Iêselshǒf.[2] respektiv beim Joseph Weber am Joer 1890: Lèmblât[3], Ièselsfǒss, Ièselshǒf.[4]

De wëssenschaftlechen Numm kënnt aus dem laténgeschen: Tussilago staamt vun "tússis" = Houscht, de Suffix "-ago" vun "ágere" = verdreiwen. Den Aartnumm fárfara staamt vu "farina" = Miel a "férre" = droen, en Hiwäis op déi gro Hoer vun der Planz.

D'Form vun senge Blieder erënneren un en Houf, dofir heescht d'Planz op Däitsch "Huflattich".

Beschreiwung

D'Planz déi e puer Joer hannereneen erëmkënnt, gëtt tëscht 7 a 30 cm héich a blitt tëscht Mäerz an Abrëll. Hie gehéiert zu den éischten Fréijoersbléier. Seng Bléien entwéckele sech virun de Blieder, dofir gëtt en och "Fils avant le père" genannt, och op Lëtzebuergesch!

Den Ieselsfouss wiisst gären op leemege Plazen laanscht Weeër.

Wéi säi laténgeschen Numm et seet, ass den Ieselsfouss eng Heelplanz géint den Houscht. Seng Blieder ginn (ënner dem Numm "Farfarae folium") an Houschttéi verschafft.

Den Ieselsfouss zu Lëtzebuerg

Den Ieselsfouss ass zu Lëtzebuerg geleefeg an net bedréit.[5]

Illustratiounen

Literatur

  • Colling, Guy, 2005. Red List of the Vascular Plants of Luxembourg. Ferrantia, 42, 1-77.
  • Klees, Henri, 1994. Luxemburger Pflanzennamen. Beiträge zur luxemburgischen Sprach- und Volkskunde Nr. VIII. 3. Aufl., 182 S., Pierre Linden, Luxemburg.
  • Klein, E.J., 1897. Die Flora der Heimat (sowie die hauptsächlichsten bei uns kultivierten fremden Pflanzenarten biologisch betrachtet. Eine Anleitung zur selbständigen Beobachtung der Lebens- und Anpassungserscheinungen in der Pflanzenwelt). 552 S., Buchdruckerei Justin Schroell, Diekirch.
  • Weber, Joseph, 1890. Lezeburjesch - latein - fransesch - deitschen Dixionèr fun de Planzen. Recueil des mémoires et des travaux publiés par la Société de botanique du grand-duché de Luxembourg 12: 43-144.

Um Spaweck

Commons: Tussilago – Biller, Videoen oder Audiodateien

Referenzen

  1. Cf. Klees 1994 an der Literatur.
  2. Cf. Klein 1897: 521 an der Literatur.
  3. Cf. Weber 1890: 82 an der Literatur.
  4. Cf. Weber 1890: 70 an der Literatur.
  5. Cf. Colling 2005: 53 an der Literatur.
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Ieselsfouss: Brief Summary ( 盧森堡語 )

由wikipedia emerging languages提供

Den Ieselsfouss, respektiv den Ieselshouf (Tussilago farfara), ass déi eenzeg Aart vun der Gattung Tussilago aus der Famill vun den Asteraceae.

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Leskenlehti ( 李維語 )

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Leskenlehti
Leskenlehti

Leskenlehti (lat. Tussilago farfara) on Astroin perehen kukkukazviloin monotiippulaji.

Ainavo laji on tavalline leskenlehti: monivuodehine heinykazvi, kuduadu voi puaksuh nähtä Jevruazies, Afriekas sego toizis muailman kohtis. Leskenlehten eričys on sit, gu se kukkiu aijoi keviäl, enne sen lehtilöin avavumistu. Ennevahnas algajen kazvii käytetäh rohtukazvinnu.

Nimi

Latinan nimi on tussilago – se voi kiändiä kui ”ajua rygimine”. Leskenlehti avvuttau rygimizen liečindäs.

Levittämine

Monivuodehine kazvi, kudai kazvau Jevruazies (Päivänlasku-Jevroupan alovehes, Urualal, Päivänlasku-Sibiries, Päivännouzu-Sibiries, Kazahstuanas, Keski-Azien sego Suvi-Sibirien vuaroil, Vähä-Azies), Pohjazes Afriekas da Pohjazes Ameriekas.

Tavan mugah leskenlehti kazvau niilöis kohtis, kus ei ole turvehtu – vezistölöin rannoil, rotkoloin da muanvieremien paltieloil sego peldoloil, tyhjil muakohtil da kuadopaikois. Leskenlehti kazvau savimualoil sego jogien hiekku- da čäriluodoloil. Ven'an jevrouppuozas kazvi kukkiu sulakuus.

Leskenlehten käyttämine tervehyön parandamizes

Lekenlehten lehtilöi käytetäh rohtuainehennu. Niilöi keräilläh keviäl, kuivatah koin pertis libo kuivuškuapois, lämbötila kudamis on 40-50 gruadussua.

Leskenlehten biolougiellizesti aktiivizet ainehet avvutetah kylmändytaudiloih voimatunnuzii. Leskenlehtes keitetyn čuajun avul voi piästä rygimizes.

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Leskenlehti: Brief Summary ( 李維語 )

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Leskenlehti Leskenlehti

Leskenlehti (lat. Tussilago farfara) on Astroin perehen kukkukazviloin monotiippulaji.

Ainavo laji on tavalline leskenlehti: monivuodehine heinykazvi, kuduadu voi puaksuh nähtä Jevruazies, Afriekas sego toizis muailman kohtis. Leskenlehten eričys on sit, gu se kukkiu aijoi keviäl, enne sen lehtilöin avavumistu. Ennevahnas algajen kazvii käytetäh rohtukazvinnu.

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Pate-di-polin ( 瓦隆語 )

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Li pate-di-polin (ou pî-di-tchvå, taconet[1], ou pî-d'-ågne, pas-d'-bådet, foye Sint-Djôzef, yebe di sint Djôzef, fleur Sint-z-Antoenne, tchapea-d'-aiwe[2], c' est ene plante ki florixh dins les prumires å bontins (e moes d' måss el Walonreye), mins sins fé des foyes a ç' moumint la.

Les foyes n' aparexhnut k' e l' esté.

No d' l' indje e sincieus latén : Tussilago farfara

Eployaedje

Come yebe ås maladeyes, ele sieve a toplin des mås.

Mins passer li té d' fleurs al passete po n' nén aveur les ptits picas divins l' goidje.[3]

Sourdants

  1. C89 l° 752, ... .
  2. FE1 a "pas-d'-âne"
  3. Scoles di Bive 25 di setimbe 2012.
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Pate-di-polin: Brief Summary ( 瓦隆語 )

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Li pate-di-polin (ou pî-di-tchvå, taconet, ou pî-d'-ågne, pas-d'-bådet, foye Sint-Djôzef, yebe di sint Djôzef, fleur Sint-z-Antoenne, tchapea-d'-aiwe, c' est ene plante ki florixh dins les prumires å bontins (e moes d' måss el Walonreye), mins sins fé des foyes a ç' moumint la.

Les foyes n' aparexhnut k' e l' esté.

No d' l' indje e sincieus latén : Tussilago farfara

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Peerdehoeve ( Nds Nl )

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 src=
De peerdehoeve

De peerdehoeve (Latien: Tussilago farfara) is een dartig centimeter hoge vaste plaante, en beheurt tot de composietefemilie.

De bleuitied lig vrog, in meert/april, bie mooi weer al in febrewaori. De plaante beheurt tot de naakbleuiers, de blaojen koemen eers nao de bleui. Tiejens de bleui bin de blaojen kort, greun of hemmen rooie schubbetjes langes de stengel. Nao de bleui wonnen 't hartvormige of ronde en etaande blaojen. Disse blaojen bin an de onderkaante viltig behaord en staon in een rozetvormige kraans rond de steel.

De plaante is een pioniersplaante dee zich veural op nieje grond goed thuusveult, vake staon ze tussen grezen in de wat niejere wegbarms of hellingen. Op disse hellingen help de wortelstokke (tot zo'n aanderhalve meter lange) en de uutlopers um de grond vas te houwen.

Ekelogische aspekken

De peerdehoeve wonnen bezoch deur de gresbieje, halictus quadricinus, koolzwarte zaandbieje, pluimvootbieje en tronkebieje.

Foto-uutstalling

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Peerdehoeve: Brief Summary ( Nds Nl )

由wikipedia emerging languages提供
 src= De peerdehoeve

De peerdehoeve (Latien: Tussilago farfara) is een dartig centimeter hoge vaste plaante, en beheurt tot de composietefemilie.

De bleuitied lig vrog, in meert/april, bie mooi weer al in febrewaori. De plaante beheurt tot de naakbleuiers, de blaojen koemen eers nao de bleui. Tiejens de bleui bin de blaojen kort, greun of hemmen rooie schubbetjes langes de stengel. Nao de bleui wonnen 't hartvormige of ronde en etaande blaojen. Disse blaojen bin an de onderkaante viltig behaord en staon in een rozetvormige kraans rond de steel.

De plaante is een pioniersplaante dee zich veural op nieje grond goed thuusveult, vake staon ze tussen grezen in de wat niejere wegbarms of hellingen. Op disse hellingen help de wortelstokke (tot zo'n aanderhalve meter lange) en de uutlopers um de grond vas te houwen.

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Podbjel ( 波士尼亞語 )

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Podbjel, (lat. Tussilago farfara), ostala imena: bjelokopitnjak, konjsko kopito, lepuh, lepuk, podbjelek, podbilj. Višegodišnja je biljka iz porodice Asteraceae. Cvjeta na samom kraju zime ili u rano proljeće. Jedan je od prvih proljetnih cvjetova i može se pojaviti već u februaru i cvjetati sve do aprila.

 src=
Cvijet podbjela se pojavljuje prije lista
 src=
Podbjel bez cvjetova
 src=
Sjeme podbjela slično je maslačku

Rasprostranjenost

Raste na glinenom tlu uz potoke, jarke ili nasipe uz obale rijeka kao i na željezničkim nasipima. Može se naći na skoro svim nadmorskim visinama od nizinskih do planinskih područja sve dok ima dovoljno vlage. Može rasti na velikim površinama i pomaže stvaranju plodnijeg zemljišta.[1]

Karakteristike

Podbjel je trajna biljka s jako razgranatim korjenom i podzemnim izdancima. U proljeće se najprije pojave samo bijelo-baršunasti ljuskasti cvjetni štapići sa po jednom žutom cvjetnom glavicom. Visoki su 10 do 15 cm. Za vrijeme cvjetanja, listovi su još pod zemljom i razvijaju se tek nakon cvatnje. Listovi su potkovastog oblika s peteljkom i prilegnuti uz zemlju. Listovi i cvjetovi imaju slab miris, a ukus listova je gorak. Sekret je sluzav.

Hemijski sastav

Među hemijskim sastojcima podbjela ističu se, između ostalih, polisaharidi, steroli, sluzne i gorke materije i tanini.[2] Podbjel važi za posebno važnu ljekovitu biljku protiv nadražaja kašlja i djeluje kao ekspektorans. Kao farmaceutski najdjelotvorniji dio su listovi (u farmaciji pod oznakom droge Farfarae folium). Podbjel pripada najstarijim poznatim ljekovima protiv kašlja. Međutim, novija istraživanja ukazuju na neželjena dejstva (rizik od raka) zbog prisutnih pirolizidinskih alkaloida. Među njima, najvažniji su senkirkin i senekionin.[3] Zbog toga se ne preporučava upotreba čaja od podbjela u periodu dužem od četiri do šest sedmica tokom godine. U Njemačkoj i Austriji su uzgojene sorte podbjela bez pirolizidinskih alkaloida,[4] jer je u tim državama prirodni podbjel zabranjen za slobodnu prodaju.

Upotreba

Latinski naziv podbjela lat. Tussilago daje nam indikacije za koje zdravstvene probleme može da se upotrebljava. Dio latinskog imena "Tussis" se prevodi kao kašalj, a riječ "ago" se može prevesti kao pokretati ili tjerati. Što daje bukvalan prevod "Tjeračica kašlja" Za lijek se skuplja biljka bez korjena. Sprječava upale, a već postojeće brzo zaliječi. Izvanredno djeluje za rastvaranje sluzi kod kašlja. Uspješno se primjenjuje u liječenju promuklosti, katara ždrijela, bronhitisa, upale podrebrice, bronhijalne astme, i kod početka tuberkuloze pluća. Izvana koristi se za obloge kod upale vena, čira potkoljenice, opekotina, crvenog vjetra i svih upala i oteklina.

Upotreba u ishrani

Pupoljci i mladi cvjetovi mogu se jesti sirovi ili kuhani. Imaju prijatan ukus koji podsječa na sjeme anisa što daje specifičnu aromu salatama. Mladi listovi se takođe mogu konzumirati svježi ili kuhani u salatama, kao dodatak supama ili jednostavno kao varivo. Listovi imaju pomalo gorak ukus koji se može eliminisati pranjem poslije kuhanja. Čaj je aromatičan i može biti pripremljen od svježeg ili suhog cvijeta ili lista. Osušeni ili malo proprženi listovi se mogu koristiti kao zamjena za kuhinjsku so. Korjen se može konzervisati u šećernom sirupu.[5]

Primjena u narodnoj medicini

Travari i narodni Ljekari koriste podbjel kao lijek za liječenje problema sa disajnim organima. Koristi se za liječenje upalnih procesa disajnih puteva, pomaže sa promuklosti, bronhitisom i bronhijalnom astmom. Velika je pomoć za lakše iskašljavanje. Kao obloge, koristi se i za vanjsku upotrebu kod kožnih oboljenja kao što su upalni procesi, otekline, opekotine i čirevi. Djeluje protiv alergijskih reakcija kože kao što su ekcem, koprivnjača, frunkuloza i skrofule. Oblozi od prokuhanog lista ili cvijeta podbjela ubrzavaju obnovu kože (epitelizaciju) i očvrščavanje kožnog tkiva. Pomoć je i kod bržeg zarastanje rana. Upotrebljava se i za grgljanje u ustima i grlu pošto oblaže sluznicu i umekšava nadražaje kod upalnih procesa u ustima, grlu i ždrijelu. Za ispiranje se koristi nezaslađen čaj. Preporučuje se i protiv opadanja kose, pojave peruti i svraba tjemena. U ove svrhe list podbjela se miješa sa listom koprive.

Upozorenje

Cvijetna stabljika podbjela sadrži tragove alkaloida pirolizidina koji su potencialno škodljivi jetri ako se unose u organizan u većim količinama. Ne preporučuje se samo trudnicama i dojiljama. Postoje dokumentirani slučajevi da je čaj od podbjela izazvao teška oštećenja jetre kod dojenčadi, a u drugom slučaju je dojenče razvilo bolest jetre i umrlo jer je majka pila čaj koji je sadržavao podbjel tokom trudnoće.[6][7]

Dodatna literatura

  • Vasa Pelagić, Pelagićev Narodni Učitelj, 1888.
  • Sadik Sadiković, Narodno zdravlje, Svjetlost, Sarajevo, 1980.

Reference

  1. ^ "Dr Zdravko Devetak - Podbjel". Arhivirano s originala, 13. 2. 2017. Pristupljeno 2. 1. 2015.
  2. ^ "Heilpflanzen: Huflattich". Pristupljeno 18. 8. 2015.
  3. ^ Huflattich na stranici giftpflanzen.com
  4. ^ Wawrosch, Ch.; Kopp, B.; Wiederfield, H.; "Permanent monitoring of pyrrolizidine alkaloid content in micropropagated Tussilago farfara L. : A tool to fulfill statutory demands for the quality of coltsfoot in Austria and Germany", Acta horticulturae, 2000, br. 530, str. 469-472 [1]
  5. ^ Tussilago farfara, Edible usses (Podbjel korštenje u ishrani)
  6. ^ Sperl, W., Stuppner, H., Gassner, I.; "Reversible hepatic veno-occlusive disease in an infant after consumption of pyrrolizidine-containing herbal tea." Eur J Pediatr. 1995; 154:112–6.
  7. ^ Roulet, M., Laurini, R., Rivier, L., Calame, A.; "Hepatic veno-occlusive disease in newborn infant of a woman drinking herbal tea." J Pediatrics. 1988; 112:433–6.

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Podbjel: Brief Summary ( 波士尼亞語 )

由wikipedia emerging languages提供

Podbjel, (lat. Tussilago farfara), ostala imena: bjelokopitnjak, konjsko kopito, lepuh, lepuk, podbjelek, podbilj. Višegodišnja je biljka iz porodice Asteraceae. Cvjeta na samom kraju zime ili u rano proljeće. Jedan je od prvih proljetnih cvjetova i može se pojaviti već u februaru i cvjetati sve do aprila.

 src= Cvijet podbjela se pojavljuje prije lista  src= Podbjel bez cvjetova  src= Sjeme podbjela slično je maslačku
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Pêcanik ( 庫德語 )

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Pêcanik, çavreşok, hûfhûfik (bi latînî: Tussilago farfara) riwekek ji hejikan e, di bijîşkiya gelêrî ya kurd de tê bikaranîn.

Bi qasî 10-30 cm bilind dibe. Li berojên kevirî hene, herwiha çandiniya wê jî tê kirin. Di bihara teze de aj didin. Li Kurdistan, Ewropa û gelek welatên Asyayê tê dîtin. Riwekek bihêz e, riwekên devedorê xwe têk dibe. Li perên avê jî rast li wan tê.

Bikaranîn

Ji bo astma û kuxikê tê bikaranîn. Pelgên wê tên kutan, hişkkirin, zivistanan jî bikêr tên. Bi heşînî xavî jî tê xwarin. Bijîşkên rojavayî jî bi kêrbariyên wê dizanin. Divê pirr neyê bikaranîn, lewra ji ber hin madeyên pê re hene dikarin bandora xwe bi neyînî bikin. Bêî destûra doktoran pêwîst e mirov bikarneyne.

Çavkanî

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Pêcanik: Brief Summary ( 庫德語 )

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Pêcanik, çavreşok, hûfhûfik (bi latînî: Tussilago farfara) riwekek ji hejikan e, di bijîşkiya gelêrî ya kurd de tê bikaranîn.

Bi qasî 10-30 cm bilind dibe. Li berojên kevirî hene, herwiha çandiniya wê jî tê kirin. Di bihara teze de aj didin. Li Kurdistan, Ewropa û gelek welatên Asyayê tê dîtin. Riwekek bihêz e, riwekên devedorê xwe têk dibe. Li perên avê jî rast li wan tê.

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Pòdbiôłtk ( 卡舒比語 )

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 src=
Pòdbiôłtk

Pòdbiôłtk (Tussilago farfara L.) – to je wielelatny roscëna z rodzëznë astrowatëch (Asteraceae). Òn rosce m. jin. na Kaszëbach, a kwitnie np. w łżëkwiôce. Jegò lëste Kaszëbi zbiérają i sëszą - to je zelé.

Lëteratura

Jan Trepczik: Słownik polsko-kaszubski, Gdańsk 1994, tom II, s. 36.


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Pòdbiôłtk: Brief Summary ( 卡舒比語 )

由wikipedia emerging languages提供
 src= Pòdbiôłtk

Pòdbiôłtk (Tussilago farfara L.) – to je wielelatny roscëna z rodzëznë astrowatëch (Asteraceae). Òn rosce m. jin. na Kaszëbach, a kwitnie np. w łżëkwiôce. Jegò lëste Kaszëbi zbiérają i sëszą - to je zelé.

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T'ika pilli ( 奇楚瓦語 )

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T'ika pilli[1] (Tussilago farfara) nisqaqa huk quram, hampi yuram, Urin Awya Yalaman Iwrupamantam apamusqa.

Pukyukuna

  1. Louis Girault: Kallawaya - guérisseurs itinérants des Andes. Recherches sur les pratiques médicinales et magiques. Paris 1984. p. 90. Tika pilli: Tussilago farfara.

Hawa t'inkikuna

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T'ika pilli: Brief Summary ( 奇楚瓦語 )

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T'ika pilli (Tussilago farfara) nisqaqa huk quram, hampi yuram, Urin Awya Yalaman Iwrupamantam apamusqa.

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Tusilajo ( 伊多語 )

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Tusilajo esas planto perena, kun stipo squamoza - folio di qua la suba facio esas blankatra ; lua kapituli, flava, e la folii, uzesas kom tuso-cesigivo.

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Tussilago farfara ( 倫巴底語 )

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Tussilago farfara l'è 'na spéce de piànta erbàcea che fà part de la famìa botànica de le Asteraceae. L'è l'ünica spéce del zèner Tussilago. L'è 'na spéce uriginària de l'Eurasia, ma l'è deentàda familiàr apò a 'ndel'Amèrica Setentriunàla e Meridiunàla 'ndóche l'è stàda portàda de l'òm per la sò 'mportànsa come piànta medicamentùza.

Descrisiù

Fùrma Biològica: G rhiz - Geòfite rizomatùze. Piànte che g'ha 'n gamp töt particolàr che rèsta sóta tèra (ciamàt rizòma), che töcc i agn el trà fò raìs e gamp che düra apéna chèl che sèrf.

L'è 'na piànta erbàcea perène, che de spès la fùrma dei bèi squacc, àlta dei 8 ai 30 ghèi.

La g'ha 'n rizòma urizontàl, quàze biànch e che se spàca facilmènt. De chèsto rizòma part i gambì che pórta i fiùr, pò a lur ciàr ciàr quàze biànch, sènsa ramificasiù, con tàte fuiulìne tacàde al gambì, ormài rüdìde a schìde de culùr 'ntra 'l vért e 'l rós. En sìma al gambì se fùrma 'l fiùr. L'è furmàt de 'n invòlucro cilìndrich e de 'n capulì de culùr zalt bèl vif, de 2÷3 ghèi. El capulì l'è furmàt de fiùr mascc e tubulùs en mès e de fiùr fèmina ligulàcc töt entùren. El fiùr el se sàra de nòt. El fiorés de febrér a bril. El pöl crèser de la pianüra 'nfìna al leèl subalpì, 'nfìna ai 2400 méter.

Tasonomìa

Tussilago farfara l'è stàda discriìda del Linèo e püblicàda 'ndèl Species Plantarum 2: 865. 1753.[1]

Sinònim

  • Cineraria farfara Bernh.
  • Farfara radiata Gilib.
  • Tussilago alpestris Hegetschw.
  • Tussilago umbertina Borbás[2][3]

Galerìa de fóti

Riferimèncc

  1. Eror Lua an package.lua a la linia 80: module 'Modulo:Citazione/Configurazione/sandbox' not found.
  2. Tussilago farfara en Global Compositae
  3. Tussilago farfara en PlantList
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Tussilago farfara ( 低地蘇格蘭語 )

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Tussilago farfara, commonly kent as Tushlucky gowan, is a plant in the faimily Asteraceae that haes tradeetionally haed medicinal uises. Houiver, the discovery o toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids in the plant haes resultit in liver heal concerns.

