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Associations ( İngilizce )

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In Great Britain and/or Ireland:
Foodplant / open feeder
larva of Chrysolina graminis grazes on leaf of Tanacetum vulgare
Other: sole host/prey

Foodplant / internal feeder
larva of Dioxyna bidentis feeds within capitulum of Tanacetum vulgare
Remarks: Other: uncertain

Foodplant / parasite
Golovinomyces cichoracearum parasitises live Tanacetum vulgare

Foodplant / sap sucker
nymph of Megalocoleus tanaceti sucks sap of fruit (unripe) of Tanacetum vulgare

Foodplant / sap sucker
adult of Neides tipularius sucks sap of Tanacetum vulgare

Foodplant / saprobe
immersed pseudothecium of Nodulosphaeria dolioloides is saprobic on dead stem of Tanacetum vulgare

Foodplant / feeds on
larva of Olibrus aeneus feeds on Tanacetum vulgare

Foodplant / feeds on
Orthocephalus coriaceus feeds on Tanacetum vulgare

Foodplant / saprobe
loosely gregarious, sometimes linearly arranged, covered then projecting pycnidium of Phomopsis coelomycetous anamorph of Phomopsis achilleae var. tanaceti is saprobic on dead stem of Tanacetum vulgare

Foodplant / miner
larva of Phytomyza pullula mines leaf of Tanacetum vulgare

Foodplant / miner
larva of Phytomyza tanaceti mines leaf of Tanacetum vulgare
Other: sole host/prey

Foodplant / parasite
hypophyllous telium of Puccinia tanaceti parasitises live stem of Tanacetum vulgare
Remarks: season: 7-9
Other: minor host/prey

Foodplant / parasite
hypophyllous colony of Ramularia hyphomycetous anamorph of Ramularia tanaceti parasitises live leaf of Tanacetum vulgare

Foodplant / saprobe
often scattered to crowded or linearly arranged, subepidermal, black pycnidium of Rhabdospora coelomycetous anamorph of Rhabdospora tanaceticola is saprobic on dead stem of Tanacetum vulgare
Remarks: season: 4-8

Foodplant / spot causer
epiphyllous, very minute, immersed, fuscous black pycnidium of Septoria coelomycetous anamorph of Septoria tanaceti causes spots on fading leaf of Tanacetum vulgare
Remarks: season: 9-10

Foodplant / miner
larva of Trypeta artemisiae mines leaf of Tanacetum vulgare
Remarks: Other: uncertain

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Comments ( İngilizce )

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Tanacetum vulgare escapes from and/or persists after cultivation. In the flora area, it is naturalized mostly in the northeastern and Pacific Coast states and provinces and sporadically elsewhere.
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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliyografik atıf
Flora of North America Vol. 19: 489, 490, 491 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
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Flora of North America Editorial Committee
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Description ( İngilizce )

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Perennials, mostly 40–150 cm. Stems 1–2+ (ridged), erect, branched distally (glabrous or sparsely hairy). Leaves basal (soon withering) and cauline; petiolate or sessile; blades broadly oblong or oval to elliptic, 4–20 × 2–10 cm, pinnately lobed (rachises ± winged, primary lobes 4–10 pairs, lance-linear to lanceolate or narrowly elliptic, often pinnately lobed or toothed), ultimate margins dentate, faces glabrous or sparsely hairy, gland-dotted. Heads 20–200 in compact, corymbiform arrays. Involucres 5–10 mm diam. Receptacles convex to conic, epaleate. Ray florets 0 (heads disciform, peripheral pistillate florets ca. 20; corollas yellow, lobes 3–4). Disc corollas 2–3 mm. Cypselae 1–2 mm, 4–5-angled or -ribbed, gland-dotted; pappi coroniform, 0.2–0.4 mm. 2n = 18.
lisans
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
telif hakkı
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliyografik atıf
Flora of North America Vol. 19: 489, 490, 491 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
kaynak
Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
düzenleyici
Flora of North America Editorial Committee
proje
eFloras.org
orijinal
kaynağı ziyaret et
ortak site
eFloras

Common Names ( İngilizce )

Fire Effects Information System Plants tarafından sağlandı
common tansy

bitter buttons

garden tansy

golden buttons
bibliyografik atıf
Gucker, Corey L. 2009. Tanacetum vulgare. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/forb/tanvul/all.html

Conservation Status ( İngilizce )

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Information on state-level noxious weed status of plants in the United States is available at Plants Database.
bibliyografik atıf
Gucker, Corey L. 2009. Tanacetum vulgare. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/forb/tanvul/all.html

Description ( İngilizce )

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More info for the terms: ecotype, pappus, perfect, rhizome

Botanical description: This description covers characteristics that may be relevant to fire ecology and is not meant for identification. Because common tansy can be confused with threatened native tansy species, correct identification is necessary prior to control treatments (see Common tansy look-alikes). Keys for identification are available (e.g., [24,26,32,57,77]).

Aboveground description: Common tansy is a robust perennial with erect stems that may reach 7 feet (2 m) tall [32,39,65,100]. Coarse stems generally branch only at the top and are somewhat woody at the base. Stems may grow singly or in clusters [11,26,30,83,88] and are lined with alternate leaves [65,77]. When crushed, leaves produce a "rank" smell [99]. Leaves are finely dissected and toothed. They measure 2 to 12 inches (6-30 cm) long and are generally half as wide [2,26,44,58,81,83]. Climate and/or site conditions may affect plant growth, development, and life span. When 20 common tansy ecotypes collected throughout Finland were grown in a common garden in Helsinki, average ecotype height ranged from 23.8 to 45.5 inches (60.5-115.4 cm) [45]. In Minnesota, common tansy generally grew to 3 feet (1 m) tall but could reach 5 feet (1.5 m) tall in shaded areas [61]. In Alberta, common tansy plants along roadsides and riparian areas were 41 to 63 inches (105-160 cm) tall. There were no significant height differences between the 2 habitats, but during the 3-year study, plant height decreased in the riparian area and increased along the roadside. Stem diameters were significantly less in the riparian area than on the roadside (P<0.01) [101]. In early-seral habitats in South Bohemia in the Czech Republic, common tansy "showed signs of senescence" at 3 to 4 years old [66]. In Gallatin County, Montana, common tansy plants on moist stream banks averaged 3 to 4 years old, and 10-year-old plants occurred on drier sites. Plant age was estimated from rhizome growth rings [40].

Common tansy flower heads are comprised of daisy-like disk florets and measure up to 0.5 inch (1.2 cm) wide [39,61]. Within the flower head there may be as many as 100 individual florets [40]. Florets are perfect except for the outermost, which are pistillate [17,26]. Generally florets are without ray flowers, but in some cases, reduced ray flowers are present [28,57,81,83]. Flower heads are densely clustered in flat-topped terminal inflorescences [11,49]. Sources report that common tansy may produce more than 8 flower heads/stem [57] and between 20 and 200 flower heads/plant [1,26]. When common tansy ecotypes from Finland were grown in a common garden, the average number of flower heads/stem ranged from 17.6 to 79.8 [45]. Common tansy produces achenes that measure 1 to 1.8 mm long; the pappus, if present, is a reduced 5-toothed crown [1,14,17,30,40,77]. In Alberta, common tansy seeds collected from plants along a roadside weighed significantly less than seeds collected from plants in a riparian area (P=0.046) [101]. Photo © Steve Dewey, Utah State University, Bugwood.org

Belowground description: Anecdotal descriptions of common tansy roots and rhizomes are more common than measurements. Common tansy rhizomes have been described as "leafy", "robust" [32], "sturdy" [49], and "stout" [26,30]. Rhizome growth has been described as "vigorous" [49]. Rhizomes branch extensively and produce many fibrous roots [85]. Common tansy plants along roadsides and in riparian areas in Alberta produced "tightly coiled" rhizomes with diameters of 0.4 to 1 inch (1.0-2.7 cm) and "extremely woody" roots with diameters that averaged 0.4 cm. Roots extended more than 51 inches (130 cm) below ground [101]. In Gallatin County, Montana, common tansy rhizomes measured 0.5 to 0.75 inch (1-2 cm) thick. Roots were extensive but shallow, and most occurred in the top 23 inches (60 cm) of soil [40].

Common tansy look-alikes: In several parts of common tansy's nonnative North American range, there are similar-looking plants that are threatened, endangered, or occur in threatened habitats (as of 2009). Lake Huron tansy (Tanacetum bipinnatum subsp. huronense), a native North American species, is endangered in Wisconsin, threatened in Michigan, and a species of concern in Maine. Lake Huron tansy is shorter (16 to 32 inches (41-81 cm)) and generally produces fewer and smaller flowers than common tansy [94,102]. Lake Huron tansy also occurs in Canada and Alaska and is often distinguished from common tansy by its lack of a creosote-like odor [1,94]. Camphor tansy (T. camphoratum) is native to Washington, Oregon, and California, and although not listed as a threatened or endangered, grows in habitats described as threatened. Camphor tansy is typically distinguished from common tansy by the more rounded teeth on its leaves and shorter stature (only about 2 feet (0.6 m) tall) [40].

bibliyografik atıf
Gucker, Corey L. 2009. Tanacetum vulgare. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/forb/tanvul/all.html

Description ( İngilizce )

Fire Effects Information System Plants tarafından sağlandı
bibliyografik atıf
Gucker, Corey L. 2009. Tanacetum vulgare. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/forb/tanvul/all.html

Distribution ( İngilizce )

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More info for the terms: density, herb, seed

Common tansy occurs nearly throughout the United States and Canada. It is reported in all US states except Texas, Alabama, Georgia, South Carolina, and Florida, and in all Canadian provinces except Nunavut [94]. Common tansy is native to Eurasia, specifically subalpine river valleys in Siberia [40]. Other common tansy habitats in Eurasia are likely the result of widespread human introduction [21,40].

In nonnative US habitats, common tansy is generally more common in the North than in the South. It is common along the Pacific Northwest Coast from northern Oregon to southern British Columbia [70]. It is uncommon in California [30] and restricted to the northern parts of Nevada [44] and New Mexico [58]. Although widely distributed throughout the Great Plains, common tansy is still considered infrequent [26]. Common tansy is frequent in the Northeast. It occurs in nearly every county in New England and New York [57] but is infrequent in North Carolina [77] and West Virginia [87]. In many US and Canadian habitats, common tansy is considered widespread or well established, although populations are often infrequent or scattered. Plants Database provides a distribution map of common tansy.

Common tansy seed was brought to the United States as early as 1631 [54], and because of its many medicinal uses (see Other Uses), common tansy was widely cultivated in the gardens of early European settlers [52,62,87]. Common tansy was one of many seeds brought to the New England Plymouth colony by John Winthrop Jr in 1631 [54]. In the 1600s, the governor of Massachusetts referred to common tansy as a necessity in colonial gardens and encouraged extensive cultivation [52]. John Josselyn wrote in 1638 and again in 1663 that common tansy was "flourishing" in New England herb gardens [62]. By 1785, common tansy was considered "naturalized" in the Northeast. In 1895, Darlington wrote that common tansy had escaped cultivation and was becoming "something of a weed-- in many places". In 1892, common tansy was known on Block Island, Rhode Island [5], and in West Virginia [12]. Common tansy occurred in Michigan by at least the 1860s and was widespread by the 1890s [97]. By 1912, common tansy was reported in Iowa and Kansas [40,63]. Likely common tansy was also introduced on the West Coast of North America. Common tansy occurred in Alberta by the late 1800s [101] and in Oregon between 1891 and 1900 [23]. There were reports of common tansy in Wyoming by 1910, in Idaho and Washington by 1921 [23], and in Montana by 1931 [40]. Common tansy was considered widespread in California by 1952 [52] and well established in Utah by the late 1950s [37].

While no studies measured the spread rate of common tansy, several references provide anecdotal information about its spread. Land owners and managers in Alberta's forested areas reported that common tansy spread has been minimal even though populations have been present for more than 60 years. Land owners and managers in agricultural areas, however, reported increases in common tansy population density and size over time [101]. When western weed scientists were asked to estimate the spread rate of common tansy in the northwestern United States, estimates averaged 11% [95]. It was unclear if these estimates were for increases in population size or density or both. Researchers in Wyoming reported in the 1980s that common tansy was no longer restricted to ditch banks, fence rows, and roadsides and was establishing in rangelands and pastures [20]. Although deliberate human spread of common tansy was more common in early settlement times, more recent inroductions have also occurred. In the mid-1970s, common tansy was planted on reclaimed mine sites in Wyoming [38], and in the mid-1990s, common tansy seed was available in US plant nurseries [55].

bibliyografik atıf
Gucker, Corey L. 2009. Tanacetum vulgare. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/forb/tanvul/all.html

Fire Management Considerations ( İngilizce )

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More info for the terms: fire suppression, litter, prescribed fire, restoration, rhizome, seed

Use of prescribed fire as a control agent: Prescribed fire alone is not likely to control common tansy [40]. However, fire may be useful in removing dead stems and litter and increasing common tansy's exposure to herbicide treatments or grazing [19,40]. Fire may also be used to dispose of stems with flowers or seeds on mowed or cut sites, because on-site destruction of reproductive stems should decrease the potential for dispersal and spread [89].

Fire and chemical control: In a pasture with dense common tansy populations near Potlach, Idaho, researchers burned the pasture in spring to remove the previous year's seed stalks and improve the effectiveness of herbicide treatments made about a week later and again a year later. A little over a year after treatments, control of common tansy ranged from 68% to 98%, depending on the herbicide used [60]. The use of fire to control common tansy is also briefly discussed in Integrated management.

Preventing postfire establishment and spread: Preventing invasive plants from establishing in weed-free burned areas is the most effective and least costly management method. This can be accomplished through early detection and eradication, careful monitoring and follow-up, and limiting dispersal of invasive plant seed or rhizome fragments into burned areas. General recommendations for preventing postfire establishment and spread of invasive plants include:

  • Incorporate cost of weed prevention and management into fire rehabilitation plans
  • Acquire restoration funding
  • Include weed prevention education in fire training
  • Minimize soil disturbance and vegetation removal during fire suppression and rehabilitation activities
  • Minimize the use of retardants that may alter soil nutrient availability, such as those containing nitrogen and phosphorus
  • Avoid areas dominated by high priority invasive plants when locating firelines, monitoring camps, staging areas, and helibases
  • Clean equipment and vehicles prior to entering burned areas
  • Regulate or prevent human and livestock entry into burned areas until desirable site vegetation has recovered sufficiently to resist invasion by undesirable vegetation
  • Monitor burned areas and areas of significant disturbance or traffic from management activity
  • Detect weeds early and eradicate before vegetative spread and/or seed dispersal
  • Eradicate small patches and contain or control large infestations within or adjacent to the burned area
  • Reestablish vegetation on bare ground as soon as possible
  • Avoid use of fertilizers in postfire rehabilitation and restoration
  • Use only certified weed-free seed mixes when revegetation is necessary

For more detailed information on these topics see the following publications: [4,7,25,93].

bibliyografik atıf
Gucker, Corey L. 2009. Tanacetum vulgare. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/forb/tanvul/all.html

Fire Regime Table ( İngilizce )

Fire Effects Information System Plants tarafından sağlandı
bibliyografik atıf
Gucker, Corey L. 2009. Tanacetum vulgare. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/forb/tanvul/all.html

Fuels and Fire Regimes ( İngilizce )

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More info for the terms: fire regime, fire severity, prescribed fire, severity

Two weed fact sheets report that dense patches of dried common tansy stems burn "very hot and fast" [19,102]. Prescribed fire in the spring may reduce future fire potential in common tansy stands [19].

Altered FIRE REGIMES in common tansy habitats were not reported, but fuels in dense patches of the previous year's stems may change fire behavior or increase fire severity in areas with an abundance of common tansy. Fire studies on sites with dense common tansy populations are needed.

Photo © Joseph M. DiTomaso, University of California, Davis, Bugwood.org

See the Fire Regime Table for further information on FIRE REGIMES of vegetation communities in which common tansy may occur. Find further fire regime information for the plant communities in which this species may occur by entering the species name in the FEIS home page under "Find FIRE REGIMES".

bibliyografik atıf
Gucker, Corey L. 2009. Tanacetum vulgare. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/forb/tanvul/all.html

Germination ( İngilizce )

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More info for the terms: marsh, seed, stratification

Common tansy seeds generally germinate best when near the soil surface, cold stratified, and then exposed to warm temperatures. Prach and Wade [71] reported that common tansy seed germinates under a wide range of environmental conditions and lacks complicated dormancy mechanisms. A weed guide reports that germination of common tansy seeds is best from the top 0.8 inch (2 cm) of soil [83]. About 75% of seeds collected in October from Gallatin County, Montana, germinated in the laboratory after 1 month of cold stratification [40].

Cold temperatures increased the germination rate of common tansy seed collected from populations in Alberta. Just 10% to 20% of seeds collected in late-July through mid-August germinated without cold treatments. Seeds produced in August or September and collected in October germinated at a rate of 10% without cold stratification and 40% with cold stratification. Seeds collected from overwintering stems germinated at a rate of 70%, and this rate increased to 90% with additional cold treatments. Dispersal of some viable seed in August, and even more after winter, suggests that common tansy seedlings emerge in both the fall and spring, although numbers are likely much greater in the spring [101].

Warmer temperatures led to significantly (P<0.05) greater emergence of common tansy from soil samples collected in June from willow (Salix spp.) savannas in the Peace-Athabasca Delta of northeastern Alberta. Just 2 common tansy seedlings emerged from 85 cm² × 10 cm soil samples at alternating temperatures of 68 and 50 °F (20/10 ° C), but 19 seedlings emerged at temperatures of 86 and 59 °F (30/15 °C). Common tansy emergence from wetter habitat types that included a wheat sedge (Carex atherodes) marsh and a bluejoint reedgrass (Calamagrostis canadensis) meadow was very low regardless of temperature. Researchers suggested that increases in temperature, evapotranspiration, and disturbance expected with climate change in the area may favor common tansy reproduction and persistence [35,36].

bibliyografik atıf
Gucker, Corey L. 2009. Tanacetum vulgare. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/forb/tanvul/all.html

Growth Form (according to Raunkiær Life-form classification) ( İngilizce )

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More info on this topic.

More info for the terms: geophyte, hemicryptophyte

Raunkiaer [78] life form:
Hemicryptophyte
Geophyte
bibliyografik atıf
Gucker, Corey L. 2009. Tanacetum vulgare. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/forb/tanvul/all.html

Habitat characteristics ( İngilizce )

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More info for the terms: codominant, cover, litter, seed, stratification

Throughout its nonnative North American range, common tansy is often described on recently and/or periodically disturbed sites that include vacant lots, gardens, pastures, railroads, roadsides, irrigation ditches, stream banks, and lake shores [30,37,40,64,97,100]. Common tansy is also reported in marshes, swamps, rangelands [40], prairies [15,31], meadows, and woodlands [97].

In the northwestern United States, a review reports that given a disturbance event and propagules, common tansy could invade any forested type in the Cascade, Sierran Steppe, and Northern, Southern, and Middle Rocky Mountain ecoregions [69]. In Minnesota, southern exposures are considered most susceptible to invasion by common tansy [61].

Climate: Common tansy's distribution in North America suggests a wide climatic tolerance but also a preference for cooler continental climates (see Distribution and Occurrence). Based on common tansy's wide temperature and precipitation tolerances, researchers predicted it could grow in any Montana county [52]. Because common tansy seed generally germinates better with cold stratification (see Germination), some low-elevation and extreme southern US habitats may not support common tansy growth and persistence.

Elevation: In North America, common tansy typically occupies habitats between 30 and 5,200 feet (10–1600 m) [21]. In the western United States, common tansy occupies high-elevation sites:

State Elevation (feet) Colorado about 5,000* [28] northern Nevada 4,500-6,700 [44] northern New Mexico

4,500-5,500 [58]

Utah 4,490-6,510 [100] *as of 1964, in north-central Colorado

Soils: In its European and North American habitats, common tansy occurs on loams and sands described as dry to moist with low to high fertility. In the Netherlands, it is common on dry soils and often establishes after large soil disturbances [46]. In the United Kingdom, common tansy is considered characteristic of nutrient-rich, well-watered soils [13]. During studies conducted in the Czech Republic and in Germany, researchers found that common tansy growth characteristics and dominance may differ by soil type and characteristics. Common tansy was dominant on nutrient-rich soils in abandonded fields and on shallow, dry, nutrient-poor soils of a debris deposit in South Bohemia. However, common tansy plants were taller and had larger diameters in the old field than on the debris deposit [66]. In a field experiment conducted in the Kehler Weg garden southwest of Berlin, growth of common tansy was monitored for 5 years in monocultures and with other species in nutrient-rich topsoil, ruderal landfill soil with moderate nutrient levels, and nutrient-poor sand (additional soil characteristics provided in table below). As a monoculture or mixture in nutrient-rich soils, common tansy cover was high for up to 4 years then decreased dramatically, due to damage from slugs. In species mixtures, common tansy was often dominant only on nutrient-poor soils. After 5 years in a mixture with chee reedgrass, chee reedgrass cover exceeded common tansy cover by at least 10% in nutrient-rich and moderate-nutrient soils. Chee reedgrass and common tansy were codominant on nutrient-poor soils. After 5 years of growth with Canada goldenrod, cover of Canada goldenrod exceeded that of common tansy by at least 10% on nutrient-rich and moderate-nutrient soils. In nutrient-poor soils, common tansy cover exceeded Canada goldenrod cover by at least 10% [79].

Field soil types utilized in the Kehler Weg garden experiment [79] Soil type Soil texture Organic carbon (%) Total nitrogen (%) pH Topsoil with litter compost and dung loamy sand with 14.9% coarse fragments 2.00 0.102 7.6 Ruderal landfill soil sand with 23.1% coarse fragments 0.94 0.027 7.5 Sand fine sand with 1% coarse fragments 0.12 0.008 7.5
Although described on a variety of soils in North America, common tansy growth was considered best on moist but well-drained, fertile soils [11,21,40]. A review reports that common tansy grows on all soil textures and tolerates acidic, neutral, and basic conditions in Alaska [1]. In southern Idaho, common tansy often occurs on periodically flooded, silty soils along "poor condition", low-elevation streams [82]. In Illinois, common tansy is reported on moist to slightly dry loams and clay loams [31], and Czarapata [15] reports common tansy on sandy soils in the Upper Midwest. In the Cayuga Lake Basin in New York, common tansy occupied neutral to slightly alkaline silt loams and silty clay loams [91].
bibliyografik atıf
Gucker, Corey L. 2009. Tanacetum vulgare. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/forb/tanvul/all.html

Impacts and Control ( İngilizce )

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More info for the terms: cover, fire management, forbs, forest, formation, fresh, herbaceous, invasive species, litter, natural, prescribed fire, rhizome, seed, shrubs

Impacts: Most predictions and descriptions of common tansy's impacts on water resources, vegetation, and wildlife are anecdotal (e.g. [1,40,52,85,89]). Although many suggest that impacts are likely because of common tansy's sometimes aggressive establishment and growth, detailed study and documentation are lacking. However, in one study [18], researchers found that common tansy ecotypes from Canada grew larger and produced more flowers than ecotypes from Norway, suggesting that common tansy may have greater growth and reproductive potential in its nonnative habitats. In another study [13], common tansy dominated other forbs after seeding and successfully invaded plots with established grasses.

