大豆

Glycine max (binomen ab Elmer Drew Merrill anno 1917 statutum) est species plantarum florentium familiae Faboidearum, in Asia Occidentali genita. In taxinomia hodie valida, genus Glycine in duo subgenera dividitur, videlicet Glycine iterum et Soja (Moench). Subgenus Soja plantam excultam, G. max (L., Merrill), et incultam, G. soja (Sieb. & Zucc.), complectitur. Ambae species sunt plantae annuae.

Auctu, habitu, altitudine variari potest. Folia sunt trifoliolata, tribus foliolis per folium, et foliola sunt 6–15 cm longa et 2–7 cm lata. Cadunt folia antequam semina maturescant. Flores, parvi, inconspicuus, fertiles in se, in axilla folii feruntur, albi, rosei, vel purpurei. Fructus est legumen pilosum, quod in racemis 3–5 crescit, legumine etiam 3–8 cm longo et plerumque 2–4 semina (raro plura) 5–11 mm diametro continente.

Planta edulis solum in agris cultis, sed G. soja fera in Iaponia, Corea, Russia, Sina, et Taivania crescit. Glycine soja est soiae progenitor. Tempore praesente, subgenus Glycine consistit in saltem sedecim speciebus perennibus incultis; exempli gratia, Glycine canescens et G. tomentella (Hayata), quae in Australia et Papua Nova Guinea vigent.^[1]

Nomen

Verbum soia ut videtur a shoyu nomine Iaponico deducitur, verbo quod condimentum ex seminibus factum significat, et a Nederlandica illius verbi accommodatione.^[2][3] Nomen Glycine propositum est a Linnaeo (1737) in prima Generum Plantarum libri editione, probabiliter a Graeco glykys 'dulcis' deductum.

Planta aliquando appellatur maior faba (大豆, Sinice dàdòu, Iaponiense daizu); in Vietnamia, đậu tương et đậu nành. Planta immatura et eius cibus coctus Iaponice appellantur edamame,^[4] sed Anglice, nomen edamame ad unum cibum coctum spectat.

Grana Glycine max matura cruda Valor nutritivus per 100 g Vis nutritivus 1866 kJ Carbohydrata 30.16 g Sacchara 7.33 g Fibrum 9.3 g Pingue 19.94 g : saturatum 2.884 g : monoinsaturatum 4.404 g : polyinsaturatum 11.255 g Proteinum 36.49 g Tryptophanum 0.591 g Threoninum 1.766 g Isoleucinum 1.971 g Leucinum 3.309 g Lysinum 2.706 g Methioninum 0.547 g Cystinum 0.655 g Phenylalaninum 2.122 g Tyrosinum 1.539 g Valinum 2.029 g Argininum 3.153 g Histidinum 1.097 g Alaninum 1.915 g Acidum asparticum 5.112 g Acidum glutamicum 7.874 g Glycinum 1.880 g Prolinum 2.379 g Serinum 2.357 g Aqua 8.54 g Vitaminum A equiv. 1 μg (0%) Thiaminum 0.874 mg (67%) Riboflavinum 0.87 mg (58%) Niacinum 1.623 mg (11%) Acidum pantothenicum 0.793 mg (16%) Vitaminum B6 0.377 mg (29%) Folatum 375 μg (94%) Vitaminum C 6.0 mg (10%) Vitaminum E 0.85 mg (6%) Vitaminum K 47 μg (45%) Calcium 277 mg (28%) Ferrum 15.7 mg (126%) Magnesium 280 mg (76%) Manganum 2.517 mg (126%) Phosphorus 704 mg (101%) Kalium 1797 mg (38%) Natrium 2 mg (0%) Zincum 4.89 mg (49%) datorum USDA
Valores per centum secundum normas CFA
Fons: USDA Nutrient Database

Notae

Bibliographia

Fontes antiquiores

• Georgius Everhardus Rumphius, Herbarium Amboinense (Amstelaedami: Chanquion, 1741-1750) vol. 5 p. 388 ("cadelium"); cf. E. D. Merrill, An Interpretation of Rumphius's Herbarium Amboinense. Manilae: Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Bureau of Science, 1917 p. 274

Eruditio recentior

• Chang, K. C., ed. 1977. Food in Chinese Culture: anthropological and historical perspectives. Novo Portu: Yale University Press.
• Guo, Juan, Yunsheng Wang, Chi Song, Jianfeng Zhou, Lijuan Qiu, Hongwen Huang, et Ying Wang. 2010. A single origin and moderate bottleneck during domestication of soybean (Glycine max): implications from microsatellites and nucleotide sequences. Annals of Botany 106:505-514.
• Sauer, Jonathan D. 1993. Historical Geography of Crop Plants: A Select Roster. CRC Press.