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Tussilago farfara: Brief Summary ( 倫巴底語 )

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Tussilago farfara l'è 'na spéce de piànta erbàcea che fà part de la famìa botànica de le Asteraceae. L'è l'ünica spéce del zèner Tussilago. L'è 'na spéce uriginària de l'Eurasia, ma l'è deentàda familiàr apò a 'ndel'Amèrica Setentriunàla e Meridiunàla 'ndóche l'è stàda portàda de l'òm per la sò 'mportànsa come piànta medicamentùza.

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Šalposnė ( 薩莫吉提亞語 )

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 src=
Šalposnės

Šalposnė aba šalposnis (luotīnėškā: Tussilago farfara) ī tuokis onkstībs augals, katros muokslėškā prigol prī grėižžėidiu augalū (Asteraceae) šeimuos.

Tasā augals daugiametis ī. Stombris būn kap so kuokio pūko. Lapā 10-20 cm skersmenė, apskrėtuoki, pūkouti, aug palē žemė. Žėidā rīškē geltuoni, dėina kap žīdia, tap pakėlė̄s i vėršo, vuo nakti ė nūžīdiejus nūlinkst žemīn. Kap šalposnė nūžīdia, palėik sieklas so tuokēs „parašiotās“, kap kiaulpėinės.

Žīdia šalposnis onksti pavasarie, balondė-gegožė mienėsēs.

Šalposnē patink muolinga dėrva. Šalposnīnės ruod, katruo vėituo ī daug ondenė dėrvuo. Aug prī šalteniu, pagriuoviūs, opiu ėr opiekšliu krontūs, muolinguos atšlāties. Piktžuolė.

Šalposnės žėidā ė lapā liekarsta ī. Gausėn prakātavėma, lengvėn atsikuosėjėma, trauka karšti, tūdie tink sergont oždegėmās, alsavėma lėguom.

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Βήχιο ( 現代希臘語(1453 年以後) )

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Το Βήχιο (Tussilago farfara), κοινώς γνωστό ως coltsfoot(Α), είναι ένα φυτό της φυλής Groundsel (Senecioneae) της οικογένειας των Αστεροειδών (Asteraceae)[1] ή αλλιώς σύνθετων, και προέρχεται από την Ευρώπη και μέρη της Κεντρικής Ασίας. Το όνομα "tussilago" προέρχεται από το Λατινικό tussis, που σημάινει βήχας,[2] και ago, που σημαίνει διεξάγω ή ενεργώ.[3] Έχει χρησιμοποιηθεί στην παραδοσιακή ιατρική, αλλά η ανακάλυψη αλκαλοειδών στο φυτό έχει δημιουργήσει ανησυχίες για την υγεία του ήπατος.

Το Βήχιο είναι το μόνο αποδεκτό είδος του γένους Tussilago, ωστόσο πάνω από 24 άλλα είδη έχουν σε κάποια στιγμή θεωρηθεί μέρη αυτό του γένους. Τα περισσότερα από αυτά πλέον θεωρούνται μέλη άλλου γένους. (Chaptalia,Chevreulia, Farfugium, Homogyne, Leibnitzia, Petasites, Senecio)

Το φύλλωμα του Tussilago farfara.

Περιγραφή

Το βήχιο είναι ένα πολυετές ποώδες φυτό που εξαπλώνεται με σπόρους και ριζώματα. Το βήχιο βρίσκεται συχνά σε αποικίες δεκάδων φυτών. Τα άνθη του, που επιφανειακά μοιάζουν με της πικραλίδας, φέρουν μικρά φύλλα στα μακρυά κοτσάνια τους τις αρχές της άνοιξης. Τα φύλλα του βήχιου εμφανίζονται αφού τα άνθη αφήσουν σπόρους και μαραίνονται και πεθαίνουν στις αρχές του καλοκαιριού. Οι κεφαλές των ανθών έχουν κίτρινα πέταλα με μια εξωτερική σειρά βραχίονες. Το φυτό είναι περίπου 10-30 cm σε ύψος, και τα φύλλα του έχουν γωνιακά "δόντια" ανάμεσα τους.

Παραπομπές

  1. «ASTERACEAE tribe SENECIONEAE in Flora of North America @ efloras.org». www.efloras.org. Ανακτήθηκε στις 30 Δεκεμβρίου 2019.
  2. «tussis - Ancient Greek - English Dictionary (LSJ)». lsj.gr. Ανακτήθηκε στις 30 Δεκεμβρίου 2019.
  3. «ago - Ancient Greek - English Dictionary (LSJ)». lsj.gr. Ανακτήθηκε στις 30 Δεκεμβρίου 2019.
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Βήχιο: Brief Summary ( 現代希臘語(1453 年以後) )

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Το Βήχιο (Tussilago farfara), κοινώς γνωστό ως coltsfoot(Α), είναι ένα φυτό της φυλής Groundsel (Senecioneae) της οικογένειας των Αστεροειδών (Asteraceae) ή αλλιώς σύνθετων, και προέρχεται από την Ευρώπη και μέρη της Κεντρικής Ασίας. Το όνομα "tussilago" προέρχεται από το Λατινικό tussis, που σημάινει βήχας, και ago, που σημαίνει διεξάγω ή ενεργώ. Έχει χρησιμοποιηθεί στην παραδοσιακή ιατρική, αλλά η ανακάλυψη αλκαλοειδών στο φυτό έχει δημιουργήσει ανησυχίες για την υγεία του ήπατος.

Το Βήχιο είναι το μόνο αποδεκτό είδος του γένους Tussilago, ωστόσο πάνω από 24 άλλα είδη έχουν σε κάποια στιγμή θεωρηθεί μέρη αυτό του γένους. Τα περισσότερα από αυτά πλέον θεωρούνται μέλη άλλου γένους. (Chaptalia,Chevreulia, Farfugium, Homogyne, Leibnitzia, Petasites, Senecio)

Το φύλλωμα του Tussilago farfara.

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Абажа лопа ( 厄爾茲亞語 )

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Абажа лопа[2], лиякс: Одажа лопа[3], литературань нормась: абажалопа[4], одажалопа[4], адавань тикше[5] (лат. Tussilago farfara, руз. Ма́ть-и-ма́чеха) — ламо иень перть касыця тикше, Ламоцецянь семиянь (Asteraceae).

Чачозо-покшолмазо

 src=
Одажа лопа (ботаникань артовкс)

Рана тунда лисисть ашола нетькскеть, конатнень прясост ожо цецинеть. Цецямодо мейле теке ундоксонть эйстэ кармить касомо валоня келей пиже лопат, алксост ашот, вельтязь чевте понынесэ. Касы сёвонев модасо, лей чирева, латкова, пандо чамава.

Ормадо лезэв

Ловови ормадо лезэв тикшекс, пурныть лопанзо тунда, костить кошсо эли пекстазь чистэ таркасо 40—50 °С температура марто[6].

Лопатнестэ ды цецятнестэ теить ламбамо ведь, симить тевелявонь экшендемстэ, шождалгавты козомонть[7]. Цецятнестэ мекштне саить медярво[8].

Тикшень лемтне

Наукань (латинэнь) буень лемесь лат. tussilago, inis саеви лат. tussis, is («козома») ды лат. ago, egi, actum, ere («панемс») валтнестэ — «шождалгавты козомонть»[7].

  • (горниповонь цецяка, начко лопа, од авань лопа, од авань чама лопа, ожопря, ожопря цеця)[4]
  • ватракшлопа[4], лиякс: кавто лопань тикше, лейтикше — синоним: абажалопа — (лат. Tussilágo, руз. Мать-и-мачеха обыкновенная)
  • Ицял буень Полдаська велесэ тензе мерить абажа лопа.
  • Покш Килейбуень Ало велесэ (Чёрная Промзасо) мерить ватракш лопа.
  • Кочкурбуень Давыд велесэ мерить горниповонь цецяка, Сурвелесэ — од авань чама лопа.
  • Ульянонь ёнксонь Николаень буень Мордовский Канадей велесэ мерить лей тикше, Губашево велесэ цецятнеде мерить озяз ловсо.

Фотокувт

Содамоёвкст

Лисьмапрят

  1. Об условности указания класса двудольных в качестве вышестоящего таксона для описываемой в данной статье группы растений см. раздел «Системы APG» статьи «Двудольные».
  2. Р.Н. Бузакова, Тикшень валкс - Саранск: Мордовской кн. изд-ась, 1996. - 144.с. ISBN 5-7595-0963-2(руз.), (эрз.)
  3. Русско-эрзянский ботанический словарь (названия сосудистых): Ок. 1600 назв. /А. М. Гребнева, В. В. Лещанкина.— Саранск: Тип. «Крас. Окт.», 2002.— 60 с.— Рус, эрзян. ISBN 5-7493-0433-7., (руз.), (эрз.)
  4. 4,0 4,1 4,2 4,3 Агафонова Н. А., Алёшкина Р. А., Гребнева А. М., Имайкина М. Д., Мосин М. В., Рузанкин Н. И., Тихонова Т. М., Цыганкин Д. В., Харитонова А. М., Цыпайкина В. П.; Гаврилова Т. Г. (отв. секретарь). Вейсэ, башка, тешкс вельде (Слитно, раздельно, через дефис). Словарь трудностей эрзянского языка. Саранск, 2001. - 172с(руз.), (эрз.)
  5. Щемерова В.С. Эрзянь-рузонь валкс. Русско-эрзянский словарь. Саранск, 1992 г. — 400 с. Эрзянский и русский язык. ISBN 5-7595-0483-5 (эрз.), (руз.)
  6. Блинова К. Ф. и др. Ботанико-фармакогностический словарь : Справ. пособие. Под ред. К. Ф. Блиновой, Г. П. Яковлева. М. Высш. шк. 1990. стр.210 ISBN 5-06-000085-0(руз.)
  7. 7,0 7,1 Каден Н. Н., Терентьева Н. Н. Этимологический словарь латинских названий растений, встречающихся в окрестностях агробиостанции МГУ «Чашниково» / Под ред. В. И. Мирошенковой. — М.: Изд-во МГУ, 1975. — С. 66, 158. — 204 с. — 2050 экз. (эрз.)
  8. Абрикосов Х. Н. Мать-и-мачеха. Словарь-справочник пчеловода. ответственный сост. Федосов Н. Ф. Москва, Сельхозгиз, 1955. стр. 185 (руз.)
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Абажа лопа: Brief Summary ( 厄爾茲亞語 )

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Абажа лопа, лиякс: Одажа лопа, литературань нормась: абажалопа, одажалопа, адавань тикше (лат. Tussilago farfara, руз. Ма́ть-и-ма́чеха) — ламо иень перть касыця тикше, Ламоцецянь семиянь (Asteraceae).

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Мэзтхьэрыкъуэф ( 卡巴爾達語 )

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Мэзтхьэрыкъуэф (лат-бз. Tussilago farfara) — илъэс куэдкӀэ къэкӀ, лъабжьэжь зиӀэ къэкӀыгъэщ.

НэмыщӀ цӀэхэр

Адыгэбзэм мы къэкӀыгъэм цӀэ бжыгъэ зэрехьэр, ахэр: анэрэ-анэнэпӀэсрэ (урысыбзэм зэрхэтым хуэду псалъэхэр зэдзэкӀауэращ адыгэбзэм), Ӏэдэ́м и цей, тхьэрыкъуэфдэгу.

Теплъэр

Тхьэмпэ, къудамэ зытемыт и пкъыр гъатхэм пасу (гъатхэпэмазэм) щӀым къыхокӀри см 10-20-кӀэ докӀей, см 2-2,5-рэ зи инагъ щхьэ гъуэжь къещӀ. Жылэхэр псынщӀэу мэхъури полъэлъыж, пкъыри мэгъуэлэж. Абы иужкӀэ кӀы кӀыхь зиӀэ тхьэмпэ хъурей инхэр къыдедз. Тхьэмпэ щӀагъым цы щабэ цӀыкӀу тетщ, и гущӀыӀур цӀафтэщ. Удзым и тхьэмпэ щӀыӀум гъатхэ, гъэмахуэ жэщхэм, пщэдджыжьыпэхэм уэсэпсыр Ӏуву тохьэ, тхьэмпэщӀагъыр зэрыгъущу къонэ.

КъыздэкӀыр

Удзыр къыщокӀ псыхъуэхэм, мэз лъапэхэм, щӀыпӀэ псыӀэхэм, псынащхьэхэм.

Къэгъэщхьэпэгъуэр

Хущхъуэу къагъэсэбэп. Бжьэхэм гъэгъахэм фо къыхах.

Тхылъхэр

Хьэкъун Б. Адыгэ къэкӀыгъэцӀэхэр. ТхылътедзапӀэ «Эльбрус». Налшыч 1992 гъ.

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Хъумбала ( 奧塞提亞語 )

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Хъумбала кæнæ дзыккайы сыф[1], сыгъды сыф[2], сыгъдысыф[3] (лат. Tussilago, уырыс. Мать-и-мачеха) у, астрæты мыггагмæ чи хауы, ахæм бирæазон халхуыз зайæгой. Иунæг хуыз — Tussilago farfara.

Фиппаинæгтæ

  1. Козаты 3. В. Æрдззонæн æмæ хъæууон хæдзарады уырыссаг-ирон терминологион дзырдуат. Рауагъдад «Ирыстон» — Цхинвал, 1989
  2. Техов Ф.Д. Названия растений в осетинском языке. Издательство «Ирыстон», Цхинвали
  3. Дзабиты З.Тъ. Ирон адæмон медицинон терминологи. — Цхинвал, «Республика», 2018


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Хъумбала: Brief Summary ( 奧塞提亞語 )

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Хъумбала кæнæ дзыккайы сыф, сыгъды сыф, сыгъдысыф (лат. Tussilago, уырыс. Мать-и-мачеха) у, астрæты мыггагмæ чи хауы, ахæм бирæазон халхуыз зайæгой. Иунæг хуыз — Tussilago farfara.

 src=

Хъумбала

 src=

Хъумбалайы дидинæг

 src=

Хъумбала

 src=

Сыфтæ

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Хьовлашк ( 印古什語 )

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Хьовлашк (лат: Tussilágo, эрс: Ма́ть-и-ма́чеха) — дукха шераш даха зиза баьцовгIий ваьр да Астрай дезала чура.

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Үгәй инә үләне ( 巴什基爾語 )

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Үгәй инә үләне (рус. Ма́ть-и-ма́чеха, лат. Tussilágo) —астра сәскәләр ғаиләһенән күп йыллыҡ үлән үҫемлек. Апрельдә һары сәскә ата, май башында орлоғо өлгөрә.

Таралыуы

Үгәй инә үләне юл буйҙаранда, ташландың ерҙә, йылға ярҙаранда һ.б. ерҙәрҙә үҫә. Үҫемлек төньяҡ ярымшарҙа: Евразияла, төньяҡ Африкала һәм күсерелгән үҫемлек булараҡ Төньяҡ Америкала таралған.

 src=
Үгәй инә үләне. «Köhler’s Medizinal-Pflanzen», 1887 китабынан ботаник иллюстрация
Tussilago farfara20100409 57.jpg
Tussilago farfara20100409 07.jpg
Tussilago-farfara 0018 a.jpg
Tussilago farfara bgiu.jpg

Әҙәбиәт

  • Ғүмәров В. З. Тыуған яҡтың шифалы үҫәмлектәре. —Өфө: Башҡортостан китап нәшриәте, 1996. −160 б. ISBN 5-295-01499-1
  • Губанов И. А., Киселёва К. В., Новиков В. С., Тихомиров В. Н. 1441. Tussilago farfara L. — Мать-и-мачеха обыкновенная // Иллюстрированный определитель растений Средней России. В 3-х томах — М.: Т-во науч. изд. КМК, Ин-т технолог. иссл, 2004. — Т. 3. Покрытосеменные (двудольные: раздельнолепестные). — С. 505. — ISBN 5-87317-163-7. (рус.)

Һылтанмалар

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Үгәй инә үләне: Brief Summary ( 巴什基爾語 )

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Үгәй инә үләне (рус. Ма́ть-и-ма́чеха, лат. Tussilágo) —астра сәскәләр ғаиләһенән күп йыллыҡ үлән үҫемлек. Апрельдә һары сәскә ата, май башында орлоғо өлгөрә.

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Өгөй эне-өз эне ( 吉爾吉斯語 )

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 src=
Өгөй эне-өз эне

Өгөй эне-өз эне — көп жылдык чөп өсүмдүк. СССРдин Европа бөлүгүндө, Кавказда, Сибирде, Орто Азиянын тоолорунда кеңири таралган. Биздин республикада Чүй өрөөнүндө, Ала-Тоо, Алай тоо кыркасында, Борбордук Тянь-Шанда өсөт. Медицинада кургатылган жалбырагы жана топ гүлү кайнатып же ачытып, какырык чыгаруучу дары катарында колдонулат. Аны июньиюль айында чогултуп, ачык абада, бөлмөдө, үй чатырында тез-тез которуп кургатат.

Колдонулган адабияттар

Кыргыз Совет Энциклопедиясынын Башкы редакциясы. «Ден соолук» Медициналык энциклопедия. - Ф.:1991, ISBN 5-89750-008-8

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Өгөй эне-өз эне: Brief Summary ( 吉爾吉斯語 )

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 src= Өгөй эне-өз эне

Өгөй эне-өз эне — көп жылдык чөп өсүмдүк. СССРдин Европа бөлүгүндө, Кавказда, Сибирде, Орто Азиянын тоолорунда кеңири таралган. Биздин республикада Чүй өрөөнүндө, Ала-Тоо, Алай тоо кыркасында, Борбордук Тянь-Шанда өсөт. Медицинада кургатылган жалбырагы жана топ гүлү кайнатып же ачытып, какырык чыгаруучу дары катарында колдонулат. Аны июньиюль айында чогултуп, ачык абада, бөлмөдө, үй чатырында тез-тез которуп кургатат.

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Tussilago ( 英語 )

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Tussilago farfara, commonly known as coltsfoot,[2]: 770 [3] is a plant in the tribe Senecioneae in the family Asteraceae, native to Europe and parts of western and central Asia. The name "tussilago" is derived from the Latin tussis, meaning cough, and ago, meaning to cast or to act on.[4][5] It has had uses in traditional medicine, but the discovery of toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids in the plant has resulted in liver health concerns.

Tussilago farfara is the only accepted species in the genus Tussilago, although more than two dozen other species have at one time or another been considered part of this group. Most of them are now regarded as members of other genera (Chaptalia, Chevreulia, Farfugium, Homogyne, Leibnitzia, Petasites, Senecio).[1]

Foliage of Tussilago farfara

Description

Coltsfoot is a perennial herbaceous plant that spreads by seeds and rhizomes. Tussilago is often found in colonies of dozens of plants. The flowers, which superficially resemble dandelions, bear scale-leaves on the long stems in early spring. The leaves of coltsfoot, which appear after the flowers have set seed, wither and die in the early summer. The flower heads are of yellow florets with an outer row of bracts. The plant is typically 10–30 cm (3.9–11.8 in) in height. The leaves have angular teeth on their margins.[6][7]

Distribution

Coltsfoot is widespread across Europe, Asia, and North Africa, from Svalbard to Morocco to China and the Russian Far East. It is also a common plant in North and South America where it has been introduced, most likely by settlers as a medicinal item, or to provide early blooms for honeybees. The plant is often found in waste and disturbed places and along roadsides and paths. In some areas it is considered an invasive species.[1][8][9]

Comparing dandelion with coltsfoot, in early May. The dandelion is just blooming, but the coltsfoot has already gone to seed. Note that the coltsfoot has no leaves yet.

Name

The common name comes from the leaf's supposed resemblance in shape to a colt's foot.[10] It is a 16th-century translation of the medieval Latin name pes pulli, meaning "foal's foot".[11] Other common names include tash plant, ass's foot, bull's foot, coughwort (Old English),[12] farfara, foal's foot, foalswort, and horse foot. Sometimes it is confused with Petasites frigidus, or western coltsfoot.

It has been called bechion,[13] bechichie, or bechie, from the Ancient Greek word for "cough".[14] Also ungula caballina ("horse hoof"),[13] and chamæleuce.[15]

Uses

Coltsfoot has been used in herbal medicine[13] and has been consumed as a food product with some confectionery products, such as Coltsfoot Rock. Tussilago farfara leaves have been used in traditional Austrian medicine internally (as tea or syrup) or externally (directly applied) for treatment of disorders of the respiratory tract, skin, locomotor system, viral infections, flu, colds, fever, rheumatism and gout.[16] An extract of the fresh leaves has also been used to make cough drops and hard candy.[10]

Coltsfoot is used as a food plant by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including the Gothic and small angle shades. It is also visited by honeybees, providing pollen and nectar.