General: Reviews and other technical publications often report that dense common tansy populations may negatively impact water flow, native vegetation, and wildlife habitat, although documentation of these impacts is typically lacking. A review reports that dense common tansy patches can restrict water flow along irrigation ditches and streams in Alaska [1]. In a gardening guide, Sperka [85] reports that in Wisconsin she has "seen acres taken over" by common tansy. According to fact sheets and other technical reports, thick common tansy clumps and dense populations may crowd out other forbs, grasses, and shrubs, potentially reducing the forage value of pasture or rangelands, decreasing wildlife habitat, and reducing species diversity [40,52,89]. Western weed scientists estimated that common tansy infestations lead to an average 50% reduction in carrying capacity on public lands [95]. It was not clear whether this estimation was specific to cattle, all livestock, or livestock and wildlife. It is important to note that some report heavy grazing of common tansy by domestic sheep; however, supplemental feed may be necessary. For more information, see Biological control.

Several sources have predicted common tansy's potential to invade certain areas and habitat based on general information on reproduction, establishment, growth, and dispersal potential. Based on common tansy's climatic tolerances, biological traits, and invasiveness in other natural areas, researchers expected Canada's Riding Mountain National Park was at high risk for establishment and proliferation of common tansy, especially if there were persistent disturbances in the park [68]. Based on occurrence and distribution data and an analysis of factors influencing plant invasions, researchers predicted that given a disturbance, common tansy could grow in any forest type in the Cascade, Sierran Steppe, and Northern, Southern, and Middle Rocky Mountain ecoregions in the northwestern. In riparian areas in the same region, disturbances may not be required for common tansy establishment and growth [69].

Studies: Plant size and reproductive capacity were greater for common tansy ecotypes in Canada than for ecotypes in Norway. Common tansy seed collected from 3 Norwegian ecotypes and 2 Canadian ecotypes was grown in a greenhouse, and when seedlings were about 4 inches (10 cm) tall, they were planted in June in an experimental field in Hedmark, Norway. By September, Canadian ecotypes were significantly taller and produced significantly more biomass (P<0.05) than Norwegian ecotypes. Proportion of dry matter that was stems, leaves, and flowers was not significantly different between ecotypes, but the dry weight of stems and flowers was generally greater for Canadian than Norwegian ecotypes [18].

During a field experiment conducted in Silwood Park in Ascot, England, within 7 years common tansy dominated 11 of 18 plots where it was seeded with up to 79 other herbaceous species. Common tansy also successfully invaded nearby plots seeded with up to 4 perennial grass species. Researchers suggested that a variety of common tansy growth characteristics made it competitive [13]:

  • leaves often remained green through the winter
  • shoot growth was rapid by early spring
  • common tansy canopies produced dense shade
  • "bulky" roots and rhizomes monopolized underground space soon after establishment

Allelopathy: Based on controlled studies conducted on seed collected from fields near Keszthely, Hungary, common tansy may affect germination of associated plant species but may not affect plant growth. Common tansy extracts did not affect germination of winter wheat but reduced soybean, corn, and sunflower germination by 20%, 30%, and 96%, respectively. Common tansy extracts rarely reduced the fresh or dry weight of crop plants and often stimulated crop growth [6].

Control: Preventing establishment and spread of common tansy is likely the most cost-effective control method [11,52]. If control methods are necessary, the potential for the establishment of other invasive species must be considered and their success mitigated [8]. Monitoring in control areas is necessary to eliminate common tansy sprouts or seedlings [41]. A photo of common tansy seedlings and descriptions of seedling characteristics are provided by Royer and Dickinson [83]. As with most biotic invasions, common tansy control is likely most effective when it employs a long-term, ecosystem-wide strategy rather than a tactical approach focused on battling individual invaders [56].

Prevention: Several practices may limit common tansy establishment and spread. These include: maintenance of desired vegetation [11,56,84], limiting grazing to less than 60% defoliation in areas with common tansy, holding livestock for 2 weeks after grazing in infested areas, minimizing disturbances in areas with and without common tansy, and washing mowing or tilling equipment [52,89]. Although common tansy is rarely a problem in crop fields, it is often common along field margins, and rhizome pieces may be spread within and between fields. It is recommended that equipment be cleaned after use in fields with common tansy [40]. Managing to maintain the integrity of native plant communities and limiting those factors that increase an ecosystem's invasibility are likely to be more effective than managing solely to control the invader [33].

Another important measure in preventing common tansy establishment and spread should include making seed and plants unavailable for purchase. As of 1990, common tansy seed was available for purchase from US plant nurseries [55].

Weed prevention and control can be incorporated into many types of management plans, including those for logging and site preparation, grazing allotments, recreation management, research projects, road building and maintenance, and fire management [93]. See the Guide to noxious weed prevention practices [93] for specific guidelines in preventing the spread of weed seeds and propagules under different management conditions.

Fire: For information on the use of prescribed fire to control this species, see Fire Management Considerations and Integrated management.

Physical or mechanical control: Hand-pulling small common tansy populations and mowing larger populations prior to flower and seed development are potentially useful control methods; however, both may be more effective when paired with seeding of desired species, maintenance of associated established vegetation, and/or other control methods [11,40,52]. Because common tansy regenerates from rhizome fragments, cultivation may increase population size [102].

Persistent hand-pulling may be effective in controlling small populations if most or all rhizomes are removed. Seeding areas disturbed by hand-pulling with desired species may decrease the potential for reestablishment [40]. Common tansy can cause dermatitis [30], so precautions should be taken when hand-pulling.

Several sources indicate that common tansy populations may be controlled through mowing. Lackschewitz [49] reported that in Montana common tansy became "less common" with the implementation of right-of-way mowing. Mowing operations should be timed to prevent common tansy flowering or seed set, and mowing heights should be set at a height that limits damage to native and other desirable species [40,52]. Mowing common tansy populations after seed set may increase seed and population spread [40]. In northern Switzerland, common tansy cover was 70% in mowed wildflower strips and 59% in strips left fallow. Mowing occurred in late winter [47] and likely increased the dispersal distance of the previous season's fallen and still attached seed.

Reproductive potential of common tansy was decreased by single high-intensity defoliation and muliple low-intensity defoliation events in roadside and riparian habitats near George Lake, Alberta. Flower head production was significantly lower for plants with 100% of leaves removed than for control plants (P<0.05). Effects of 50% leaf removal, however, were not significant. Defoliation when flower buds were fully formed did not disrupt flower formation. The researcher suggested that mowing may be most effective before flower bud development but may need to be repeated when 50% or more of flowers have bloomed to prevent late flower head development [101].

Biological control: There have been no insect, disease, or fungal biocontrols released for common tansy [101], but potential biocontrol insects have been identified and are being studied [40]. Domestic sheep and goats, however, may be useful biolgical control agents [19]. Cattle typically avoid common tansy; by grazing associated grasses and other vegetation, they may increase the area available for common tansy establishment and/or spread via rhizome growth [52].

Domestic sheep grazing in dense common tansy patches can release grasses by allowing light through the canopies. In Montana, a researcher used sheep to graze common tansy and suggested that "if we can increase the number of sheep in that community then we will never have to worry about tansy again" [19]. Common tansy biomass and spread were reduced by sheep grazing on 2 ranches in Lemhi County, Idaho. In enclosures with dense common tansy populations, repeated sheep grazing was monitored. Enclosures were grazed first in the spring and again when immature flower heads were forming. Common tansy biomass decreased after the first few grazing visits, and the researchers noted that spread of common tansy into adjacent pastures also decreased. When plants were maintained in a vegetative state by sheep, cattle also fed on common tansy plants. During this study, sheep were supplied lots of water to flush the highly fibrous common tansy plant material through their digestive systems. Since common tansy provides only 4% crude protein, the researcher noted that dietary supplements may also be necessary [59].

In a sheep-grazed pasture in Alberta, the shoot number for established common tansy plants steadily and significantly decreased. These decreases did not occur on the cattle-grazed pasture. In the sheep pasture, however, common tansy seedling densities were high. The researcher suggested that decreased litter and increased bare ground on sheep-grazed pasture facilitated the establishment of common tansy seedlings [101].

Chemical control: While several sources provide information on herbicides that may be useful in controlling common tansy [20,52], herbicide use may be restricted along ditch banks or in other riparian habitats and may not be the best option in areas where associated desirable species may be harmed [19].

If herbicide use is considered the best option or is used in conjunction with other control methods, applications should be timed to maximize herbicide effectiveness. Studies in Alberta tracked patterns in the allocation of carbohydrates to roots and rhizomes and suggested that in ungrazed habitats, herbicide applications before flower heads bloom should be most effective [101].

Herbicides may be effective in gaining initial control of a new invasion or a severe infestation, but rarely do they provide complete or long-term weed management [10]. See the Weed Control Methods Handbook [90] for considerations on the use of herbicides in natural areas and detailed information on specific chemicals.

Integrated management: Utilizing multiple control strategies may provide the most successful and long-term control of common tansy. Jacobs [40] suggests that integrated management options should be determined by invasion stage. For small populations or at the early stage of invasion, he suggests herbicide applications, then cultural practices to encourage growth of native plants. For large-scale infestations or large populations, prioritized treatments are recommended. The first priority should be treatment and control of satellite populations to decrease spread rates. Next, parent populations should be treated with a combination of fire, mowing, grazing and/or herbicides. Populations should be monitored to evaluate treatment effectiveness, locate regenerating populations, and plan future treatments [40]. The use of fire with other control methods is discussed more in Fire Management Considerations.

bibliyografik atıf
Gucker, Corey L. 2009. Tanacetum vulgare. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/forb/tanvul/all.html

Importance to Livestock and Wildlife ( İngilizce )

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More info for the term: cover

Several sources report that animals feed on common tansy. Sperka [85] reports that birds feed on common tansy seeds. Horses and cattle may feed on young common tansy but avoid maturing and mature plants. Domestic sheep and goats feed on common tansy with "great enthusiasm" [19]. In Montana, most classes of livestock and some wildlife species, including elk, have been observed feeding on common tansy [40]. Grazing of common tansy by domestic sheep is discussed more in Biological control.

Palatability and/or nutritional value: Although some report that common tansy is "mildly" to very poisonous to animals [88,103], no direct link between consumption of common tansy and cattle death or abortions has been established in the United States or Canada (personal communications cited in [101]). In Montana, livestock and wildlife species observed feeding on common tansy displayed no adverse effects [40]. It is reported that dairy cows feeding on common tansy may produce "unpleasant" tasting milk [31].

Cover value: No information is available on this topic.

bibliyografik atıf
Gucker, Corey L. 2009. Tanacetum vulgare. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/forb/tanvul/all.html

Key Plant Community Associations ( İngilizce )

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More info for the terms: frequency, grassland

Although detailed information is sparse on common tansy habitats in Europe and North America,
in its native and nonnative range common tansy often occupies recently disturbed sites. The
Flora Europaea indicates that common tansy is most common along roadsides, river
banks, and "waste places" [92]. In Britain, common tansy is noted in open,
spreading pellitory (Parietaria judaica)-dominated communities that occur in crevices,
on scree soils, or on spoils [80]. In the Netherlands, common tansy is common in pioneer
communities and at field edges and often establishes following soil disturbances [46].
In eastern Central Europe, common tansy occurs in old fields or other "derelict
land" as a monoculture or a mixture with chee reedgrass (Calamagrostis epigejos)
and/or Canada goldenrod (Solidago canadensis). Common tansy also occupies sand dunes,
river banks, mires, and montane steppe and subalpine grassland vegetation [79].


In North America, habitats invaded by common tansy were rarely described in detail. In
Alberta, common tansy populations are often dense but occupy a limited area in ruderal habitats
(fence lines, field margins, roadsides, railways, shelterbelts, farm yards, and gravel pits).
Along rivers or lake shores, dense monotypic common tansy populations are common. In rangelands
and pastures, low- to moderate-density populations are widespread [101]. In western Montana,
common tansy was noted in black cottonwood (Populus balsamifera subsp. trichocarpa)
floodplain woodlands [22]. In southern Idaho, common tansy occupied "poor condition"
stream banks [82]. In New Brunswick, Canada, common tansy frequency was 20% in 13- to 21-year-old
black spruce (Picea mariana) plantations [96].

bibliyografik atıf
Gucker, Corey L. 2009. Tanacetum vulgare. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/forb/tanvul/all.html

Life Form ( İngilizce )

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More info for the term: forb

Forb
bibliyografik atıf
Gucker, Corey L. 2009. Tanacetum vulgare. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/forb/tanvul/all.html

Other uses and values ( İngilizce )

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Common tansy had a variety of medicinal and household uses that led to multiple and widespread introductions throughout Europe and North America. In Great Britain, portions of common tansy plants were put in shoes to relieve fevers. Common tansy was also buried with bodies to repel vermin [70]. Common tansy was also used as an embalming substitute by early US settlers. Corpses were wrapped in common tansy from the 1660s into the 19th century. In some areas of New England, it is still customary to bring a common tansy bouquet to the cemetery [62]. Common tansy leaves were also used on meat to discourage insects in the days before refrigerators [57].

Although common tansy may be toxic or lethal in large doses or with long-term consumption [19,30,52], it was used to treat a variety of ailments. Europeans and colonial Americans used common tansy in a face wash to lighten and purify skin [63]. Common tansy tea was used to treat ulcers, constipation, and hysteria [62]. Common tansy was also used to restore menstrual flow [57], treat intestinal worms, rheumatism, jaundice, and digestive problems. Common tansy in large doses was used to induce abortion but in smaller doses was thought to prevent miscarriage and increase fertility [19,52,63]. The northern Cheyenne of Montana called common tansy "yellow medicine", and its leaves and flowers were made into a tea and given to those feeling weak [29].

More recently, researchers have been testing common tansy for its use as a repellent or insecticide for mosquitoes and Colorado potato beetles [52]. For more information on the essential oils and uses of common tansy, see [40].

bibliyografik atıf
Gucker, Corey L. 2009. Tanacetum vulgare. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/forb/tanvul/all.html

Phenology ( İngilizce )

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More info on this topic.

Common tansy flowers from July to October throughout its North American range [24,26,32,44,77]. Although patterns in flowering date were not evident from the broad phenological descriptions in North American floras, they were described for common tansy genotypes collected throughout Finland and grown in a common garden. Plants collected from western and central Finland flowered earlier than those from southern and eastern Finland [45].

Seasonal development of common tansy was reported from populations in Gallatin County, Montana [40]:

  • some stems grew from rhizomes in November
  • most stems emerged in the spring, after the emergence of many perennial grasses in the area
  • leaf expansion began in mid-May
  • plants were 3 feet (1 m) tall or more by mid-June
  • flower buds began forming in June
  • flowers were present through most of August, some flowers persisting until early November
  • leaves and stems began senescing as early as August on dry sites
  • leaves were still green in October or November on moist sites
  • flower heads remained intact and held most seeds through the fall
bibliyografik atıf
Gucker, Corey L. 2009. Tanacetum vulgare. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/forb/tanvul/all.html

Pollination and breeding system ( İngilizce )

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More info for the terms: perfect, seed

Most common tansy florets are perfect, although the outermost florets are female [14,26]. Cross pollination of common tansy flowers is predominant [45]. When experimental fertilization tests were conducted in Finland, most self-pollinated plants failed to produce seeds. The maximum level of seed production for self-pollinated plants was 4% [53]. "Primitive" flies, hover flies, butterflies, moths, and honey bees visit common tansy flowers [52,88].
bibliyografik atıf
Gucker, Corey L. 2009. Tanacetum vulgare. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/forb/tanvul/all.html

Regeneration Processes ( İngilizce )

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More info for the terms: breeding system, rhizome, seed

Seed dispersal and seedling establishment are largely responsible for the spread of common tansy populations. However, extensive rhizome growth can be important in the development of large plants and colonies over a small area [40,71,88,97,101]. See Vegetative regeneration for more information.
bibliyografik atıf
Gucker, Corey L. 2009. Tanacetum vulgare. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/forb/tanvul/all.html

Seed banking ( İngilizce )

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More info for the term: seed

Common tansy seed viability in the seed bank is largely unknown [11], but speculation suggests a short-lived seed bank. White [101] reports that common tansy seed may remain in flower heads on dead stems for up to 3 years, but germination studies on 3-year-old seed were not conducted. Based on field studies conducted in the Czech Republic and a review of available literature, Prach and Wade [71] suggested that common tansy seed is generally viable for just one season.
bibliyografik atıf
Gucker, Corey L. 2009. Tanacetum vulgare. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/forb/tanvul/all.html

Seed dispersal ( İngilizce )

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More info for the terms: pappus, rhizome, seed

Many passive and active dispersal methods are reported for light-weight (<0.05 g) common tansy seed [101]. Because common tansy seeds lack a pappus [71], long-distance wind dispersal is unlikely unless seeds fall on crusty snow. Winter seed dispersal is likely since seeds are typically attached to flower heads through the fall, but movement of the stiff, dry stems can dislodge common tansy seeds from the flower head and contribute to dispersal anytime seeds are mature [40]. White [101] reports that common tansy seed may remain in flower heads on dead stems for up to 3 years.

Several researchers report that common tansy seed is also transported by water [19,101,102]. Common tansy seeds have high oil content and floating has been observed, although floating duration was not reported [101]. In Wisconsin, common tansy is especially common along ditch banks, and water-dispersed seed is considered important to the colonization of waterways [102].

Animals and humans are also likely dispersers of common tansy seed. According to Sperka [85], birds feed on common tansy seeds; however, viability of seed passing through the digestive tract was not tested. Common tansy seed in animal fur, bird feathers, and soil caught in paws, hooves, or shoes may also contribute to dispersal. Seed dispersal by equipment used in areas with common tansy is also likely [40]. White [101] reports that common tansy is often found in gravel pits and roadside habitats, where equipment use is generally heavy. If common tansy flower heads are present in hay fields, they could also be transported in hay bales [40]. Dispersal of rhizome fragments also contributes to the spread of common tansy (see Vegetative regeneration).

bibliyografik atıf
Gucker, Corey L. 2009. Tanacetum vulgare. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/forb/tanvul/all.html

Seed production ( İngilizce )

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More info for the term: seed

"Prolific" and "profuse" seed production are reported for common tansy plants [11,19]. In a gardening guide, Sperka [85] reports that common tansy "self sows readily". Another review suggests that if 20 to 200 flower heads are produced per stem, common tansy plants may produce 50,000 seeds [1].

Based on field studies in the Czech Republic and a review of available literature, Prach and Wade [71] indicated that common tansy typically produces seed in its 2nd year and that populations produce 10,000 to 100,000 seeds/m²/year. No other studies reported common tansy's reproductive age. In Gallatin County, common tansy produced an average of 67 flower heads/inflorescence, an estimated 9,966 flowers/stem, an estimated 2,553 filled achenes/plant, and an estimated 198,625 filled achenes/m² [40]. Provided below is information about seed germination as related to seed production and/or collection time.

bibliyografik atıf
Gucker, Corey L. 2009. Tanacetum vulgare. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/forb/tanvul/all.html

Seedling establishment and plant growth ( İngilizce )

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More info for the terms: cover, litter

Common tansy seedling establishment and growth are generally best on open sites with limited litter, little established vegetation, and high light levels.

During seeding trials in Thorhild County, Alberta, researchers reported that common tansy establishment and growth were best on sites with low amounts of ground cover and little to no litter. Common tansy failed to establish on sites with high cover of established vegetation and litter [101]. In the Netherlands, common tansy often establishes after large soil disturbances and is common in pioneer communities and at field edges. During a field study conducted in Wageningen, Netherlands, common tansy seedling growth and survival were better on bare ground than on 1-year-old and 2-year-old fields. Light levels were highest and total vegetation biomass was lowest on bare sites. Researchers planted 750 common tansy seeds, and establishment was poor, although 81% of seeds germinated [46].

Environmental characteristics and outcomes of common tansy seeded on 1×1-m field plots [46] Plot characteristics, ~1 year after seeding Bare ground 1-year-old field 2-year-old field Average vegetation biomass (g/m²) 473a 628b 588ab Ambient light at ground level (%) 7.3a 1.4b 1.7b Common tansy seedling characteristics, 1 year after seeding   Number of common tansy seedlings/m² 21 <5 <5 Seedling mortality (%) ~50 ~100 ~20 Average seedling dry weight (mg) ~150 ~0 <15 Final seedling biomass (g) 1.650 0 0.02 Plot characterisitics within a row followed by different letters are significantly different (P<0.05)
bibliyografik atıf
Gucker, Corey L. 2009. Tanacetum vulgare. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/forb/tanvul/all.html

Successional Status ( İngilizce )

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More info on this topic.

More info for the terms: cover, frequency, herb, succession

In both Europe and North America, common tansy is most common on open, recently or periodically disturbed sites. Early-seral habitats are the most likely habitat for common tansy throughout its range.

Shade tolerance: Several reports note that common tansy is intolerant of shade or prefers sites in full sun [1,40,97]. Although common tansy growth may be best in full sun [11,85], it is reported on sites with full sun to partial shade in Illinois [31], shaded riparian sites in Alberta [101], and generally grows taller in shaded than unshaded sites in Minnesota [61]. Common tansy frequency was 20% in 13- to 21-year-old black spruce (Picea mariana) plantations in New Brunswick, Canada [96].

Succession in European habitats: Common tansy tolerates pioneer habitat conditions and is most likely dominant in early-seral European habitats. In the northwestern Czech Republic, coal mining operations create soil heaps from deep (up to 660 feet (200 m)) excavation operations. These heaps are considered a good environment for studying primary succession, since the top of the heap is undeveloped soil from the deepest excavation that typically lacks plant propagules [72]. Common tansy cover was typically low on 6- to 10-year-old heaps [34]. However, common tansy dominated some 15- and 16-year-old heaps [75] and persisted on heaps 26 years old and older [34]. In South Bohemia, common tansy is often dominant in early-seral habitats [66], including abandoned fields and urban sites [73]. In southwestern Poland, common tansy was often abundant in abandoned fields that ranged from 3 to 20 years old [67]. In the Netherlands, researchers consider common tansy typical of pioneer communities that establish after large soil disturbances [46]. In eastern Central Europe, Rebele [79] reports that old fields and other "derelict land" are commonly dominated by chee reedgrass, Canada goldenrod, and common tansy in monocultures or mixtures. Woody vegetation typically replaces these stands within 20 years.

Common tansy is common on recently disturbed and periodically disturbed sites throughout its native and nonnative ranges. In wildflower strips between agricultural crops in northern Switzerland, common tansy occurred in severely disturbed and mowed strips. Common tansy cover averaged 70% in mowed strips, 59% in strips left fallow, and 44% in strips that were mowed and harrowed [47]. In Plzen, western Bohemia, Czech Republic, researchers considered common tansy a "late successional dominant" in the early succession of urban habitats. Sampled urban habitats included riparian areas, dumps, railways, soil heaps, and areas for manure and silage seepage deposits. In over half of the plots where common tansy was present in 1969, plants were still present in 1974 [76]. When the findings from successional studies of 12- to 76-year seres on human-disturbed sites in the Czech Republic were evaluated together, common tansy cover was greatest on sites disturbed 10 years earlier [74]. Common tansy was a "strong dominant" in the herb stage that preceded scrubland development (Pysek 1977 and 1978 cited in [74]).

Succession in North American habitats: Reports suggest that common tansy primarily occupies disturbed sites in North America; however, these reports are mostly anecdotal and represent only a fraction of common tansy's US range. In southern Idaho, common tansy is considered an "increaser" along periodically flooded streams [82]. In northwestern Montana, common tansy often occurred on logged and/or grazed sites [98]. Several studies indicate common tansy abundance may increase or populations may spread in areas grazed heavily by cattle, because cattle typically avoid feeding on common tansy [31,52]. In eastern Washington, Daubenmire [16] reported that common tansy was frequent in heavily grazed Douglas hawthorn/cow parsnip (Crataegus douglasii/Heracleum lanatum) vegetation, because cattle preferentially feed on cow parsnip, which recovers slowly after grazing.

bibliyografik atıf
Gucker, Corey L. 2009. Tanacetum vulgare. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/forb/tanvul/all.html

Synonyms ( İngilizce )

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Chrysanthemum uliginosum Pers. [43]

Chrysanthemum vulgare (L.) Bernh. [39,43]

Chrysanthemum vulgare var. boreale [39]

Tanacetum vulgare var. crispum DC. [43]
bibliyografik atıf
Gucker, Corey L. 2009. Tanacetum vulgare. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/forb/tanvul/all.html

Taxonomy ( İngilizce )

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The scientific name of common tansy is Tanacetum vulgare L. (Asteraceae) [21,43].