Fruit of coltsfoot with pappus

Toxicity

Tussilago farfara contains tumorigenic pyrrolizidine alkaloids.[17] Senecionine and senkirkine, present in coltsfoot, have the highest mutagenetic activity of any pyrrolozidine alkaloid, tested using Drosophila melanogaster to produce a comparative genotoxicity test.[18][19]

Two cases of supposed liver damage (and death) due to coltsfoot tea have been shown to actually be the result of mistaken identity. In one, coltsfoot tea causing severe liver problems in an infant was actually the result of Adenostyles alliariae (alpendost).[20] In another case, an infant developed liver disease and died because the mother drank tea originally believed to contain coltsfoot during her pregnancy, but which was later shown to be Petasites hybridus (butterbur) or a similar species.[21][22] In one 27-year-old male, ingesting a multicomponent herbal supplement that included coltsfoot may have caused him to develop non-lethal deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism.[23]

In response, the German government banned the sale of coltsfoot. Clonal plants of coltsfoot free of pyrrolizidine alkaloids were then developed in Austria and Germany.[24] This has resulted in the development of the registered variety Tussilago farfara 'Wien', which has no detectable levels of these alkaloids.[25]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c Flann, C (ed) 2009+ Global Compositae Checklist Archived 2014-11-06 at archive.today
  2. ^ Stace, C. A. (2010). New Flora of the British Isles (Third ed.). Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521707725.
  3. ^ USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Tussilago farfara". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 12 December 2015.
  4. ^ Capasso, Francesco (2011). "Capitolo M12: Droghe obsolete e/o poco studiate". Farmacognosia: Botanica, chimica e farmacologia delle piante medicinali (in Italian) (Seconda edizione ed.). Springer Milan. p. 428. doi:10.1007/978-88-470-1652-1_30. ISBN 978-88-470-1652-1. Tussilago, dal latino tussis = tosse e ago = scaccio.
  5. ^ Booth, David (1835). An analytical dictionary of the English language. James Cochrane and Co. p. 312. Tussilago, from the Latin tussis, a cough, and ago, to act upon, to cure; from its reputed virtues.
  6. ^ Theodore M. Barkley (2006). "Tussilago Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 865. 1753; Gen. Pl. ed. 5, 372. 1754". Magnoliophyta: Asteridae, Part 7: Asteraceae, Part 2. Flora of North America. Vol. 20. Oxford University Press. p. 635. ISBN 9780195305647.
  7. ^ Parnell, J. and Curtis, T. 2012 Webb's An Irish Flora. Cork University PressISBN 978-185918-4783.
  8. ^ Flora of China, Vol. 20-21, p. 461 款冬 kuan dong Tussilago farfara Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 865. 1753..
  9. ^ Altervista Flora Italiana, genere Tussilago includes photos and distribution maps.
  10. ^ a b Niering, William A.; Olmstead, Nancy C. (1985) [1979]. The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Wildflowers, Eastern Region. Knopf. p. 410. ISBN 0-394-50432-1.
  11. ^ Grigson G. 1974. A Dictionary of English Plant Names. Allen Lane. ISBN 0-71-390442-9.
  12. ^ Coulombe Jr., Roger A. (2003). "Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids in Foods". In Taylor, Steve L. (ed.). Advances in Food and Nutrition Research. Vol. 45. Academic Press. p. 76. ISBN 0-12-016445-0.
  13. ^ a b c First Foot: The Medieval Garden Enclosed. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.
  14. ^ Joannes de Vigo. Works of Chirurgery, 1543.
  15. ^ Thomas Cooper, Thesaurus Linguae Romanae et Britannicae (1584).
  16. ^ Sylvia Vogl, Paolo Picker, Judit Mihaly-Bison, Nanang Fakhrudin, Atanas G. Atanasov, Elke H. Heiss, Christoph Wawrosch, Gottfried Reznicek, Verena M. Dirsch, Johannes Saukel & Brigitte Koppa (2013). "Ethnopharmacological in vitro studies on Austria's folk medicine – an unexplored lore in vitro anti-inflammatory activities of 71 Austrian traditional herbal drugs". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 149 (3): 750–771. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2013.06.007. PMC 3791396. PMID 23770053.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  17. ^ Fu, P.P., Yang, Y.C., Xia, Q., Chou, M.C., Cui, Y.Y., Lin G., "Pyrrolizidine alkaloids-tumorigenic components in Chinese herbal medicines and dietary supplements", Journal of Food and Drug Analysis, Vol. 10, No. 4, 2002, pp. 198-211 [1].
  18. ^ Röder, E., "Medicinal plants in Europe containing pyrrolizidine alkaloids", Pharmazie, 1995, pp. 83-98. Reprinted on Henriette's Herbal website.[2].
  19. ^ Frei, H.J., Luethy, J., Brauchli, L., Zweifel, U., Wuergler, F.E., & Schlatter, C., Chem. Biol. Interact., 83: 1, 1992.
  20. ^ Sperl, W., Stuppner, H., Gassner, I.; "Reversible hepatic veno-occlusive disease in an infant after consumption of pyrrolizidine-containing herbal tea." Eur. J. Pediatr. 1995;154:112–6.
  21. ^ Roulet, M., Laurini, R., Rivier, L., Calame, A.; "Hepatic veno-occlusive disease in newborn infant of a woman drinking herbal tea." J Pediatrics. 1988;112:433–6.
  22. ^ Frohne D, Pfänder HJ. Poisonous Plants: A Handbook for Doctors, Pharmacists, Toxicologists, Biologists and Veterinarians. Timber Press, 2005.
  23. ^ Freshour JE, Odle B, Rikhye S, Stewart DW. Coltsfoot as a potential cause of deep-vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in a patient also consuming kava and blue vervain. J Diet Suppl. 2012;9(3):149-54. doi: 10.3109/19390211.2012.708391.
  24. ^ Wawrosch, Ch.; Kopp, B.; Wiederfield, H.; "Permanent monitoring of pyrrolizidine alkaloid content in micropropagated Tussilago farfara L. : A tool to fulfil statutory demands for the quality of coltsfoot in Austria and Germany", Acta horticulturae, 2000, no. 530, pp. 469-472 [3].
  25. ^ Wawrosh C.,"In Vitro Cultivation of Medicinal Plants" cited in Yaniv Z. and Bachrach U., Eds "Handbook of Medicinal Plants", The Hawthorne Medical Press NY Lond. 2005.
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Tussilago: Brief Summary ( 英語 )

由wikipedia EN提供

Tussilago farfara, commonly known as coltsfoot,: 770  is a plant in the tribe Senecioneae in the family Asteraceae, native to Europe and parts of western and central Asia. The name "tussilago" is derived from the Latin tussis, meaning cough, and ago, meaning to cast or to act on. It has had uses in traditional medicine, but the discovery of toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids in the plant has resulted in liver health concerns.

Tussilago farfara is the only accepted species in the genus Tussilago, although more than two dozen other species have at one time or another been considered part of this group. Most of them are now regarded as members of other genera (Chaptalia, Chevreulia, Farfugium, Homogyne, Leibnitzia, Petasites, Senecio).

Foliage of Tussilago farfara
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Tusilago ( 世界語 )

由wikipedia EO提供

Tusilago (Tussilago farfara) estas la sola specio de la planta genro Tusilago el la familio asteracoj.[1] Ĝi apartenas al la unuaj herboj florantaj printempe; ĝiaj floroj aperas antaŭ la evoluo de la folioj. Tusilago estas jam en la antikva epoko uzita kuracplanto kontraŭ tuso, kiu efikas muksolva.

Estas plurjara (trud)herbo alta 10–20 cm, fruprintempe floranta per flavaj floroj, post kiuj aperas grandaj ren- aŭ kor-formaj folioj, dorse kovritaj per griza aŭ blanka tegaĵo. Sekigitaj folioj kaj floroj estas farmacie uzataj por kontraŭtusaj medikamentoj. Tusilago estis konata en la tempo de Hipokrato, la plej fama antikva medicinisto (460-377 a.K.) kiel rimedo por mildigo de seka tusado.

Etimologio

La nomo estas el la latina tussis = tusado kaj ago = pelas. La dua nomo rilatas la latinan far = faruno (faruneca pulvoro dorse de la folioj).

Kuracefiko

Tusilago estas daŭre estimata kuracplanto pro la kuracaj floroj kaj folioj. Ĝi ekfloras fruprintempe (marto) kaj oni kolektas unue la florojn (komence de la florado, rapide sekigi en maldikaj tavoloj) kaj poste la foliojn, kiuj aperas post forvelko de la floroj (kun mallonga trunko, sekigi renversitajn, plej bone per arta varmo). La floroj kaj folioj enhavas mukajn substancojn, fitosterinon, tanacidon, poman kaj vinan acidojn, amarajn substancojn, karotenon, vitaminon C. La drogo efikas molige, ŝvitige, urinige kaj kontraŭinflame, kontraŭ inflamoj de spirorganoj – kataroj, bronkito, faringito, laringito, bronka astmo, tusado, stomaka kaj intesta inflamoj, manko de apetito, hipertonio, aterosklerozo.[2]

Manĝeblo

La florburĝonoj, floroj kaj junaj folioj manĝeblas en salato, supo, kiel spinaco aŭ en patkukoj.

Referencoj

  1. Vidu “Tusilago" en: Plurlingva nomaro de sovaĝaj plantoj en Eŭropo - Bernhard Eichkorn - Eld. Villingen-Schwenningen - 1995. (816 p.) Detala priskribo de la verko: Flaŭro.
  2. Prelego de Stano Marček en la klubo La Verda Stelo en Antverpeno en oktobro 2014
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Tusilago: Brief Summary ( 世界語 )

由wikipedia EO提供

Tusilago (Tussilago farfara) estas la sola specio de la planta genro Tusilago el la familio asteracoj. Ĝi apartenas al la unuaj herboj florantaj printempe; ĝiaj floroj aperas antaŭ la evoluo de la folioj. Tusilago estas jam en la antikva epoko uzita kuracplanto kontraŭ tuso, kiu efikas muksolva.

Estas plurjara (trud)herbo alta 10–20 cm, fruprintempe floranta per flavaj floroj, post kiuj aperas grandaj ren- aŭ kor-formaj folioj, dorse kovritaj per griza aŭ blanka tegaĵo. Sekigitaj folioj kaj floroj estas farmacie uzataj por kontraŭtusaj medikamentoj. Tusilago estis konata en la tempo de Hipokrato, la plej fama antikva medicinisto (460-377 a.K.) kiel rimedo por mildigo de seka tusado.

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Tussilago ( 西班牙、卡斯蒂利亞西班牙語 )

由wikipedia ES提供

Tusilago (Tussilago farfara) es la única especie del género Tussilago de plantas de flores perteneciente a la familia Asteraceae. Se le denomina popularmente: Tusilago, fárfara, pie de caballo, uña de caballo. Son nativos de Eurasia. Aunque también es común en Norteamérica y Suramérica donde han sido introducidos para la producción de plantas medicinales.

Descripción

Es una planta herbácea perenne se planta por semillas o rizomas. Se agrupan en colonias de docenas de plantas. Sus hojas son grandes, cordadas de perfil anguloso, son de color verde blanquecino al nacer y verdes al envejecer. Los tallos florales se desarrollan antes que aparezcan las hojas, son carnosos, esponjosos y con escamas. Las flores se agrupan en capítulos de color amarillo dorado.

Etnobotánica, farmacognosia y fitoquímica

El nombre tussilago tiene su origen el latín tussis, que significa "tos", lo que indica el uso popular que se ha dado a la planta desde tiempos muy remotos como antitusivo. En los países orientales era común fumar o aspirar el humo de las hojas para calmar los accesos de tos y de asma, de tal manera que algunos aún se refieren a ella como coughwort (remedio para la tos). Además, en la Segunda Guerra Mundial los soldados en Europa la fumaban y en algunas partes aún se fuma como sustituto del tabaco, de tal manera que los nombres baccy plant (planta de tabaco) y poor-man's-baccy (tabaco de los pobres) aún sobreviven en la Gran Bretaña.

Es una de las plantas que más se utilizan en el tratamiento de enfermedades bronquiales y se le reconocen propiedades terapéuticas antitusiva, astringente, demulcente, emoliente, expectorante, estimulante y tónica. La infusión de las hojas alivia la bronquitis, asma y afecciones pulmonares.

Combinada con regaliz (Glycyrrhiza) y tomillo (Thymus) se emplea en el tratamiento de la bronquitis, catarros, problemas respiratorios y enfisema crónico. También es un ingrediente en infusiones para las diarreas. Las hojas trituradas se usan contra el dolor de las articulaciones, heridas, úlceras, quemaduras, inflamación e irritación de la piel. Al paso de los años esta planta ha sido objeto de una amplia gama de usos; así, se dice las hojas y flores secas y asadasse usan como sustituto de sal y por su aroma anisado se emplean en ensaladas, sopas y tés.[1]

En cuanto a su composición química se ha demostrado que estas plantas producen una gran cantidad de mucílagos (Glicoproteínas, polisacáridos), de los que se cree que derivan sus propiedades medicinales, además de esteroles, flavonoides, taninos e inulina.[2]​ Además se han encontrado una gran diversidad de metabolitos secundarios:

  • Cromonas (6-Acetil-7-hidroxi-2,3-dimetilcromona,[3]​ ácido 7-hidroxi-2,3-dimetilcromano-6-carboxílico.[4]​)
  • Sesquiterpenos con estructura tipo eudesmano (Tusfarfarina A[5]​), oplopano y bisabolano[6]
  • Triterpenos con estructura tipo baurano (7-Baureno-3,16-diol[7]​) y taraxastano (Faradiol[8]​)
  • Alcaloides pirrolizidínicos (P. ejemplo el ácido neotusilagínico, neotusilagina, ácido neoisotusilágico, tusilaginina, ácido tusilágico, tusilagina, ácido isotusilagínico, isotusilagina[9]​).
 src=
Componentes de Tussilago. (1) Tusilagonona; (2) Notonipetranona; (3) 7β-Senecioiloxioplopa-3(14)Z,8(10)-dien-2-ona; (4) Tusilagona

Taxonomía

Tussilago farfara fue descrita por Carlos Linneo y publicado en Species Plantarum 2: 865. 1753.[10]

Sinonimia
  • Cineraria farfara Bernh.
  • Farfara radiata Gilib.
  • Tussilago alpestris Hegetschw.
  • Tussilago umbertina Borbás[11][12]

Nombre común

  • Castellano: espatas, farfara, fárfara, gordolobo, paso de asno, pata-buey, pata de asno, pata de mula, pata de mulo, pie de caballo, pie de mula, piedemulo, pie de mulo, potas, sombrerera, tusilago, tusillago, tusílago, uña de asno, uña de caballo[13]

Referencias

  1. Alpine ethnobotany in Italy: traditional knowledge of gastronomic and medicinal plants among the Occitans of the upper Varaita valley, Piedmont Andrea Pieroni1 and Maria Elena Giusti. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 2009, 5:32
  2. Tussilago farfara, Tusilago, fárfara, pata de caballo, uña de caballo, coltsfoot, housefoot, brittish tobacco. Folium. Quijano L. Septiembre/Diciembre. Año XVII, 50; pp 6-7 (2008)
  3. Wu, D. et al., Biochem. Syst. Ecol., 2008, 36, 219- 222
  4. Wu, D. et al., Biochem. Syst. Ecol., 2008, 36, 219- 222
  5. Liu, L.-L. et al., J. Asian Nat. Prod. Res., 2011, 13, 920- 929
  6. Tang, Z.Y. et al., Chin. Chem. Lett., 2009, 20, 1017- 1018
  7. Yaoita, Y. et al., Nat. Med. (Tokyo), 1998, 52, 273- 275
  8. Zimmerman, J.Helv. Chim. Acta, 1943, 26, 642- 647
  9. Adamczak A., Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae. Vol 82, No 4 (2013)
  10. «Tussilago». Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. Consultado el 28 de agosto de 2012.
  11. Tussilago en Global Compositae
  12. Tussilago en PlantList
  13. «Tussilago». Real Jardín Botánico: Proyecto Anthos. Consultado el 25 de noviembre de 2009.

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Tussilago: Brief Summary ( 西班牙、卡斯蒂利亞西班牙語 )

由wikipedia ES提供

Tusilago (Tussilago farfara) es la única especie del género Tussilago de plantas de flores perteneciente a la familia Asteraceae. Se le denomina popularmente: Tusilago, fárfara, pie de caballo, uña de caballo. Son nativos de Eurasia. Aunque también es común en Norteamérica y Suramérica donde han sido introducidos para la producción de plantas medicinales.

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Paiseleht ( 愛沙尼亞語 )

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Disambig gray.svg See artikkel räägib liigist; perekonna kohta vaata artiklit Paiseleht (perekond)

Paiseleht (Tussilago farfara) on mitmeaastane rohttaim korvõieliste sugukonnast paiselehe perekonnast.

Levila ja kasvukoht

Paiseleht on pärismaine paljudes Euroopa ja Aasia piirkondades, edukalt on teda introdutseeritud Põhja- ja Lõuna-Ameerikas, peamiselt kolonistide kaasabil ja meditsiiniliste omaduste pärast.

Taim kasvab sageli jäätmaadel, teeservadel ja paljudes niisketes kohtades.

Kirjeldus

 src=
Viljunud paiseleht

Roomava ja haruneva risoomiga, õitsemise ajal 10–20 cm ning hiljem kuni 40 cm kõrge. Õitsevad varred on võrkvillased, väikeste soomusjate varrelehtedega. Lehed on algul püstised, hiljem longus. Juurmised lehed ilmuvad pärast õitsemist. Lehed on pikarootsulised, kujult südajas-ümmargused, hambulise servaga. Pealmine pool on tumeroheline ja nahkjas, alakülg valgeviltjas ning pehme.

Paiselehe erksad kollased õied puhkevad aprillis–mais. Väikesed korvõisikud asuvad üksikult varre tipus. Viljaks on seemnis, mis on varustatud lendkarvadest pappusega.

Väliselt sarnaneb taim võilillega, enamasti õitseb ta viimasest varem.

Paiseleht paljuneb seemnete ja risoomi abil. Sageli kasvavad nad kolooniates.

Ravimtaim

Paiselehte on kasutatud meditsiinis köha ravimisel, samuti astma puhul. Purustatud õisi on kasutatud ka naha seisundi parandamiseks.

Ajalooliselt on taime tarvitatud söögiks.

 src=
Paiseleht

Välislingid

 src= Paiseleht – pildid, videod ja helifailid Wikimedia Commonsis
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Paiseleht: Brief Summary ( 愛沙尼亞語 )

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Paiseleht (Tussilago farfara) on mitmeaastane rohttaim korvõieliste sugukonnast paiselehe perekonnast.

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Leskenlehti ( 芬蘭語 )

由wikipedia FI提供

Leskenlehti (Tussilago farfara) on asterikasveihin kuuluva monivuotinen, matalakasvuinen kasvi. Sitä tavataan yleisesti lähes koko Euroopassa. Myös Suomessa se on hyvin yleinen laji. Leskenlehti on Itä-Uudenmaan maakuntakasvi.[1]

Ulkonäkö ja koko

 src=
Tussilago farfara

Leskenlehden juurakko on pitkä, haarova ja suomuinen ja se voi kasvaa jopa 70 cm syvyyteen. Edellisenä syksynä lehtiruusukkeisiin kehittyneet kukintosilmut kasvavat kukkiviksi versoiksi keväällä ennen uusien lehtien ilmestymistä. Tukevien, 5–15 cm korkeiden kukkavarsien latvaan muodostuu yksi mykerö kuhunkin. Kukkavarret ovat punertavanruskeasuomuisia, karvaisia ja suoria, hedelmävaiheessa varret pitenevät ja tulevat nuokkuvalatvaisiksi. Kukat ovat kirkkaankeltaisia. Kukinnan jälkeen ilmaantuvat suurikokoiset lehdet ovat ruusukkeena. Lehdet ovat kooltaan 10–20 cm leveitä, herttamaisia tai munuaismaisia, halkoisia ja epäsäännöllisesti nirhalaitaisia. Päältä lehdet ovat lähes kaljuja, alta tiheästi vaaleakarvaisia. Lehdet tukahduttavat tehokkaasti muun kasvillisuuden ja takaavat osaltaan leskenlehdelle elinvoiman, jonka vuoksi se saattaa kukkia samalla paikalla hyvinkin sinnikkäästi vuodesta toiseen. Leskenlehden hedelmä on lieriömäinen, lenninhaivenella varustettu pähkylä. Kasvi leviää tehokkaasti lentävien pähkylöiden ja monivuotisen, maassa rönsyävän juurakkonsa avulla.[2][3]

Leskenlehti on Suomessa yksi ensimmäisiä keväällä kukkaan puhkeavia kasveja. Ensimmäiset leskenlehdet ilmestyvät Etelä-Suomessa aurinkoisille pälville jo huhtikuun alussa, ja kukinta on parhaimmillaan huhtikuun loppupuoliskolla. Kukinta jatkuu sitten taantuvana koko toukokuun ajan. Lapissa leskenlehtien pääkukinta sijoittuu sen sijaan touko-kesäkuun vaihteeseen.[4]

Levinneisyys

Leskenlehteä tavataan koko Euroopassa Portugalia ja Espanjan keski- ja eteläosia lukuun ottamatta. Lajia tavataan paikoitellen myös Lähi-idässä, Pohjois-Afrikassa, Keski-Aasiassa ja Siperiassa. Leskenlehti on yleinen myös Pohjois-Amerikan itäosissa, mutta laji ei ole siellä alkuperäinen.[4] Suomessa leskenlehti on erittäin yleinen Keski-Suomeen saakka, ja yleinen Oulun korkeudelle saakka. Pohjoisempana sitä tavataan satunnaisemmin lähinnä asutuksen ympäristössä pohjoisinta Lappia myöten.[5] Etelä- ja Keski-Suomessa leskenlehti on muinaistulokas, mutta muualle Suomeen se on levinnyt myöhemmin. Esimerkiksi Ouluun laji on saapunut purjelaivojen painolastimaiden mukana.[3]

Elinympäristö

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Leskenlehden lehti päältä ja alta.

Leskenlehti viihtyy monenlaisissa ympäristöissä, jotka useimmiten ovat avoimia ja aurinkoisia paikkoja. Luonnontilaisessa ympäristössä se kasvaa lehdoissa, korvissa, lähteiköissä ja rannoilla. Kulttuuriympäristössä sitä tavataan niityillä, ojanvarsilla, viljelysmailla, pihoilla, puutarhoissa, teiden ja ratojen varsilla ja joutomailla. Leskenlehti on viime vuosikymmeninä yleistynyt Suomessa.[2]

Käyttö

Sekä leskenlehden lehtiä että juuria on käytetty ainakin antiikin ajoista asti yskään, keuhkotautien ja muihin hengityselinten vaivoihin sekä haavojen ja iho-ongelmien hoitoon. Lehtiä on käytetty teenä tai keitteenä. Lehtiä on myös poltettu tupakan tapaan yskää ja astmaa vastaan. Rohdoskäyttöön viittaa myös kasvin tieteellinen nimi: sana tussilago tulee sanoista tussis, yskä, ja agere, poistaa.[4][6] Samaan käyttötarkoitukseen viittaa leskenlehden kansanomainen nimi "yskäruoho".[7]

Leskenlehteä käytetään vielä nykyisin ysköksiä irrottavan aineena nielun ja henkitorven tulehduksissa. 1980-luvulla on kuitenkin todettu kasvin olevan myrkyllinen ja aiheuttavan syöpää.[6] Kasvin kukat ja lehdet sisältävät maksalle haitallisia ja syöpää aiheuttavia pyrrolitsidiinialkaloideja (mm. senkirkiiniä (senkirkine C19H27NO6 CAS-numero 2318-18-5) ja tussilagiinia (tussilagine C10H17NO3 CAS-numero 80151-77-5)).[8]

Lähteet

  • Kotimaan luonto-opas. WSOY,1999.
  • Oulun kasvit. Piimäperältä Pilpasuolle. Toim. Kalleinen, Lassi & Ulvinen, Tauno & Vilpa, Erkki & Väre, Henry. Luonnontieteellinen keskusmuseo, Kasvimuseo, Norrlinia 11 / Oulun kaupunki, Oulun seudun ympäristövirasto, julkaisu 2/2005. Yliopistopaino, Helsinki 2005.
  • Retkeilykasvio. Toim. Hämet-Ahti, Leena & Suominen, Juha & Ulvinen, Tauno & Uotila, Pertti. Luonnontieteellinen keskusmuseo, Kasvimuseo, Helsinki 1998.
  • Suomen terveyskasvit. Luonnon parantavat yrtit ja niiden salaisuudet. Toim. Huovinen, Marja-Leena & Kanerva, Kaarina. Oy Valitut Palat – Reader's Digest Ab, Tampere 1982.