Common tansy × feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium) hybrids were produced experimentally
in the laboratory [9]. In the literature available in 2009, naturally occurring
hybrids were not reported.

bibliyografik atıf
Gucker, Corey L. 2009. Tanacetum vulgare. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/forb/tanvul/all.html

Vegetative regeneration ( İngilizce )

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More info for the terms: ramet, rhizome, seed

Although several sources report that rhizomatous growth has not been as important to common tansy spread and range expansion as seed dispersal and establishment [71,101], many report that large colonies and dense clumps are primarily the result of spreading rhizomes [40,88,97]. Voss [97] reports that common tansy "forms large colonies from strong rhizomes", and a review reports that common tansy spreads "quite aggressively by vegetative means" [1].

Although seed dispersal may be the primary method for long-distance spread, common tansy regenerates from rhizome fragments [11,61,102] that can be dispersed by soil movement or equipment [11,31,40].

In early-seral habitats in South Bohemia, Czech Republic, central common tansy ramets invested less in flowering and had lower survival rates than peripheral ramets within the same clump. Increasing plant age negatively affected ramet survival (P<0.001) and positively affected flowering probability (P<0.05) [66].

Photo © Richard Old, XID Services, Inc., Bugwood.org
bibliyografik atıf
Gucker, Corey L. 2009. Tanacetum vulgare. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/forb/tanvul/all.html

Distribution ( İspanyolca; Kastilyaca )

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VIII, IX, X, XII
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Comprehensive Description ( İngilizce )

North American Flora tarafından sağlandı
Tanacetum vulgare L. Sp. PI. 844. 1753
Tanacetum vulgare crispum L. Sp. PI. 845. 1753.
Tanacetum officinarum Crantz. Inst. 1: 273. 1766.
Tanacetum elatum Salisb. Prodr. 190. 1796.
Tanacetum crispum Steud. Nom. Bot. Phan. 825. 1821.
Pyrethrum vulgare Boiss. Fl. Orient. 3: 352. 1875.
C/jo'san//iemK?« ranoce/Hm Baillon, Hist. PI. 8: 311. 1882. Not C. Tano«/am Vis. 1847. A stout perennial, with a rootstock; stem 4-10 dm. high, often reddish, simple, roundangled, more or less puberulent; leaves 1-3 dm. long, twice pinnately divided, glandularpunctate and more or less puberulent; primary divisions 2-5 cm. long, linear, acute or in var. crispum oblong and obtuse, more or less decurrent on the more or less winged and lobed rachis, the upper confluent; secondary diisions lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute or in the variety obovate and obtuse, sharply serrate; heads many, in compound corymbs; involucre hemispheric, about 4 mm. high, 6-S mm. broad; bracts 30-40, in 2-3 series, sparingly puberulent or glabrate, the outer lanceolate, acute, the inner oblong and obtuse; ray-flowers in a single series; corollas tubular, flattened, split on one side, 3-lobed, glabrous, 2 mm. long; disk-flowers 200-400; corollas 2 mm. long, glabrous; achenes 3-5-angled,l mm. long; pappusasmall 3-5-toothed crown.
Type LOCALirv: Europe.
Distribution: Introduced and naturalized, Nova Scotia to South Carolina, Mississippi, California, and Washington; Bermudas; native of Europe and Asia.
bibliyografik atıf
Per Axel Rydberg. 1916. (CARDUALES); CARDUACEAE; TAGETEAE, ANTHEMIDEAE. North American flora. vol 34(3). New York Botanical Garden, New York, NY

Tanacetum vulgare ( Asturyasça )

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Inflorescencia

Tanacetum vulgare ye una planta yerbácea perenne tamién conocida como tanaceto, tansi o yerba lombriguera. Ye natural d'Europa y d'Asia, cada vegada más rara cuando s'avanza escontra'l sur.

Carauterístiques

Ye una planta yerbácea perenne bien robusta que tien un tarmu erecto de 60 a 90cm d'altor. Les fueyes pinnaes con numberosos foliolos fondamente dentaos, son de color verde escuru y arumoses. Les flores son pequeñes de color mariellu doráu arrexuntaes en capítulos formando un corimbo trupu y esplanáu, florien en branu.

Historia

L'usu melecinal de la tanaceto ye antiguu, demostrar la so presencia na Capitulare de villis vel curtis imperii, una orde emitida por Carlomagno que reclama a los sos campos por que cultiven una serie de yerbes y condimentos incluyendo les "tanazitam" identificada anguaño como Tanacetum vulgare.

Propiedaes

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Tanacetum vulgare
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Flores
  • Vermífugo.
  • El fervinchu de flores ye un antihelmíntico encamentáu contra les ascarides y los oxiuros.
  • Na so aplicación esterna aplícase'l so aceite pa combatir el reumatismu.
  • Tanacetum parthenium Sch.Bip. ye una de les plantes más útiles pa les migrañas (síndrome migrañoso) y trestornos menstruales polo xeneral. Emplegar en fervinchu, tintura madre y estractu fluyíu. El so principiu activu - matricarina - emplegar en medicina convencional pa los mesmos fines.
  • El Tanacetum vulgare tien prohibida la so vienta al públicu, según la de los sos preparaos, y el so usu n'España, por razón de la so tosicidá, conforme colo qu'establez l'artículu 42.2 de la Llei 25/1990, de 20 d'avientu, de la Melecina. El so comercialización acutar a la ellaboración d'especialidaes farmacéutiques, fórmules maxistrales, preparaos oficinales, cepes homeopátiques y a la investigación.

Usu Etnomédico

Mientres munchos años, el tanaceto utilizóse como una floritu a pesar de la so tosicidá. Nel folclore irlandés del sieglu XIX, suxure bañar nuna solución de tanaceto y sal como una cura pal dolor articular.[1] Un té amargoso fechu con flores de tanaceto utilizóse mientres sieglos como un antihelmíntico pa tratar les infestaciones parasitarias, y les tortas de tanaceto yeren tradicionalmente comíes mientres la Cuaresma, yá que se cree que'l consumu de pexe mientres la Cuaresma causaba viermes intestinales.[2] Delles especies de Tanacetum utilícense ethnomedicalmente pa tratar la migraña, neuralxa y el reumatismu y como antihelmínticos. Tradicionalmente, el tanaceto foi utilizáu de cutiu polos sos efeutos emenagogos pa provocar la menstruación o terminar un embaranzu ensin deseyar, y encamiéntase a les muyeres embarazaes a nun utilizar esta yerba.[3] La investigación publicada en 2011 identificó 3,5- acedu dicafeoilquínico (3,5- DCQA) y axillarin en tanaceto como compuestos antivirales que son activos contra'l virus del Herpes simple.

Taxonomía

Tanacetum vulgare describióse por Carlos Linneo y espublizóse en Species Plantarum 2: 844–845. 1753. [4]

Etimoloxía

Tanacetum: nome xenéricu deriváu del llatín medieval "tanazita" que de la mesma provién del griegu "athanasia" (= inmortal, al llargu plazu), que probablemente indica la llarga duración de la inflorescencia d'esta planta, n'otros testos referir a la creencia de que les bébores a base de les fueyes d'esta planta confier la vida eterna.[5]


vulgare: epítetu llatín que significa "vulgar, común".[6]

Sinonimia:
  • Chrysanthemum vulgare (L.) Bernh. 1800
  • Leucanthemum vulgare Lam.
  • Chrysanthemum leucanthemum L.
  • Chrysanthemum leucanthemum var. boecheri Boivin
  • Chrysanthemum leucanthemum L. var. pinnatifidum Lecoq & Lamotte
  • Leucanthemum leucanthemum (L.) Rydb.
  • Leucanthemum vulgare Lam. var. pinnatifidum (Lecoq & Lamotte) Moldenke[7]

Nome común

  • Castellanu: San Pedros, Santa Teresita, altamisa, anastasia, artumisa menor, atanasia, bon varón, bon varón de Jarava, cazapete, cazapeto, yerba del merucu, yerba de los merucos, yerba llombricero, yerba lombriguera, yerba lombriquera, yerba lombriza, fueya de Santa Teresa, llombricera, lombriguera, meruca, palma rizá, pluma de Santa Teresita, pluma rizá, plumarizá, sacapeoh, santa teresita, tana, tanaceto, triaca, triaca, yerba de los merucos, yerba llombricera, yerba lombriguera. [8]

Ver tamién

Referencies

  1. «Irish Folk-Lore. Medical Plants». The Folk-Lore Journal 5 (1): pp. 11–13. 1887.
  2. Sumner, Judith (2004). American Household Botany: A History of Useful Plants, 1620–1900. Portland, Or: Timber Press.
  3. Martin, Corinne (2000). Herbal Remedies from the Wild. Woodstock, Vermont, USA: The Countryman Press, 133–135.
  4. «Tanacetum vulgare». Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. Consultáu'l 24 de mayu de 2013.
  5. «Botanical names». Consultáu'l 3 de xunetu de 2009.
  6. N'Epítetos Botánicos
  7. Sinónimos en USDA
  8. «Tanacetum vulgare». Real Xardín Botánicu: Proyeutu Anthos. Consultáu'l 4 de xunu de 2012.

Enllaces esternos

Referencies

  • USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program.

Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN). National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL: http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?104144 (17 nov. 2007)

Cymbidium Clarisse Austin 'Best Pink' Flowers 2000px.JPG Esta páxina forma parte del wikiproyeutu Botánica, un esfuerciu collaborativu col fin d'ameyorar y organizar tolos conteníos rellacionaos con esti tema. Visita la páxina d'alderique del proyeutu pa collaborar y facer entrugues o suxerencies.
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Tanacetum vulgare: Brief Summary ( Asturyasça )

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Tanacetum vulgare  src= Inflorescencia

Tanacetum vulgare ye una planta yerbácea perenne tamién conocida como tanaceto, tansi o yerba lombriguera. Ye natural d'Europa y d'Asia, cada vegada más rara cuando s'avanza escontra'l sur.

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Adi dağtərxunu ( Azerice )

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Tanacetum vulgare - harilik soolikarohi Keilas1.jpg

Adi dağtərxunu (lat. Chrysanthemum vulgare)[1] - mürəkkəbçiçəklilər fəsiləsinin payızgülü cinsinə aid bitki növü.[2]

Botaniki özəllikləri

Dağtərxunu çoxillik ot bitkisidir. Avroasiya tipli areala malikdir. İyunun axırından başlayaraq sentyabra qədər çiçəkləyən bu bitki Arktikadan başqa bütün Rusiya torpaqlarında bitir. Rusiyada 27 növü mövcuddur. Əslində isə dağtərxununun vətəni Almaniyadır. Rusiyaya isə o Polşa torpaqlarından gətirilib, sözün polyak dilində mənası “muskus”dur. Dağtərxunu Rusiya və Ukraynada tədarük olunur. Digər növləri Azərbaycanda da var. Hündürlüyü 100-150 sm olan bu bitki çay kənarında, çəmənlərdə, yolların qırağında, qayalıqda, yaşayış sahələrində bitir.

Dağtərxunu düzqalxan, çoxsaylı, səthi azacıq tüklü və ya çılpaq gövdəli bitkidi. Uzunsov yumurta şəkilli, ikiqat lələkvari yayılmiş yarpaqlara malikdi. Ən aşağıda yerləşən yarpaqları saplaqlı, yerdə qalanı isə oturaq və sərtdir. Parlaq sarı rəngli çiçəkləri gövdənin sonunda qalxanvari çiçək qrupunda toplanmışdır. Onun yarpaqları və hamaşçiçəyi kiçik ölçüdə “ləkəni” xatırlatdığı üçün ona el arasında “vəhşi ləkə” də deyilir. Bitkinin hamaşçiçəyi zəhərlidir. Dağtərxununu ovxaladıqda bitkidən özunəməxsus xəfif ədviyyat ətri gəlir. Bu əslində onun tərkibindəki borneolun, kamforanın qoxusudu. Dağtərxununun səbət çiçəyində 1,5-2 faiz, yarpaqlarında isə 0,2 faizə qədər efir yağı toplanır. Efir yağının əsas komponentləri bitsiklik terpen ketonları olan α- və β-tuyonlardır. Bununla yanaşı bitki flavonoidlərlə, aşı və acı maddələrlə, üzvi turşularla, qətranlarla, vitamin C, A, karotinlərlə zəngindir.

İstifadəsi

Dağtərxunu yerli qızışdırıcı, oyandırıcı, tərqovucu, qurdqovucu, spazmolitik, iltihab əleyhinə, ödqovucu təsirləri vardır. Fransada bitki sırf qurdqovucu vasitə kimi tanınır. Tərkibindəki flavonoidlərə görə bitki ödqovucu, qurdqovucu, efir yağlarına görə isə dağtərxunu yerli qıcıqlandırıcı və mərkəzi sinir sisteminə oyandırıcı təsir göstərir.

Yayda sərinləşdirici içki kimi içdiyimiz kvası dağtərxunu ilə də hazırlamaq olar, bunun üçün 50 qr qurudulmuş dağtərxununun səbət çiçəyini tənzifdə 1 l kvasın içinə salıb 12 saat gözləmək lazımdır. Daha sonra isə tənzifi oradan çıxarıb 10 qr şəkər tozu qatıb 2 saat gözlənir. Daha sonra içkini qəbul etmək olar.

Dağtərxununun bir çox xarici ölkələrdə ədviyyat kimi istifadə olunduğunu bayaq qeyd etmişdik. Bunun üçün 1 stəkan bitkinin tozuna 1 çay qaşığı qırmızı bibər qatıb ətirləndirici kimi ət yeməklərinə, souslara qatmaq olar.

Bitkidən istifadə zamanı ehtiyatlı olmaq lazımdır. Bitki zəhərli olduğundan dozalanmaya diqqət yetirmək lazımdır. Hamilə qadınlara və 2 yaşdan aşağı uşaqlara istifadəsi əks göstərişdir. [3]

Mənbə

  1. Nurəddin Əliyev. Azərbaycanın dərman bitkiləri və fitoterapiya. Bakı, Elm, 1998.
  2. Elşad Qurbanov. Ali bitkilərin sistematikası, Bakı, 2009.
  3. "Herba Flora" müalicəvi bitkilər və fitoçaylar - Adi dağtərxunu
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Adi dağtərxunu: Brief Summary ( Azerice )

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Tanacetum vulgare - harilik soolikarohi Keilas1.jpg

Adi dağtərxunu (lat. Chrysanthemum vulgare) - mürəkkəbçiçəklilər fəsiləsinin payızgülü cinsinə aid bitki növü.

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Arwaz ( Bretonca )

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lang="br" dir="ltr">

An arwaz, pe gwaz, zo ur blantenn, Tanacetum vulgare hec'h anv skiantel.

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Tanarida ( Katalanca; Valensiyaca )

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La tanarida o herba remuguera[1] (Tanacetum vulgare) és una planta herbàcia perenne de la família de les compostes, aromàtica, de tiges erectes, fulles amb segments dentats i capítols grocs agrupats en corimbes, que tenen propietats antihelmíntiques, pròpia dels herbassars que voregen camps i camins, sobretot a muntanya. La tanarida (Tanacetum vulgare) també es coneix amb altres noms en català com: herba cuquera, herba de les sangs, herba dels encostipats, herba dels verms, herba tana, talarida, tanacet.

Les seves fulles joves són consumides a Europa central i Anglaterra en forma d'espècie per condimentar nombrosos productes de rebosteria. Les flors seques o fresques són un element decoratiu força utilitzat. Les fulles seques constitueixen un eficaç repel·lent per insectes.

Morfologia

 src=
detall d'una fulla
 src=
tanarida
 src=
visió general
 src=
detall de la inflorescència

És una planta herbàcia amb el cicle de vida perenne (hemicriptòfit), és a dir que viu almenys dos anys, que floreix del juliol al setembre. És erecta, simple, sovint pluricaule, glabrescent i aromàtica degut a la presència d'olis essencials, que pot atènyer de 3 a 12 dm d'alçada.

L'arrel és llenyosa i axonomorfa. Presenta una tija de consistència herbàcia amb estolons.Té un tall erecte i robust amb pil·lositats o tricomes de tipus glabrescent. Les fulles són pinnatisectes amb els segments regularment dentats o pinnatipartides i amb el raquis dentat. Mesuren de 5 a 15 cm de llargada i de 3 a 8 cm d'amplada. Aquestes fulles són glabres o esparsament pubescents, com la tija. Les fulles inferiors són peciolades i oblongues a oblongo-ovades; en canvi, les superiors són sèssils.

Referent a la repartició de sexes és una planta hermafrodita, ja que presenta alhora gineceu i androceu que són els òrgans reproductors. Les flors s'agrupen en una inflorescència múltiple anomenada capítol. Es caracteritza per tenir un receptacle pedunculat, generalment pla, però també convex (Matricaria) o còncau, on s'insereixen les flors sèssils. Les flors del capítol maduren segons una seqüència centrípeta, ja que es tracta d'una inflorescència d'origen racemós. Les flors són totes tubulars. Cadascun mesura de 5 a 8 mm de diàmetre i té tres files de bràctees involucrals coriàcies i obtuses. Les externes poden ser femenines, zigomorfes i amb el tub dividit en tres lòbuls; o hermafrodites actinomorfes i amb el tub pentalobulat. Les flors del centre del capítol són pentalobulades, actinomorfes i hermafrodites. El calze està transformat en una corona de pèls. La corol·la és groga i està formada per la soldadura de 5 pètals (flor gamopètala). L'androceu està format per 5 estams inserits al tub de la corol·la i amb els filaments lliures (soldats a Silybium). El gineceu està constituït per 2 carpels soldats en un ovari ínfer i unilocular que conté un únic primordi seminal anàtrop, erecte i de placentació basal. Hi ha un sol estil bifurcat apicalment en dos estigmes. A l'extrem de l'estil i concretament a la cara externa, apareixen pèls o papil·les formant una estructura anomenada escòpula, amb funció d'escombrar el pol·len cap enfora a mesura que l'estil creix. A la cara interna és on hi ha les superfícies estigmàtiques. El fruit és un aqueni d'1,2 a 1,8 mm de llargada, amb 5 costelles i amb glàndules no mucilaginoses, sèssils i transparents. Tenen un papus de 0,2 a 0,4 mm de llargada format per una corona de pèls.

Ecologia

És una planta que prové d'Europa i la seva distribució general (fitogeografia) és Eurosiberiana. Prolifera especialment al nord del Països Catalans, com per exemple a les comarques del Rosselló, la Cerdanya o la Garrotxa, però també a la resta del Principat i al País Valencià, en canvi no la trobam a les Illes Balears. És una planta herbàcia ruderal, poc exigent quant a sòls. Creix als herbassars nitròfils de la vora de camins, de solars abandonats i erms. Floreix entre juny i octubre.

Farmacologia

La part utilitzada d'aquesta planta, o també anomenada droga, són les flors i en menor mesura les fulles també. És sudorífica, emmenagoga, abortiva, vermífuga, parasiticida, antireumàtica i antigotosa. A l'Edat Mitjana s'utilitzava com a vermífuga. El tractament consistia a esmicolar les flors de tanarida fins a reduir-les a pols. Després es barrejava amb mel per reduir el seu gust amarg. Es prenia una cullaradeta d'aquesta mescla preferiblement en dejú.

Composició química

Usos medicinals

Té acció vermífuga, és a dir provoca l'expulsió dels cucs paràsits intestinals. La infusió de flors és un antihelmíntic recomanat contra les ascàrids i oxiürs. Per a combatre el reumatisme amb aplicació externa. Útil en les migranyes i problemes menstruals en general, s'utilitza també en infusió o extracte fluid (principi actiu: matricarina). Presenta activitat com a immunomodulador.[2] Degut a la presència de flavonoides i d'àcid cafèic, també pot actuar com a diurètic.[3]

Toxicitat

És una planta molt tòxica.[4] No prescriure l'oli essencial[5] pur per vía interna durant l'embaràs, la lactància ni nens petits (la tujona és neurotòxica i pot resultar abortiva). L'oli essencial pur pot originar dermatitis de contacte i per via interna, dosis majors de 2 g, pot provocar còlics gastrointestinals, com vòmits, diarrees i convulsions.

Referències

Bibliografia

  • AGUILELLA, A. & PUCHE, F. (2004). Diccionari de botànica. Universitat de València. València. ISBN 84-370-5915-1
  • Berdonces i Serra, J. L. (1998) Gran enciclopedia de las plantas medicinales el dioscórides del tercer milenio [terapia natural para el tercer milenio]. Tikal Ediciones. ISBN 84-305-8496-X

Enllaços externs

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Tanarida: Brief Summary ( Katalanca; Valensiyaca )

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La tanarida o herba remuguera (Tanacetum vulgare) és una planta herbàcia perenne de la família de les compostes, aromàtica, de tiges erectes, fulles amb segments dentats i capítols grocs agrupats en corimbes, que tenen propietats antihelmíntiques, pròpia dels herbassars que voregen camps i camins, sobretot a muntanya. La tanarida (Tanacetum vulgare) també es coneix amb altres noms en català com: herba cuquera, herba de les sangs, herba dels encostipats, herba dels verms, herba tana, talarida, tanacet.

Les seves fulles joves són consumides a Europa central i Anglaterra en forma d'espècie per condimentar nombrosos productes de rebosteria. Les flors seques o fresques són un element decoratiu força utilitzat. Les fulles seques constitueixen un eficaç repel·lent per insectes.

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Tansi ( Galce )

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Tansi (Lladin: Tanacetum vulgare) yw llysieuyn tal gyda blodau melyn ac aroglau cryf.

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Vratič obecný ( Çekçe )

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Vratič obecný (Tanacetum vulgare), někdy též kopretina vratič (Chrysanthemum vulgare),[1] je vytrvalá, jedovatá a léčivá bylina z čeledi hvězdnicovité (Asteraceae). Dorůstá výšky až 1,5 metru, má dřevnatějící oddenek, podlouhlé, střídavé, peřenosečné listy s pilovitými úkrojky a charakterizují ji malé terčovitě zploštělé zlatožluté úbory uspořádané do chocholičnaté laty. Jejím původním areálem je Evropa a západní Asie, kolonizací však byla rozšířena i do Severní Ameriky.

Pro své léčivé účinky je silně aromatický vratič využíván již od dob starověkého Řecka. Sloužil jako baktericid, anthelmintikum, abortivum, antibiotikum a antirevmatikum. Jelikož je však účinná látka drogy příliš blízká dávce toxické (zejména kvůli neurotoxickému thujonu), od jeho vnitřního užívání se postupně ustoupilo. I nadále se užívá zevně (především ve formě mastí a lázní). Další využití nalezl jako koření, barvivo, ale též jako přírodní insekticid. Odpuzuje parazity a hmyz (například moly šatní nebo komáry).

Nomenklatura

Etymologie

Etymologický původ vědeckého rodového jména Tanacetum není jasný. Ve střední Evropě se objevilo až v 9. století (například v díle Capitulare de villis vel curtis imperii je uváděno jako Tanazita) a zpravidla se odvozuje ze složeniny řeckých slov tanaos (tj. dlouhý, velký, vytrvalý) a akeomai (tj. léčím), případně athanasia (tj. nesmrtelnost). Základ názvu tanaos odkazuje ke skutečnosti, že si uschlé květy rostliny zachovávají svůj tvar a barvu.[2] Latinské druhové pojmenování vulgare (tj. obecný, obyčejný) poukazuje na hojné rozšíření rostliny.[3]

České rodové jméno vratič pochází ze staroslověnského slova vrátyč. Velmi podobně se rostlina nazývá i v ostatních slovanských jazycích (v polštině jde o wrotycz, ve slovinštině o vratič, v srbochorvatštině o vratiš nebo povratič, v ukrajinštině o vorotyč).[3] Jeden z výkladů českého názvu má svůj původ v lidových pověrách, které vratiči přisuzovaly čarodějnou moc. Podle nich pomáhá k šťastnému návratu z cest domů, k vyléčení nevěry a návratu k milované osobě.[3] Druhý odvozuje jeho název ze zvracení, které po nadměrném požití vratiče mimo jiné nastává.[4] Český druhový název je překladem latinského druhového názvu. Lidově se vratič v češtině též označuje jako: arnika, balzámová kopretina, brátnička, brátvička, bylina červopudná, cicvár, cicvár obecný, cicvar polný, davič, divý cicvár, divý cicvor, divý citvor, hambous, hlístečná zelenina, křečové koření, máří listí, navratek, návratníček, nesmrtelka, prajníček, pupíky, rácíš, rápička, třaslavka, vrátečka, vratečník, vratič, vratič žlutý, vratička, vrátička, vrátka, vrátlička, vrátnička, vratrč, vrať se zase, vrátvička, vratyč, vratyček, zděšenec, zvrátečka, žlutá vrátka a žlutý návratníček.[3][5]

Taxonomie

Mezi vědecká synonyma uváděná k vratiči obecnému patří:[5][6]

  • Chrysanthemum uliginosum Pers.
  • Chrysanthemum vulgare (L.) Bernh.
  • Chrysanthemum vulgare var. boreale Fisch.
  • Tanacetum vulgare var. crispum DC.

Systematicky vratič obecný leží uvnitř rozsáhlého rodu Tanacetum a toto umístění podporují fylogenetické analýzy na základě sekvencí plastidové a části jaderné DNA. Tradičně býval v rámci rodu řazen do sekce T. sect. Tanacetum, ale fylogenetické analýzy přirozenost této skupiny druhů nepodporují.[7]

Popis

Ilustrace rostliny, znázorňující její stavbu, včetně kořenového systému a květů
Ilustrace vratiče obecného, 1885

Jde o vytrvalou trsnatou rostlinu se silným kafrovitým aromatem, dorůstající 30 až 160 cm. Oddenek má plazivý, mnohohlavý, větvený, téměř dřevnatý s četnými bohatě větvenými adventivními kořeny. Hustě olistěné, přímé nebo vystoupavé, lysé nebo slabě chlupaté, rovné a v horní části větvené lodyhy jsou 4–5 mm tlusté, tuhé, plné nebo s malou dutinou, červeně až purpurově hnědě naběhlé a na bázi dřevnatějící. Listy jsou jednoduché, střídavé, po obou stranách matné, v obrysu eliptické až vejčitě podlouhlé, slabě chlupaté nebo lysé, dolní řapíkaté, střední a horní přisedlé, peřenosečné s pilovitými úkrojky. Dorůstají délky 10–25 cm a šířky 5–10 cm. Květenství rostliny je chocholičnatá lata, tvořená 25–60 hustě skládanými malými terčovitě zploštělými sytě zlatožlutými úbory (7–11 mm v průměru). Květy jsou trubkovité, oboupohlavné, 5četné, zdánlivě pravidelné, žláznaté, strostloplátečné a zákrov je široce miskovitý, střechovitě víceřadý, polokulovitý a lysý. Plodem jsou vřetenovité, žebernaté, lysé, 1,3–1,7 mm dlouhé nažky s úzkým, nepravidelně cípatým, 1,7–2 mm širokým lemem. Kvete od července do září/října.[3][8]

Obdobně jako u všech zástupců čeledi hvězdnicovitých jsou i květy vratiče proterandrické. V případě, že nedojde k opylení pylem z jiné rostliny prostřednictvím hmyzu, dochází k samoopylení.[3]

Rozšíření

Původ vratiče obecného není přesně znám. Někdy se za něj pokládá Středomoří, odkud se měl postupně rozšířit do regionu střední Evropy, a to buď prostřednictvím kultury (jako léčivka) či v důsledku odlesnění a změn krajiny (jako apofyt).[8] Počátkem 21. století roste téměř po celé Evropě (výjimkou jsou některé středomořské ostrovy; například Baleáry, Kréta, Kypr),[9] v mírném a studeném pásmu v Asii (až po Mongolsko, Čínu, Koreu, Japonsko) a v Severní Americe.[8] Na poslední zmíněný světadíl byl přivezen v první polovině 17. století v rámci evropské kolonizace. Pro jeho léčivé účinky jej osadníci pěstovali ve svých zahradách, z nichž se později různě intenzivně rozšířil po většině Spojených států amerických a Kanadě.[6] V Česku zdomácněl a v rámci vegetační stupňovitosti je v rozdílné intenzitě zastoupen od planárního až po montánní stupeň (tj. od nížinného až po horský).[8]

Roste na ruderálních stanovištích (tj. v prostředí člověkem významně pozměněném a dále ponechaném vlastnímu vývoji), jako jsou rumiště, okraje cest a silnic, železniční náspy, výsypky, lomy, hřbitovy, a mimo to též na pasekách, mezích, úhorech, kompostech, suchých loukách, březích toků, v příkopech, křovinách, lesních lemech a světlinách, apod.[8] Šíří se podél komunikací. Je nenáročný na půdní podmínky, roste na slunci a v polostínu, a nesnáší zamokření.[10]

Obsažené látky

Účinnou složkou rostliny je žlutavá silice (v nati 0,5 %, v květech až 1,5 %), v níž převažuje neurotoxický β-thujon (70 %).[3] Mezi další složky patří terpeny pinenu a kamfenu, l-kafr, borneol, cineol a zřejmě i thujylalkohokol. Nať nadto obsahuje neglykosidní hořčiny tanacetin 1 a 2, organické kyseliny (například kyselinu jablečnou, vinnou a máselnou), pryskyřici, tuk, vosk, gumu, flavonové glykosidy, třísloviny a v kořenech rovněž pektinové polysacharidy (zejména inulin).[3][8][11]

Ekologické vztahy

Koně i dobytek se rostlinám vratiče vyhýbají a výskyt této rostliny snižuje hospodářský výtěžek z pastvin. Husté porosty této rostliny konkurenčně vytlačují ostatní druhy. Obsažený 1,8-cineol je navíc alelopatický, tzn. chemicky brání růstu dalších rostlin.[12] Vratič nicméně je potravou řady druhů býložravého hmyzu, jeden výzkum odhalil 166 druhů (patří mezi ně třeba Chrysolina graminis, Phytoecia nigricornis nebo Isophrictis striatella). Některé z nich (např. pernatuška vratičová) se vyskytují pouze na vratičích a představují tak slibný způsob biologického boje s vratičem.[13]

Využití

Léčitelství a klasická medicína

Jasně žluté úbory uspořádané v chocholičnaté latě
Detail květenství

Používání vratiče pro lékařské účely má dlouhou historii. Nejstarší dochovaný záznam v tomto smyslu pochází ze starověkého Řecka. Později, v 8. století našeho letopočtu, byl mimo jiné pěstován v bylinných zahradách římského císaře Karla Velikého a mnichy v benediktinském klášteře v Sankt Gallenu.[14]

Drogou rostliny jsou nakvétající nať, listy a květ,[11] které se získávají ve volné přírodě, nebo v omezeném rozsahu pěstováním. Sběr probíhá za sucha, v době maximálního květu rostliny (tj. červenec až září/říjen), načež se rostlina rychle suší ve stínu. V případě použití sušičky ovoce či jiného zdroje umělého tepla nesmí teplota překročit 35 °C.[15]

Velké žluté terčovité úbory
Detail úborů

Pro své výrazné baktericidní a anthelmintické účinky vratič pomáhal v léčbě proti střevním parazitům (škrkavky, roupi), tedy k odčervení. Za tímto účelem byl u lidí používán ještě počátkem 19. století, přičemž ve veterinárním lékařství se stále používá.[10][11] Jelikož způsobuje překrvení malé pánve a pánevních orgánů, byly jeho vysoké dávky již od dob středověku používány (a zneužívány) jako abortivum k vyvolání interrupce (umělého přerušení těhotenství).[11] U malých dávek paradoxně panovala představa, že naopak podporují početí a snižují riziko potratu.[14] Mimo to jej lidé užívali k léčbě zažívacích problémů, horečky, ran, žaludečních vředů, zácpy, hysterie, hepatitidy a podpoře pravidelné menstruace.[6][16] Abatyše Hildegarda z Bingenu (1098–1179) používala listy vratiče k léčbě zbytnělé prostaty starších mužů.[17] Severoamerický indiánský kmen Šajenů označoval vratič za „žlutou medicínu“ a podával čaj z listů a květů těm, kteří se cítili slabě.[18] V českém herbáři z roku 1899 se v souvislosti s vratičem píše: „Listy dávají se do piva místo chmele; dává se za lék při špatném zažívání, dně, vodnatelnosti a blednici. Také proti škrkavkám u dětí. Proti bolestem v kloubech dělají se koupele z listí, nati, květů i semen rostliny té.“[19]

Listy vyrůstající z lodyhy
Detail listů

Vzhledem k obsahu jedovatých silic, zejména thujonu, může vnitřní užití vratiče přivodit překrvení orgánů v břišní dutině, závratě a křeče. Nadměrná konzumace způsobuje závažnou otravu, která může skončit smrtí. Při otravě dochází k silnému dráždění sliznice trávicí soustavy, zvracení, průjmu, již zmiňovanému překrvení malé pánve, zúžení zorniček, zpomalení tepu i dýchání, zduření rtů, poškození ledvin, jater, centrální nervové soustavy, a v nejzazším případě k smrti v důsledku útlumu dechového centra.[19] První pomoc v případě otravy spočívá ve vyvolání zvracení, podání živočišného uhlí a vyhledání lékařské pomoci.[20]

S ohledem na to, že je účinná látka drogy příliš blízká dávce toxické, se od jeho vnitřního užívání ustoupilo a nedoporučuje se. Výjimku tvoří roztoky pro potřeby homeopatie.[15][21] K vnějšímu užití se však pro jeho silné antibiotické a antirevmatické účinky používá i nadále (ať již jako mast, či odvar pro potřeby koupele). Mezi příklady aplikace patří nehojící se rány či ruce a nohy postižené revmatoidní artritidou.[19] Koupel by neměla přesáhnout 15 minut.[15] Osvědčily se též masáže revmatismem postižených svalů nebo kloubů s přídavkem vratiče.[17] Uplatnění bylina našla i v kosmetice, a to při napařování bledého a unaveného obličeje.[22] Vratič obecný se stále používá v některých léčivech a v lékopisu Spojených států amerických je uveden pro léčbu nachlazení a horečky.[14]

Přírodní insekticid

Šedobéžový dospělý jedinec sedícího motýlka
Usušený vratič se používá jako ochrana před molem šatním

Vratič slouží jako účinný přírodní insekticid. Insekticidní charakter mají zejména různé esenciální terpeny a fenoly (borneol, thymol, pinen), triterpeny a hořčiny.[21] Mimo ně je v tomto smyslu též uváděn kafr.[23] Prášek z květů se užíval jako prostředek proti různým druhům parazitů (vši, štěnice, blechy, roupi, škrkavky atd.).[19] Za dob kolonizace Spojených států amerických jím bylo obkládáno maso a další potraviny podléhající rychlé zkáze.[14] Usušená kvetoucí rostlina se osvědčila jako ochrana proti molům šatním.[10] Proti hmyzu se používá i ve stájích a chlévech.[17] Ve 40. letech 20. století byl z extraktu vratiče, turanu, poleje obecné a zředěného alkoholu vyráběn repelent proti hmyzu. Komáry extrakt z vratiče skutečně odpuzuje, byť není tak účinný jako diethyltoluamid.[24] Včelaři se brání před útoky včel spalováním vratiče v kuřácích.[25]

Pro insekticidní účinky je někdy vratič používán v organických zahradách a udržitelném zemědělství, coby přírodní ochrana před škůdci. Vysazuje se například společně s brambory, které ochraňuje před mandelinkou bramborovou.[14][26] Některé druhy jsou však proti jedu vratiče imunní. Například Chrysolina graminis, známý též jako vratičový brouk, se rostlinou dokonce živí.[27]

Kvůli jeho schopnosti ochrany před hmyzem byl vratič používán jako pohřební květina, vkládaná do rakví s nebožtíky (někdy ve formě věnců). V Severní Americe, kde jej první američtí osadníci rovněž užívali jako náhradu k balzamování, se tak dělo od poloviny 17. století do 19. století. V té době již byl vratič v Nové Anglii ve Spojených státech amerických natolik používán při pohřbech, že jej měli lidé asociován se smrtí. V některých částech Nové Anglie je stále zvykem přinést na pohřeb kytici vratiče.[6]

Gastronomie

Dvě skleněné láhve, naplněné zlatavou tekutinou
Český likér Praděd (Altvater), k jehož výrobě se vratič používá

Od 9. století se vratič využíval ke kořenění rybích pokrmů, uzenin a likérů.[16] V 15. století začali křesťané podávat vratič k postním jídlům, aby si tak připomněli hořké byliny, které jedí židé o svátku Pesach.[28][29] Navíc se domnívali, že bude mít příznivý účinek proti plynatosti, způsobené několikadenním pojídáním ryb a luštěnin v postním období, a střevním parazitům, kteří podle nich měli původ v již zmíněných rybách.[30] Listy vratiče se přidávaly k omeletám, pudinkům, rybám, do nádivek, s vajíčky a do salátů, avšak vzhledem k jedovatosti se tak dělo pouze v malém množství, a používány byly jen mladé listy. S ohledem na pronikavou vůni se listy zakrýval pach staršího masa.[31]

Jako koření se na počátku 21. století využívá zřídka. V Česku se vratič používá k výrobě tradičního jesenického bylinného likéru Praděd (též Altvater).[32]

Ostatní

Vratič může být pěstován jako trvalka, a jelikož při sušení neztrácí tvar, aroma, ani barvu květů, používá se v rámci dekorací do suché vazby.[20] Vrcholky jeho kvetoucích lodyh byly využívány k přípravě barviva k barvení vlny a látek (bylo možné získat žlutou, zelenou a hnědou barvu).[4][33]

Odkazy

Reference

V tomto článku byl použit překlad textu z článku Tansy na anglické Wikipedii.

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  22. PŘIKRYLOVÁ, Monika. Vratič obecný [online]. Bylinky.info, 2013-09-09 [cit. 2014-10-11]. Dostupné online.
  23. ROGGE, Anne. Dárky z přírody: Originální nápady po celý rok. Praha: Grada, 2014. 144 s. Dostupné online. ISBN 978-80-247-5011-8. S. 50–51.
  24. MITICH, Larry W. Tansy. Weed Technology. Březen 1992, roč. 6, s. 242–244. (anglicky)
  25. MOŽÍŠ, Pavel. Vratič obecný – skvělá bylinka do kuřáků. BeeInfo.cz [online]. 2014-04-27 [cit. 2018-05-16]. Dostupné online.
  26. SCHEARER, W. R. Components of Oil of Tansy (Tanacetum vulgare) That Repel Colorado Potato Beetles (Leptinotarsa decemlineata). Journal of Natural Products. 1984, roč. 47, čís. 6, s. 964–969. DOI:10.1021/np50036a009. (anglicky)
  27. Tansy beetle [online]. Buglife [cit. 2014-10-11]. Dostupné online. (anglicky)
  28. DURANT, Mary. Who Named the Daisy? Who Named the Rose?. New York: Dodd, Mead and Company, 1976. 214 s. ISBN 978-0396073321. (anglicky)
  29. HAUGHTON, Claire Shaver. Green Immigrants: The Plants That Transformed America. New York: Harcourt Brace, 1980. 450 s. ISBN 0-15-636492-1. (anglicky)
  30. SUMNER, Judith. American Household Botany: A History of Useful Plants, 1620–1900. Portland (Oregon): Timber Press, 2004. 396 s. ISBN 0-88192-652-3. (anglicky)
  31. KYBAL, Jan; KAPLICKÁ, Jiřina. Naše a cizí koření. Praha: Státní zemědělské nakladatelství, 1988. Kapitola Vratič obecný, s. 200.
  32. Historické okénko: Praděd – Altvater. Javornický zpravodaj. Listopad 2012, s. 13. Dostupné online.
  33. Vratič obecný (Tanacetum vulgare) [online]. Květena ČR [cit. 2014-10-11]. Dostupné online.

Literatura

  • BARCELOUX, Donald G. Medical Toxicology of Natural Substances: Foods, Fungi, Medicinal Herbs, Plants, and Venomous Animals. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, 2012. 1157 s. Dostupné online. ISBN 9780471727613. Kapitola 93, Tansy (Tanacetum vulgare L.). (anglicky)
  • JANČA, Jiří; ZENTRICH, Josef A. Herbář léčivých rostlin 5 (T–Ž). Praha: Eminent, 2012. 224 s. ISBN 978-80-7281-379-7.

Externí odkazy

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Vratič obecný: Brief Summary ( Çekçe )

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Vratič obecný (Tanacetum vulgare), někdy též kopretina vratič (Chrysanthemum vulgare), je vytrvalá, jedovatá a léčivá bylina z čeledi hvězdnicovité (Asteraceae). Dorůstá výšky až 1,5 metru, má dřevnatějící oddenek, podlouhlé, střídavé, peřenosečné listy s pilovitými úkrojky a charakterizují ji malé terčovitě zploštělé zlatožluté úbory uspořádané do chocholičnaté laty. Jejím původním areálem je Evropa a západní Asie, kolonizací však byla rozšířena i do Severní Ameriky.

Pro své léčivé účinky je silně aromatický vratič využíván již od dob starověkého Řecka. Sloužil jako baktericid, anthelmintikum, abortivum, antibiotikum a antirevmatikum. Jelikož je však účinná látka drogy příliš blízká dávce toxické (zejména kvůli neurotoxickému thujonu), od jeho vnitřního užívání se postupně ustoupilo. I nadále se užívá zevně (především ve formě mastí a lázní). Další využití nalezl jako koření, barvivo, ale též jako přírodní insekticid. Odpuzuje parazity a hmyz (například moly šatní nebo komáry).

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Rejnfan ( Danca )

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Rejnfan (Tanacetum vulgare) (også stavet regnfang) eller guldknap er en 50-100 cm høj urt, der vokser langs veje og på skrænter og strandvolde. Alle overjordiske dele af planten lugter stærkt krydret.

Beskrivelse

Tanacetum vulgare - harilik soolikarohi Keilas1.jpg

Rejnfan er en flerårig, urteagtig plante med en opret, busket vækst. Stænglerne er furede og hårløse. Bladene er spredtstillede, hele og enkelt eller dobbelt fjersnitdelte med grovtakket rand. Oversiden er græsgrøn og blank , mens undersiden er en smule lysere.

Blomstringen foregår i juli-september, hvor man finder blomsterne samlet i knapformede kurve, der igen danner løse, endestillede halvskærme. De enkelte blomster (både skive- og randkronerne) er gule. I ultraviolet lys er blomsterne blårøde[1]. Frugterne er nødder.

Rodsystemet består af en krybende jordstængel og trævlede rødder.

Højde x bredde og årlig tilvækst: 1,00 x 0,50 m (100 x 10 cm/år).

Voksested

Indikatorværdier Rejnfan L = 8 T = 6 K = 4 F = 5 R = 8 N = 5

Rejnfan er naturligt udbredt i Lilleasien, Kaukasus, Central- og Østasien samt i det meste af Europa, herunder også i Danmark, hvor den er almindelig. Arten er knyttet til lysåbne, let fugtige og forholdsvis næringsrige voksesteder. Derfor træffes den langs veje og skovbryn, på affaldspladser, skrænter og brandtomter, langs søer og vandløb og på opgivne marker (f.eks. marker, der står brak), men den vokser også ved stranden.

På nogle undersøgte prøvefelter i Bolderslev Skov ved Åbenrå findes den sammen med bl.a. Ager-Tidsel, Ahorn, Løvefod, Eng-Rottehale, Lyse-Siv, Rød-El og Stor Nælde[2]

Indholdsstoffer og lugt

Alle overjordiske dele af planten lugter stærkt krydret. Det skyldes et indhold af de æteriske olier kamfer, borneol og thujon). Desuden indeholder planten en række bitterstoffer.

Anvendelse

Blomsterne kan bruges til traditionel garnfarvning, og giver garnet en solgul farve. Bruges også mod indvoldsorm hos heste.

Note

Kildehenvisninger

  • Signe Frederiksen et al., Dansk flora, 2. udgave, Gyldendal 2012. ISBN 8702112191.

Eksterne henvisninger

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Rejnfan: Brief Summary ( Danca )

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Rejnfan (Tanacetum vulgare) (også stavet regnfang) eller guldknap er en 50-100 cm høj urt, der vokser langs veje og på skrænter og strandvolde. Alle overjordiske dele af planten lugter stærkt krydret.

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Rainfarn ( Almanca )

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Der Rainfarn (Tanacetum vulgare L.,[1] Synonym: Chrysanthemum vulgare (L.) Bernh.), auch Wurmkraut genannt, ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung der Wucherblumen (Tanacetum) innerhalb der Familie der Korbblütler (Asteraceae).

Beschreibung

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Illustration
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Gefiedertes Laubblatt
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Stängel, Laubblätter und Gesamtblütenstand
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Blütenstand im Detail, die einzelnen Blütenkörbchen mit vielen Röhrenblüten

Vegetative Merkmale

Der Rainfarn ist eine stark wuchernde, ausdauernde krautige Pflanze und erreicht Wuchshöhen von 30 bis 160 Zentimetern.[1] Er bildet ein Rhizom und wurzelt bis 90 Zentimeter tief. Die oberirdischen Pflanzenteile duften stark aromatisch.[1] Der Stängel ist im oberen Bereich verzweigt.[1]

Von den wechselständig angeordneten Laubblättern sind die unteren Laubblätter gestielt und die oberen sitzend. Die dunkelgrüne Blattspreite ist im Umriss eilanzettlich und ist fiederteilig mit spitzen, eingeschnitten gesägten Abschnitten.

Generative Merkmale

Die Blütezeit reicht meist von Juni bis September. In einem doldenrispige Gesamtblütenstand befinden sich relativ dicht angeordnet zahlreich körbchenförmige Teilblütenstände.[1] Die Blütenkörbchen weisen einen Durchmesser von 8 bis 11 Millimetern[1] und eine Höhe von 5 bis 6 Millimeter auf. Die glatten Hüllblätter sind etwa 4 Millimeter lang und etwa 2 Millimeter breit. Es sind keine Spreublätter vorhanden. Zungenblüten fehlen meist, selten sind sehr kleine vorhanden.[1] Die Blütenkörbchen enthalten etwa 100 zwittrige Röhrenblüten. Die leuchtendgelben Röhrenblüten sind bis zu 2,3 Millimeter lang. Zungenblüten fehlen.

Die glatten, fünfrippigen, etwa 1 Millimeter langen Achänen besitzen meist keinen Pappus oder höchstens einen krönchenförmigen Saum.