Viitteet

  1. Leinonen, Matti, Nyberg, Teuvo & Veistola, Simo: Koulun biologia: Metsät ja suot, s. 157. Otava, 2007.
  2. a b Retkeilykasvio 1998, s. 431.
  3. a b Oulun kasvit 2005, s. 355–356.
  4. a b c Den virtuella floran: Hästhov (ruots.) Viitattu 18.2.2010.
  5. Lampinen, R. & Lahti, T. 2017: Kasviatlas 2016. Helsingin Yliopisto, Luonnontieteellinen keskusmuseo, Helsinki. Kasviatlas 2016: Leskenlehden (Tussilago farfara) levinneisyys Suomessa Viitattu 21.10.2017.
  6. a b Suomen terveyskasvit 1982, s. 145.
  7. Yrttitarha: Parantajan Polku Viitattu 18.2.2010.
  8. Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases: Tussilago farfara Viitattu 18.2.2010.

Aiheesta muualla

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Leskenlehti: Brief Summary ( 芬蘭語 )

由wikipedia FI提供

Leskenlehti (Tussilago farfara) on asterikasveihin kuuluva monivuotinen, matalakasvuinen kasvi. Sitä tavataan yleisesti lähes koko Euroopassa. Myös Suomessa se on hyvin yleinen laji. Leskenlehti on Itä-Uudenmaan maakuntakasvi.

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Tussilage ( 法語 )

由wikipedia FR提供

Tussilago farfara

Tussilago farfara, le Tussilage ou pas-d'âne est une espèce de plantes herbacées de la famille des Asteraceae (Composées), la seule espèce encore acceptée du genre Tussilago.

C'est une plante vivace à rhizomes. Elle est typique des sols instables riches en bases : terrains vagues et remués. Elle fait partie des plantes pectorales les plus utilisées en phytothérapie.

Autrefois, appelée Filius ante patrem, le « fils avant le père[1] », parce qu'elle a la particularité de fleurir bien avant la feuillaison.

Étymologie

Le tussilage est aussi appelé pas d'âne, allusion à la forme de sabot de ses feuilles[2].

« Tussilago » provient du latin tussis, « toux » et de agere, « chasser », allusion à ses vertus médicinales[3].

« farfara » viendrait du nom d'un peuplier dont les feuilles sont ressemblantes[4].

Description

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Tussilago farfara.
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Akènes munis d'une aigrette.
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Tussilago farfara, espèce sociale de terrain instable.
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Tussilago farfara, feuilles.
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Tussilago farfara, capitules.
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Tussilago farfara
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Boutons floraux.
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Tussilago farfara

Tussilago farfara est une plante vivace de 10 à 30 cm, géophyte dont la souche est composée de rhizomes très courts. La floraison apparaît de février à avril, avant la feuillaison. Pollinisée par les insectes, elle est ensuite dispersée par le vent. Le tussilage est une espèce pionnière[3].

  • Les fleurs, capitules jaunes solitaires de 12–15 mm de diamètre, sont dressées sur des hampes aux écailles pourprées, demi-embrassantes et couvertes de poils cotonneux. Les hampes se penchent après la floraison.
  • Les feuilles sont toutes basales, pétiolées et polygonales, montrant un feutrage blanc à la face inférieure et un vert clair sur la face supérieure. Ces feuilles peuvent atteindre 20 cm de diamètre. Elles apparaissent après la floraison, et feuilles et fleurs ne sont pas présentes en même temps.
  • Les fruits sont des akènes munis d'une aigrette à la manière des astéracées.

Confusion possible

Il est possible de confondre[3] Tussilago farfara avec le pissenlit ou certaines espèces du genre Petasites. En effet ces dernières voient leur floraison apparaître bien avant la feuillaison, mais leur limbe est plus sinué et denté et est vaguement rond ou triangulaire (autrefois, le genre Tussilago comportait ces espèces mais elles appartiennent maintenant au genre Petasites). On peut aussi confondre les tussilages avec les Adenostyles aux grandes feuilles cordiformes irrégulièrement et simplement dentées[5].

Distribution géographique

Tussilago farfara est une eurasiatique, très commune dans l'Écozone paléarctique. Il aurait été importé dans les Amériques par les colons européens en tant que plante médicinale. Il a dans ces contrées un comportement envahissant[6]. En France, le tussilage est assez commun mais manque çà et là (essentiellement en zone acide). Il se déploie jusqu'à 3 000 m, soit de l'étage montagnard à subalpin[3].

Écologie

Le tussilage est une espèce héliophile et pionnière, sociale (souvent trouvée en groupes) et dans un premier temps éliminatrice de la concurrence, mais moins que le pétasite qui peut former 100 % de la couverture végétale sur les bords de fossés où il s'est implanté. Le tussilage apprécie les sols pauvres en humus, riches en bases dont le pH est basique à très légèrement acide. Il apprécie les sols constitués de limons ou d'argile, assez frais voire avec des ruissellements[3]. Il manque çà et là sur les sols siliceux ou très acides[1]. Le tussilage résiste aux embruns.

Caractère indicateur

La présence de tussilage indique des sols rapportés ou des sols instables (risques d'effondrements ou de glissements de terrain). Ces sols mouvants sont régulièrement constitués de poches d'eau dans le sol ou la roche-mère. Il ne faut y construire ni habitations ni routes, particulièrement s'il est associé à la Grande prêle (Equisetum telmateia).

Pour ses capacités de pionnières, le tussilage est cultivé comme fixateur des sols fraichement remués[3],[7]. Cette capacité de fixation fait l'objet d'un dicton : « Arrache le pas-d’âne à la Saint-Eusèbe, il ne sortira plus jamais de la glèbe »[8].

Biotope

Le Tussilage est une espèce pionnière des chemins, champs, lisières forestières humides (Calystegion pii), rives et talus, jachères (Sysimbrion) toujours sur sols remués ou instables. Il apprécie également les sols ruisselants marneux ou tourbeux à Scirpe pauciflore (Caricion davallianae) où il devient volontiers dominant. Dans ce dernier cas il prépare l'installation d'arbres pionniers de bois humides (Saules et Aulnes notamment). Enfin, il peut parfois localement s'installer massivement au sein de végétations alluviales à Bident tripartite (Bidention tripartitae) qu'il concurrence ou fait disparaître en éliminant les annuelles[3],[9].

Interactions écologiques

Pollinisation

Les fleurs apparaissant abondamment au mois de février en plaine (au Québec, d'avril à mai selon les régions), elles constituent un apport non négligeable en pollen pour les abeilles et les Bourdons. En effet, cet apport important leur permet de développer leur Couvain, les autorisant alors à sortir de leur léthargie hivernale. Ce pollen est de couleur orangé à brun. Le Tussilage ne produit pas de nectar à la différence de beaucoup de plantes mellifères[10].

Herbivorie

Les chenilles de plusieurs espèces de lépidoptères se nourrissent du tussilage, dont la Goutte-de-sang (Tyria jacobaeae), de la famille des Erebidae, et Naenia typica et Euplexia lucipara, de la famille des Noctuidae ; toutes d'origine européenne.

Une plante envahissante

Arrivée avec les colons européens au Canada et aux États-unis, comme de nombreuses autres plantes qui leur étaient utiles, le Tussilage s'est rapidement propagé sur le continent grâce à ses longs rhizomes et au fait qu'une fois scindés en plusieurs parties ils repoussent plus rapidement. Il est ainsi devenu une plante envahissante et de nombreux États américains et canadiens luttent contre sa propagation afin de préserver l'intégrité écologique de leurs parcs naturels. C'est par exemple le cas du parc national du Gros-Morne à Terre-Neuve et Labrador où la plante est arrivée dans les années 1970 avec le nouveau ferry depuis le Québec. Dans ce parc, seules les zones ayant des perturbations d'origine humaine ou naturelle peuvent être colonisées par le Tussilage[6].

Statuts de protection, menaces

L'espèce n'est pas encore évaluée à l'échelle mondiale par l'UICN. En Europe et en France elle est classée comme non préoccupante [11].

Usages et propriétés

Tussilago farfara est cultivée en tant que plante ornementale[3] ; elle est utilisée comme plante alimentaire et médicinale.

Cueillette des capitules et des feuilles

Les fleurs de tussilage sont récoltées au tout début de leur épanouissement, sinon, trop ouvertes, comme chez les astéracées, leurs fruits murissent au séchage. Elles doivent sécher très rapidement, en couche mince, dans un lieu sec et aéré[1].

Constituants

Les feuilles contiennent beaucoup de salpêtre. Leur calcination produit 15,40 à 18,20 % de cendres dont la composition est la suivante[14] :

Toxicité

On sait que la plupart des alcaloïdes pyrroliziniques sont hépatotoxiques et mutagènes et que les plus toxiques d'entre eux sont les diesters macrocycliques. Or la senkirkine du tussilage est précisément un macrocyclique.

Hirono et collaborateurs[16] ont d'abord montré en 1976 que les rats nourris à forte dose de fleurs de tussilage développaient un sarcome du foie (pour 8 sur 12 d'entre eux). Quelques années plus tard, une autre équipe toujours autour de Hirono[17] montrait que la senkirkine injectée à des rats induisait des tumeurs hépatiques. Candrian et al.[18] ont ensuite montré que la senkirkine avait une activité mutagène.

Sachant que la sensibilité aux alcaloïdes pyrrolizidiniques peut varier suivant les espèces et en l'absence d'étude sur l'homme, les avis des spécialistes sont assez partagés. La présence de senkirkine invite certains à proscrire l'usage régulier de tussilage[12].

Teinture

Les feuilles du tussilage teignent la laine en jaune-verdâtre avec de l'alun et en vert avec du sulfate de fer[13].

Utilisations alimentaires

  • Les capitules floraux sont comestibles crus ou cuits[7],[13], mais à consommer en petite quantité car contenant des alcaloïdes.
    En tisane, le risque est moindre car ces alcaloïdes ne sont pas solubles dans l'eau[19].
  • Les feuilles sont comestibles très jeunes, éventuellement crues, en particulier pour leur pétiole juteux. Rapidement, les feuilles deviennent caoutchouteuses et seront meilleures cuites (particulièrement en beignet)[7],[13].
  • La cendre des feuilles séchées et brulées est un succédané de sel et a été utilisée comme condiment[13].

Plante à fumer

Le tussilage est un succédané passable du tabac. Il est conseillé de laisser fermenter les feuilles après les avoir empilées puis de les sécher. Botan (1935) conseille aux fumeurs un mélange à parts égales de feuilles sèches de tussilage, de marronnier et d'aspérule odorante : les faire macérer dans de l'eau fortement sucrée au miel. Les refaire sécher, les comprimer et les découper finement comme du tabac. Deux parties de ce mélange ajoutées à une partie de tabac ordinaire compose un mélange à fumer délicat. Fumées, les feuilles de tussilage sont conseillées par P. P. Botan contre l'asthme et le coryza[1],[15],[20].

Propriétés médicinales

Historique

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Tussilago farfara.

Depuis deux millénaires, le tussilage est un remède prescrit pour les mêmes indications aussi bien en Europe qu'en Chine. D'un bout à l'autre de l'Eurasie, la médecine traditionnelle le recommande avec constance depuis l'Antiquité comme antitussif.

En Europe

Le médecin grec du Ier siècle, Dioscoride, consacre une notice à une plante qu'il nomme bêchion βηχιον (qui calmerait la toux, βηχις, dont le français « béchique » dérive) qu'on considère être le tussilage. Après en avoir donné une description, il indique :

« Les feuilles pilées guérissent de l'« erysipela » [infection de la peau] et des inflammations. Si on les sèche et brûle, la fumée inhalée à travers un entonnoir par la bouche guérit ceux affectés d'une toux sèche ou ayant des difficultés à respirer… Les Égyptiens la nommaient saartha, les Romains, tussilago… (De la Matière médicale, livre III, 126) »

Le naturaliste romain du Ier siècle, Pline l'Ancien, reprend la prescription de Dioscoride pour une plante qu'il appelle farfarum ou farfugium, et dont il indique que « dans les vieilles toux, on en inspire la fumée à l'aide d'un entonnoir » (Histoire naturelle, tome II livre XXIV, trad. Littré). De la Matière médicale sera aussi souvent cité par Galien et restera la référence majeure de la thérapeutique romaine du Haut-Empire. Il sera imprimé à Venise en 1499 et restera jusqu'au XIXe siècle une source habituelle de tous les ouvrages de pharmacologie en Europe (Dachez[21]).

Pendant longtemps, les médecins ont prescrit de fumer les feuilles de tussilage en guise de tabac, en cas d'asthme ou de coryza[1].

Des praticiens de la fin du XVIIIe siècle (Fuller, Cullen, Hufeland) et du début du XIXe siècle (Bodard, Roques, Cazin) ont relaté les effets supposés de la décoction ou du suc frais des feuilles et racines du tussilage dans la scrofule[note 1]. Aujourd'hui, malgré des recherches récentes décelant une substance antibiotique, un glucoside amère et du tanin, rien n'explique les guérisons rapportées par ces auteurs[1]. Une étude sur les extraits de la plante entière a suggéré que les polysaccharides pourraient renforcer les défenses immunitaires et avoir une action anti-inflammatoire[15].

En France, une étude ethnobotanique publiée en 1984 a porté sur les usages des plantes dans la vie quotidienne du début du XXe siècle à Bagnes. Cette plante avait pour noms patois takounë, pyà dlno ou mai de ma (expression signifiant « mois de mars ») et fevrœuza (féminin, signifiant « fiévreuse ») désignait sa fleur. Le tussilage était autrefois prescrit (ou auto-prescrit) en « thé pectoral contre les refroidissements, pour faire baisser la fièvre ». Et « la tisane de tussilage mélangée à de la farine servait de nourriture pour les porcs »[22].

En Chine

À peu près à la même époque que Dioscoride (sous les Han postérieurs donc), le premier ouvrage de matières médicales chinoises était compilé et, allait comme l'ouvrage du médecin grec, servir de référence aux médecins traditionnels asiatiques jusqu'à l'époque actuelle. L'ouvrage en question appelé le Classique de la matière médicale du Laboureur Céleste (Shénnóng běncǎo jīng 神农本草经) consacre une brève notice[23] à une plante nommée kuan dong hua[note 2] 款冬花, le tussilage :

« Acre et tiède. Traite principalement la toux, entrave le qi ascendant, l'essoufflement, le mal de gorge, divers types d'épilepsie, le mauvais qi [les mauvaises influences] chaud ou froid. Il porte aussi les noms de Kedong, Huxu, Tuyuan. Il pousse dans les montagnes et vallées. »

Seize siècles plus tard, Li Shizhen (1518-1593), considéré par les Chinois comme le plus grand médecin naturaliste de l'histoire chinoise, synthétisa dans son Grand traité de matière médicale (Bencao gangmu) les connaissances médicinales de son temps. Il prescrit pour traiter la toux des fumigations faites avec des fleurs de tussilage mélangées à du miel.

Et avec une fidélité remarquable au passé, un ouvrage de pharmacologie chinoise publié en 2003 par les Universités de MTC de Nankin et Shanghai[24] indique deux fonctions pour le kuan dong hua 1) humidifie le poumon et descend le qi du poumon 2) expectorant, antitussif.

Usages médicinaux modernes

Le tussilage est aujourd'hui considéré comme adoucissant, émollient, anti-tussif et un expectorant.

Ses feuilles ou fleurs sont utilisées en infusion contre la toux, la bronchites, la trachéites et le rhumes. La teinture mère de feuilles est utilisée en usage externe en cas d'abcès et kystes, et en usage interne en cas de diarrhées[25].
Mais ce sont surtout les fleurs qui sont employées ; en infusion ou en sirop[1],[15] ; ou encore en teinture mère en cas de maladies pectorales, bronchites et crises d'asthmes allergiques[25].

La plante renferme des traces de senkirkine, un alcaloïde pyrrolizidinique toxique pour la cellule hépatique. Certains spécialistes jugent les doses médicinales courantes sans risques, mais recommandent d'éviter les traitements excessifs et prolongés ou lors d'une grossesse et de l'allaitement. Il ne convient pas aux enfants de moins de 6 ans, ni en cas de maladie du foie.
Selon F. Couplan, cet alcaloïde est détruit par l'ébullition[1],[15].

Symbolique

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Représentation de Koropokkuru.

À Paris, les fleurs de tussilage peintes sur la porte servaient d'enseigne aux apothicaires[26].

Calendrier républicain

Dans le calendrier républicain, le Tussilage était le nom attribué au 1er jour du mois de ventôse[27].

Mythologie

Les Koropokkuru (homme sous les pétasites en langue aïnoue) sont des « lutins » de la mythologie aïnoue, population aborigène vivant au nord du Japon et à l'extrême est de la Russie. Ces êtres mythologiques habitent sous terre et dans les tiges des feuillages du tussilage et des pétasites. De la taille d'un pied d'enfant, ces « lutins » sont à proprement parler des kamuys (« esprits » en langue Aïnue) végétaux. Établis dans les forêts, ils apparaissent au voyageur perdu pour le guider sur sa route[28].

Notes et références

Notes

  1. Nom ancien d'un état pathologique rattaché à des troubles divers, parfois conjoints (malnutrition, terrains tuberculeux), se traduisant par l'enflure, voire l'ulcération des glandions lymphatiques du cou. cette affection étroitement associée à l'indigence et à l'inobservance des règles élémentaires d'hygiène a pratiquement disparu dans nos sociétés.
  2. La médecine traditionnelle chinoise (MTC) a pendant longtemps confondu deux plantes sous le nom de kuan dong hua 款冬花 : Tussilago farfara L. et Petasites japonicus (voir Wikipédia en chinois ou l'encyclopédie Baidu). Les deux plantes appartiennent à la famille des Astéracées, fleurissent à la fin de l'hiver avant d'avoir des feuilles. Suivant l'interprétation actuelle, la kuan dong hua, citée dans le Shénnóng běncǎo jīng, désigne le tussilage.

Références

  1. a b c d e f g et h Pierre Lieutaghi, Le livre des bonnes herbes, Actes Sud, 1996, 517 p. (ISBN 978-2-7427-0953-3), p. 432-434.
  2. Il est appelé aussi tacouné en langue savoyarde. Telabotanica
  3. a b c d e f g et h Flore forestière française Montagne ; JC Rameau, D.Mansion G.Dumé, IDF, 1989
  4. Aline Raynal-Roques, Agenda botanique 2010, Belin, 2009 (ISBN 978-2-7011-5361-2).
  5. « 6.2. Pétasites, tussilage et adénostyles : des composées à larges feuilles | Geni'Alp », sur www.geni-alp.org (consulté le 6 juin 2020)
  6. a et b (en) Hendrickson, Cheryl & Bell, T. & Butler, K. & Hermanutz, Luise., « Disturbance-enabled invasion of Tussilago farfara (L) in Gros Morne National Park, Newfoundland: Management implications. », Natural Areas Journal., vol. 25,‎ 2005, p. 263-274 (lire en ligne)
  7. a b et c Plantes Bio-indicatrices, guides de diagnostic des sols, Gérard Ducerf, Editions Promonature, 2005
  8. Anne-Christine Beauviala, Météo et dictons régionaux, Éd. Christine Bonneton, 2010
  9. Guide des groupements végétaux de la région parisienne ; Marcel Bournérias, G. Arnal, C. Bock, Belin, 2001
  10. Le traité Rustica de l'apiculture, ouvrage collectif, Ed. Rustica, Septembre 2002
  11. MNHN & OFB [Ed]. 2003-présent. Inventaire national du patrimoine naturel (INPN), Site web : https://inpn.mnhn.fr, consulté le 28 décembre 2021.
  12. a et b Bruneton, J., Pharmacognosie - Phytochimie, plantes médicinales, 4e éd., revue et augmentée, Paris, Tec & Doc - Éditions médicales internationales, 2009, 1288 p. (ISBN 978-2-7430-1188-8)
  13. a b c d et e Le régal végétal, Plantes sauvages comestibles, Vol I ; François Couplan, Ed Equilibres, 1989
  14. Paul Fournier, Dictionnaire des plantes médicinales et vénéneuses de France, Paris, Omnibus, 2010, 1047 p. (ISBN 978-2-258-08434-6), p. 944
  15. a b c d et e Guide des plantes sauvages comestibles et toxiques, les guides du naturaliste, François Couplan et Eva Stinner (ISBN 2 603 00952 4)
  16. (en) Hirono I, Mori H, Culvenor CC., « Carcinogenic activity of coltsfoot, Tussilago farfara l. », Gann., vol. 67, no 1,‎ 1976
  17. (en) Hirono I, Haga M, Fujii M, Matsuura S, Matsubara N, Nakayama M, Furuya T, Hikichi M, Takanashi H, Uchida E, Hosaka S, Ueno I., « Induction of hepatic tumors in rats by senkirkine and symphytine. », J. Natl. Cancer Inst., vol. 63,‎ 1979, p. 469-472
  18. (en) U. Candrian, J. Lüthy, U. Graf, Ch. Schlatter, « Mutagenic activity of the pyrrolizidine alkaloids seneciphylline and senkirkine in drosophila and their transfer into rat milk », Food and Chemical Toxicology, vol. 22, no 3,‎ 1984, p. 223-225 (ISSN )
  19. Michel Botineau, Guide des plantes comestibles de France, Humensis, 2013 (ISBN 978-2-7011-6127-3, lire en ligne), p. 21.
  20. Dictionnaire des plantes médicinales les plus actives et les plus usuelles et leurs applications thérapeutiques, Botan P. P., Ed. Société Française d'éditions Littéraires Et Technique, 1935
  21. Roger Dachez, Histoire de la médecine de l'Antiquité au XXe siècle, Tallandier, 2008
  22. Françoise Nicollier et Grégoire Nicollier, « Les plantes dans la vie quotidienne à Bagnes : noms patois et utilisations domestiques », Bulletin de la Murithienne, no 102,‎ 1984, p. 129-158 (ISSN , OCLC , lire en ligne).
  23. 味辛,溫。主咳逆上氣,善喘、喉痺,諸驚癇,寒熱邪氣. 一名橐吾 一名顆東一名虎須,一名免奚。生山谷。
  24. Universités de Médecine Traditionnelle Chinoise de Nanjing et Shanghai, La pharmacopée chinoise. Les herbes médicinales usuelles. 中药学, Éditions You Feng,‎ 2008 (ISBN 978-2-84279-361-6)
    Traduit et augmenté par Dr You-wa Chen
  25. a et b Guide ethnobotanique de Phytothérapie, Gérard Ducerf, Éditions Promonature, 2006
  26. « Tussilage - Propriétés, Rôle, Répartition, Utilisation », sur https://www.passeportsante.net/, 31 décembre 2011 (consulté le 18 décembre 2021)
  27. Ph. Fr. Na. Fabre d'Églantine, Rapport fait à la Convention nationale dans la séance du 3 du second mois de la seconde année de la République Française, p. 24.
  28. Anne, « Le Tussilage symbolisme », sur luminessens, 28 août 2020 (consulté le 18 décembre 2021)

Voir aussi

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Tussilage: Brief Summary ( 法語 )

由wikipedia FR提供

Tussilago farfara

Tussilago farfara, le Tussilage ou pas-d'âne est une espèce de plantes herbacées de la famille des Asteraceae (Composées), la seule espèce encore acceptée du genre Tussilago.

C'est une plante vivace à rhizomes. Elle est typique des sols instables riches en bases : terrains vagues et remués. Elle fait partie des plantes pectorales les plus utilisées en phytothérapie.

Autrefois, appelée Filius ante patrem, le « fils avant le père », parce qu'elle a la particularité de fleurir bien avant la feuillaison.

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Sponc ( 愛爾蘭語 )

由wikipedia GA提供

Planda ilbhliantúil le ríosóim fhada scothbhána atá dúchasach don Eoraip, iarthar is tuaisceart na hÁise, agus tuaisceart na hAfraice. Na duilleoga uile bunata, suas le 15 cm ar leithead, cruinn go dtí rud beag maothánach, le feilt bhán ar an taobh thíos. Na bláthchinn geal buí, aonarach ar ghas suas le 15 cm ar airde, a thagann amach roimh na duilleoga. Seanleigheas luibhe ar an tinneas cliabhraigh.

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Tá an t-alt seo bunaithe ar ábhar as Fréamh an Eolais, ciclipéid eolaíochta agus teicneolaíochta leis an Ollamh Matthew Hussey, foilsithe ag Coiscéim sa bhliain 2011. Tá comhluadar na Vicipéide go mór faoi chomaoin acu beirt as ucht cead a thabhairt an t-ábhar ón leabhar a roinnt linn go léir.
 src=
Is síol é an t-alt seo. Cuir leis, chun cuidiú leis an Vicipéid.
Má tá alt níos forbartha le fáil i dteanga eile, is féidir leat aistriúchán Gaeilge a dhéanamh.


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Podbjel ( 克羅埃西亞語 )

由wikipedia hr Croatian提供

Podbjel, (proljetni podbjel, konjsko kopito, bjelokopitnjak, lat. Tussilago farfara). monotipski biljni rod i višegodišnja biljka iz porodice Asteraceae. Cvjeta na samom kraju zime ili u rano proljeće. Jedan je od prvih proljetnih cvjetova i može se pojaviti već u veljači i cvjetati sve do travnja.

 src=
Cvijet podbjela se pojavljuje prije lista
 src=
Podbjel bez cvjetova
 src=
Sjeme podbjela slično je maslačku

Rasprostranjenost

Raste na glinenom tlu uz potoke, jarke ili nasipe uz obale rijeka kao i na željezničkim nasipima. Može se naći na skoro svim nadmorskim visinama od nizinskih do planinskih područja sve dok ima dovoljno vlage. Može rasti na velikim površinama i pomaže stvaranju plodnijeg tla.[1]

Karakteristike

Podbjel je trajna biljka s jako razgranatim korijenom i podzemnim izdancima. U proljeće se najprije pojave samo bijelo-baršunasti ljuskasti cvjetni štapići sa po jednom žutom cvjetnom glavicom. Visoki su 10 do 15 cm. Za vrijeme cvjetanja, listovi su još pod zemljom i razvijaju se tek nakon cvatnje. Listovi su potkovastog oblika s peteljkom i prilegnuti uz zemlju. Listovi i cvjetovi imaju slab miris, a ukus listova je gorak. Sekret je sluzav.

Kemijski sastav

Među Kemijskim sastojcima podbjela ističu se, između ostalih, polisaharidi, steroli, sluzne i gorke materije i tanini.[2] Podbjel važi da posebno važnu ljekovitu biljku protiv nadražaja kašlja i djeluje kao ekspektorans. Kao farmaceutski najdjelotvorniji dio su listovi (u farmaciji pod oznakom droge Farfarae folium). Podbjel pripada najstarijim poznatim ljekovima protiv kašlja. Međutim, novija istraživanja ukazuju na neželjen rizik zbog prisutnih pirolizidinskih alkaloida. Među njima, najvažniji su senkirkin i senekionin.[3] Zbog toga se ne preporučava upotreba čaja od podbjela u periodu dužem od četiri do šest tjedana tokom godine. U Njemačkoj i Austriji su uzgojene sorte podbjela bez pirolizidinskih alkaloida,[4] jer je u tim državama prirodni podbjel zabranjen za slobodnu prodaju.

Upotreba

Latinski naziv podbjela lat. Tussilago daje nam indikacije za koje zdravstvene probleme može da se upotrebljava. Dio latinskog imena "Tussis" se prevodi kao kašalj, a riječ "ago" se može prevesti kao pokretati ili tjerati. Što daje bukvalan prevod "Tjerač kašlja" Za lijek se skuplja biljka bez korijena. Sprječava upale, a već postojeće brzo zaliječi. Izvanredno djeluje za rastvaranje sluzi kod kašlja. Uspješno se primjenjuje u liječenju promuklosti, katara ždrijela, bronhitisa, upale porebrice, bronhijalne astme, i kod početka tuberkuloze pluća. Izvana koristi se za obloge kod upale vena, čira potkoljenice, opekotina, crvenog vjetra i svih upala i oteklina.

Upotreba u ishrani

Pupoljci i mladi cvjetovi mogu se jesti sirovi ili kuhani. Imaju prijatan ukus koji podsječa na sjeme anisa što daje specifičnu aromu salatama. Posve mladi listovi se takođe mogu konzumirati svježi ili kuhani u salatama, kao dodatak juhama ili jednostavno kao varivo. Listovi imaju pomalo gorak ukus koji se može eliminirati pranjem poslije kuhanja. Čaj je aromatičan i može biti pripremljen od svježeg ili suhog cvijeta ili lista. Osušeni ili malo proprženi listovi se mogu koristiti kao zamjena za kuhinjsku sol. Korijen se može konzervirati u šećernom sirupu.[5]

Primjena u narodnoj medicini

Travari i narodni Ljekari koriste podbjel kao lijek za liječenje problema sa disajnim organima. Koristi se za liječenje upalnih procesa disajnih puteva, pomaže sa promuklosti, bronhitisom i bronhijalnom astmom. Velika je pomoć za lakše iskašljavanje. Kao obloge, koristi se i za vanjsku upotrebu kod kožnih oboljenja kao što su upalni procesi, otekline, opekotine i čirevi. Djeluje protiv alergijskih reakcija kože kao što su ekcem, koprivnjača, frunkuloza i skrofule. Oblozi od prokuhanog lista ili cvijeta podbjela ubrzavaju obnovu kože (epitelizaciju) i očvrščavanje kožnog tkiva. Pomoć je i kod bržeg zarastanje rana. Upotrebljava se i za grgljanje u ustima i grlu pošto oblaže sluznicu i umekšava nadražaje kod upalnih procesa u ustima, grlu i ždrijelu. Za ispiranje se koristi nezaslađen čaj. Preporučuje se i protiv opadanja kose, pojave peruti i svraba tjemena. U ove svrhe list podbjela se miješa sa listom koprive.

Upozorenje

Cvijetna stabljika podbjela sadrži tragove alkaloida pirolizidina koji su potencijalno škodljivi jetri ako se unose u organizam u većim količinama. Ne preporučuje se samo trudnicama i dojiljama. Postoje dokumentirani slučajevi da je čaj od podbjela izazvao teška oštećenja jetre kod dojenčadi, a u drugom slučaju je dojenče razvilo bolest jetre i umrlo jer je majka pila čaj koji je sadržavao podbjel tokom trudnoće.[6][7]

Dodatna literatura

  • Grlić,Lj. Samoniklo jestivo bilje,Zagreb 1980.
  • Sadik Sadiković, Narodno zdravlje, Svjetlost, Sarajevo, 1980.
  • Константинов,Юрий Мать-и-мачеха от ста болезней Moskva 2013.

Izvori

  1. Dr Zdravko Devetak - Podbjel
  2. Heilpflanzen: Huflattich (njemački), preuzeto 18. kolovoza 2015.
  3. Wawrosch, Ch.; Kopp, B.; Wiederfield, H.; "Permanent monitoring of pyrrolizidine alkaloid content in micropropagated Tussilago farfara L. : A tool to fulfill statutory demands for the quality of coltsfoot in Austria and Germany", Acta horticulturae, 2000, br. 530, str. 469-472 [1]
  4. Tussilago farfara, Edible usses (Podbjel korštenje u ishrani)
  5. Sperl, W., Stuppner, H., Gassner, I.; "Reversible hepatic veno-occlusive disease in an infant after consumption of pyrrolizidine-containing herbal tea." Eur J Pediatr. 1995; 154:112–6.
  6. Roulet, M., Laurini, R., Rivier, L., Calame, A.; "Hepatic veno-occlusive disease in newborn infant of a woman drinking herbal tea." J Pediatrics. 1988; 112:433–6.

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Podbjel: Brief Summary ( 克羅埃西亞語 )

由wikipedia hr Croatian提供

Podbjel, (proljetni podbjel, konjsko kopito, bjelokopitnjak, lat. Tussilago farfara). monotipski biljni rod i višegodišnja biljka iz porodice Asteraceae. Cvjeta na samom kraju zime ili u rano proljeće. Jedan je od prvih proljetnih cvjetova i može se pojaviti već u veljači i cvjetati sve do travnja.

 src= Cvijet podbjela se pojavljuje prije lista  src= Podbjel bez cvjetova  src= Sjeme podbjela slično je maslačku
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Kopytnik ( 上索布語 )

由wikipedia HSB提供

Kopytnik[1][2] (Tussilago farfara) je jenička družina roda Tussilago ze swójby zestajenkow (Asteraceae).

Wopis

Kopytnik je trajne zelo, kotrež docpěwa wysokosć 25 (7-30) cm.

Łopjena

Łopjena steja na spódku, su jasnje stołpikowe, kulojte z wutrobojtu buchtu, na kromje hrube, mjeztym zo cuńšo zubate, na hornim boku słabje kosmate, na delnim boku husto běłopjelsćojte abo šěropjelsćojte. Wone docpěja šěrokosć wot 10 hač do 30 cm. Jich zubki njesu čornojte kónčki.

Kćenja

Wón kćěje wot (februara) měrca hač do apryla.

Kćenjowe stołpiki so pokazuja před łopjenami, su njehałuzate, husto kaž pawčina abo běłopjelsćojće kosmate, na delnim dźělu huste, na hornim dźělu kiwkate, z lancetojtymi, čerwjenojtymi šupiznołopješkami.

Kćenja su žołte. Kćenjowe hłójčki steja po jednu na kóncach pjelsćojtych stołpikow a docpěja šěrokosć mjezy 30 a 40 mm. Korbik wobsteji z hač do 300 jazyčkowych kćenjow, znutřka z hač do 40 rołkowych kćenjow a docpěje šěrokosć wot 2 hač do 2,5 (3) cm. Jazyčkowe kćenja su linealne, docpěja dołhosć wot 14 mm, su mnoholičbne a kaž rołkowe kćenja su žołte. Za čas kćěwa njenjese zelene łopjena. Přikrywne łopješka su jednorynkale.

Kćenja so wot muchow a pčołkow wopróšeja.

Płody

Płód ma dołhi, židźany kosmokeluch.

Płody wětřik rozduwa.

Stejnišćo

Wón rosće na brjohach, na pućowych kromach, na nadróžnych kromach, na prózdnych rolach, na włóžnych rolach, na smjećišćach a w šćerkownjach. Ma radšo bóle mjeńše wotewrjene, zwjetša wapnite pódy.

Rozšěrjenje

Kopytnik je w nimale cyłej Europje, sewjernej Aziji a sewjernej Africe rozšěrjeny.

Maćizny

Rostlina wobsahuje slinowe maćizny, kotrež kašel a dybawosć wolóžuja. Ale dźiwje rostlina jědojte pyrolicidinowe alkaloidy wobsahuja. Tohodla so w hojerstwje zwjetša bjezalkaloidowe wuplahowanki wužiwaja.

Podobne družiny

Podobny ród je dźewjaz[3][4], dźewjer[3] Petasites (němsce Pestwurz). Jich łopjenowe zubki njenjesu čornojte kónčki.

  • Petasites hybridus
  • Petasites albus ma łopjena, kotrež su na delnim boku kiwkaće běłopjelsćojte. Rosće w srjedźnych horach, předalpach a Alpach.
  • Petasites paradoxus ma łopjena, kotrež su na delnim boku husto běłopjelsćojte, 3-róžate hač do wutrobojte. Rosće we předalpskim kraju a Alpach.

Wobrazy

Nóžki

  1. 1,0 1,1 1,2 Pawoł Völkel: Prawopisny słownik hornjoserbskeje rěče. Hornjoserbsko-němski słownik. Ludowe nakładnistwo Domowina, Budyšin 2005, ISBN 3-7420-1920-1, str. 210.
  2. 2,0 2,1 2,2 W internetowym słowniku: Huflattich
  3. 3,0 3,1 Pawoł Völkel: Prawopisny słownik hornjoserbskeje rěče. Hornjoserbsko-němski słownik. Ludowe nakładnistwo Domowina, Budyšin 2005, ISBN 3-7420-1920-1, str. 110.
  4. W internetowym słowniku: Pestwurz

Žórła

  • GU Maxi-Kompaß Blumen, ISBN 3-7742-3852-9, strona 75 (němsce)
  • GU Naturführer Blumen, ISBN 3-7742-1507-3, stronje 82-83 (němsce)
  • Schauer - Caspari: Pflanzenführer für unterwegs, ISBN 978-3-8354-0354-3, 2. nakład, 2008, strona 172 (němsce)
  • Seidel/Eisenreich: BLV Bestimmungsbuch Blütenpflanzen, ISBN 3-405-13557-5, stronje 52-53 (němsce)
  • Spohn, Aichele, Golte-Bechtle, Spohn: Was blüht denn da? Kosmos Naturführer (2008), ISBN 978-3-440-11379-0, strona 292 (němsce)
  • Steinbachs Großer Pflanzenführer, ISBN 978-3-8001-7567-3, strona 180 (němsce)
  • Kral, Jurij: Serbsko-němski słownik hornjołužiskeje rěče. Maćica serbska, Budyšin (1927)
  • Rězak, Filip: Němsko-serbski wšowědny słownik hornjołužiskeje rěče. Donnerhak, Budyšin (1920)
  • Völkel, Pawoł: Hornjoserbsko-němski słownik, Ludowe nakładnistwo Domowina, Budyšin (1981)

Eksterne wotkazy

Commons
Hlej wotpowědne dataje we Wikimedia Commons:
Kopytnik

Kopytnik. W: FloraWeb.de. (němsce)

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Kopytnik: Brief Summary ( 上索布語 )

由wikipedia HSB提供

Kopytnik (Tussilago farfara) je jenička družina roda Tussilago ze swójby zestajenkow (Asteraceae).

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Hóffífill ( 冰島語 )

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Hóffífill (fræðiheiti: Tussilago farfara) er fjölær jurt sem vex gjarnan í röskuðum jarðvegi og í vegarköntum um allt norðurhvel jarðar. Hóffífill blómstrar snemma á vorin. Blómin eru gul og sitja efst á þykkum stönglum sem eru alsettir litlum mjóum blöðum. Við rótina vaxa svo stór og þykk blöð eftir blómgun.

Hóffífill hefur verið notaður í grasalækningum en inniheldur eiturefni í blómknúppnum.[1] Inniheldur eiturefni sem hefur pyrrolizidin kjarna. Fyrstu eitrunareinkenni eru magakrampar, ógleði og uppköst. Síðkomin einkenni eru meðal annars lifrarstækkun, skorpulifur vökvasöfnun í kviðarholi og jafnvel krabbamein Mikið magn hóffífils bendir til mikils magns af kalíum og magnesíum í jarðvegi.

Tilvísanir

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Hóffífill: Brief Summary ( 冰島語 )

由wikipedia IS提供

Hóffífill (fræðiheiti: Tussilago farfara) er fjölær jurt sem vex gjarnan í röskuðum jarðvegi og í vegarköntum um allt norðurhvel jarðar. Hóffífill blómstrar snemma á vorin. Blómin eru gul og sitja efst á þykkum stönglum sem eru alsettir litlum mjóum blöðum. Við rótina vaxa svo stór og þykk blöð eftir blómgun.

Hóffífill hefur verið notaður í grasalækningum en inniheldur eiturefni í blómknúppnum. Inniheldur eiturefni sem hefur pyrrolizidin kjarna. Fyrstu eitrunareinkenni eru magakrampar, ógleði og uppköst. Síðkomin einkenni eru meðal annars lifrarstækkun, skorpulifur vökvasöfnun í kviðarholi og jafnvel krabbamein Mikið magn hóffífils bendir til mikils magns af kalíum og magnesíum í jarðvegi.

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Tussilago farfara ( 義大利語 )

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La Tossilaggine comune (nome scientifico Tussilago farfara L., 1753) è una pianta erbacea, perenne, dai fiori gialli simili alle “margherite”, appartenente alla famiglia delle Asteraceae. È l'unica specie del genere Tussilago.[1]

Etimologia

Il nome generico (Tussilago) deriva dall'uso molto antico di questa pianta nel campo della medicina popolare: tussis ed agere (= “tosse” e “fare” o “togliere”), quindi traducendo liberamente “far togliere la tosse”. I primi riferimenti si trovano già negli scritti dello scrittore e naturalista latino Gaio Plinio Secondo, conosciuto come Plinio il Vecchio (Como, 23 – Stabia, dopo l'8 settembre 79)[2].
L'epiteto specifico (farfara) è ripreso dal nome antico in latino che questa pianta aveva presso i romani: farfarum. Questo termine potrebbe derivare da farfer (= portatore di farina) e probabilmente si riferisce al tomento bianco della pianta. Un altro antico nome latino della pianta - filius ante patrem - fa riferimento al caratteristico fatto che prima fiorisce e solo poi nascono le foglie.
Il binomio scientifico attualmente accettato (Tussilago farfara), come anche il nome scientifico del genere (Tussilago), è stato proposto da Carl von Linné nella pubblicazione Species Plantarum del 1753.
In lingua tedesca questa pianta si chiama Huflattich; in francese si chiama Tussilage o anche Pas d'âne; in inglese si chiama Coltsfoot.

Descrizione

 src=
Descrizione delle parti della pianta

L'aspetto di queste piante è erbaceo un po' cespitoso. L'altezza della pianta varia da 10 a 30 cm (minimo 5 cm). La forma biologica della specie è geofita rizomatosa (G rhiz); ossia sono piante perenni erbacee che portano le gemme in posizione sotterranea. Durante la stagione avversa non presentano organi aerei e le gemme si trovano in organi sotterranei chiamati rizomi, un fusto sotterraneo dal quale, ogni anno, si dipartono radici e fusti aerei (riproduzione vegetativa); altrimenti queste piante si possono riprodurre anche a mezzo seme. È una pianta molto precoce, tra le prime a fiorire alla fine dell'inverno.

Radici

Le radici sono secondarie da rizoma.

Fusto

  • Parte ipogea: la parte sotterranea consiste in un rizoma strisciante, carnoso e assai profondo, ma fragile. Questa parte del fusto è anche stolonifera e può raggiungere lunghezze anche considerevoli (alcuni testi riportano lunghezze di 2 metri).
  • Parte epigea: gli steli aerei sono bianchi, non ramificati e ricoperti da fogliette squamose, sempre più rade verso l'apice, e di colore rossiccio. Sia il fusto che le foglie sono ricoperti da un tomento bianco quasi ragnateloso. Dimensione degli steli: 10 – 25 cm. Diametro del rizoma: 1 cm.

Foglie

  • Foglie basali: le foglie radicali, a disposizione spiralata, sono molto grandi, rotondeggianti (a forma cordata, o ovale o più o meno esagonale) e lungamente picciolate. Il bordo è angoloso e dentato, mentre la superficie è verde e glabra di sopra e bianco cotonosa di sotto. Queste foglie compaiono solo dopo la fioritura, anzi a fiori appassiti. Dimensione delle foglie basali: picciolo lungo 4 – 7 cm; larghezza della lamina 5 – 7 cm; l'insenatura della base (che è cuoriforme) a volte è profonda fino a 1 cm; in estate inoltrata poi crescono ulteriormente fino a 2 - 3 volte le dimensioni iniziali.
  • Foglie cauline: le foglie del caule sono abbraccianti, di tipo squamoso e a forma lanceolata; il colore è arrossato. Dimensione delle foglie cauline: larghezza 5 – 8 mm; lunghezza 15 – 20 mm.

Le foglie sono ricche di mucillagine e olio essenziale.

Infiorescenza

L'infiorescenza è formata da diversi capolini lungamente peduncolati. La struttura dei capolini è quella tipica delle Asteraceae: un peduncolo sorregge un involucro più o meno cilindrico composto da più squame lineari (una ventina circa) e tutte uguali, disposte in un'unica serie (a volte è presente una seconda serie basale con poche squame), che fanno da protezione al ricettacolo nudo (senza pagliette) sul quale s'inseriscono due tipi di fiori: circa 200-300 fiori femminili, quelli esterni ligulati disposti su più serie, e una quarantina di fiori ermafroditi (ma con stilo sterile e quindi fondamentalmente maschili), quelli interni tubulosi. Il portamento dei singoli capolini è particolare: è inclinato verso terra prima della fioritura, si raddrizzano all'antesi per poi ripiegarsi alla fruttificazione. Dimensione delle squame involucrali: larghezza 1,5 mm; lunghezza 15 mm. Diametro dell'involucro 10 – 15 mm.

Fiore

I fiori sono attinomorfi, tetra-ciclici (formati cioè da 4 verticilli: calicecorollaandroceogineceo) e pentameri (calice e corolla formati da 5 elementi). Il colore dei fiori è giallo vivo tendente all'arancio (soprattutto i fiori del disco centrale). Diametro dei capolini: 2 – 3 cm.

* K 0, C (5), A (5), G 2 (infero)[3]
  • Calice: i sepali sono ridotti ad una coroncina di squame.
  • Corolla: i fiori periferici (ligulati) alla base hanno la corolla tubulosa, ma poi terminano con una struttura nastriforme (ligula) piuttosto stretta; la disposizione di questi fiori è raggiante e sporgono ben oltre l'involucro sottostante. Quelli del disco centrale (i fiori tubulosi) hanno delle corolle tubulari a 4-5 denti. Dimensione dei fiori ligulati: 12 – 18 mm.
  • Androceo: gli stami sono 5 con dei filamenti liberi; le antere invece sono saldate fra di loro e formano un manicotto che circonda lo stilo. Le antere alla base sono ottuse.
  • Gineceo: lo stilo è unico con uno stimma filiforme, pubescente e profondamente bifido; l'ovario è infero e uniloculare formato da due carpelli concrescenti e contenente un solo ovulo.
  • Fioritura: tra febbraio e aprile (al sud la fioritura può essere anticipata di un mese; mentre a quote più alte può protrarsi fino a maggio inoltrato).
  • Impollinazione: impollinazione tramite api e mosche.

Frutti

I frutti sono degli acheni cilindrici (o sub-cilindrici) terminanti con un pappo setoso e biancastro. Per ogni pianta si formano da 60 a 100 pappi. Dimensione degli acheni: 3 – 5 mm. Lunghezza dei pappi: 8 – 12 mm.