Chromosomensatz

Die Chromosomengrundzahl beträgt x = 9; es liegt Diploidie mit einer Chromosomenzahl von 2n = 18 vor.[1][2]

Ökologie

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Der Rainfarn ist eine ausdauernde, wintergrüne Halbrosettenpflanze.[3] Im vollen Sonnenlicht stehen die Laubblätter mehr oder weniger senkrecht nach Süden gerichtet; dieses Verhalten als Kompasspflanze ist eine Anpassung an die Wärmestrahlung sonniger Standorte. Der Rainfarn ist ein Kriechwurzler,[4] das heißt seine vegetative Vermehrung erfolgt reichlich durch unterirdische Ausläufer, also klonal.

Die Blüten sind vorweibliche, strahlenlose „Körbchenblumen“. Alle Blüten sind zwittrig. Wegen der nur 1 Millimeter langen Kronröhre ist der Nektar allen Besuchern leicht zugänglich; deshalb werden die Blüten reichlich von Insekten aller Art besucht. Jedoch wird vor allem Pollen angeboten.

Die Früchte sind Wind- und Tierstreuer; auch Wasserhaftausbreitung ist möglich. Fruchtreife ist von August bis Oktober.[3]

Der Rainfarn wird vom Weidevieh verschmäht.

Wirtspflanze

Der Rainfarn ist die Futterpflanze einer Reihe von Raupen.[5] Insbesondere finden sich am Rainfarn Raupen des Rainfarn-Mönchs Cucullia tanaceti,[6] des Smaragdspanners Antonechloris smaragdaria,[7] sowie anderer Spanner und Eulenfalter. Die Sackträgermotte Coleophora tanaceti[8] ist ganz auf den Rainfarn spezialisiert. Im Stängel des Rainfarns leben die Raupen der Palpenmotte Isophrictis striatella.[9]

Mehrere Käfer-Arten leben am Rainfarn, darunter der Rainfarn-Schildkäfer Cassida stigmatica, der Rainfarn-Blattkäfer Galeruca tanaceti und der Gefleckte Langrüssler. Daneben gibt es noch die Rainfarn-Weichwanze Megalocoleus tanaceti. Der Rainfarn-Schildkäfer wurde zusammen mit der Palpenmotte Isophrictis striatella und den beiden auf den Rainfarn spezialisierten Gallmücken Rhopalomyia tanaceticola und Clinorrhyncha tanaceti zur biologischen Bekämpfung des Rainfarns in der kanadischen Provinz Saskatchewan eingesetzt.[10] Die Erzwespe Torymus tanaceticola parasitiert in den Gallen des Rainfarns. Gallen am Rainfarn werden auch von der Gallmilbe Aceria tuberculata gebildet.[11]

Die Wildbienenart Rainfarn-Maskenbiene Hylaeus nigritus sammelt bevorzugt Nektar und Pollen des Rainfarns, aber auch anderer Korbblütler wie Flockenblumen (Centaurea spec.), Färberkamille (Anthemis tinctoria), Margeriten (Leucanthemum spec.) und Schafgarben (Achillea spec.).[12]

Die Larven der Minierfliegenarten Liriomyza tanaceti und Phytomyza tanaceti, minieren die Blätter des Rainfarns.[13] Der Rostpilz Puccinia tanaceti befällt den Rainfarn mit Uredien und Telien.[14]

Vorkommen

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Der Rainfarn hat eine eurasische Verbreitung. Er ist in Mitteleuropa häufig. Er ist ein Neophyt in den gemäßigten Gebieten der übrigen Erdteile.

Der Rainfarn wächst häufig und „gesellig“ in staudenreichen Unkrautfluren, an Wegen, Schuttplätzen, Dämmen, gern an Brandstellen, auch an Ufern (Stromtalpflanze), auf sommerwarmen, nicht zu trockenen, nährstoffreichen, schwach basisch bis basischen, humosen Böden. Nach Ellenberg ist er eine Lichtpflanze, subozeanisch verbreitet, ein Frischezeiger, mäßig stickstoffreiche Standorte anzeigend und eine Klassencharakterart ausdauernder Stickstoff-Krautfluren (Artemisietea vulgaris). Nach Oberdorfer ist er in Mitteleuropa eine Charakterart des Artemisio-Tanacetetum aus dem Verband Dauco-Melilotion, kommt aber auch in Pflanzengesellschaften der Verbände Arction oder Chenopodion rubri vor.[2]

In den Allgäuer Alpen steigt er in Vorarlberg an der Straße bei Neßlegg bei Schröcken bis in Höhenlagen von 1400 Metern auf.[15]

Die ökologischen Zeigerwerte nach Landolt et al. 2010 sind in der Schweiz: Feuchtezahl F = 3+w (feucht aber mäßig wechselnd), Lichtzahl L = 4 (hell), Reaktionszahl R = 3 (schwach sauer bis neutral), Temperaturzahl T = 4+ (warm-kollin), Nährstoffzahl N = 4 (nährstoffreich), Kontinentalitätszahl K = 4 (subkontinental).[16]

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Auf stickstoffreichem Wildland ist oft das Rainfarn-Beifuß-Gestrüpp ein sich über Jahre hinweg fast unverändert haltendes Entwicklungsstadium in der vom Menschen unbeeinflussten Sukzession.

Der Rainfarn ist ein Kulturbegleiter und Gartenflüchtling.

Inhaltsstoffe

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Alle Pflanzenteile enthalten stark riechende ätherische Öle (Campher, Borneol, Thujon) und Bitterstoffe, die die Einstellung zum Rainfarn zur Geschmackssache machen: Manche Menschen mögen seinen Geruch, andere fühlen sich davon abgestoßen.

Zu den wichtigsten Inhaltsstoffen gehören Terpene, Flavonoide und Cumarine.[17] Die Art und Menge der Terpene ist von der Herkunft des Rainfarns, nicht aber von Umweltfaktoren abhängig. Die Analyse der Inhaltsstoffe hat zur Definition von "Chemorassen" geführt, die sich morphologisch gering oder gar nicht unterscheiden. Es gibt reine Chemotypen, bei denen ein Terpen den Hauptbestandteil bildet und gemischte Chemotypen, bei denen zwei bis vier Terpene dominieren. Reine Chemotypen können folgende Substanzen enthalten:

Gemischte Chemotypen können zusätzlich folgende Substanzen enthalten:

Nutzung

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Insgesamt sehen die Blütenkörbchen wie Gülden Knöpfle oder Westenknöpfe aus (so lauten volkstümliche Namen); Kinder verwendeten sie als Spielgeld.

Verwendung als Duftpflanze

Die stark duftenden Blätter sowie die Blüten des Rainfarns, die insektenabweisende Wirkstoffe enthalten, wurden früher ausgestreut, um Ungeziefer fernzuhalten.[19] Im kolonialen Nordamerika wurde Rainfarn in Särge gelegt und Leichentücher wurden mit Rainfarnextrakt getränkt. Rainfarn wurde auch angepflanzt, um den Kartoffelkäfer zu vertreiben. Nach einer Studie wurde dadurch der Kartoffelkäferbefall um 60–100 % reduziert.[20] Getrockneter Rainfarn wird in der Imkerei als Rauchmittel verwendet. Einige Sorten werden als Zierpflanze verwendet.

Verwendung in der Pflanzenheilkunde

In antiken Schriften ist der Rainfarn nicht zu finden. Die erste schriftliche Überlieferung findet sich im Capitulare Karls des Großen.[11][21] Rainfarn (lateinisch Tanacetum[22]) wurde früher bei Wurmerkrankungen eingesetzt,[21] allerdings rufen größere Mengen als 1 bis 3 Gramm Rainfarn Vergiftungserscheinungen hervor, so dass man heute im Falle von Wurmerkrankungen auf andere, wirkungsvollere und harmlosere Mittel zurückgreift. Verbreitet war auch seine Verwendung gegen Ungeziefer. Eine Waschung sollte Flöhe und Kopfläuse vertreiben.[11] In der Tierheilkunde wird der Tee Kälbern und Kühen bei Durchfall verabreicht. Als Breiumschlag soll Rainfarn bei Quetschungen, Rheuma und Krampfadern helfen.[19] Die Laubblätter können Hautreizungen verursachen. Rainfarnöl ist ein starkes Gift, dessen innere Anwendungen nicht unbedenklich sind, weil sie zu Allergien und Vergiftungen führen können.[20] Eine Studie von Álvarez und anderen von 2010 zeigt, dass Extrakte aus dem Rainfarn in der Lage sind, in vitro Herpesviren zu hemmen. Für den antiviralen Effekt scheinen unter anderem die darin enthaltenen Substanzen Isochlorogensäure (3,5-Dicaffeoylchinasäure) (3,5-Dicaffeoylquinic acid (3,5-DCQA)) und Axillarin verantwortlich zu sein.[23]

Hildegard von Bingen: „Wer im Magen-Darm vom Durcheinanderessen schlechter Speisen Beschwernisse und Fülle Gefühl bekommt, dann nehme eine Suppe, die (Aus Fleisch) ohne irgendwelche Gemüse und ohne andere Kräuter gekocht wurde und gebe da hinein Rainfarn (Blätter) und lass es nochmals kochen. Den (So) gekochten (Rainfarn) Esse er oft in der Suppe, und es macht seinen Magen Darm geschmeidig und leicht und gibt eine angenehme Verdauung.“[24]

Rainfarn als Färbepflanze

Der Rainfarn wird auch als Färbepflanze verwendet.[19] Die Blütenkörbchen des Rainfarns ergeben zusammen mit dem Beizmittel Alaun einen dunkelgelben Farbton. Für die Beize werden 12 bis 20 g Alaun auf 100 g Wolle genommen. Dunkelgrün wird die Färbung mit einer Alaunvorbeize, Eisensulfat-Nachbeize und Ammoniak-Entwicklungsbad. Man braucht etwa 400 g frische „Blüten“ für 100 g Wolle.

Rainfarn als Allergiepflanze

Der Rainfarn kann auf der Haut Kontaktallergien hervorrufen. Auslöser sind Sesquiterpenlactone. Als Hauptwirkstoff kommt Parthenolid in Betracht, neben einer Reihe anderer Kontaktallergene wie Crispolid, Tanacetin, Reynosin, und 1-beta-Hydroxy-arbusculin A. Vor allem Floristen und Blumenzüchter können von Kontaktallergien betroffen sein.

Trivialnamen

Für den Rainfarn bestehen bzw. bestanden auch die weiteren deutschsprachigen Trivialnamen: Drefot (Altmark), Drusenkrud (Oldenburg), Jesuswurz (Österreich), Kraftkraut, Kraftkrut (Mark bei Küstrin), Matbleamen (Siebenbürgen), Michelkraut, Milchkraut (Bayern am Lechrain), Muttergottesrute, Peerknöpe (Oldenburg), Pompelblumen (Schlesien), Presskraut (Österreich bei Linz), Räuber, Rainfahn, Rainfeldblümlein (Tirol bei Lienz), Rainfohre (Graubünden), Rainvan (mittelhochdeutsch), Regenfahn (Mecklenburg), Reifen (Wallis), Reiefa (Ostfriesland), Reinefaren (Ostfriesland), Reinefane, Reinewane, Reinfaor (Altmark), Reinfan, Reinfano (althochdeutsch), Reinvano (althochdeutsch), Reinfar, Reinefarn (Göttingen), Reinfaren, Reinfarn (Dithmarschen), Reinvan (mittelhochdeutsch), Renevane (mittelniederdeutsch), Rennefarre (Prignitz[25]), Rennfarn, Revierblumen (Schlesien), Revierkraut (Thüringen), Reynnfann (althochdeutsch), Reynvann (althochdeutsch), Reynfano (althochdeutsch), Reynfarn, Reynvaen, Reynvarn (mittelhochdeutsch), Reyvane (mittelniederdeutsch), Rienfaren (Bremen), Rinfert (Siebenbürgen), Säfkesad (Ostfriesland), Seefkesad (Ostfriesland), Sawrsaot (Altmark), Tannkraut, Weinfaren (Schlesien), Weinwermuth (Memmingen), Weisswurz (bereits 1482 belegt), Wormkruud (Ostfriesland), Wossstickenkrud (Altmark), Wurmkraut (Österreich, Eifel), Wurmkrud (Ostfriesland) und Wurmsamen (Augsburg).[26]

Literatur

Einzelnachweise

  1. a b c d e f g h Tanacetum vulgare L., Rainfarn. FloraWeb.de
  2. a b Erich Oberdorfer: Pflanzensoziologische Exkursionsflora für Deutschland und angrenzende Gebiete. 8. Auflage. Stuttgart, Verlag Eugen Ulmer, 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5. S. 941.
  3. a b Eckehart J. Jäger (Hrsg.): Rothmaler Exkursionsflora von Deutschland. Gefäßpflanzen - Grundband. 21. Auflage. Springer Spektrum, Berlin / Heidelberg 2017, ISBN 978-3-662-49707-4, S. 858.
  4. Oberdorfer, Erich: Pflanzensoziologische Exkursionsflora für Süddeutschland und die angrenzenden Gebiete. 3. Auflage. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 1970, S. 891.
  5. Database für Schmetterlings Futterpflanzen, Naturhistorisches Museum London.
  6. Rainfarn-Mönch im Lepiforum.
  7. Smaragdspanner im Lepiforum.
  8. Sackträgermotte Coleophora tanaceti.
  9. Palpenmotte Isophrictis striatella im Lepiforum.
  10. McClay Ecoscience.
  11. a b c G. Hegi: Illustrierte Flora von Mitteleuropa, Band VI/4. 2. Auflage. Weissdorn Verlag, Jena, 1987, ISBN 3-936055-23-8.
  12. Rainfarn-Maskenbiene – die Wildbiene des Jahres 2022. Deutsche Wildtier Stiftung, abgerufen am 2. Mai 2022.
  13. Tanacetum. Tansy, Costmary and Feverfew [Asteraceae]. - Leaf and stem mines of British flies and other insects (englisch).
  14. Peter Zwetko: Die Rostpilze Österreichs. Supplement und Wirt-Parasit-Verzeichnis zur 2. Auflage des Catalogus Florae Austriae, III. Teil, Heft 1, Uredinales., 2010 (PDF; 1,8 MB).
  15. Erhard Dörr, Wolfgang Lippert: Flora des Allgäus und seiner Umgebung. Band 2, IHW, Eching 2004, ISBN 3-930167-61-1, S. 606.
  16. Tanacetum vulgare L. In: Info Flora, dem nationalen Daten- und Informationszentrum der Schweizer Flora. Abgerufen am 22. April 2021.
  17. Hagers Enzyklopädie der Arzneistoffe und Drogen (DVD). Springer Medizin Verlag, Heidelberg 2008.
  18. Guy J. Collin, Hélène Deslauriers, Nathalie Pageau, Michel Gagnon: Essential Oil of Tansy ( Tanacetum vulgare L.) of Canadian Origin. In: Journal of Essential Oil Research. Band 5, Nr. 6, November 1993, ISSN 1041-2905, S. 629–638, doi:10.1080/10412905.1993.9698296 (tandfonline.com [abgerufen am 19. Oktober 2020]).
  19. a b c Tanacetum vulgare bei Plants For A Future
  20. a b Ron LeCain, Roger Sheley: Common Tansy. Montana State University Guide (PDF).
  21. a b siehe Madaus: Lehrbuch der biologischen Heilmittel. 1938 S. 2670, 2671–2674 eingescannt.
  22. Vgl. etwa Otto Zekert (Hrsg.): Dispensatorium pro pharmacopoeis Viennensibus in Austria 1570. Hrsg. vom österreichischen Apothekerverein und der Gesellschaft für Geschichte der Pharmazie. Deutscher Apotheker-Verlag Hans Hösel, Berlin 1938, S. 157.
  23. Ángel L. Álvarez, S. Habtemariam: In vitro anti HSV-1 and HSV-2 activity of Tanacetum vulgare extracts and isolated compounds: An approach to their mechanisms of action. In: Phytotherapy Research. 2010, doi:10.1002/ptr.3382.
  24. Günther H. Heepen: Das Heilwissen der Hildegard von Bingen Naturheilmittel, Ernährung & Edelsteine. 1. Auflage. München 2015, ISBN 978-3-8338-3602-2.
  25. Tamara Ramsay: Wunderbare Fahrten und Abenteuer der kleinen Dott. Union Deutsche Verlagsgesellschaft, Stuttgart 1938, bzw. Prignitz-pur-Verlag, Meyenburg 2007.
  26. Georg August Pritzel, Carl Jessen: Die deutschen Volksnamen der Pflanzen. Neuer Beitrag zum deutschen Sprachschatze. Philipp Cohen, Hannover 1882, Seite 96 f. (eingescannt).
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Rainfarn: Brief Summary ( Almanca )

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Der Rainfarn (Tanacetum vulgare L., Synonym: Chrysanthemum vulgare (L.) Bernh.), auch Wurmkraut genannt, ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung der Wucherblumen (Tanacetum) innerhalb der Familie der Korbblütler (Asteraceae).

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Boerenwurmkruud ( Nds Nl )

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Boerenwurmkruud
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Boerenwurmkruud

Boerenwurmkruud (Latien: Tanacetum vulgare syn. Chrysanthemum vulgare) liek arg op sunte-jaukskruud, mar hef gien gele straolenkranse van straolbloemen, dit in tegenstelling tot sunte-jaukskruud. In 't grootste deel van Europa en 't noordelijke deel van Azië kump 't boerenwurmkruud van oorsprong veur.

Naamgeving

De geslachsnaam Tanacetum is werschienlijk of-eleid van 't Griekse woord 'athanasia' dat 'onstarfelijk' beteken. 't Hef disse naam werschienlijk te danken an 't feit dat de bloemen neet makkelijk verwelken en lange der gele kleur behouwen, mar 't kan oek dujen op een bepaolde levensdrank dee dervan emaak wönnen. Oek wönnen boerenwurmkruud gebruuk veur 't conserveren van lieken. 'Vulgare' beteken 'algemeen veurkoemend'.

Enkele butenlaanse namen bin:

Botanische beschrieving

't Is een overblievende vaste plaante. De plaante hef een kaantige donkerbruun-ekleuren stengel en kan 80 tot 150 centimeter lange wonnen en bleui mit platte scharmen, dee uut tientallen losstaonde bloemkoppen bestaon. De buisbloempjes staon in schienscharmen iezig dronge op mekaar en geven 't scharm de stevigheid as van een kussentjen. De heufbleui vuilt in de periode juni tot augustus en de naobleui kan tot an de harres anhouwen. De blaojen bin of-ebreuken eveerd mit naor de top van 't blad veerdelig en de blaodjes veerspletig en bezet mit klierhaoren. Disse klierhaoren bin verantwoordelijk veur de vieze kamferachtige geur, dee bie anraking verspreid wonnen. Umdat de olie dee uut de plaante ewönnen kan wonnen in principe giftig is, is 't in de Verenigen Staoten verbeujen um de plaante te verkopen. Boerenwurmkruud wonnen tot de kompasplaanten erekend, umdat de blaojen in 't volle zunneloch zich krek plat op 't zujen richen.

Ekelogie

De plaante kump veul veur op dreuge zaanderige grond en langes wegen.

Op boerenwurmkruud koemen spanrupsen (bv. smaragdspanner) en rupsen van Noctuidae veur. De Wurmkruudbieje (Colletes daviesanus, een solitaire bieje, is especialiseerd in disse plaante.

Eemten houwen neet van boerenwurmkruud. Daorumme wönnen 't kruud vrogger wel bie keukendeuren eplaant.

De solitaire biejen gresbieje, halictus quadricinus, koolzwarte zaandbieje, pluimvootbieje en tronkenbieje vliegen op disse plaante.

Gebruuk

Medisch

Uutwendig kan 't gebruuk wonnen as zalve bie schurf. A-j wat boerenwurmkruud in je schoon doon bliek 't helpen tegen chronische koorse. In de homeopathie wonnen 't gebruuk tegen onder aandere artritis en verkoudheid.

In de plaante kump 't giftige thujon veur dat wurmofdrievend, veural van speul- en lientwurmen, is. Oek was 't kruud vake in gebruuk um een abortus op te wekken. Hoge doses veroorzaken dreierigheid, krampen, liefzeerte en je kunnen der uuteindelijk oek an doodgaon.

Verdelgingsmiddel

De etherische oliën uut de plaante, zoas triticine, irisine en graminine, wonnen gebruuk in de receptuur veur insekverdrievende middels. Um 't huus vlo- en mottevrie te houwen wönnen 't vake in huus estruid.

Voedsel

In kleine hoeveulheden wonnen boerenwurmkruud emingd in greunkoeken of novendkoeken en gebruuk um de smaak van eiers te verbeteren.

Ofweerkruud

De plaante wonnen erekend tot de zogenaamde ofweerkrujen. 't Zol ofweer biejen tegen hekserieje, spoeken en onweer.

Inhoudsstoffen

Mythe

Volgens de Griekse mythe wönnen 't kruud gebruuk um Ganymedes onstarfelijk te maken, naodat Zeus een oogjen op hum had laoten vallen. Op de barg Olympus wönnen e vervolgens de waoterdrager veur de goden (Aquarius) en de minnaar van Zeus.

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Boerenwurmkruud: Brief Summary ( Nds Nl )

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 src= Boerenwurmkruud  src= Boerenwurmkruud

Boerenwurmkruud (Latien: Tanacetum vulgare syn. Chrysanthemum vulgare) liek arg op sunte-jaukskruud, mar hef gien gele straolenkranse van straolbloemen, dit in tegenstelling tot sunte-jaukskruud. In 't grootste deel van Europa en 't noordelijke deel van Azië kump 't boerenwurmkruud van oorsprong veur.

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Marūns ( Samogitçe )

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Marūns

Marūns, kėtap čīžmos, žižmars, saulės krieslos, sauliekrieslē, saulės krislos (luotīnėškā: Tanacetum vulgare) ī tuokis žuolīns. Ons muokslėškā prėgol dailīžėidiu augalū (Asteraceae) šeimā.

Marūns daugiametis, aštraus kvapa, 30-120 cm augoma augals ī. Anou šaknis būn šakuotas, stombris statmens, apatiuo tonkiausē rausvā drīžouts. Lapā apaugė̄ trompās, retās plaukelēs ī. Žėidā marūna rīškē geltuoni ī, soiejė̄ i tonkės šloutelės.

Žīdia marūns lėipassiejės mienėsēs. Aug ons panomies, pakelies, palaukės.

Marūns dėdlis liekarstos ī. Ons macījė nug kėrmėnū, pilva skausmū. Kap katrūs vėitūs žmuonis marūna miltās barsta kompius ė lašėnius, ka nepoltom mosis ė kėrmėnā.

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Pedrinnybly ( Livvi Karelce )

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Pedrinnybly
Pedrinnybly

Pedrinnybly (ven. пижма обыкновенная, lat. Tanacétum vulgáre) on monivuodine heinykazvi, kudai kuuluu Astroin pereheh.

Ulgonägö

Pedrinnybly on 50-150 sentii pitky. Sen juuri on pitky, kovattavu, kiemur da oksikas. Varzii kazvis on mondu, net ollah oigiet, ”čuppuloilleh”, varbakkahat yläpuoles, vähäzen karvakkahat libo pal’l’ahat. Lehtet kazvetah toine toizele peräh da ollah pitkäčyt jäičän muodohizet. Kukat kazvetah tukkunah da ollah keldastu värii. Kazvil on omaluaduine haju.

Kazvandu

Pedrinnybläžiköt ollah kodiloin rinnal, rikottuloil heinymualoil, čärižikkölöis, raudutiepengeril.

Kukindu

Pedrinnybly rubieu kukkimah tossuvuon istutettuu. Se kukkiu heinykuul- syvyskuul. Sen andimet kypsetäh elokuul-syvyskuul.