Distribuzione e habitat

  • Geoelemento: il tipo corologico (area di origine) è Paleotemperato o anche Eurasiatico.
  • Diffusione: la diffusione di questa pianta sul territorio italiano è totale ed è comune anche in Europa e in Asia. Si trova anche in Africa settentrionale e nell'America del nord (lungo le due coste, introdotta e quindi naturalizzata dall'Europa probabilmente nel periodo coloniale).
  • Habitat: l'habitat tipico di questa specie sono luoghi umidi e sottoboschi in terreni a natura argillosa (suolo pesante); ma anche campi coltivati, ambienti ruderali, vicinanze dei corsi d'acqua, ghiaioni e pietraie. Dopo la fioritura con le grandi foglie tende a ricoprire vaste aree di terreno, risultando quindi semi-infestante e di difficile estirpazione a causa del profondo rizoma. Il substrato preferito è sia calcareo che siliceo con pH basico e medi valori nutrizionali del terreno che può essere mediamente umido.
  • Diffusione altitudinale: sui rilievi queste piante si possono trovare fino a 2400 m s.l.m.; frequentano quindi i seguenti piani vegetazionali: collinare, montano e subalpino.

Fitosociologia

Dal punto di vista fitosociologico la specie di questa voce appartiene alla seguente comunità vegetale[4]:

Formazione : delle comunità perenni nitrofile
Classe : Agropyretea intermedii-repentis

Sistematica

 src=
Tussilago farfara

La famiglia di appartenenza della “Tossilaggine comune” (Asteraceae) è la più numerosa nel mondo vegetale, organizzata in 1530 generi per un totale di circa 22.750 specie[5]. Nelle classificazioni più vecchie la famiglia delle Asteraceae viene chiamata anche Compositae.
Il genere Tussilago è monospecifico; in passato era costituito da diverse specie descritte attualmente nei generi Homogyne, Petasites e Adenostyles.
All'interno della famiglia delle Asteraceae le “Tossilaggini” fanno parte della sottofamiglia delle Tubiflore; sottofamiglia caratterizzata dall'avere capolini con fiori ligulati alla periferia e fiori tubulosi al centro, squame dell'involucro ben sviluppate e tutte più o meno di uguale lunghezza e frutti con pappo biancastro e morbido.

Nomi comuni

Elenco dei nomi più comuni italiani per la specie Tussilago farfara :

  • Farfarella
  • Farfaro
  • Farfarugìne
  • Farfugio
  • Paparacchio
  • Pataccio
  • Piè d'asino
  • Tussilagine comune
  • Zampa di mula

Sinonimi

La specie di questa scheda ha avuto nel tempo diverse nomenclature. L'elenco che segue indica alcuni tra i sinonimi più frequenti:

  • Tussilago ruderalis Salisb. (1796)
  • Tussilago rupestris Wallich (1828)
  • Tussilago vulgaris Lam. (1779)

Specie simili

Anche se la forma generale del fiore è molto comune: quella tipica delle “margherite”, e anche se i fiori gialli abbondano ovunque, basta pensare alla moltitudine degli “Sparvieri” (genere Hieracium) o "Crepidi" (genere Crepis) e altri ancora, sono comunque fiori molto facilmente individuabili in quanto sono tra i primi a fiorire alla fine dell'inverno-inizio primavera, ma soprattutto hanno dei caratteristici fusti carnosi e cotonosi. È più facile invece confondere queste piante, dopo la fioritura, in quanto hanno delle foglie simili ad altre specie come quelle del genere Petasites che tra l'altro vivono negli stessi habitat:

  • Petasites hybridus (L.) Gaertn. - Farfaraccio maggiore: la lamina delle foglie è più rotondeggiante e inoltre sono più grandi (fino a 60 cm).
  • Petasites albus (L.) Gaertn. - Farfaraccio bianco: la lamina delle foglie è chiaramente reniforme.
  • Petasites paradoxus (Retz.) Baumg. - Farfaraccio niveo: la lamina delle foglie è più triangolare.

Usi

Farmacia

  • Sostanze presenti: olio etereo (amarognolo), glucoside (tussilagina), mucillagini, tannini (fino al 17%), inulina (fino al 17%), sali minerali (nitrato potassico, ferro e zinco) fino al 3% (delle ceneri), acido malico, peptina, acido gallico e acetico[2][6].
  • Proprietà curative: la Farfara è una delle piante più conosciute in erboristeria, ma viene usata anche in farmacologia contro la tosse e l'asma (bechica-azione calmante della tosse ed espettorante-favorisce l'espulsione delle secrezioni bronchiali[2]). Altre proprietà sono: antinfiammatorie (attenua uno stato infiammatorio), decongestionanti (diminuisce l'apporto sanguigno in una data parte del corpo), sedative bronchiali, antinevralgiche (calma le infiammazioni di derivazioni nervosa) ed emollienti (risolve uno stato infiammatorio). La radice invece è usata come diaforetico (agevola la traspirazione cutanea)[6][7].
  • Parti usate: i fiori raccolti senza gambo prima della completa fioritura con i quali (una volta essiccati) si preparano tisane e infusi. Le foglie invece si raccolgono in estate e senza gambo. In alcune regioni italiane viene regolamentata la massima quantità di raccolta di questi fiori.

Effetti avversi

Gli alcaloidi pirrolizidinici presenti nella pianta possono provocare cirrosi epatica ed epatocarcinoma,[8] mentre i lattoni sesquiterpenici reazioni allergiche.

Cucina

Le giovani parti della pianta possono essere usate crude come insalata o cotte come contorno. La presenza di alcuni alcaloidi però ne consiglia un uso moderato.

Giardinaggio

Raramente questa pianta è usata nel giardinaggio in quanto risulta invasiva. Per questo uso comunque sono disponibili delle belle varietà con foglie macchiate di giallo.

Altri usi

  • Alcune parti di questa pianta (come ad esempio i fiori) vengono usate nelle misture del tabacco da pipa per il loro profumo di liquirizia[6]. Durante le guerre, a causa delle ridotte importazioni di tabacco, si usavano le foglie per fare tabacco da sigaretta.
  • L'industria da alcune parti di questa pianta ricava stoppa e olio.
  • È una pianta visitata dalle api, ed è importante perché una delle prime a fornir loro importanti quantità di polline e nettare alla fine dell'inverno.[9]

Note

  1. ^ Tussilago, su Global Compositae Checklist. URL consultato il 15 novembre 2012.
  2. ^ a b c Giacomo Nicolini, Enciclopedia Botanica Motta, vol. 3, Milano, Federico Motta Editore, 1960.
  3. ^ Tavole di Botanica sistematica, su dipbot.unict.it. URL consultato l'11 settembre 2009 (archiviato dall'url originale il 9 febbraio 2018).
  4. ^ AA.VV., Flora Alpina.Vol.2, Bologna, Zanichelli, 2004, pp. 522.
  5. ^ Eduard Strasburger, Trattato di Botanica. Vol.2, Roma, Antonio Delfino Editore, 2007, pp. 858, ISBN 88-7287-344-4.
  6. ^ a b c Roberto Chej, Piante medicinali, Milano, Arnoldo Mondadori Editore, 1982.
  7. ^ Plants For A Future, su pfaf.org. URL consultato il 12 settembre 2009.
  8. ^ Francesco Capasso, Giuliano Grandolini, Angelo A. Izzo, Fitoterapia. Impiego razionale delle droghe vegetali, Springer Verlag, 2007, p. 166, ISBN 88-470-0505-1.
  9. ^ (FR) Tussilago farfara & Apis mellifera, su Florabeilles, 14 marzo 2014. URL consultato il 6 luglio 2019.

Bibliografia

  • Rudi Beiser, Erbe e frutti selvatici commestibili, Roma, Ricca editore, 2013, p. 178.
  • Maria Teresa della Beffa, Fiori di campo, Novara, Istituto Geografico De Agostini, 2002.
  • Maria Teresa della Beffa, Fiori di montagna, Novara, Istituto Geografico De Agostini, 2001.
  • Wolfgang Lippert e Dieter Podlech, Fiori, TN Tuttonatura, 1980.
  • Roberto Chej, Piante medicinali, Milano, Arnoldo Mondadori Editore, 1982.
  • Giacomo Nicolini, Enciclopedia Botanica Motta, vol. 3, Milano, Federico Motta Editore, 1960. Parametro titolo vuoto o mancante (aiuto)
  • Sandro Pignatti, Flora d'Italia. Volume terzo, Bologna, Edagricole, 1982, p. 110, ISBN 88-506-2449-2.
  • AA.VV., Flora Alpina. Volume secondo, Bologna, Zanichelli, 2004, p. 522.
  • 1996 Alfio Musmarra, Dizionario di botanica, Bologna, Edagricole.
  • Eduard Strasburger, Trattato di Botanica. Volume secondo, Roma, Antonio Delfino Editore, 2007, p. 860, ISBN 88-7287-344-4.
  • Jose L. Panero and Vicki A. Funk, Toward a phylogenetic subfamilial classification for the Compositae (Asteraceae), in Proceeding of the biological society of Washington. 115(a):760 – 773. 2002.
  • Funk V.A., Susanna A., Stuessy T.F. and Robinson H., Classification of Compositae (PDF), in Systematics, Evolution, and Biogeography of Compositae, Vienna, International Association for Plant Taxonomy (IAPT), 2009. URL consultato il 2 dicembre 2010 (archiviato dall'url originale il 14 aprile 2016).

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Tussilago farfara: Brief Summary ( 義大利語 )

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La Tossilaggine comune (nome scientifico Tussilago farfara L., 1753) è una pianta erbacea, perenne, dai fiori gialli simili alle “margherite”, appartenente alla famiglia delle Asteraceae. È l'unica specie del genere Tussilago.

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Ankstyvasis šalpusnis ( 立陶宛語 )

由wikipedia LT提供

Ankstyvasis šalpusnis (Tussilago farfara) – astrinių (Asteraceae) šeimos, šalpusnių (Tussilago) genties augalas.

Daugiametis žolinis medingas augalas, turintis vertikalų apie 20-25 cm ilgio šakniastiebį, ant kurio anksti pavasarį išauga vienas ar keletas vienagraižių stiebų. Stiebas paprastas, apsitraukęs baltu, voratinklišku pūku. Pamatiniai lapai 10-20 cm skersmens, apskritoki, šiek tiek dantyti, viršutinė pusė plika, apatinė baltai pūkuota. Žiedai pavieniuose, 2-2,5 cm skersmens, graižuose, geltoni, kraštiniai išsidėstę keliomis eilėmis, liežuviški, piesteliniai, vaisingi, viduriniai vamzdiški. Augalui žydint dieną stiebas būna stačias, o naktį bei nepražydusių ir peržydėjusių egzempliorių - nulinkęs. Graiže subręsta apie 300 vaisių. Tai cilindriški, briaunoti, geltoni lukštavaisiai, kurių viršūnėje yra 2-3 kartus ilgesnis už vaisių plaukelių skristukus. Sėklos subręsta per 10-25 dienas. Nužydėjus, lieka pūkai (lukštavaisis su skristuku), panašūs į pienės pūkus, kuriuos išnešioja (ir taip išplatina) vėjas.

Žydi balandžio-gegužės mėn., lukštavaisiai subręsta gegužės - birželio mėn. Dauginasi šakniastiebiais ir lukštavaisiais.

Randamas visoje Lietuvos teritorijoje. Mėgsta molingą dirvą su negiliu podirvio vandeniu, ypač vešlus jis šaltiniuotose vietose. Auga pagrioviuose, molinguose šlaituose, upių ir upelių pakrantėse, bergždynuose. Žemdirbiams jis – piktžolė.

Mityba

Šalpusnio lapus galima dėti į salotas bei sriubas.

Vaistinės augalo savybės

 src=
Šalpusnis – žiedai ir pūkai

Vaistams dažniausiai vartojami lapai. Jie pjaunami birželio mėn. Džiovinami pavėsyje. Išdžiūvę būna bekvapiai, skonis – kartokas, gleivingas. Dedami į prakaitavimą skatinančių vaistažolių mišinius.

Lapuose yra iki 2,63 % karčiųjų glikozidų, sitosterino, galinės, obuolių, vyno, palmitino ir stearino rūgščių, saponinų, 5,18 mg% karotinoidų, 5 mg% askorbino rūgšties, inulino, ir dekstrino, rauginių ir 15,4-18,2 % mineralinių medžiagų, vitamino C.

Pastaba: Nevartoti vaistams nėštumo metu ir žindant.

Šalpusnis mažina uždegimą, todėl jį galima naudoti gydant bronchitą, gerklų ir trachėjos uždegimus, bronchinę astmą ir pleuritą, net pradiniame tuberkuliozės gydymo etape.

Šalpusnis yra lengvinanti atsikosėjimą priemonė. Norint sumažinti kosulį ir užkimimą reikia kelis kartus per dieną gerti labai karštą šalpusnių arbatą su medumi. Lapų ir žiedų garais gydomas lėtinis bronchitas.

Lapų sirupas padeda sergant plaučių ligomis ir bronchitu. Yra puiki profilaktinė priemonė nuo peršalimų ir gripo. Pavasarį, esant astmai, lėtiniam bronchitui ir kvėpavimo takų katarui, reikia kasdien gerti 2-3 arbatinius šaukštelius šviežių šalpusnių sulčių, sumaišytų su sultiniu ar šiltu pienu.

Nuplautų ir sutrintų šviežių lapų tyrė dedama ant krūtinės – padeda nuo plaučių uždegimo, raudonligės, mėlynių ir tinimų, sąnarių uždegimų.

Tinstančias kojas reiktų dažnai plauti šalpusnių nuoviru. Venų uždegimo gydymui iš šviežių sutrintų šalpusnių lapų su šviežia grietine gaminamas tepalas.

Šalpusnių lapų stipraus nuoviro kompresai padeda nuo sklerodermos opų.

Šviežios sultys lašinamos į ausį esant ausų uždegimui.

Vaistinės žaliavos rinkimas

Šalpusnių žiedai renkami kovo – balandžio mėnesiais saulėtą sausą dieną, kai žiedai pilnai išsiskleidę[1]. Skinami tik sveiki, be rudų dėmių lapai, neilgesniais kaip 5 cm lapkočiais. Džiovinami gerai vėdinamoje patalpoje, paskleidus juos plonu sluoksniu ant tinklo. Kartkartėmis reikia atsargiai pavartyti, kad greičiau džiūtų. Greičiau džius, jei lapai bus išdėlioti balta, pūkuota puse į viršų. Iš 5 kg šviežių lapų gaunama 1 kg sausos žaliavos.

Gerai išdžiovinti lapai yra bekvapiai, viršutinėje pusėje žali, apatinėje – balzganai pūkuoti.

Šaltiniai

Literatūra

Pavasarį žydintys augalai, Živilė Lazdauskaitė, Vilnius, Mokslas, 1985, 12 psl.


Vikiteka

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Ankstyvasis šalpusnis: Brief Summary ( 立陶宛語 )

由wikipedia LT提供

Ankstyvasis šalpusnis (Tussilago farfara) – astrinių (Asteraceae) šeimos, šalpusnių (Tussilago) genties augalas.

Daugiametis žolinis medingas augalas, turintis vertikalų apie 20-25 cm ilgio šakniastiebį, ant kurio anksti pavasarį išauga vienas ar keletas vienagraižių stiebų. Stiebas paprastas, apsitraukęs baltu, voratinklišku pūku. Pamatiniai lapai 10-20 cm skersmens, apskritoki, šiek tiek dantyti, viršutinė pusė plika, apatinė baltai pūkuota. Žiedai pavieniuose, 2-2,5 cm skersmens, graižuose, geltoni, kraštiniai išsidėstę keliomis eilėmis, liežuviški, piesteliniai, vaisingi, viduriniai vamzdiški. Augalui žydint dieną stiebas būna stačias, o naktį bei nepražydusių ir peržydėjusių egzempliorių - nulinkęs. Graiže subręsta apie 300 vaisių. Tai cilindriški, briaunoti, geltoni lukštavaisiai, kurių viršūnėje yra 2-3 kartus ilgesnis už vaisių plaukelių skristukus. Sėklos subręsta per 10-25 dienas. Nužydėjus, lieka pūkai (lukštavaisis su skristuku), panašūs į pienės pūkus, kuriuos išnešioja (ir taip išplatina) vėjas.

Žydi balandžio-gegužės mėn., lukštavaisiai subręsta gegužės - birželio mėn. Dauginasi šakniastiebiais ir lukštavaisiais.

Randamas visoje Lietuvos teritorijoje. Mėgsta molingą dirvą su negiliu podirvio vandeniu, ypač vešlus jis šaltiniuotose vietose. Auga pagrioviuose, molinguose šlaituose, upių ir upelių pakrantėse, bergždynuose. Žemdirbiams jis – piktžolė.

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Māllēpe ( 拉脫維亞語 )

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Parastā māllēpe (Tussilago farfara) ir kurvjziežu dzimtas suga. Tā ir vienīgā suga māllēpju ģintī. Māllēpes ir viena no krustaiņu (arī cinerāriju) cilts ģintīm. Māllēpju dabiskais izplatības areāls ir Eiropa un Āzijas rietumi un centrālā daļa. Tās izmanto tradicionālajā medicīnā. Māllēpju zinātniskais nosaukums Tussilago ir cēlies no latīņu vārda tussis, kas nozīmē ‘klepus’.

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Klein hoefblad ( 荷蘭、佛萊明語 )

由wikipedia NL提供

Het klein hoefblad (Tussilago farfara) is een 10- 30 cm hoge vaste plant, behorend tot de composietenfamilie (Asteraceae).

De bloeitijd ligt vroeg, gewoonlijk in maart en april, bij gunstig weer reeds in februari. De plant behoort tot de naaktbloeiers, de bladeren verschijnen pas na de bloei. Tijdens de bloei zijn de bladeren beperkt tot korte, groene of rode schubjes langs de stengel. Na de bloei ontwikkelen deze zich tot hartvormig of ronde en getande bladeren. Deze, aan de onderkant viltig behaarde bladeren staan in een rozetvormige krans rond de steel.

De plant is een pioniersplant die zich vooral op nieuwe gronden goed thuis voelt, vaak kan men hem tussen grassen in betrekkelijk nieuwe wegbermen of hellingen aantreffen. Op deze hellingen helpt de tot 1,5 m lange wortelstok en de uitlopers hieraan om de grond vast te houden.

Verspreiding

Elke stengel draagt een bloemhoofdje met een doorsnee van 2-3 cm. Het centrum van het bloemhoofdje bevat 30-40 mannelijke buisbloemen. Aan de rand zijn daar omheen ongeveer 300 vrouwelijke smalle, draadvormige lintbloempjes. Bestuiving vindt plaats door bijen en vliegen, die de plant graag bezoeken.

Gemiddeld brengt een plant meer dan 130 zaden voort, een hoog percentage hiervan ontkiemt. In het voorjaar kiemen de zaden reeds na twee dagen. De favoriete grond van het klein hoefblad bestaat uit leemachtige, pas geploegde of bewerkte grond.

Toepassing

De botanische naam Tussilago is afgeleid van tussis = hoesten en agere = verdrijven. De plant is dan ook gebruikt als hoestverdrijvend middel en tegen neuralgische aandoeningen.

De plant wordt als artsenijplant geteeld vanwege zijn slijm-, looi- en bitterstoffen, tannine, dextrine en bactericide stoffen. De bladeren worden gebruikt als omslagen bij gewrichts- en reumatische aandoeningen. Oraal gebruik in de vorm van bijvoorbeeld thee wordt afgeraden omdat alle delen van het klein hoefblad pyrrolizidine alkaloïden bevatten, die in te hoge doses tot leverbeschadigingen en zelfs tot leverkanker kunnen leiden.[1]

De Romeinen gebruikten de plant als genotmiddel door deze te roken in pijpjes.

Ecologische aspecten

Het klein hoefblad wordt bezocht door de diverse solitaire bijen: grasbij, vierbandgroefbij, koolzwarte zandbij, pluimvoetbij en tronkenbij.

Externe link

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
  1. Aliëtte Jonkers, Krijgen we gifstoffen binnen via ons dagelijkse kopje thee?, de Volkskrant, 30 juni 2017
Wikimedia Commons Mediabestanden die bij dit onderwerp horen, zijn te vinden op de pagina Tussilago farfara op Wikimedia Commons.
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Klein hoefblad: Brief Summary ( 荷蘭、佛萊明語 )

由wikipedia NL提供

Het klein hoefblad (Tussilago farfara) is een 10- 30 cm hoge vaste plant, behorend tot de composietenfamilie (Asteraceae).

De bloeitijd ligt vroeg, gewoonlijk in maart en april, bij gunstig weer reeds in februari. De plant behoort tot de naaktbloeiers, de bladeren verschijnen pas na de bloei. Tijdens de bloei zijn de bladeren beperkt tot korte, groene of rode schubjes langs de stengel. Na de bloei ontwikkelen deze zich tot hartvormig of ronde en getande bladeren. Deze, aan de onderkant viltig behaarde bladeren staan in een rozetvormige krans rond de steel.

De plant is een pioniersplant die zich vooral op nieuwe gronden goed thuis voelt, vaak kan men hem tussen grassen in betrekkelijk nieuwe wegbermen of hellingen aantreffen. Op deze hellingen helpt de tot 1,5 m lange wortelstok en de uitlopers hieraan om de grond vast te houden.

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Hestehov ( 挪威語 )

由wikipedia NN提供

Hestehov eller leirfivel (Tussilago farfara) er ein gul vårblome i korgplantefamilien. Hestehoven vert 5-20 cm høg, veks på næringsrik jord og blømer i mars til mai.

Planten er fleirårig. Blomane sit på stenglar med brunraude stengelblad. Etter bløminga får planten rosettblad. Frukta er femkanta med kvit fnokk.

 src=
Botanisk illustrasjon av hestehov.

Bruk

Både i Vesten og Kina har hestehov vore brukt mot hoste. Planta vart røykt eller brukt som urtete.

Bakgrunnsstoff

Commons-logo.svg Wikimedia Commons har multimedia som gjeld: Hestehov
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Hestehov: Brief Summary ( 挪威語 )

由wikipedia NN提供

Hestehov eller leirfivel (Tussilago farfara) er ein gul vårblome i korgplantefamilien. Hestehoven vert 5-20 cm høg, veks på næringsrik jord og blømer i mars til mai.

Planten er fleirårig. Blomane sit på stenglar med brunraude stengelblad. Etter bløminga får planten rosettblad. Frukta er femkanta med kvit fnokk.

 src= Botanisk illustrasjon av hestehov.
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Hestehov ( 挪威語 )

由wikipedia NO提供
se også hestehov (hest)

Hestehov eller leirfivel (Tussilago farfara, dansk: følfod, svensk: hästhov) er en gul vårblomst i kurvplantefamilien. Den er blant de første blomstene som vokser opp om våren. Hestehoven blir 5–20 cm høy, vokser på næringsrik jord og blomstrer i mars til mai. Planten vokser i Europa, Nord- og Vest- Asia, Nord-Afrika, USA og Canada.

Planten er flerårig. Blomstene sitter på stengler med brunrøde stengelblader. Etter blomstringen dør stenglene. Først senere på sommeren får planten rosettblader. Hestehoven formerer seg via dunaktige fallskjermer som bærer frøene. De faller ned om høsten, og vinden blåser dem vekk.

Bruk

Både i vesten og Kina har hestehov blitt brukt mot hoste. Planten ble røkt eller brukt som urtete.

Det er også elementet i kommunevåpenet til Nannestad kommune i Akershus fylke (Norge).

Eksterne lenker

Galleri

Tussilago farfara 130403.jpg Hestehov01.jpg

botanikkstubbDenne botanikkrelaterte artikkelen er foreløpig kort eller mangelfull, og du kan hjelpe Wikipedia ved å utvide den.
Det finnes mer utfyllende artikkel/artikler på .
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Hestehov: Brief Summary ( 挪威語 )

由wikipedia NO提供
se også hestehov (hest)

Hestehov eller leirfivel (Tussilago farfara, dansk: følfod, svensk: hästhov) er en gul vårblomst i kurvplantefamilien. Den er blant de første blomstene som vokser opp om våren. Hestehoven blir 5–20 cm høy, vokser på næringsrik jord og blomstrer i mars til mai. Planten vokser i Europa, Nord- og Vest- Asia, Nord-Afrika, USA og Canada.

Planten er flerårig. Blomstene sitter på stengler med brunrøde stengelblader. Etter blomstringen dør stenglene. Først senere på sommeren får planten rosettblader. Hestehoven formerer seg via dunaktige fallskjermer som bærer frøene. De faller ned om høsten, og vinden blåser dem vekk.

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Podbiał pospolity ( 波蘭語 )

由wikipedia POL提供
 src=
Liście podbiału
 src=
Kwiatostan koszyczek podbiału

Podbiał pospolity (Tussilago farfara L.) – gatunek rośliny z rodziny astrowatych (Asteraceae Dum.). Rodzime obszary jego występowania obejmują Europę, dużą część Azji oraz Algierię i Maroko[2]. Rozprzestrzenił się również poza tymi obszarami jako gatunek zawleczony (m.in. w Ameryce Północnej). W Polsce jest pospolity[3].

Inne nazwy ludowe i zwyczajowe: białkuch, ośla stopa, boże liczko, kniat, kaczyniec, grzybień, białodrzew, gęsie łebki, kwiat szczupaczy.

Morfologia

Łodyga
Łodyga kwiatostanowa wysokości do 30 cm. Bladożółta lub bladozielona, pokryta łuskowatymi, czerwonawymi liśćmi. Kłącze cienkie, czołgające się, długości do 1 m. Pędy kwiatostanowe bezlistne, pokryte łuskami.
Liście
Odziomkowe, długoogonkowe, duże, okrągławo-sercowate, z ząbkowanym brzegiem i płytkimi zatokami, pokryte od spodu srebrzystym meszkiem.
Kwiaty
Mały, złocistożółty koszyczek na każdej łodydze kwiatonośnej. Na brzegu liczne języczkowate kwiaty żeńskie, w środku obupłciowe, lecz płonne kwiaty rurkowate.
Owoce
Niełupki, duże i nagie, z białym puchem kielichowym.

Biologia i ekologia

Bylina. Kwiatostany pokazują się, zanim rozwiną się liście. Kwitnie od marca do maja. Liście pojawiają się pod koniec kwitnienia[3]. Preferuje gleby gliniaste, miejsca kamieniste, piarżyska, żwirowiska nadrzeczne, osuwiska, skarpy przydrożne, urwiste brzegi rzek i potoków, hałdy węglowe i pogorzeliska. W uprawach rolnych uznawana za chwast. W klasyfikacji zbiorowisk roślinnych gatunek charakterystyczny dla Ass. Senecioni-Tussilaginetum[4]. Na podbiale pospolitym pasożytują niektóre gatunki grzybów: Golovinomyces cichoracearum, Coleosporium tussilaginis, Mycosphaerella tussilaginis, Stagonospora tussilaginis, Asteroma impressum i Puccinia poarum [5].

Zastosowanie

Roślina lecznicza[6][7]

Naparem z podbiału leczyli już starożytni medycy – Hipokrates, Galen i Pliniusz. Bł. Hildegarda stosowała go przy wszystkich chorobach piersiowych i jako środek wykrztuśny. Przy astmie i przewlekłym kaszlu, a także podczas zapalenia oskrzeli wdychano przez rurkę dym z korzeni tej rośliny spalanych na węglu z drzew cytrusowych. Palono też – tak jak papierosy – jej specjalnie wysuszone i zwinięte liście. Wykorzystywano podbiał do leczenia schorzeń skórnych: ran, czyraków, wrzodów, ropni, odcisków, oparzeń, pękających brodawek u kobiet karmiących oraz przy tzw. róży i uporczywych bólach głowy.[potrzebny przypis]

Surowiec zielarski
Liść podbiału (Folium Farfarae) oraz rzadko kwiat podbiału (Flos Farfarae). Liść podbiału ma głównie charakter surowca śluzowego. Zawartość kwaśnego śluzu wynosi 7-8%. Dalszymi składnikami są garbniki (około 4,5%), flawonoidy (około 0,8%): m.in. kwercetyna, kemferol a ponadto cholina, sole mineralne bogate w cynk, gorycze i nieco olejku eterycznego. Składnikami niepożądanymi są alkaloidy pirolizydynowe m.in. senkirkina i tussilagina. Zawartość ich wynosi maksymalnie 4,5·10-5%. W kwiatach podbiału znajdują się liczne związki flawonoidowe (m.in. rutyna, hiperozyd i awikularyna), kwas kawowy i ferulowy, karotenoidy (np. taraksantyna), fitosterole, związki cukrowe oraz olejek eteryczny.
Działanie
Jako surowiec śluzowy o pewnej zawartości garbników liść podbiału ma zastosowanie głównie w stanach zapalnych i nieżytach dróg oddechowych, jamy ustnej i krtani. Wywiera działanie osłaniające (śluzy) i ściągające (garbniki). Powoduje spęcznienie i rozrzedzenie zalegającej wydzieliny oraz pobudzenie ruchów nabłonka rzęskowego, a tym samym wyzwala odruch wykrztuśny. Jednocześnie flawonoidy łagodnie obniżają napięcie mięśni gładkich górnych dróg oddechowych i oskrzeli oraz ułatwiają odkrztuszanie. Kwiaty podbiału ze względu na większą zawartość flawonoidów i olejku eterycznego a mniejszą śluzu i garbników wywierają silniejsze od liści działanie rozkurczowe, natomiast słabsze powlekające i ściągające.
Działanie niepożądane
Szczególne znaczenie, jako potencjalnie toksyczna, może mieć zawartość alkaloidu senkirkiny, którą stwierdzono w niektórych surowcach m.in. pochodzących z Australii i Norwegii. Może dawać efekty hepatotoksyczne. W surowcu pochodzącym ze środkowej i zachodniej Europy wykryto nietoksyczną tussilaginę.
Sposób użycia
Odwar z liści podbiału przygotowuje się zalewając 1 łyżkę liści 350 ml ciepłej wody i ogrzewanie do wrzenia. Po 3 minutach gotowania pod przykryciem należy odstawić odwar na 10 minut i przecedzić. Należy pić 3-5 razy dziennie ¼ do ⅛ szklanki między posiłkami przy kaszlu. Ten sam odwar stosuje się zewnętrznie do okładów na skórę przy stłuczeniach, zaczerwienieniu i siniakach.
Zbiór i suszenie
Młode, ale dobrze rozwinięte liście, wolne od plam, bez ogonka lub z jego resztką są zbierane ręcznie na wiosnę i w lecie i suszone na powietrzu w cieniu. Niekiedy zbiera się rozkwitające koszyczki podbiału bez szypułek i suszy możliwie szybko w temp. do 40 °C w suszarni.

Przypisy

  1. Stevens P.F.: Angiosperm Phylogeny Website (ang.). 2001–. [dostęp 2010-04-15].
  2. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). [dostęp 2010-05-27].
  3. a b Alicja Szweykowska, Jerzy Szweykowski: Słownik botaniczny. Wyd. II, zmienione i uzupełnione. Warszawa: Wiedza Powszechna, 2003, s. 766-767. ISBN 83-214-1305-6.
  4. Władysław Matuszkiewicz: Przewodnik do oznaczania zbiorowisk roślinnych Polski. Warszawa: Wyd. Naukowe PWN, 2006. ISBN 83-01-14439-4.
  5. Malcolm Storey: Tussilago farfara L. (Coltsfoot). W: BioInfo (UK) [on-line]. [dostęp 2018-02-13].
  6. Stanisław Kohlmünzer: Farmakognozja: podręcznik dla studentów farmacji. Wyd. V unowocześnione. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Lekarskie PZWL, 2003, s. 669. ISBN 83-200-2846-9.
  7. A. Ożarowski, W. Jaroniewski: Rośliny lecznicze i ich praktyczne zastosowanie. Warszawa: Instytut Wydawniczy Związków Zawodowych, 1987, s. 436. ISBN 83-202-0472-0.
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Podbiał pospolity: Brief Summary ( 波蘭語 )

由wikipedia POL提供
 src= Liście podbiału  src= Kwiatostan koszyczek podbiału

Podbiał pospolity (Tussilago farfara L.) – gatunek rośliny z rodziny astrowatych (Asteraceae Dum.). Rodzime obszary jego występowania obejmują Europę, dużą część Azji oraz Algierię i Maroko. Rozprzestrzenił się również poza tymi obszarami jako gatunek zawleczony (m.in. w Ameryce Północnej). W Polsce jest pospolity.

Inne nazwy ludowe i zwyczajowe: białkuch, ośla stopa, boże liczko, kniat, kaczyniec, grzybień, białodrzew, gęsie łebki, kwiat szczupaczy.

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Tussilago farfara ( 葡萄牙語 )

由wikipedia PT提供
 src=
Tussilago farfara (Coltsfoot).

Tussilago farfara é uma planta da família Asteraceae.[1]

Referências

  1. «Tussilago farfara» (em inglês). ITIS (www.itis.gov)
 title=
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Tussilago farfara: Brief Summary ( 葡萄牙語 )

由wikipedia PT提供
 src= Tussilago farfara (Coltsfoot).

Tussilago farfara é uma planta da família Asteraceae.

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Podbal ( 摩爾多瓦語 )

由wikipedia RO提供

Podbalul (Tussilago farfara) este o plantă medicinală din familia Asteraceae. Popular mai este numit brusturel, cenușoară, limba vecinei, gușa găinii. Este apreciată încă din antichitate pentru calitatea de a „alunga tusea”. Frunzele de podbal au proprietăți emoliente, tonice, antispastice, secretolitice și antiinflamatoare, fapt pentru care sunt utilizate în fitoterapie.[1]

Podbalul conține alcaloizi pirolizidinici[2][3], care sunt tumorigenici și hepatotoxici, putând produce cancer hepatic și alte afecțiuni ale ficatului[2][4]. Din această cauză comercializarea podbalului (varietatea naturală) a fost interzisă în Germania[2]. În Germania și Austria aceasta a fost înlocuită cu o varietate clonală care nu conține concentrații detectabile de alcaloizi pirolizidinici.

Descriere

Este o plantă perenă erbacee. Este printre primele plante care înfloresc primăvara devreme, în luna martie, având culoare galbenă, cu diametrul de 2-3 cm. Are cca. 50–300 mm, tulpina este florieră lânos-păroasă, acoperită de scvame alungite, roșiatice. Tulpina crește primăvara timpuriu înainte de dezvoltarea frunzelor. Florile sunt galbene, în antodiu (antodiu sau calatidiu - inflorescență specifică plantelor). Frunzele de la baza tulpinii au limbul aproape rotund, adânc corodat. Fructele sunt achene.

De la podbal se recoltează în scop medicinal frunzele mari, late, care cresc direct din rizomi, după ofilirea florilor. Frunzele de podbal conțin mucilagii, tanini, substanțe amare (tusilagină), acizi grași, carotenoizi, inulină, fitosteroli, flavone, substanțe triterpeniceși săruri minerale.[5]

 src=
Podbal (calatidiu[6] - luna martie)

Răspândire

Crește prin locurile necultivate, pe coastele erodate, râpoase, pe malul apelor, prin locuri umede.

Note


v d m
Plante medicinale (Listă) Specii
AbiuAbrus precatoriusAglicăAcacia catechuAcacia senegalAcokanthera abyssinicaAconitum feroxAconitum napellusAfinAgrișAlbăstreaAloe veraAmăralaAnasonAnemone ranunculoidesAngelicăAnghinareArborele de cacaoArmurariuArnicaArnicăBambusBrad argintiuBrustureBrândușă de toamnăBusuiocCapereCartofCătină albăCerențelChimenChimionCicoareCimbrișor de câmpCiuboțica cuculuiCiulinCiumăfaieCoacăz roșuCoada-caluluiCoada șoriceluluiCoada raculuiCoriandruCrețișoarăCrețușcăCrușinCurcumaCânepă indianăCălinCătină de garduriDafinDracilăDumbravnicEfedraFecioricăFeniculFloarea patimilorGălbeneleGențianăGhimbirGhimpeGhințură (galbenă) • HameiHasmațuchiIarbă mareIederăIenupărInIpcărigeaIsopIzmă bunăJneapănLavandulaLemn dulceLiliacLimba cerbuluiLimba mieluluiLumânăricăMandragorăMăceșMaghiranMăselarițăMătrăgunăMerișorMurMușchi de piatrăMușețelMuștar albMuștar negruNalbă mareObligeanăOsul iepureluiPanseluțăPapayaPăpădiePătlaginăPătlăgeaua roșiePătrunjelPiper de baltăPirPlămânăricăPăducelPelinPodbalPopilnicPorumbarRăchitanRăcovinăRoibaRoinițăRostopascăRozmarinRoșcovRușcuță de primăvarăSalvieSăpunărițăScai vânătSchindufSchinelSoc (negru)SpilcuțăSunătoareSulfinăȘovârfTagetesTalpa gâștiiTătăneasăTeiTraista-ciobanuluiȚintaurăTrei-frați-pătațiTroscotTurița mareUngurașUrzicăUrzică moartă albăValerianăVentrilicăViolaViță de vieVolburăVâsc europeanZămoșiță
Floare de gălbenele

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Podbal: Brief Summary ( 摩爾多瓦語 )

由wikipedia RO提供

Podbalul (Tussilago farfara) este o plantă medicinală din familia Asteraceae. Popular mai este numit brusturel, cenușoară, limba vecinei, gușa găinii. Este apreciată încă din antichitate pentru calitatea de a „alunga tusea”. Frunzele de podbal au proprietăți emoliente, tonice, antispastice, secretolitice și antiinflamatoare, fapt pentru care sunt utilizate în fitoterapie.

Podbalul conține alcaloizi pirolizidinici, care sunt tumorigenici și hepatotoxici, putând produce cancer hepatic și alte afecțiuni ale ficatului. Din această cauză comercializarea podbalului (varietatea naturală) a fost interzisă în Germania. În Germania și Austria aceasta a fost înlocuită cu o varietate clonală care nu conține concentrații detectabile de alcaloizi pirolizidinici.

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Podbeľ liečivý ( 斯洛伐克語 )

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Podbeľ liečivý (nárečovo: letko; lat. Tussilago farfara) je liečivá rastlina z čeľade astrovité (Asteraceae).

Galéria

Iné projekty

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Podbeľ liečivý: Brief Summary ( 斯洛伐克語 )

由wikipedia SK提供

Podbeľ liečivý (nárečovo: letko; lat. Tussilago farfara) je liečivá rastlina z čeľade astrovité (Asteraceae).

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Navadni lapuh ( 西班牙、卡斯蒂利亞西班牙語 )

由wikipedia SL提供

Navadni lapuh ali navadni uhlič (znanstveno ime Tussilago farfara) je rastlina, ki jo pogosto imenujejo tudi lapuh, lepuh ali lopuh. Je iz roda trajnih zeljnatih rastlin. Poznamo več vrst uhliča med drugim tudi kraški uhlič, ki je zelo zdravilen.

Opis rastline

Ima široke pritlehne liste in sredinsko brezlistnato steblo višine od 10 do 15 cm, ki nosi na vrhu rumen cvetni košek. Ob cvetenju so listi še v zemlji. Cvetovi dišijo po medu in imajo podoben okus kot listi. Cvete v mesecih marec in april. Najpogosteje raste na vlažnih obalah rek in potokov, ljubi ilovnata in glinasta tla.

Zdravilne snovi in učinkovine

Cveti listi vsebujejo rastlinsko sluz, čreslovino, grenčino, eterično olje, inulin, grenek glikozid, galusovo kislino, fitosterine in rudninske snovi kalij, natrij, kalcij, magnezij ter solitre.

Je že staro ljudsko zdravilo za izkašljavanje in blažilo pri napadih kašlja in tuberkulozni težavah pljuč. Iz cvetov Flores Farfarae, listov Folia Farfrae, katere nabiramo meseca junija, naredimo mešanico za čaj.

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Navadni lapuh: Brief Summary ( 西班牙、卡斯蒂利亞西班牙語 )

由wikipedia SL提供

Navadni lapuh ali navadni uhlič (znanstveno ime Tussilago farfara) je rastlina, ki jo pogosto imenujejo tudi lapuh, lepuh ali lopuh. Je iz roda trajnih zeljnatih rastlin. Poznamo več vrst uhliča med drugim tudi kraški uhlič, ki je zelo zdravilen.

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Hästhov ( 瑞典語 )

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För hästens fötter, se hov (häst). För filmen, se Tussilago (film).

Hästhov eller tussilago[1] (Tussilago farfara) är en perenn korgblommig växt med små gula blommor, som ursprungligen förekommer i Europa, Nordafrika och delar av västra och centrala Asien. Den växer ofta vid vägkanter eller dikeskanter och blommar tidigt på våren, ibland så tidigt som februari men oftare i april och maj.[2]

Systematik

Hästhov beskrevs av Carl von Linné och placeras idag som ensam art i släktet hästhovar (Tussilago)[3] även om mer än två dussin andra växter vid något tillfälle har ansetts tillhöra släktet. Flertalet av dess arter placeras idag i släkten som Chaptalia, Chevreulia, Farfugium, Homogyne, Leibnitzia, Petasites och Senecio.[4]

Beskrivning

Hästhov är en perenn ört som sprider sig med frön och jordstammar. Den uppträder ofta i kolonier med dussintals plantor. Växten är ofta 10–30 cm hög.

Maskros Hästhov
Maskros
Hästhov

Den gula blomman, som ytligt påminner om en liten maskros, börjar blomma på den bladlösa stammen. Bladen, som till konturen påminner om spåret efter en hästhov, växer fram först sedan blomningen är över. Bladen kantas av vinklade spetsar.[5] Tussilagons blomning är viktig för tambin.[källa behövs]

Blomningstid, karta

Kartan avser blomningstidens början. Blomningen pågår sedan under ca 3 veckor.

Habitat

Hästhoven förekommer i Europa, Asien och Nordafrika, från Svalbard i norr till Marocko söder, och till Kina och Ryska fjärran östern i öster. Den är även vanlig i Nord- och Sydamerika där den introducerats, förmodligen av nybyggare som en medicinalväxt. I vissa områden kategoriseras den som en invasiv art.[4] [6] [7]

Småländska höglandet mindre vanlig.

I södra Norge, på Hardangervidda, upp till 1 390 m ö h.

I norra Norge upp till 800 m ö h.

Utbredningskartor

Biotop

Leriga ställen, kalkgynnad.

Hästhov och människan

Praktisk användning

Tussilago har använts inom traditionell medicin. Bladen användes för att göra en dekokt mot hosta. Enligt Linné (1755) röktes även bladen som tobak vilket var en metod mot hosta och astma som redan omskrivits av Plinius den äldre.[2] Växten innehåller pyrrolizidinalkaloider vilket är ett mycket kraftigt gift som påverkar levern. Hästhoven har använts vid framställning av fnöske[8].

Etymologi

Släktnamnet Tussilago, beskrivet av Linné, härstammar från latinets tussis, som betyder "hosta" och ago, en böjningsform av agere, som betyder "fördriva". Sammantaget kan det vetenskapliga namnet översättas till "förjagare av hosta".[9][10]

Artepitetet farfara är hämtat från det toskanska namnet på växten, Farfara.[2]

Numera är det vanligt att använda det vetenskapliga namnet tussilago som trivialnamn, och det har trängt ut det äldre folkliga namnet "hästhov".

Namnet hästhov kan syfta på att växtens blad till utseendet ansetts likna spåret efter en hästhov, eller kanske vara en förvrängning av "hosthäva".

Bygdemål

Namn Trakt Referens Förklaring Folafötter Västergötland [11] Fola = fåle, d v s häst. Alltså egentligen hästfötter, hästhov(ar) Lerblad Dalarna [12] Hovgräs [13] Lerskreppe Skrep Skreppe Förr gjorde man ingen skillnad på örter och gräs. Sålunda kallades det vi idag menar är örter för gräs.

Bilder

Källor

Noter

  1. ^ Dyntaxa, Hästhov, urn:lsid:dyntaxa.se:Taxon:220396, läst 2018-04-07
  2. ^ [a b c] ”Hästhov”. Den virtuella floran. http://linnaeus.nrm.se/flora/di/astera/tussi/tussfar.html. Läst 7 april 2018.
  3. ^ Dyntaxa, Tussilago, urn:lsid:dyntaxa.se:Taxon:1005916, läst 2018-04-07
  4. ^ [a b] Flann, C. ed. (2009) Global Compositae Checklist
  5. ^ Theodore M. Barkley (2006). Tussilago Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 865. 1753; Gen. Pl. ed. 5, 372. 1754”. Magnoliophyta: Asteridae, Part 7: Asteraceae, Part 2. Flora of North America. "20". Oxford University Press. Sid. 635. ISBN 9780195305647. http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=134025.
  6. ^ Flora of China Vol. 20-21 Page 461 款冬 kuan dong Tussilago farfara Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 865. 1753.
  7. ^ Altervista Flora Italiana, genere Tussilago includes photos and distribution maps
  8. ^ ”Kungsljus - Verbascum thapsus L.”. Virtuella Floran. 2000. http://linnaeus.nrm.se/flora/di/scrophularia/verba/verbtha.html. Läst 27 januari 2015.
  9. ^ Capasso, Francesco (2011). ”Capitolo M12: Droghe obsolete e/o poco studiate” (på italienska) (Seconda edizione). Springer Milan. Sid. 428. doi:10.1007/978-88-470-1652-1_30. ISBN 978-88-470-1652-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=qn5zb3_rqZIC&pg=PA428. ”Tussilago, dal latino tussis = tosse e ago = scaccio.”
  10. ^ Booth, David (1835). An analytical dictionary of the English language. James Cochrane and Co. Sid. 312. https://books.google.com/books?id=Wwi5sUW6R18C&pg=PA312. ”Tussilago, from the Latin tussis, a cough, and ago, to act upon, to cure; from its reputed virtues.”
  11. ^ Johan Ernst Rietz: Svenskt dialektlexikon, sida 159 [1], Gleerups, Lund 1862 … 1867, faksimilutgåva Malmö 1962
  12. ^ Ernst Rietz: Svenskt dialektlexikon, sida 398 [2], Gleerups, Lund 1862 … 1867, faksimilutgåva Malmö 1962
  13. ^ J. W. Palmstruch, Svensk Botanik, första bandet, andra upplagan, Stockholm 1815. Tillgänglig på Archive.org

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Hästhov: Brief Summary ( 瑞典語 )

由wikipedia SV提供
För hästens fötter, se hov (häst). För filmen, se Tussilago (film).