Käyttö

Muinazet jegiptalazet, persielazet da gretsielazet käytettih kazvii kuolluzien rungien balzamoičendas. Pedrinnyblän juurilois suajah vihandua mujuu. Erähis mualois kazvin lehtilöi käytetäh syömizien varustandas. Niilöi pannah saluatoin da konservoin majendamizekse, mavukse lik’ouroih da pastoksih. Pohjazet rahvas pandih pedrinnybliä iškiettylöin žiivattoin da elättilöin piäle, ku lihat ei hapattas.

Rohtukazvi

Pedrinnybly on rohtukazvi. Sen kukkii kerätäh kukindan allus, leikata niilöi pidäy ei enämbiä migu nelliä sentii. Kuivatah kukkazii hyvin tuulatettulois pertilöis libo kuivuandulaittehis, kudamis temperatuuru ei pidäs olla enämbiä 40 gruadussii. Kuivates šeluo kazvii pidäy hil’l’akkazin, ku kukkazet ei pakuttas. Kuivattuloi kukkazii voibi pidiä ruokos kolmen vuvven aigua. Pedrinnybliä käytetäh syöjien hävitändäh, semmite lapsil. Se on hyvä syöndyhimon da syömizensulatuksen parandamizeh, maksan da šuoliston taudiloih, astmah da revmatizmah.

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Pedrinnybly: Brief Summary ( Livvi Karelce )

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Pedrinnybly Pedrinnybly

Pedrinnybly (ven. пижма обыкновенная, lat. Tanacétum vulgáre) on monivuodine heinykazvi, kudai kuuluu Astroin pereheh.

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Pòkrãtnik ( Kaşupça )

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Pòkrãtnik
Tanacetum vulgare - harilik soolikarohi Keilas1.jpg

Pòkrãtnik abò ksãżi kòlnérz (Tanacetum vulgare L.) - to je wielelatnô roscëna z rodzëznë astrowatëch (Asteraceae). Òn rosce m. jin. na Kaszëbach.

Rozmajitoscë

Aleksander Majkòwsczi w swòi ksążce "Żëcé i przigodë Remusa. Zvjercadło kaszubskji" pisôł, że m. jin. pòkrãtnik béł dóné do pòswiãceniô w Matkã Bòską Zelną.

Lëteratura

  • Przewodnik do rozpoznawania roślin i zwierząt na wycieczce / tekst Ute E. Zimmer, Alfred Handel ; oprac. całości Wilhelm i Dorothee Eisenreich ; [przekł. Ewa Rachańska, Piotr Kreyser] Warszawa : Multico, 1996, s. 134.
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Pòkrãtnik: Brief Summary ( Kaşupça )

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 src= Pòkrãtnik Tanacetum vulgare - harilik soolikarohi Keilas1.jpg

Pòkrãtnik abò ksãżi kòlnérz (Tanacetum vulgare L.) - to je wielelatnô roscëna z rodzëznë astrowatëch (Asteraceae). Òn rosce m. jin. na Kaszëbach.

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Riinfreenken ( Kuzey Frizce )

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Amrum.pngTekst üüb Öömrang
Tanacetum vulgare - harilik soolikarohi Keilas1.jpg
 src=
Tiaknang faan riinfreenken (Tanacetum vulgare).

Riinfreenken (of uk Wiremkrüüs) (Tanacetum vulgare of uk Chrysanthemum vulgare) hiar tu at plaantenfamile faan a kurewbloosen (Asteraceae).

Beskriiwang

Riinfreenken san "kompasplaanten", auer jo hör bloosen lik efter süüden ütjracht.

Ferwis efter bütjen

Commons Wikimedia Commons hää bilen of filmer tu:
Wikispecies Wikispecies hää en artiikel tu:
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Riinfreenken: Brief Summary ( Kuzey Frizce )

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Tanacetum vulgare - harilik soolikarohi Keilas1.jpg  src= Tiaknang faan riinfreenken (Tanacetum vulgare).

Riinfreenken (of uk Wiremkrüüs) (Tanacetum vulgare of uk Chrysanthemum vulgare) hiar tu at plaantenfamile faan a kurewbloosen (Asteraceae).

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Tanacetum vulgare ( Lombardca )

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Tanacetum vulgare L. l'è 'na piànta erbàcea perène de la famìa botànica de le Asteraceae,

Descrizione

L'è 'na piànta erbàcea perène che crès enfìna a 60 ÷ 120 ghèi de altèsa del teré. L'è 'n grant aromàtica, e l'è munìda de 'n rizòma che rèsta al pél del teré, ramificàt e lignùs. La g'ha dei gamp che stà sö bèi drìcc, con tàte fòie, striàcc, che che tènt a ramificà 'ndèla part piö alta.

Le fòie le g'ha 'l gambì lónch 5÷15 ghèi, altèrne, glàbre, con 15÷23 segmèncc penatopartìcc, seghetàcc sö l'òrlo; le fòie del gamp le ghe se 'nguàina dré e le prezènta endèla fàcia de l'envèrs dele ghiàndole picinìne.

Le 'nfiurescènse i è dei capulì a sò ólta reünìcc en curìmp, bèi empacàcc che vé sö ensìma ai gamp. I capulì i è bèi spès e spiatàcc conde fiùr töcc tübulùs de 'n culùr zalt dór de presapóch en ghèl 1 cm de diàmetro, a fùrma che somèa 'n piàt, condèn pedùncol bèl lónch.

I fiurilì periferich, en tùren a l'òrlo del capulì i è fiùr fèmina co la coròla corolla tridentada, envéce chèi en mès i è ermafrudìcc co la coròla a 5 décc. Le bràtee envolücràle i è lanceolàde-otüze e scariùze a l'òrlo, bèle tacàde giöna a l'ótra. I fiurés de zögn a setèmber.

I fröcc i è dei achéni lónch presapóch en pér 2 de milìmetri con 4 o 5 còste longitüdinài, piéne de ghiandulìne. El pàpo el g'ha 'na curunsìna solcàda en maniéra iregolàra.

Habitat

Chèsta piànta la crès dré ai fòs, endèi teré mìa cultiàcc, sö le spónde dei fiöm, endèle praterìe, e suradetöt endèi teré àcit e 'ndei mucc enfìna a 1.600 méter sùra el leèl del mar.

Sinònim

  • Chrysanthemum vulgare Bernh.
  • Pyrethrum tanacetum Bernh.

Riferimèncc

Sandro Pignatti, Flora d'Italia - 1982 Edagricole - Bologna Pietro Zangheri, Flora Italica. 1976 CEDAM - Padova Conti F., Abbate G., Alessandrini A., Blasi C., An annotated checklist of the Italian vascular flora - 2005 Palombi Editori, Roma.

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Tanacetum vulgare: Brief Summary ( Lombardca )

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Tanacetum vulgare L. l'è 'na piànta erbàcea perène de la famìa botànica de le Asteraceae,

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Tanezi ( Haiti dili; Haiti Creole )

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Tanezi se yon plant. Li nan fanmi plant kategori: Asteraceæ . Non syantifik li se Tanacetum vulgare L.

Tanacetum vulgare - harilik soolikarohi Keilas1.jpg

Istwa

Istwa

referans

Kèk lyen

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Tanezi: Brief Summary ( Haiti dili; Haiti Creole )

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Tanezi se yon plant. Li nan fanmi plant kategori: Asteraceæ . Non syantifik li se Tanacetum vulgare L.

Tanacetum vulgare - harilik soolikarohi Keilas1.jpg
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Wörmzäödsje ( Limburgca )

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Esculaap4.svg Lèt good op 't veurbehawd bie medische informatie.
Gank bie gezóndjheidsklachte nao 'nen hoesdokter.
 src=
Wörmzäödsje, Reinevaan, Reinevaar, Hummesknuipke

.

Dees plant de Chrysanthemum vulgare, haet minstens 4 Limburgse volksname: Reinevaar, Reinevaan, Wörmzäödsje en Hummesknuipke. Ze huèrt bie ‘t gesjlach Tanacetum (de Miedelièwse volksnaam Tanazeta) in de Composietefamilie. 't Ies 'n algemein veurkómmende plant. Ze bleujt van juli-okt en weurt 60-120cm hoag.

Volksname

De Reinevaar en reinevaan weurt zoa geneump vanwege zien sjtandplaats op de rein (grens) tösje 2 sjtökker akkerland. 't Twiède deil van reinevaar kump van varen, vanwege de gevaerde blaar. 't Twiède woorddeil van reinevaan ies óf 'n verbastering van vaar óf beeldsjpraok vanwege de bleujende gael blome (de vaan) op de rein.

De bloom ies 'n sjermvörmige pluum gevörmp door gael knuupkes (buusbleumkes). Vanwege de vörm were die ouch Hummesknuipkes geneump.

Gebruuk

De naam Wörmzäödsje (of Nederlands: Boerenwormkruid) kump van de eigesjap, dat de zäödsjes tege wörmkes gebruuk woorte in de geneeskunde.

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Wörmzäödsje: Brief Summary ( Limburgca )

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 src= Wörmzäödsje, Reinevaan, Reinevaar, Hummesknuipke

.

Dees plant de Chrysanthemum vulgare, haet minstens 4 Limburgse volksname: Reinevaar, Reinevaan, Wörmzäödsje en Hummesknuipke. Ze huèrt bie ‘t gesjlach Tanacetum (de Miedelièwse volksnaam Tanazeta) in de Composietefamilie. 't Ies 'n algemein veurkómmende plant. Ze bleujt van juli-okt en weurt 60-120cm hoag.

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Tansy ( İngilizce )

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Illustration of a tansy

Tansy (Tanacetum vulgare) is a perennial, herbaceous flowering plant in the genus Tanacetum in the aster family, native to temperate Europe and Asia. It has been introduced to other parts of the world, including North America, and in some areas has become invasive. It is also known as common tansy,[2] bitter buttons, cow bitter, or golden buttons. The Latin word vulgare means "common".[3]

Description

Blue tansy (Tanacetum annuum) essential oil in a clear glass vial, not to be confused with the oil from common tansy (Tanacetum vulgare) which is not blue.
Tansy: corymb of flower heads with recognisable Fibonacci spirals entered by ants

Tansy is a flowering herbaceous plant with finely divided compound leaves and yellow, button-like flowers. It has a stout, somewhat reddish, erect stem, usually smooth, 50–150 cm (20–59 in) tall, and branching near the top. The leaves are alternate, 10–15 cm (3.9–5.9 in) long and are pinnately lobed, divided almost to the center into about seven pairs of segments, or lobes, which are again divided into smaller lobes having saw-toothed edges, giving the leaf a somewhat fern-like appearance. The roundish, flat-topped, button-like, yellow flower heads are produced in terminal clusters from mid-to-late summer. The scent is similar to that of camphor with hints of rosemary. The leaves and flowers are toxic if consumed in large quantities; the volatile oil contains toxic compounds including thujone, which can cause convulsions and liver and brain damage. Some insects, notably the tansy beetle Chrysolina graminis, have resistance to the toxins and subsist almost exclusively on the plant.

History and distribution

Tansy is native to Eurasia; it is found in almost all parts of mainland Europe, as well as Britain and Ireland. It is absent from Siberia and from some of the Mediterranean islands.[4] The ancient Greeks may have been the first to cultivate it as a medicinal herb.[5] In the sixteenth century it was considered to be "necessary for a garden" in Britain.[6]

History of uses

Tansy has a long history of use. The first historical records of its cultivation for medicinal purposes involved the ancient Greeks.[5] In the 8th century AD it was grown in the herb gardens of Charlemagne and by Benedictine monks of the Swiss monastery of Saint Gall.[7] Tansy was used to treat intestinal worms, rheumatism, digestive problems, fevers, sores, and to bring out measles.[7][8][9][10][11]

During the Middle Ages and later, high doses were used to induce abortions.[9][12][13] On the other hand, tansy was also used to help women conceive and to prevent miscarriages.[8][9][14] In the 15th century, Christians began serving tansy with Lenten meals to commemorate the Passover bitter herbs eaten by the Israelites.[11][14] Tansy was thought to have the added Lenten benefits of controlling flatulence brought on by days of eating fish and pulses[8][9] and of preventing the intestinal worms believed to be caused by eating fish during Lent.[15]

Tansy was used as a face wash and was reported to lighten and purify the skin.[8][9] In the 19th century, Irish folklore suggested that bathing in a solution of tansy and salts would cure joint pain.[16]

Insect repellent

Tansy has also been used as insect repellent[7] and in embalming.[9][10] It was packed into coffins, wrapped in funeral winding sheets, and tansy wreaths were sometimes placed on the dead.[7][9][10][14] Henry Dunster, the first president of Harvard University, was buried wearing a tansy wreath in a coffin packed with tansy; when the cemetery was moved in 1846 the tansy had maintained its shape and fragrance, helping to identify the president's remains.[7][9][14] By the 19th century, tansy was used so much at New England funerals that people began to disdain it for its morbid association with death.[9][11]

During the American colonial period, meat was frequently rubbed with or packed in tansy leaves to repel insects and delay spoilage.[7][9][14] Tansy was frequently worn at that time in shoes to prevent malaria and other fevers;[9][14] it has been shown, however, that some mosquito species, including Culex pipiens, take nectar from tansy flowers.[17]

Tansy can be used as in companion planting and for biological pest control. It is planted alongside potatoes to repel the Colorado potato beetle, with one study finding tansy reduced the beetle population by 60 to 100 percent.[9][18][7]

In England tansy is placed on window sills to repel flies; sprigs are placed in bed linen to drive away pests, and it has been used as an ant repellent.[19]

In the 1940s, distilled tansy oil mixed with fleabane, pennyroyal and diluted alcohol was a well-known mosquito repellent; collectors were paid five cents a pound for tansy in full bloom.[9][20] Research has found that tansy extracts do indeed repel mosquitoes, but not as effectively as products containing DEET.[9][21] In 2008, researchers in Sweden investigated the use of tansy to repel ticks, showing a 64–72 percent repellency for each oil constituent.[22]

Toxicity

Tansy flower: detail

Many tansy species contain a volatile oil which can cause contact dermatitis in sensitive individuals. If taken internally, toxic metabolites are produced as the oil is broken down in the liver and digestive tract. It is highly toxic to internal parasites, and for centuries tansy tea has been prescribed by herbalists to expel worms. Tansy is an effective insecticide and is highly toxic to arthropods.[23] Because it contains thujone, the U.S. FDA limits the use of tansy to alcoholic beverages, and the final product must be thujone-free.[24] Tanacetum annuum is often confused with common tansy (Tanacetum vulgare) but the former produces an essential oil that is completely different chemically as it contains no thujone and high amounts of chamazulene making the oil dark blue in color, giving rise to its common name of Blue Tansy Oil.[25][26] Despite claims by some unethical resellers of essential oils who adulterate the very expensive Blue Tansy (Tanacetum annuum) oil with the much cheaper oil from Tanacetum vulgare, the oil from Tanacetum vulgare is never blue in color as it contains no chamazulene.[27][28] For this reason a high thujone oil from Tanacetum vulgare should never be referred to as "Blue Tansy" oil and any such blue oil containing significant thujone is an adulterated product.

The active components of the volatile oil include 1,8-cineole, trans-thujone, camphor and myrtenol, with the quantities and proportions of each varying seasonally and from plant to plant.[9][21][29][30][31]

1,8-Cineole is a toxin believed to defend the plant leaves against attacks by herbivores.[29][30]

Culinary uses

Tansy foil

Tansy was formerly used as a flavouring for puddings and omelettes, but is now almost unknown, except in Cork, where it is used in a sauce to accompany drisheens. The herbalist John Gerard (c. 1545–1612) noted that tansy was well known as “pleasant in taste”, and he recommends tansy sweetmeats as “an especial thing against the gout, if every day for a certain space a reasonable quantitie thereof be eaten fasting.” In Yorkshire, tansy and caraway seeds were traditionally used in biscuits served at funerals.[15]

During the Restoration, a "tansy" was a sweet omelette flavoured with tansy juice. In the BBC documentary "The Supersizers go ... Restoration", Allegra McEvedy described the flavour as "fruity, sharpness to it and then there's a sort of explosion of cool heat a bit like peppermint."[32] However, the programme's presenter Sue Perkins experienced tansy toxicity.

According to liquor historian A. J. Baime, in the 19th century Tennessee whiskey magnate Jack Daniel enjoyed drinking his own whiskey with sugar and crushed tansy leaf.

In the Belgian coastal province of West-Flanders small quantities of crushed dried tansy leaf were traditionally used as culinary herb to spice up pancakes and omelettes. There tansy is colloquially known as "pancake herb".

It can also be used as a substitute for sage.[33]

Ethnomedical use

For many years, tansy has been used as a medicinal herb despite its toxicity. 19th-century Irish folklore suggests bathing in a solution of tansy and salt as a cure for joint pain.[16] A bitter tea made with tansy flowers has been used for centuries as an anthelmintic to treat parasitic worm infestations, and tansy cakes were traditionally eaten during Lent because it was believed that eating fish during Lent caused intestinal worms.[15] Various Tanacetum species are used ethnomedically to treat migraine, neuralgia and rheumatism and as anthelmintics. Traditionally, tansy was often used for its emmenagogue effects to bring on menstruation or end an unwanted pregnancy, and pregnant women are advised to not use this herb.[34] Research published in 2011 identified 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid (3,5-DCQA) and axillarin in tansy as antiviral compounds that are active against herpes simplex virus.[35]

Among Native Americans

The Cherokee use an infusion of the plant for backache, use the plant as a tonic, and wear it around the waist and in shoes to prevent miscarriages.[36] The Cheyenne use an infusion of the pulverized leaves and blossoms for dizziness and weakness.[37]

Other uses

Tansy (Tanacetum vulgare)

Some traditional dyers use tansy to produce a golden-yellow color.[38] The yellow flowers are dried for use in floral arrangements.

Tansy is also used as a companion plant, especially with cucurbits like cucumbers and squash, or with roses or various berries. It is thought to repel ants, cucumber beetles, Japanese beetles, squash bugs, and some kinds of flying insects, among others.

Dried tansy is used by some beekeepers as fuel in a bee smoker.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b "Tanacetum vulgare". The Plant List. Retrieved 2017-06-07.
  2. ^ USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Tanacetum vulgare". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
  3. ^ Walker, Marilyn (2008). Wild plants of Eastern Canada: identifying, harvesting and using; includes recipes & medicinal uses. Halifax, N.S.: Nimbus Pub. ISBN 9781551096155. OCLC 190965401.
  4. ^ Zohary, D.; Heywood, V.H. (1997). "A Catalogue of the Wild Relatives of Cultivated Plants Native to Europe". Bocconea.
  5. ^ a b LeCain, Ron; Sheley, Roger; Mangold, Jane (2019). "Common tansy (Tanacetum vulgare)" (PDF). p. 2. Retrieved 2022-06-23. The first historical records of common tansy cultivation are from the ancient Greeks who used it for a variety of ailments.
  6. ^ Harvey, John H. (1989). Garden plants of around 1525: the Fromond list (reprint ed.). pp. 122–134.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g LeCain 2019, p. 2.
  8. ^ a b c d LeStrange, Richard (1977). A History of Herbal Plants. London: Angus & Robertson. ISBN 978-0-207-95645-4.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Mitich, Larry W. (March 1992). "Tansy". Weed Technology. 6: 242–244. doi:10.1017/S0890037X00034643. S2CID 251577774.
  10. ^ a b c Zimdahl, Richard (1989). Weeds and Words. Ames: Iowa State University Press. ISBN 978-0-8138-0128-5.
  11. ^ a b c Durant, Mary (1976). Who Named the Daisy? Who Named the Rose?. New York: Dodd, Mead and Company.
  12. ^ Kingsbury, John Merriam (1964). Poisonous Plants of the United States and Canada. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-685016-8.
  13. ^ "Illinois Wildflowers". Retrieved 2008-12-16.
  14. ^ a b c d e f Haughton, Claire Shaver (1980). Green Immigrants. New York: Harcourt Brace. ISBN 978-0-15-636492-8.
  15. ^ a b c Sumner, Judith (2004). American Household Botany: A History of Useful Plants, 1620–1900. Portland, Or: Timber Press. ISBN 978-0-88192-652-1.
  16. ^ a b Egan, F.A. (1887). "Irish Folk-Lore. Medical Plants". The Folk-Lore Journal. 5 (1): 11–13. doi:10.1080/17442524.1887.10602835.
  17. ^ Andersson, I.H.; Jaeson, T.G.T. (1987). "Nectar feeding by mosquitoes in Sweden, with special reference to Culex pipiens and Cx. torrentium". Medical and Veterinary Entomology. 1 (1): 59–64. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2915.1987.tb00323.x. PMID 2979521. S2CID 30469080.
  18. ^ Schearer, W.R. (1984). "Components of oil of tansy (Tanacetum vulgare) that repel Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata)". Journal of Natural Products. 47 (6): 964–9. doi:10.1021/np50036a009.
  19. ^ Drury, S. (1992). "Plants and Pest Control in England circa 1400–1700: A Preliminary Study". Folklore. 103: 103–6. doi:10.1080/0015587x.1992.9715833.
  20. ^ Georgia, A.E. (1942). A Manual of Weeds. New York: MacMillan.
  21. ^ a b DePooter, H.L.; Vermeesch, J.; Schamp, N.M. (1989). "unk". Journal of Essential Oil Research. 1 (1): 9–13.
  22. ^ Pålsson K, Jaenson TG, Baeckström P, Borg-Karlson AK (January 2008). "Tick repellent substances in the essential oil of Tanacetum vulgare". Journal of Medical Entomology. 45 (1): 88–93. doi:10.1603/0022-2585(2008)45[88:TRSITE]2.0.CO;2. PMID 18283947. S2CID 24970966.
  23. ^ Edible and Medicinal Plants of the West, Gregory L. Tilford, ISBN 0-87842-359-1
  24. ^ Food Additives Permitted for Direct Addition to Food for Human Consumption. Food and Drug Administration (2007). Retrieved Mar 30, 2008.
  25. ^ J. Essent. Oil Res., Vol. 11, 343-348 (1999)
  26. ^ J. Essent. Oil Res., Vol. 12, 122-124 (Jan/Feb 2000)
  27. ^ J. Agric. Food Chem., 2004, 52 (6), pp 1742–1748
  28. ^ J. Nat. Prod., 1984, 47 (6), pp 964–969.
  29. ^ a b Jacobs, J. (February 2008). "Ecological Management of Common Tansy (Tanacetum vulgare L.)" (PDF). Invasive Species Technical Note # MT-18. United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 18, 2011.
  30. ^ a b Judzentiene, A.; Mockute, D. (2005). "The inflorescence and leaf essential oils of Tanacetum vulgare L. var. vulgare growing wild in Lithuania". Biochemical Systematics and Ecology. 33 (5): 487–498. doi:10.1016/j.bse.2004.11.003.
  31. ^ Keskitalo, M.; Pehu E.; Simon, J.E. (2001). "Variation in volatile compounds from tansy (Tanacetum vulgare L.) related to genetic and morphological differenced of genotypes". Biochemical Systematics and Ecology. 29 (3): 267–285. doi:10.1016/S0305-1978(00)00056-9. PMID 11152946.
  32. ^ //www.youtube.com/watch?v=TCfx98Ei5lM and //www.youtube.com/watch?v=fCiBMDhs5p0
  33. ^ Niering, William A.; Olmstead, Nancy C. (1985) [1979]. The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Wildflowers, Eastern Region. Knopf. p. 407. ISBN 0-394-50432-1.
  34. ^ Martin, Corinne (2000). Herbal Remedies from the Wild. Woodstock, Vermont: The Countryman Press. pp. 133–135. ISBN 978-0-88150-485-9.
  35. ^ Ángel, L. Álvarez; Solomon Habtemariam; Juan-Badaturuge Malindra; Caroline Jackson; Francisco Parra (2011). "In vitro anti HSV-1 and HSV-2 activity of Tanacetum vulgare extracts and isolated compounds: An approach to their mechanisms of action". Phytotherapy Research. 25 (2): 296–301. doi:10.1002/ptr.3382. PMID 21171142. S2CID 9011931.
  36. ^ Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey 1975 Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History. Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co. (p. 58)
  37. ^ Grinnell, George Bird 1972 The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2. Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press (p. 190).
  38. ^ Suomi, Paivi (2001). "A Dyer's Walk". Archived from the original on 2007-09-29. Retrieved 2007-05-15.

References

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Tansy: Brief Summary ( İngilizce )

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Illustration of a tansy

Tansy (Tanacetum vulgare) is a perennial, herbaceous flowering plant in the genus Tanacetum in the aster family, native to temperate Europe and Asia. It has been introduced to other parts of the world, including North America, and in some areas has become invasive. It is also known as common tansy, bitter buttons, cow bitter, or golden buttons. The Latin word vulgare means "common".

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Ordinara tanaceto ( Esperanto )

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Ordinara tanaceto (Tanacetum vulgare, sinonimo: Chrysanthemum vulgare) estas staŭdo el la familio de la Asteracoj. Ĝi iom similas al Jakob-senecio (Jacobaea vulgaris), sed la infloresko ne havas flavan florkronon el radiformaj floroj. En la plej granda parto de Eŭropo kaj la norda parto de Azio la Ordinara tanaceto nature troviĝas en multaj lokoj.

Nomo

La botanika nomo Tanacetum verŝajne estas derivita de la malnovgreka vorto 'athanasia' kun la signifo 'nemortonta'. Tiu nomo ĝi probable devenas el la fakto ke la floroj malfacile velkas kaj longtempe konservas sian flavan koloron, sed ankaŭ povas indiki la specon de eliksiro farita el ĝi. Ordinara tanaceto ankaŭ estis uzata por konservi korpojn. 'Vulgare' havas la signifon 'ordinara' aŭ 'ĝenerale trovebla'.

Botanika priskribo

La planto estas plurjara. Ĝi posedas eĝohavan malhelbrunan tigon, povas fariĝi 60-120 cm longa kaj floras per plataj umbeloj, kiuj konsistas el dekoj da kapituloj (kun nur tubetfloroj). Ili staras en falsaj umbeloj tre dense kune kaj donas al la umbelo la firmecon kiel de kuseneto.

La ĉefa florado estas en la periodo junio ĝis inkluzive aŭgusto kaj la reflorado povas daŭri ĝis la aŭtuno. La folioj estas rompite plumechavaj kun al la pinto de la folio plumparta kaj la folietoj plumfendaj kaj surmetita per glandoharoj. Tiuj glandoharoj respondecas por la iom forta kamforeca odoro, kiu dum ektuŝo disvastiĝas. Ĉar la oleo kiun oni povas ekstrakti el la planto principe estas venena, en Usono estas malpermesata vendi la planton. Ordinara tanaceto estas rigardata kiel kompasplanto, ĉar la folioj en la plena sunlumo sin proksimume direktas al la sudo.

La frukto estas 2 mm longa akeno.

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Ordinara tanaceto: Brief Summary ( Esperanto )

wikipedia EO tarafından sağlandı

Ordinara tanaceto (Tanacetum vulgare, sinonimo: Chrysanthemum vulgare) estas staŭdo el la familio de la Asteracoj. Ĝi iom similas al Jakob-senecio (Jacobaea vulgaris), sed la infloresko ne havas flavan florkronon el radiformaj floroj. En la plej granda parto de Eŭropo kaj la norda parto de Azio la Ordinara tanaceto nature troviĝas en multaj lokoj.

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Tanacetum vulgare ( İspanyolca; Kastilyaca )

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 src=
Inflorescencia

Tanacetum vulgare es una planta herbácea perenne también conocida como tanaceto, tansi o hierba lombriguera. Es natural de Europa y de Asia, cada vez más rara cuando se avanza hacia el sur.

Características

Es una planta herbácea perenne muy robusta que posee un tallo erecto de 60 a 90cm de altura. Las hojas pinnadas con numerosos foliolos profundamente dentados, son de color verde oscuro y aromáticas. Las flores son pequeñas de color amarillo dorado agrupadas en capítulos formando un corimbo denso y aplanado, florecen en verano.

Historia

El uso medicinal de la tanaceto es antiguo, lo demuestra su presencia en la Capitulare de villis vel curtis imperii, una orden emitida por Carlomagno que reclama a sus campos para que cultiven una serie de hierbas y condimentos incluyendo las "tanazitam" identificada actualmente como Tanacetum vulgare.

Propiedades

 src=
Tanacetum vulgare
 src=
Flores
  • Vermífugo.
  • La infusión de flores es un antihelmíntico recomendado contra las ascarides y los oxiuros.
  • En su aplicación externa se aplica su aceite para combatir el reumatismo.
  • Tanacetum parthenium Sch.Bip. es una de las plantas más útiles para las migrañas (síndrome migrañoso) y trastornos menstruales en general. Se la emplea en infusión, tintura madre y extracto fluido. Su principio activo - matricarina - se emplea en medicina convencional para los mismos fines.
  • El Tanacetum vulgare tiene prohibida su venta al público, así como la de sus preparados, y su uso en España, por razón de su toxicidad, conforme con lo que establece el artículo 42.2 de la Ley 25/1990, de 20 de diciembre, del Medicamento. Su comercialización se restringe a la elaboración de especialidades farmacéuticas, fórmulas magistrales, preparados oficinales, cepas homeopáticas y a la investigación.

Uso en medicina popular

Durante muchos años, el tanaceto se ha utilizado como una hierba medicinal a pesar de su toxicidad. En el folclore irlandés del siglo XIX, se sugiere bañarse en una solución de tanaceto y sal como una cura para el dolor articular.[1]​ Un té amargo hecho con flores de tanaceto se ha utilizado durante siglos como un antihelmíntico para tratar las infestaciones parasitarias, y las tortas de tanaceto eran tradicionalmente comidas durante la Cuaresma, ya que se cree que el consumo de pescado durante la Cuaresma causaba gusanos intestinales.[2]​ Varias especies de Tanacetum se utilizan ethnomedicalmente para tratar la migraña, neuralgia y el reumatismo y como antihelmínticos. Tradicionalmente, el tanaceto fue utilizado a menudo por sus efectos emenagogos para provocar la menstruación o terminar un embarazo no deseado, y se recomienda a las mujeres embarazadas a no utilizar esta hierba.[3]​ La investigación publicada en 2011 identificó 3,5- ácido dicafeoilquínico (3,5- DCQA) y axillarin en tanaceto como compuestos antivirales que son activos contra el virus del Herpes simple.[4]

Taxonomía

Tanacetum vulgare fue descrita por Carlos Linneo y publicado en Species Plantarum 2: 844–845. 1753. [5]

Etimología

Tanacetum: nombre genérico derivado del latín medieval "tanazita" que a su vez proviene del griego "athanasia" (= inmortal, a largo plazo), que probablemente indica la larga duración de la inflorescencia de esta planta, en otros textos se refiere a la creencia de que las bebidas a base de las hojas de esta planta confiere la vida eterna.[6]

vulgare: epíteto latino que significa "vulgar, común".[7]

Sinonimia
  • Chrysanthemum vulgare (L.) Bernh. 1800
  • Leucanthemum vulgare Lam.
  • Chrysanthemum leucanthemum L.
  • Chrysanthemum leucanthemum var. boecheri Boivin
  • Chrysanthemum leucanthemum L. var. pinnatifidum Lecoq & Lamotte
  • Leucanthemum leucanthemum (L.) Rydb.
  • Leucanthemum vulgare Lam. var. pinnatifidum (Lecoq & Lamotte) Moldenke[8]

Nombres comunes

  • Castellano: San Pedros, Santa Teresita, altamisa, anastasia, artemisa menor, atanasia, buen varón, buen varón de Jarava, cazapete, cazapeto, hierba de la lombriz, hierba de las lombrices, hierba lombricera, hierba lombriguera, hierba lombriquera, hierba lombriza, hoja de Santa Teresa, lombricera, lombriguera, meruca, palma real, palma rizá,palma de la india, pluma de Santa Teresita, pluma rizá, plumarizá, sacapeoh, santa teresita, tana, tanaceto, triaca, tríaca, yerba de las lombrices, yerba lombricera, yerba lombriguera. [9]

Referencias

  1. Egan, F.A. (1887). «Irish Folk-Lore. Medical Plants». The Folk-Lore Journal 5 (1): 11-13.
  2. Sumner, Judith (2004). American Household Botany: A History of Useful Plants, 1620–1900. Portland, Or: Timber Press. ISBN 0-88192-652-3.
  3. Martin, Corinne (2000). Herbal Remedies from the Wild. Woodstock, Vermont, USA: The Countryman Press. pp. 133-135. ISBN 0-88150-485-8.
  4. Álvarez, Ángel L.; Habtemariam, Solomon; Juan-Badaturuge, Malindra; Jackson, Caroline; Parra, Francisco (2010). «In vitro anti HSV-1 and HSV-2 activity of Tanacetum vulgare extracts and isolated compounds: An approach to their mechanisms of action». Phytotherapy Research (en inglés): n/a-n/a. doi:10.1002/ptr.3382. Consultado el 24 de julio de 2020.
  5. «Tanacetum vulgare». Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. Consultado el 24 de mayo de 2013.
  6. «Botanical names». Archivado desde el original el 10 de junio de 2010. Consultado el 3 de julio de 2009.
  7. En Epítetos Botánicos
  8. Sinónimos en USDA
  9. «Tanacetum vulgare». Real Jardín Botánico: Proyecto Anthos. Consultado el 4 de junio de 2012.
  • USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program.

Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN). National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL: http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?104144 (17 nov. 2007)

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Tanacetum vulgare: Brief Summary ( İspanyolca; Kastilyaca )

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 src= Inflorescencia

Tanacetum vulgare es una planta herbácea perenne también conocida como tanaceto, tansi o hierba lombriguera. Es natural de Europa y de Asia, cada vez más rara cuando se avanza hacia el sur.

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Harilik soolikarohi ( Estonyaca )

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Disambig gray.svg See artikkel räägib liigist; perekonna kohta vaata artiklit Soolikarohi (perekond)

Harilik soolikarohi (Tanacetum vulgare L.) on korvõieliste sugukonna soolikarohu perekonda kuuluv mitmeaastane taimeliik. Soolikarohu tunneb ära iseloomuliku kamprilõhna ja suurte kollaseõieliste puhmikute järgi. Rahvapärased nimetused on ka reinvarred, külakuradipuu, põllupihelgas, solknalill, ussihain ja heinvarred. Soolikarohu ladinakeelne nimetus arvatakse tulenevat kreekakeelsetest sõnadest athanatos (surematu), atanasie (igavene) või thanatos (surm), sest taimel on olnud oluline osa mitmete rahvaste matusekombetalituses roiskumisvastase vahendina.[1][2]

Kasvukoht

Soolikarohi eelistab kasvada tee- ja põlluservades ning kuivades kohtades inimasustuse läheduses. Samuti rannavallidel, rannaniidul, loopealsetel ja vahel ka pärisniidul.[1][3]

Tanacetum vulgare Sturm13047.jpg
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Hariliku soolikarohu puhmikud

Botaaniline kirjeldus

Soolikarohi kasvab tugevate puhmikutena 40–120 cm kõrguseks ning õitseb juulist septembrini.[1]

Õis

Korvõisikud on kollased, pealt peaaegu lamedad ja läbimõõduga 7–12 mm. Õisiku moodustavad ainult putkõied, millest keskmised on viiehambalise krooniga mitmesugulised õied ning välimised kolmehambalise krooniga ühesugulised emasõied. Korvõisikud liituvad varre tippudes kännasjaks liitõisikuks.[1]

Leht

Soolikarohu lihtlehed on kuni 20 cm pikad ja 8–10 cm laiad, kujult elliptilised kuni äraspidimunajad. Pihlakalehtedega sarnaselt on nad sügavalt lõhestunud sulgjateks hõlmadeks. Hõlmad on saagjaservalised ja lõhestunud. Eristatakse juurmisi lehti, mis on pikarootsulised, alumisi varrelehti, mis on lühirootsulised, ning ülemisi lehti, mis on rootsutud. Noortele lehtedele on eriomane hõbehall karvastus alumisel pinnal.[1]

Vars

Varred on püstised, madalate ribidega, tihedalt lehistunud ning annavad ülemises osas sageli harusid. Värvuselt on kahvaturohelised või lillakaspunased.[1]

Maa-alune osa

Soolikarohu maa-aluseks osaks on risoom, millel on palju lühikesi risoomivõsundeid ja lisajuuri.[1]

Vili ja paljunemine

Viljaks on seemnis, mis on pikiribidega ja tipul madala kileja hambulise äärisega. Pikkus on 1,5–1,8 mm ja laius umbes 0,5 mm. Paljunemine toimubki peamiselt seemnetega või siis mõningal määral ka vegetatiivselt risoomivõsundite abil.[1]

Koht ökosüsteemis

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Hariliku soolikarohu õisikud

Loomad soolikarohtu tema iseloomuliku ebameeldiva lõhna ja mõru maitse tõttu ei söö – see võiks tekitada ohtlikke mürgistusi. Küll aga võivad linnud taime tugevate puhmikute vahele pesa ehitada.[1]

Kasutamine ravimtaimena

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Hariliku soolikarohu lihtleht

Soolikarohu nimetus tulenebki ilmselt tema rahvameditsiinilisest kasutusest. Ta on vana ja tuntud ravimtaim, mida on kasutatud keskajast saadik sooleparasiitide (peamiselt solkmete ja naaskelsabade) välja tõrjumiseks. Droogina on kasutatud õisikuid, millest tehti teed, või seemneid, mida söödi või raputati ka võileivale. Soolikarohust on abi otsitud ka soolevaeguste, krampide ja kõhutõve korral ning menstruaaltsükli korrastamiseks. Välispidiselt on soolikarohuga tohterdatud sügelisi, halvasti paranevaid haavu, podagrat ja liigesepõletikku.[1][2]

Keemiline koostis

 src=
Hariliku soolikarohu seemnised

Õisikud sisaldavad flavonoide (kvertsiin, luteoliin, akatsetiin), millel on toime sapinõristusele. Taim sisaldab ka eeterlikku õli (kuni 2%, tujoon), millel on mõju sooleussidele ja seetõttu ongi soolikarohtu just eeskätt soole ussnugiliste tõrjeks kasutatud. Kahjuks on antud ained mürgised ka inimesele, mistõttu on soolikarohtu tänapäeval seespidiselt tarvitada ei soovitata. Parkainesisaldusest võib olla abi kõhulahtisuse korral. Põletikuvastane, higieritust, seedetegevust, menstruatsiooni soodustav ja palavikku alandav toime on teaduslikult tõestamata.[2]

Ohud

Kuna suured annused võivad põhjustada mürgistust ja raskematel juhtudel surma, võib taime kasutada vaid arsti ettekirjutuste kohaselt. Mürgistusnähtudeks on mao limaskesta valulikkus ja krambid. Kindlasti vältida raseduse korral, sest soolikarohi võib esile kutsuda aborti.[1][2]

Viited

  1. 1,00 1,01 1,02 1,03 1,04 1,05 1,06 1,07 1,08 1,09 1,10 "Harilik soolikarohi". Vaadatud 22.04.2018.
  2. 2,0 2,1 2,2 2,3 Ain Raal. "101 Eesti ravimtaime", Tallinn: Varrak, 2013.
  3. "Harilik soolikarohi". Vaadatud 22.04.2018.

Välislingid

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Harilik soolikarohi: Brief Summary ( Estonyaca )

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Harilik soolikarohi (Tanacetum vulgare L.) on korvõieliste sugukonna soolikarohu perekonda kuuluv mitmeaastane taimeliik. Soolikarohu tunneb ära iseloomuliku kamprilõhna ja suurte kollaseõieliste puhmikute järgi. Rahvapärased nimetused on ka reinvarred, külakuradipuu, põllupihelgas, solknalill, ussihain ja heinvarred. Soolikarohu ladinakeelne nimetus arvatakse tulenevat kreekakeelsetest sõnadest athanatos (surematu), atanasie (igavene) või thanatos (surm), sest taimel on olnud oluline osa mitmete rahvaste matusekombetalituses roiskumisvastase vahendina.

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Mota-belar ( Baskça )

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Mota-belarra (Tanacetum vulgare) lore-elkartuen familiako belar landare zurtsua da, zurtoin zuzena eta orratz itxurako gingilez osatutako hostoak dituena. Landarearen goiko aldean izaten ditu loreak, buru txiki batzuen itxurakoak, hostoen oinean kokatuak eta kolore horixkakoak. Lurralde freskoetan ez du lorerik ez fruiturik ematen. Berez Asiakoa da, baina Europan eta Amerikan ere zabaldua dago gaur. Botikagintzan oso erabilia da. Herri sendagintzan urdaileko mina, hesteetako haizeak eta bizkarroiak kentzeko, eta beherakoa mozteko erabiltzen da.

Erreferentziak


Biologia Artikulu hau biologiari buruzko zirriborroa da. Wikipedia lagun dezakezu edukia osatuz.
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Mota-belar: Brief Summary ( Baskça )

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Mota-belarra (Tanacetum vulgare) lore-elkartuen familiako belar landare zurtsua da, zurtoin zuzena eta orratz itxurako gingilez osatutako hostoak dituena. Landarearen goiko aldean izaten ditu loreak, buru txiki batzuen itxurakoak, hostoen oinean kokatuak eta kolore horixkakoak. Lurralde freskoetan ez du lorerik ez fruiturik ematen. Berez Asiakoa da, baina Europan eta Amerikan ere zabaldua dago gaur. Botikagintzan oso erabilia da. Herri sendagintzan urdaileko mina, hesteetako haizeak eta bizkarroiak kentzeko, eta beherakoa mozteko erabiltzen da.

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Pietaryrtti ( Fince )

wikipedia FI tarafından sağlandı
Tanacetum vulgare - harilik soolikarohi Keilas1.jpg

Pietaryrtti (Tanacetum vulgare syn. Chrysanthemum vulgare; nappikukka) on asterikasveihin kuuluva keltakukkainen monivuotinen ruoho. Se kasvaa alkuperäisenä Euroopassa ja Aasiassa. Suomessa se on yleinen maan etelä- ja keskiosissa Oulun korkeudelle asti. Monin paikoin pietaryrttiä tavataan viljelyjäänteenä. Pohjois-Amerikkaan se on levinnyt viljelykasvien mukana rikkaruohona.

Kuvaus

Pietaryrtti kasvaa 20–120 cm korkeaksi. Sen varsi on jäykkä ja kukat kohoavat tasalatvaisena huiskilona, joka jää kasvin kuihduttua törröttämään pystyyn. Lehdet ovat pariosaiset, sinivihreät.[1]

Pietaryrtti on kuivien pientareiden ja joutomaiden kasvi, joka kukkii loppukesästä. Sen mykerökukinto muistuttaa päivänkakkaran kukinnon keskiosaa.

Käyttö

Pietaryrttiä on käytetty mausteena ja muurahaisten karkotteena. Pietaryrtin haju on voimakas ja vastenmielinen, mikä selittää kasvin käyttöä keskiajalla rohtona ja karkotteena. Sen ajateltiin auttavan esim. ruuansulatushäiriöihin, kuukautiskipuihin, hermosairauksiin ja matolääkkeenä. Pietaryrtti oli tärkeä rohtoyrtti ruotsalaisten luostarien yrttitarhoissa. Pietaryrtti kestää kuivuutta erittäin hyvin, ja siksi sen viljelyä on jälleen alettu kokeilla muun muassa piennaralueilla.

Pietaryrtti on nyttemmin todettu myrkylliseksi, joten sen rohtokäyttö on kielletty monissa maissa. Kasvi sisältää muun muassa tujonia. Toisaalla se on apteekkitavaraa. Ongelmana on myrkkypitoisuuden vaihtelu kasviyksilöstä toiseen.[2]

Pietaryrttiä käytetään myös lankojen värjäykseen: lehdistä ja juurista saadaan vihreää väriä ja kukista keltaista.[3]

Lähteet

  1. Synnöve Huovinen: Taivalkosken lukion kasvisto 2001. Kalevi Hirvonen (kuva). Viitattu 1.8.2007.
  2. Yrttitarha 2000. Länsi-Pirkanmaan Koulutuskuntayhtymä. Viitattu 1.8.2007.
  3. YLE

Aiheesta muualla

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Pietaryrtti: Brief Summary ( Fince )

wikipedia FI tarafından sağlandı
Tanacetum vulgare - harilik soolikarohi Keilas1.jpg

Pietaryrtti (Tanacetum vulgare syn. Chrysanthemum vulgare; nappikukka) on asterikasveihin kuuluva keltakukkainen monivuotinen ruoho. Se kasvaa alkuperäisenä Euroopassa ja Aasiassa. Suomessa se on yleinen maan etelä- ja keskiosissa Oulun korkeudelle asti. Monin paikoin pietaryrttiä tavataan viljelyjäänteenä. Pohjois-Amerikkaan se on levinnyt viljelykasvien mukana rikkaruohona.

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Tanaisie commune ( Fransızca )

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Tanacetum vulgare

 src=
Type d'inflorescence : corymbe de capitules

La Tanaisie commune (Tanacetum vulgare), souvent appelée Tanaisie tout court, est une plante herbacée vivace de la famille des Asteraceae, d'origine eurasiatique, très commune en Europe à l'état sauvage.

En raison d'une teneur élevée en huile essentielle, cette plante est très odorante dès qu'elle est touchée ou froissée. Elle est — à forte dose — toxique et psychoactive.

Cette odeur est connue, au moins depuis le Moyen Âge[1] pour repousser certains insectes et acariens[2]. Une espèce voisine, la Tanaisie annuelle (Tanacetum annuum), plus spécifique des régions méditerranéennes, a été testée comme source de chamazulène (une molécule antioxydante)[3].

Dénominations

Description

 src=
Tanaisie.

C'est une grande plante herbacée, vivace, aromatique, aux tiges érigées atteignant un mètre, aux feuilles finement divisées (pennatilobées), aux segments dentés, aux fleurs jaunes disposées en ombelles. Les fleurs sont constituées de fleurons tous identiques, groupées en capitules en forme de boutons.

Il existe de nombreux chémotypes différents de tanaisie, dénommés selon leur composant dominant, par exemple dits : à camphre, à bornéol, à cinéol, etc. Toutes ces plantes ont une odeur différente.

Cette plante contient des molécules neurotoxiques à forte dose, avec alors des effets psychoactifs, laxatifs (avec maux de ventre).

Caractéristiques

Organes reproducteurs :

Graines :

Habitat et répartition :

  • Habitat type : friches vivaces mésoxérophiles, plutôt médioeuropéennes
  • Aire de répartition d'origine : eurasiatique

Données d'après : Julve, Ph., 1998 ff. - Baseflor. Index botanique, écologique et chorologique de la flore de France. Version : 23 avril 2004.

État des populations

Si l'espèce a disparu des champs subissant une agriculture intensive ou de zones soumises à l'usage de désherbants[12] ou de pâturages où on a voulu l'éradiquer[13], elle est encore très présente sur les friches, bord de routes et de cours d'eau.

Usage

 src=
Planche botanique.