Hästhov eller tussilago (Tussilago farfara) är en perenn korgblommig växt med små gula blommor, som ursprungligen förekommer i Europa, Nordafrika och delar av västra och centrala Asien. Den växer ofta vid vägkanter eller dikeskanter och blommar tidigt på våren, ibland så tidigt som februari men oftare i april och maj.

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Öksürük otu ( 土耳其語 )

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Öksürük otu (Tussilago farfara), papatyagiller (Asteraceae) familyasından öksürük giderici olarak kullanılan otsu bir bitki türü. Latincede "Tussilago" öksürük önleyici anlamına gelir.

Bitki, tarihsel zamanlardan beri öksürük tedavisine ek olarak astım gibi çeşitli akciğer rahatsızlıklarında kullanıldı. Ezilen çiçekler genelde deri hastalıklarında kullanılır ayrıca bitki yiyecek maddesi olarak tüketilir.

Öksürük otu, tohum ve köksaplar yardımıyla kolay yayılabilen çok yıllık otsu bir bitkidir. Genelde koloniler halinde bulunur. Çiçekler görünüşte karahindibaya benzer ancak ondan daha önce açar. Tay ayağına benzeyen yapraklar tohumlar dökülünceye dek gözükmez. Sarı çiçekler, yapraklar açmadan önce bir mevsim boyunca uzun saplar üzerinde kalır daha sonra kurur.

Yapraklar saplı, yaprak ayası 10-20 (-30) cm genişliğinde, sivri loplu, kenarı düzensiz dişli her iki yanıda önceleri yünlü sonraları üstü tüysüzleşir. Yapraksız çiçek sapı 4–15 cm uzunluğunda çok sayıda morumsu pul yapraklı, yünlü, tomurcuklar dimdikdir. Kömeç 1.5-2.5 cm genişliğinde, brahte doğrusal (ince ve uzun), küt, morumsu ve beyaz tüylü. Aken 3–4 mm uzunluğunda, papus 10–15 mm'dir.

Anavatanı Avrupa ve Asya’nın muhtelif yerleridir. Kuzey Amerika ve Güney Amerika'da muhtemelen göçmenler tarafından tıbbi bir madde olarak getirilmiş bugün iyice yaygınlaşmıştır. Bitki çoğunlukla yol kenarlarında bazen de deniz sahilinde bulunur, istilacı bir tür olduğu düşünülür.

Naenia typica ve Euplexia lucipara dahil olmak üzere bazı kelebek türü larvalarının besin kaynağını oluşturur bunun yanı sıra bal arısının (Apis mellifera mellifera) en çok gezindiği bitki türüdür.

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Öksürük otu: Brief Summary ( 土耳其語 )

由wikipedia TR提供

Öksürük otu (Tussilago farfara), papatyagiller (Asteraceae) familyasından öksürük giderici olarak kullanılan otsu bir bitki türü. Latincede "Tussilago" öksürük önleyici anlamına gelir.

Bitki, tarihsel zamanlardan beri öksürük tedavisine ek olarak astım gibi çeşitli akciğer rahatsızlıklarında kullanıldı. Ezilen çiçekler genelde deri hastalıklarında kullanılır ayrıca bitki yiyecek maddesi olarak tüketilir.

Öksürük otu, tohum ve köksaplar yardımıyla kolay yayılabilen çok yıllık otsu bir bitkidir. Genelde koloniler halinde bulunur. Çiçekler görünüşte karahindibaya benzer ancak ondan daha önce açar. Tay ayağına benzeyen yapraklar tohumlar dökülünceye dek gözükmez. Sarı çiçekler, yapraklar açmadan önce bir mevsim boyunca uzun saplar üzerinde kalır daha sonra kurur.

Yapraklar saplı, yaprak ayası 10-20 (-30) cm genişliğinde, sivri loplu, kenarı düzensiz dişli her iki yanıda önceleri yünlü sonraları üstü tüysüzleşir. Yapraksız çiçek sapı 4–15 cm uzunluğunda çok sayıda morumsu pul yapraklı, yünlü, tomurcuklar dimdikdir. Kömeç 1.5-2.5 cm genişliğinde, brahte doğrusal (ince ve uzun), küt, morumsu ve beyaz tüylü. Aken 3–4 mm uzunluğunda, papus 10–15 mm'dir.

Anavatanı Avrupa ve Asya’nın muhtelif yerleridir. Kuzey Amerika ve Güney Amerika'da muhtemelen göçmenler tarafından tıbbi bir madde olarak getirilmiş bugün iyice yaygınlaşmıştır. Bitki çoğunlukla yol kenarlarında bazen de deniz sahilinde bulunur, istilacı bir tür olduğu düşünülür.

Naenia typica ve Euplexia lucipara dahil olmak üzere bazı kelebek türü larvalarının besin kaynağını oluşturur bunun yanı sıra bal arısının (Apis mellifera mellifera) en çok gezindiği bitki türüdür.

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Підбіл звичайний ( 烏克蘭語 )

由wikipedia UK提供

Практичне використання

Лікарська, медоносна рослина.

У науковій медицині з лікувальною метою використовують листки — Folium Farfarae, рідше квітки — Flores Farfaiae. Їх застосовують як відхаркувальний засіб при хворобах дихальних шляхів та при кашлі. У листках і кошиках містяться глікозид тусилягін, ефірна олія, дубильні і слизисті речовини, фітостерин, інулін, галова, яблучна й винна кислоти, каротин і вітамін C.

У народній медицині листки і кошики підбілу рекомендують при стенокардії, бронхіальній астмі, запаленні і туберкульозі легень, затяжному кашлі, кишково-шлункових хворобах. Листки використовують для збудження апетиту, при простудних захворюваннях. Соком листків лікують туберкульоз легень, золотуху, нежить, гнійні рани й виразки. Свіжі листки прикладають до наривів, ними лікують запалення шкіри, запалення вен на ногах. Відваром листків з підбілу і кропиви миють голову для укріплення волосся і проти лупи.

У гомеопатії використовують есенцію з свіжих листків. Підбіл звичайний — один з найраніших медоносів і пилконосів, медопродуктивність його до 18 кг/га, взяток з нього сприяє розвиткові розплоду.

Збирання, переробка та зберігання

Збирають цілі неушкоджені листки підбілу в травні — червні, зриваючи їх з черешком або зрізуючи ножами. Сушать на горищах під залізним дахом або під наметами, розстилаючи тонким шаром. Сухі листки пресують і пакують у тюки вагою по 50 кг або в мішки вагою по 20 кг. Строк зберігання — три роки. Кошики заготовляють на початку цвітіння, обрізуючи або обриваючи їх з квітконіжкою не більше 0,5 см завдовжки. Сушать так само, як і листки. Пакують у фанерні ящики, вистелені папером, вагою по 25 кг.

Див. також

Література

Посилання

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Вікісховище має мультимедійні дані за темою: Підбіл звичайний
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Tussilago farfara ( 越南語 )

由wikipedia VI提供

Tussilago farfara là một loài thực vật có hoa thuộc chi đơn loài Tussilago trong họ Cúc (Asteraceae).[1] Loài này được L. miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1753.[2]

Chú thích

  1. ^ The Plant List (2010). Tussilago. Truy cập ngày 25 tháng 9 năm 2013.
  2. ^ The Plant List (2010). Tussilago farfara. Truy cập ngày 4 tháng 6 năm 2013.

Tham khảo

 src= Wikimedia Commons có thư viện hình ảnh và phương tiện truyền tải về Tussilago farfara  src= Wikispecies có thông tin sinh học về Tussilago farfara


Bài viết tông Vi hoàng này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
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Tussilago farfara: Brief Summary ( 越南語 )

由wikipedia VI提供

Tussilago farfara là một loài thực vật có hoa thuộc chi đơn loài Tussilago trong họ Cúc (Asteraceae). Loài này được L. miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1753.

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Мать-и-мачеха ( 俄語 )

由wikipedia русскую Википедию提供

Нижняя сторона листьев мать-и-мачехи, покрытая многочисленными волосками, испаряет воду намного слабее голой верхней стороны листьев, поэтому нижняя сторона (мать) на ощупь теплее верхней (мачехи) — отсюда русское название растения.

Другие русские названия: двоелистник, камчужная трава, лапуха студёная, мать-трава, односторонник, царь-зелье[3][4].

Распространение

Многолетнее растение, широко распространённое в Евразии (вся территория Западной Европы, Урал, Западная Сибирь (к югу от 59º северной широты), Восточная Сибирь (к югу от 63º северной широты), Казахстан, горы Средней Азии и Южной Сибири, Малая Азия) и Северной Африке, а также (как заносное растение) в Северной Америке[3][5]. В Европейском секторе заходит в Арктику (Арктическая Скандинавия, Мурманская область, полуостров Канин, Колгуев, Малоземельская и Большеземельская тундры)[5].

Обычно встречается на участках, свободных от дёрна, — берегах водоёмов, на склонах оврагов и оползней[5], нередко на участках, подвергшихся антропогенному воздействию — полях, пустырях, свалках. Предпочитает глинистые почвы, но встречается также и на почвах другого типа, в том числе на песчаных и галечных речных отмелях[5]. Обычное время цветения в условиях европейской части России — в апреле.

Биологическое описание

Корневище длинное, ветвистое, ползучее. Из почек на корневище развиваются побеги двух типов: цветоносные и вегетативные[5].

Ранней весной начинают развиваться прямостоячие невысокие цветоносные побеги, покрытые яйцевидно-ланцетными, часто буроватыми, чешуевидными листьями. На каждом из побегов развивается одиночная, до цветения и после цветения поникающая головка, состоящая из цилиндрического однорядного покрывала, голого плоского цветоложа и ярко-жёлтых цветков двух типов. Многочисленные наружные (краевые) цветки — женские, язычковые (ясно выраженная язычковость краевых цветков является диагностическим признаком, по которому мать-и-мачеха отличается от растений рода Белокопытник, у которых эта язычковость выражена неясно, венчики почти нитевидны, а число краевых цветков относительно невелико[5]), плодущие. Цветки, которые находятся в середине соцветия — обоеполые, трубчатые, бесплодные.

Плод — цилиндрическая семянка, с паппусом (хохолком) из мягких волосков. После созревания плодов цветоносные побеги отмирают[5].

Через некоторое время после начала цветения начинают развиваться вегетативные побеги, которые несут несколько относительно крупных округло-сердцевидных, немного угловатых (угловато-неравномерно-зубчатых), снизу беловойлочных, сверху голых листьев с длинными черешками[5].

Tussilago farfara20100409 57.jpg
Tussilago farfara20100409 07.jpg
Tussilago-farfara 0018 a.jpg
Tussilago farfara bgiu.jpg
Слева направо: нераскрывшееся соцветие; соцветие с опылителем; плоды (семянки); растение после цветения и плодоношения

Хозяйственное значение и использование

Особо ценный ранневесенний медонос, дающий пчёлам нектар и пыльцу[6].

Лекарственное применение

В качестве лекарственного сырья используют лист мать-и-мачехи (лат. Folium Farfarae), который заготовляют весной, сушат на воздухе или в сушилках при температуре 40—50 °С[7].

Листья мать-и-мачехи, содержащие слизь, которая обусловливает мягчительное, обволакивающее и отхаркивающее действие, горький гликозид туссилягин, танин, дубильные вещества, каротиноиды и стерины, входят в состав грудного сбора; в народной медицине это растение употребляется от очень многих болезней.

Биологически активные вещества оказывают комплексное воздействие на воспалительные процессы. Мать-и-мачеха — традиционное средство от кашля, особенно при коклюше, а также от слизистой мокроты. Чаем из неё можно облегчить откашливание, сделать более жидкой вязкую бронхиальную слизь. Используется при хроническом бронхите, ларингитах, бронхопневмонии, бронхоэктазах и бронхиальной астме[7].

Меры предосторожности

Из-за наличия в растении пирролизидиновых алкалоидов, токсичность которых изучена слабо, не рекомендуется применять цветки мать-и-мачехи более 4—6 недель подряд.

Мать-и-мачеха в геральдике

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Герб коммуны Наннестад

На созданном в 1990 году гербе Наннестаданорвежской коммуны, входящей в состав губернии Акерсхус, — на зелёном фоне изображены три жёлтых цветка мать-и-мачехи, широко распространённой в этой местности.

Классификация

Таксономическое положение

Род Мать-и-мачеха, как и близкие к нему роды Белокопытник, Бузульник и Дороникум, входят в подтрибу Мать-и-мачеховые (Tussilagininae) трибы Крестовниковые, или Сенециевые (Senecioneae), относящейся к подсемейству Астровые (Asteroideae) семейства Астровые, или Сложноцветные (Asteraceae)[8].

История классификации

Ранее род понимался в существенно более широком смысле. В частности, многие виды, которые сейчас входят в состав рода Белокопытник (Petasites), ранее относились к роду Tussilago:

Примечания

  1. Об условности указания класса двудольных в качестве вышестоящего таксона для описываемой в данной статье группы растений см. раздел «Системы APG» статьи «Двудольные».
  2. 1 2 Каден Н. Н., Терентьева Н. Н. Этимологический словарь латинских названий растений, встречающихся в окрестностях агробиостанции МГУ «Чашниково» / Под ред. В. И. Мирошенковой. — М.: Изд-во МГУ, 1975. — С. 66, 158. — 204 с. — 2050 экз.
  3. 1 2 Егорова, 1974.
  4. Ошанин С. Л. Возвращение к травам // Дары природы / В. А. Солоухин, Л. В. Гарибова, А. Д. Турова и др. / сост. С. Л. Ошанин. — М.: Экономика, 1984. — С. 59. — 304 с. — 100 000 экз.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Ребристая, 1987.
  6. Абрикосов Х. Н. и др. Мать-и-мачеха // Словарь-справочник пчеловода / Сост. Федосов Н. Ф.. — М.: Сельхозгиз, 1955. — С. 185.
  7. 1 2 Блинова К. Ф. и др. Ботанико-фармакогностический словарь : Справ. пособие / Под (недоступная ссылка) ред. К. Ф. Блиновой, Г. П. Яковлева. — М.: Высш. шк., 1990. — С. 210. — ISBN 5-06-000085-0.
  8. Вибе Е. И. Конспект трибы Senecioneae Cass. (Asteraceae) в Сибири // Turczaninowia : журнал. — 2000. — № 3(4). — С. 58—63.УДК 581.9 (571.1/5) : 582.998 (Проверено 3 мая 2010)
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Мать-и-мачеха: Brief Summary ( 俄語 )

由wikipedia русскую Википедию提供
 src= Мать-и-мачеха. Ботаническая иллюстрация из книги Köhler’s Medizinal-Pflanzen, 1887

Нижняя сторона листьев мать-и-мачехи, покрытая многочисленными волосками, испаряет воду намного слабее голой верхней стороны листьев, поэтому нижняя сторона (мать) на ощупь теплее верхней (мачехи) — отсюда русское название растения.

Другие русские названия: двоелистник, камчужная трава, лапуха студёная, мать-трава, односторонник, царь-зелье.

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款冬 ( 漢語 )

由wikipedia 中文维基百科提供
二名法 Tussilago farfara
L.

款冬學名Tussilago farfara),別名冬花蜂斗菜款冬蒲公英,屬於菊科款冬属植物。

多年生草本植物,广卵形至心脏形叶子丛生,边缘有波状疏锯齿,下面密被白色棉毛;冬季花茎先叶出现,顶生头状花序,周围为黄色舌状花,中央为管状花;细小瘦果

原产于中国欧洲非洲北部,日本也有生长。

  •  src=

    植株

  •  src=

  •  src=

  •  src=

    種子

中医

Star of life caution.svg 维基百科中的醫療相关内容仅供参考,詳見醫學聲明。如需专业意见请咨询专业人士。

中医学中把本植物与蜂斗菜混淆,因此这两种植物有相同的别名。

神农本草经》、《本草纲目》、《病证通用中药》等多种中药的书籍都记载着款冬有润肺以及止咳、化痰的功效。

毒性

款冬花含有可引致肝臟腫瘤的Pyrrolizidine alkaloid(PA)[1]

參考來源

  1. ^ Jiang, Yan, Peter P. Fu, and Ge Lin. "Hepatotoxicity of naturally occurring pyrrolizidine alkaloids." Asian Journal of Pharmacodynamics and Pharmacokinetics 6.3 (2006): 187-192.

關聯項目

外部連結

小作品圖示这是一篇與植物相關的小作品。你可以通过编辑或修订扩充其内容。  src= 维基共享资源中相关的多媒体资源:款冬  src= 维基物种中的分类信息:款冬
 title=
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款冬: Brief Summary ( 漢語 )

由wikipedia 中文维基百科提供

款冬(學名:Tussilago farfara),別名冬花、蜂斗菜或款冬蒲公英,屬於菊科款冬属植物。

多年生草本植物,广卵形至心脏形叶子丛生,边缘有波状疏锯齿,下面密被白色棉毛;冬季花茎先叶出现,顶生头状花序,周围为黄色舌状花,中央为管状花;细小瘦果

原产于中国欧洲非洲北部,日本也有生长。

 src=

植株

 src=

 src=

 src=

種子

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フキタンポポ ( 日語 )

由wikipedia 日本語提供
フキタンポポ Tussilago farfara.JPG
フキタンポポ
分類 : 植物界 Plantae : 被子植物門 Magnoliophyta : 双子葉植物綱 Magnoliopsida 亜綱 : キク亜綱 Asteridae : キク目 Asterales : キク科 Asteraceae 亜科 : キク亜科 Asteroideae : サワギク連 Senecioneae : フキタンポポ属 Tussilago : フキタンポポ T. farfara 学名 Tussilago farfara L. 和名 フキタンポポ 英名 coltsfoot

フキタンポポ(蕗蒲公英、学名Tussilago farfara)はキク科フキタンポポ属多年草。フキタンポポ属は本種一種のみである。英語名の「コルツフット」でも知られる。

特徴[編集]

原産は中国ヨーロッパ。日本へは明治時代に渡来した。

花期は1〜3月。タンポポに似た黄色い花を咲かせる。また、開花後に出る葉がフキに似ていることが、フキタンポポの和名の由来となっている。全体の姿がフクジュソウを思わせるためか、正月向けの花として園芸店で販売されることも多い。

薬用及び毒性[編集]

蕾は款冬花(かんとうか)という生薬で、鎮咳去痰作用がある。欧米でも古代ギリシャ時代から薬用として用いられてきた。しかし、近縁種であるキオン属同様に肝毒性が強いピロリジジンアルカロイドを含んでいることが判明した[1]ため、ドイツでは発売禁止となった。

一方、ドイツとオーストリアではピロリジジンアルカロイドを含まない品種の開発も行われており[2]、ピロリジジンアルカロイドをほとんど含まない「ウィーン Wien」という品種が開発されている[3]

脚注[編集]

  1. ^ Fu, P.P., Yang, Y.C., Xia, Q., Chou, M.C., Cui, Y.Y., Lin G., "Pyrrolizidine alkaloids-tumorigenic components in Chinese herbal medicines and dietary supplements", Journal of Food and Drug Analysis, Vol. 10, No. 4, 2002, pp. 198-211 [1]
  2. ^ Wawrosch, Ch.; Kopp, B.; Wiederfield, H.; "Permanent monitoring of pyrrolizidine alkaloid content in micropropagated Tussilago farfara L. : A tool to fulfill statutory demands for the quality of coltsfoot in Austria and Germany", Acta horticulturae, 2000, no. 530, pp469-472 [2]
  3. ^ Wawrosh C.,"In Vitro Cultivation of Medicinal Plants" cited in Yaniv Z. and Bachrach U., Eds "Handbook of Medicinal Plants", The Hawthorne Medical Press NY Lond. 2005

外部リンク[編集]

 src= ウィキメディア・コモンズには、フキタンポポに関連するメディアがあります。 執筆の途中です この項目は、植物に関連した書きかけの項目です。この項目を加筆・訂正などしてくださる協力者を求めていますプロジェクト:植物Portal:植物)。
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フキタンポポ: Brief Summary ( 日語 )

由wikipedia 日本語提供

フキタンポポ(蕗蒲公英、学名Tussilago farfara)はキク科フキタンポポ属多年草。フキタンポポ属は本種一種のみである。英語名の「コルツフット」でも知られる。

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관동 (식물) ( 韓語 )

由wikipedia 한국어 위키백과提供

관동(款冬, 학명: Tussilago farfara 투실라고 파르파라[*])은 국화과 관동속(款冬屬, 학명: Tussilago 투실라고[*])에 속하는 유일한 식물이다.

분포

아시아, 유럽, 아프리카, 오세아니아북아메리카에 분포한다.[2] 동아시아(중국), 중앙아시아(우즈베키스탄, 카자흐스탄, 키르기스스탄, 타지키스탄, 투르크메니스탄), 남아시아(아프가니스탄, 인도), 서남아시아(레바논, 시리아, 이란, 터키), 캅카스(아르메니아, 아제르바이잔, 조지아), 동남유럽(그리스, 루마니아, 마케도니아 공화국, 몬테네그로, 보스니아 헤르체고비나, 불가리아, 세르비아, 슬로베니아, 알바니아, 크로아티아, 키프로스), 동유럽(라트비아, 러시아, 리투아니아, 몰도바, 벨라루스, 에스토니아, 우크라이나), 북유럽(노르웨이, 덴마크, 스웨덴, 페로 제도, 핀란드), 서유럽(네덜란드, 벨기에, 영국), 중앙유럽(독일, 스위스, 슬로바키아, 오스트리아, 체코, 폴란드, 헝가리), 남유럽(스페인, 이탈리아, 프랑스), 북아프리카(모로코, 알제리)가 원산지이다.[2]

사진 갤러리

각주

  1. Tussilago farfara L.”. 《플랜트 리스트》 (영어). 큐 왕립식물원. 2012년 2월 11일. 2018년 12월 6일에 확인함.
  2. Tussilago farfara L.”. 《GRIN-Global Web v 1.10.3.6》 (영어). 미국 농무부. 2011년 5월 9일. 2018년 12월 6일에 확인함.
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