Biochimie

Depuis 1878, plus de 100 études scientifiques ont porté sur les composants de cette plante[14], identifiant une centaine de composants, dont dans l'huile essentielle de Tanaisie, obtenue par distillation de fleurs et/ou feuilles fraiches[14]. Sa composition et ses teneurs en différents composant peuvent toutefois grandement varier selon les espèces de tanaisies, leurs souches et variétés (une trentaine de chémotypes différents étaient déjà identifiés en 2018 dans le monde) et conditions édaphiques de croissance contient une soixantaine de molécules[3]. Des dizaines de ces molécules sont déjà connues comme biologiquement ou pharmacologiquement actives[14]. C'est par exemple le cas des composés suivants :

Outre le tanacétène (qui la rend amère), elle contient de l’acide malique, de l’acide citrique, de l’acide tartrique, de l’acide oxalique, des flavonoïdes et une essence riche en thuyone.

Sa teneur en huile essentielle et les composants de cette huile (trans-thuyone, camphre, trans-chrysanthényle acétate…) varient fortement selon les souches utilisées[15], mais aussi selon leur stade ontogénétique (stade de croissance) de la plante en fonction du composant prédominant au stade de croissance de la plante. Ces variations doivent être prises en compte en cas de production d'huile essentielle, huile qui intéresse l'Industrie pharmaceutique[15]. Une étude[15] (2015) s'est intéressée aux variations de production d'huile essentielle à cinq stades ontogénétiques différents (rosette, initiation de la tige, bourgeonnement floral, pleine floraison et début de nouaison, avec des teneurs en huile respectivement évaluées à 0,52 ± 0,05 % ; 0,55 ± 0,02 % ; 0,53 ± 0,02 % ; 0,91 ± 0,01 % et 0,73 ± 0,05 %. La quantité la plus élevée d'huile essentielle produite par la tanaisie testée (% poids/poids) correspond au stade de pleine floraison ; sinon, la teneur en huile essentielle est assez similaire aux stades jeune (rosette), de la croissance de la tige et du bourgeonnement floral[15]. Le taux de trans-thuyone est plus élevé (44 % de l'huile essentielle) aux stades de la rosette et de début de nouaison, alors que le taux de camphre est le plus élevé (31,04 %) lors du bourgeonnement floral[15]. Quant au taux d'acétate de trans-chrysanthényle, il connait deux pics : lors de l'initiation de la tige et en pleine floraison[15].

Usages médicinaux

Comme la grande et la petite Absinthes ou l'Armoise, c'est une tonique amère (son principe amer est le tanacétène).[réf. nécessaire]

Ses sommités fleuries ont été utilisées comme vermifuge mais par prudence, cet usage n'est plus recommandé car l'un des constituants de leur huile essentielle à odeur camphrée, la bêta-thuyone (l'un des deux isomères de la Thuyone), est toxique (abortive et neurotoxique épileptisante et convulsivante, et provocant des sensations de désinhibition avec à doses très élevées d'éventuelles hallucinations)[16].[source détournée]

On utilise donc plutôt des feuilles, préparées en infusion, à relativement faible doses[17] étaient réputées avoir des propriétés toniques, antispasmodiques et fébrifuges.[source insuffisante]

Durant la deuxième moitié du XXe siècle, une décoction de cette plante (dite Tansy Oil) était utilisée par les femmes (notamment au Royaume-Uni) pour provoquer l'arrivée des règles, généralement pour interrompre une grossesse.[réf. nécessaire]

Bioinsecticide

Cette plante (botaniquement proche des pyrèthres, est également insectifuge, éloignant par son odeur les fourmis, les mites, les puces, les punaises, les otiorhynques, le doryphore prédateur de la pomme de terre[18], la Tordeuse à bandes obliques, papillon nord-américain dont la chenille fait parfois des ravages sur les rosiers et de nombreux arbres fruitiers de la famille des Rosaceae (tels que pommiers, poiriers, pêchers)[19], la pyrale Acrobasis advenella[20], le coléoptère Aethina tumida[21], le Bombyx disparate (Lymantria dispar, devenu localement envahissant et considéré comme un ravageur problématique dans certains forêts feuillues de l'hémisphère nord, chênaies notamment) , etc. On l'emploie alors mise en sachets de feuilles et d'inflorescences séchées. La plante fraiche peut aussi être utilisée directement, par exemple comme répulsif contre les tiques, on peut se frotter les poignets, la nuque, les chevilles avec une feuille, dont l'odeur repousse tiques et moustiques[22]. Des extraits aqueux et divers composants de l'huile essentielle se sont montrés actifs contre divers insectes[14].

En arboriculture une pulvérisérisation d'infusion de fleurs peut être utilisée contre les pucerons et les fourmis qui les protègent[23].

En viticulture, cette plante affecte négativement la reproduction de l'Eudémis de la vigne (Lobesia botrana), un lépidoptère ravageur de la vigne[24].

Usages alimentaires

Cette plante est citée dans le capitulaire De Villis datant du début du IXe siècle, parmi les plantes potagères et aromatiques recommandées.

En raison de son parfum camphré puissant et de son goût amer, elle était utilisée à petite dose comme épice. Une recette du Liber cure cocorum en propose quelques feuilles hachées pour aromatiser l’omelette[25]. Son infusion aromatisait des sirops, liqueurs, limonades et vins. Ses feuilles (fraîches ou séchées) aromatisaient pâtisseries (pudding de Pâques en Angleterre) et accompagnaient les viandes[26].

En apiculture

La plante séchée est utilisée par certains apiculteurs comme combustible pour l'enfumoir[27]. Elle aurait l'avantage d'avoir un effet calmant sur les abeilles et l'odeur de la fumée produite serait sans incidence sur le goût du miel (contrairement à l'usage du carton par exemple).

Plante ornementale

C'est aussi une plante ornementale des jardins privés ou publics, notamment la variété crispum aux feuilles frisées et très découpées. Quand le milieu lui convient bien peut être localement envahissante[28].

Mise en culture

Au début des années 2000, pour répondre aux besoins de la chimie verte et des industries pharmaceutique et des biopesticides, des tests de culture avec différents régimes de récolte ont concerné plusieurs génotypes de tanaisie collectés au Canada (Richters et Goldsticks) et en Norvège (Steinvikholmen, Alvdal et Brumunddal), en recherchant à la fois une production élevée de biomasse et un bon rendement en huile essentielle de qualité[29].
D'importantes variations de rendements en huile essentielle ont été constatés (42,1 à 44,5 L/ha pour les génotypes canadiens contre 'seulement' 21,0 à 38,4 L/ha pour les génotypes norvégiens testés. Les premières expériences laissent penser que « les génotypes de tanaisie pourraient être regroupés dans les chémotypes suivants : cinéole−acétate de bornyle/bornéol−α-terpinéol) et le chémotype distinct Richters, avec des concentrations moyennes d'acétate de (E)-chrysanthényle> 40 % dans l'HE des feuilles et des fleurs »[29].

Synonymes

  • Chrysanthemum vulgare (L.) Bernh.
  • Tanacetum boreale Fisch. ex DC.

Notes et références

  1. (en) Larry W. Mitich, « Tansy », Weed Technology, vol. 6, no 1,‎ mars 1992, p. 242–244 (ISSN et , DOI , lire en ligne, consulté le 4 août 2021)
  2. (en) Jelica Lazarević, Igor Kostić, Slobodan Milanović et Darka Šešlija Jovanović, « Repellent activity of Tanacetum parthenium (L.) and Tanacetum vulgare (L.) essential oils against Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) », Bulletin of Entomological Research, vol. 111, no 2,‎ avril 2021, p. 190–199 (ISSN et , DOI , lire en ligne, consulté le 4 août 2021)
  3. a b et c (en) Bruce W. Baldwin et Thomas S. Kuntzleman, « Liquid CO 2 in Centrifuge Tubes: Separation of Chamazulene from Blue Tansy ( Tanacetum annuum ) Oil via Extraction and Thin-Layer Chromatography », Journal of Chemical Education, vol. 95, no 4,‎ 10 avril 2018, p. 620–624 (ISSN et , DOI , lire en ligne, consulté le 4 août 2021)
  4. Noms en français de « Tanaisie », sur Nomen.at, Dictionary of Common (Vernacular) Names (consulté le 8 août 2021).
  5. a b c d e f g et h Tela Botanica, , licence CC BY-SA 4.0 , consulté le 17 novembre 2016
  6. a b c d e f g h et i Meyer C., ed. sc., 2015, Dictionnaire des Sciences Animales. [lire en ligne]. Montpellier, France, Cirad. [12/05/2015].
  7. a et b Nom en français d’après Termium plus, la banque de données terminologiques et linguistiques du gouvernement du Canada
  8. a b c et d Nom en français d'après l'Inventaire National du Patrimoine Naturel, sur le site Inventaire National du Patrimoine Naturel (INPN)
  9. a et b Nom en français d'après la fiche de cette espèce dans Brouillet et al. 2010+. VASCAN (Base de données des plantes vasculaires du Canada) de Canadensys.
  10. USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Plant Germplasm System. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN-Taxonomy). National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland., consulté le 17 novembre 2016
  11. a b et c Tela Botanica (Antilles), consulté le 17 novembre 2016
  12. Ferrell, M. A., & Whitson, T. D. (1987). Evaluation of herbicide treatments on common tansy (Tanacetum vulgare L.). Research progress report-Western Society of Weed Science (USA)
  13. Miller, T. W., and Callihan, R. H. (1991). Control of common tansy in pasture. West. Soc. Weed Sci. Res. Prog. Rep., p. 47
  14. a b c d e f g h et i W. R. Schearer, « Components of Oil of Tansy (Tanacetum vulgare) That Repel Colorado Potato Beetles (Leptinotarsa decemlineata) », Journal of Natural Products, vol. 47, no 6,‎ novembre 1984, p. 964–969 (ISSN et , DOI , lire en ligne, consulté le 4 août 2021)
  15. a b c d e et f (en) Tahereh Goudarzi, Mohammad Jamal Saharkhiz et Vahid Rowshan, « Ontogenetic variation of essential oil content and constituents in tansy (Tanacetum vulgare L.) », Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, vol. 2, no 2,‎ juin 2015, p. 48–53 (DOI , lire en ligne, consulté le 4 août 2021)
  16. Annales Médico-psychologiques sur la “Toxicité neuropsychiatrique de l'absinthe. Historique, données actuelles”, revue psychiatrique, 163 (6), p. 497-501, 2005
  17. 5 g pour une tasse ; 2 ou 3 tasses dans la journée avant les repas selon Jean Palaiseul in Nos grand-mères savaient…, Ed. Robert Laffont.
  18. W. R. Schearer, « Components of Oil of Tansy (Tanacetum vulgare) That Repel Colorado Potato Beetles (Leptinotarsa decemlineata) », Journal of Natural Products, vol. 47, no 6,‎ novembre 1984, p. 964–969 (ISSN et , DOI , lire en ligne, consulté le 4 août 2021)
  19. (en) Nancy Larocque, C. Vincent, A. Bélanger et J.-P. Bourassa, « Effects of Tansy Essential Oil from Tanacetum vulgare on Biology of Oblique-Banded Leafroller, Choristoneura rosaceana », Journal of Chemical Ecology, vol. 25, no 6,‎ 1er juin 1999, p. 1319–1330 (ISSN , DOI , lire en ligne, consulté le 4 août 2021)
  20. (en) Klaudia Magierowicz, Edyta Górska-Drabik et Cezary Sempruch, « The effect of Tanacetum vulgare essential oil and its main components on some ecological and physiological parameters of Acrobasis advenella (Zinck.) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) », Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, vol. 162,‎ janvier 2020, p. 105–112 (DOI , lire en ligne, consulté le 4 août 2021)
  21. (en) Ednah Komen, Lucy K. Murungi et Janet Irungu, « Behavioral response of the small hive beetle, Aethina tumida (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) to volatiles of Apicure®, a plant-based extract », AAS Open Research, vol. 2,‎ 25 février 2019, p. 9 (ISSN , DOI , lire en ligne, consulté le 4 août 2021)
  22. Magazine de la santé France 5.
  23. Petiot, Eric., Les soins naturels aux arbres, Aspet, Éd. de Terran, dl 2008, 184 p. (ISBN 978-2-913288-82-9 et 2913288820, OCLC , lire en ligne)
  24. (en) Bruno Gabel et Denis Thiéry, « Non-host plant odor (Tanacetum vulgare; Asteracea) affects the reproductive behavior ofLobesia botrana Den. et Schiff (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) », Journal of Insect Behavior, vol. 7, no 2,‎ mars 1994, p. 149–157 (ISSN et , DOI , lire en ligne, consulté le 4 août 2021)
  25. Nicole Hanot et Charles Ménage, Nos recettes anciennes et belges, Bibliothèque de la Gourmandise, Hermalle-sous-Huy, 2002, D/2002/8066/1 (CD-rom).
  26. (en) Jane Colin, Herbs and spices, for health and beauty, Arlington Books, 1962, p. 86.
  27. plantes-aromatiques.be Tanaisies - Intérêt apicole.
  28. Lieutaghi, Pierre, 1939-…, Jardin des savoirs, jardin d'histoire : suivi d'un Glossaire des plantes médiévales, Mane, Les Alpes de lumière, 1992, 148 p. (ISBN 2-906162-18-3 et 9782906162181, OCLC , lire en ligne)
  29. a et b (en) Steinar Dragland, Jens Rohloff, Ruth Mordal et Tor-Henning Iversen, « Harvest Regimen Optimization and Essential Oil Production in Five Tansy ( Tanacetum vulgare L.) Genotypes under a Northern Climate », Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, vol. 53, no 12,‎ juin 2005, p. 4946–4953 (ISSN et , DOI , lire en ligne, consulté le 4 août 2021)

Voir aussi

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wikipedia FR

Tanaisie commune: Brief Summary ( Fransızca )

wikipedia FR tarafından sağlandı

Tanacetum vulgare

 src= Type d'inflorescence : corymbe de capitules

La Tanaisie commune (Tanacetum vulgare), souvent appelée Tanaisie tout court, est une plante herbacée vivace de la famille des Asteraceae, d'origine eurasiatique, très commune en Europe à l'état sauvage.

En raison d'une teneur élevée en huile essentielle, cette plante est très odorante dès qu'elle est touchée ou froissée. Elle est — à forte dose — toxique et psychoactive.

Cette odeur est connue, au moins depuis le Moyen Âge pour repousser certains insectes et acariens. Une espèce voisine, la Tanaisie annuelle (Tanacetum annuum), plus spécifique des régions méditerranéennes, a été testée comme source de chamazulène (une molécule antioxydante).

lisans
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Franclus ( İrlandaca )

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Is planda é an franclus (Tanacetum vulgare).


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Is síol é an t-alt seo. Cuir leis, chun cuidiú leis an Vicipéid.
Má tá alt níos forbartha le fáil i dteanga eile, is féidir leat aistriúchán Gaeilge a dhéanamh.


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Obični vratić ( Hırvatça )

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Obični vratić (lat. Tanacetum vulgare) je biljka iz porodice Asteraceae, udomaćena u Europi i Aziji. Biljka je visoka 50-150 cm, žutih cvjetova. Miris je biljke nalik kamforu, pomalo sličan ružmarinu. Biljka je otrovna ako se uzima u većoj količini, između ostalog sadrži i tujon.

Još od starih Grka korišten je kao ljekovita i začinska biljka. Može poslužiti i kao prirodni insekticid.

Nesmije se brkati sa istoimenim vratićem (povratićem) čiji je znanstveni naziv Tanacetum parthenium.

Sastav

Listovi i cvjetovi sadrže eterično ulje (do 0,8 %),koje sadrži bicikličke terpenske ketone,tujon,kamfor,borneol,pinen,tanacetnu, galnu,kofeinsku i klorogenu kiselinu,do 0,04 % alkaloida. Sadrže i flavonoide(akacetin,kvercetin,apigenin,luteolin,kosmosin,tiliantin,izoramnetin),do 0,1 % tanina,gorke tvari(tanacetin),karotenoide(2,3 mg%) i askorbinsku kiselinu( do 8 mg%).[1]

Primjena u narodnoj medicini

U narodnoj medicini biljka se koristi za reumu, giht, čir na želucu , dizenteriju , nadutost , migrenu , za regulaciju menstrualnog ciklusa, kod epilepsije , histerije , malarije , za edeme , žuticu , grčeve u trbuhu, kao diuretik , kod pijelonefritisa , urolitijaze , za liječenje gnojnih rana, čireva , šuge , modrica , perut .

Sinonimi

  • Chamaemelum tanacetum (Vis.) E.H.L.Krause
  • Chrysanthemum asiaticum Vorosch.
  • Chrysanthemum boreale (DC.) B.Fedtsch.
  • Chrysanthemum vulgare (L.) Bernh.
  • Chrysanthemum vulgare var. boreale (Fisch. ex DC.) Makino ex Makino & Nemoto
  • Dendranthema lavandulifolium var. tomentellum (Hand.-Mazz.) Y.Ling & C.Shih
  • Pyrethrum vulgare (L.) Boiss.
  • Tanacetum boreale Fisch. ex DC.
  • Tanacetum crispum Steud.
  • Tanacetum umbellatum Gilib.
  • Tanacetum vulgare subsp. boreale (Fisch. ex DC.) A
  • Tanacetum vulgare subsp. boreale (Fisch. ex DC.) Á.Löve & D.Löve
  • Tanacetum vulgare subsp. boreale (Fisch. ex DC.) Kuvaev
  • Tanacetum vulgare var. boreale (Fisch. ex DC.) Trautv. & C.A.Mey.
  • Tanacetum vulgare var. crispum DC.
  • Tanacetum vulgare var. vulgare
  • Tanacetum vulgare subsp. vulgare
  • Tanacetum vulgare f. vulgare

Dodatna literatura

Grlić, Lj., Samoniklo jestivo bilje, Zagreb 1980.

Izvori

  1. Putirskij,I.N.,Prohorov,V.N. Universalnaja enciklopdija lekarstvenih rastenij,Moskva 2000.,str.228
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Obični vratić: Brief Summary ( Hırvatça )

wikipedia hr Croatian tarafından sağlandı

Obični vratić (lat. Tanacetum vulgare) je biljka iz porodice Asteraceae, udomaćena u Europi i Aziji. Biljka je visoka 50-150 cm, žutih cvjetova. Miris je biljke nalik kamforu, pomalo sličan ružmarinu. Biljka je otrovna ako se uzima u većoj količini, između ostalog sadrži i tujon.

Još od starih Grka korišten je kao ljekovita i začinska biljka. Može poslužiti i kao prirodni insekticid.

Nesmije se brkati sa istoimenim vratićem (povratićem) čiji je znanstveni naziv Tanacetum parthenium.

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Regnfang ( İzlandaca )

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Regnfang (fræðiheiti: Tanacetum vulgare) er ilmjurt af körfublómaætt. Regnfang er harðgerð jurt og lifir jafnvel áratugum saman í afræktum görðum eyðibýla og er jafnan hin gróskulegasta. Regnfang hefur einnig verið nefnt rænfang, reinfáni, daggarsmali, leiðabuski og ormagras á íslensku.

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Tanacetum vulgare ( İtalyanca )

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Il Tanaceto (Tanacetum vulgare L., 1753) è una pianta erbacea perenne a fiori gialli, appartenente alla famiglia Asteraceae.

Sistematica

La famiglia di appartenenza del “Tanaceto” (Asteraceae) è la più numerosa nel mondo vegetale, organizzata in 1530 generi per un totale di circa 22.750 specie[1]. Nelle classificazioni più vecchie la famiglia delle Asteraceae viene chiamata anche Compositae.
Il genere di appartenenza (Tanacetum) è mediamente numeroso e comprende circa 70 specie, diffuse quasi unicamente nelle regioni temperate dell'emisfero boreale delle quali meno di una decina sono proprie della flora italiana.
All'interno della famiglia delle Asteraceae l'“Erba amara selvatica” (come viene anche chiamata comunemente questa pianta) fa parte della sottofamiglia delle Tubiflore; sottofamiglia caratterizzata dall'avere capolini con fiori ligulati alla periferia e fiori tubulosi al centro, squame dell'involucro ben sviluppate e frutti con pappo.
In particolare il “Tanaceto” fa parte del Gruppo del Tanaceto vulgare che comprende, oltre alla pianta di questa scheda, anche le altre seguenti specie[2]:

  • Tanacetum audiberti (Req.) DC – Erba amara sardo-corsa : l'infiorescenza è formata da pochi capolini (4 -10) ed è semplice; i vari segmenti delle foglie sono molto ravvicinati (massimo 1 mm).
  • Tanacetun siculum (Guss.) Strobl. - Erba amara siciliana : l'infiorescenza è formata da molti capolini; i vari segmenti delle foglie sono a disposizione più larga (oltre 1 mm di distanza uno dall'altro); la forma dei capolini è campanulata (larghezza 4 – 5 mm; lunghezza 6 mm).

Variabilità

Nell'elenco che segue sono indicate alcune varietà e sottospecie (l'elenco può non essere completo e alcuni nominativi sono considerati da altri autori dei sinonimi della specie principale o anche di altre specie):

  • Tanacetum vulgare L. fo. crispum (L.) Fernald (1936)
  • Tanacetum vulgare L. fo. vulgare
  • Tanacetum vulgare L. subsp. boreale (Fisch. ex DC.) Á. Löve & D. Löve (1975)
  • Tanacetum vulgare L. var. boreale (Fisch. ex DC.) Trautv. & C.A. Mey. (1856)
  • Tanacetum vulgare L. var. crispum DC. – Arquebuse (questa varietà non è spontanea ma deve essere coltivata = cultivar) : il margine delle foglie è particolarmente arricciato. Viene coltivata soprattutto per confezionare dei liquori casalinghi.

Sinonimi

La specie di questa scheda ha avuto nel tempo diverse nomenclature. L'elenco che segue indica alcuni tra i sinonimi più frequenti:

  • Chrysanthemum audiberti (DC.) P.Fourn.
  • Chrysanthemum tanacetum Visiani
  • Chrysanthemum tanacetum Karsch, non Visiani
  • Chrysanthemum vulgare (L.) Bernhardi, non (Lam.) Gaterau
  • Pyrethrum tanacetum Bernhardi
  • Pyrethrum vulgare (L.) Boissier
  • Tanacetum audibertii (Req.) DC.
  • Tanacetum boreale Fisch. ex DC.
  • Tanacetum elatum Salibs. (1796)
  • Tanacetum officinarum Crantz (1766)

Specie simili

Le specie che più si avvicinano a quella di questa scheda sono ovviamente quelle appartenenti al Gruppo di Tanaceto vulgare (Tanacetum audiberti e Tanacetun siculum) le cui differenze sono indicate più sopra.
Al di fuori di questo gruppo una pianta abbastanza simile è il Balsamita major Desf. (sinonimo = Tanaceto balsamita L.); si differenzia soprattutto per la lamina fogliare che non è pennatosetta.

Etimologia

Il nome generico (Tanacetum), derivato dal latino medioevale “tanazita” che a sua volta deriva dal greco ”athanasia” (= "immortalità") probabilmente sta a indicare la lunga durata dell'infiorescenza di questa pianta; in altri testi si fa riferimento alla credenza che le bevande fatte con le foglie di questa pianta conferissero vita eterna[3].
L'epiteto specifico (vulgare) indica che si tratta di una specie molto comune.
Il binomio scientifico attualmente accettato (Tanacetum vulgare) è stato proposto da Carl von Linné (Rashult, 23 maggio 1707 – Uppsala, 10 gennaio 1778) biologo e scrittore svedese, considerato il padre della moderna classificazione scientifica degli organismi viventi, nella pubblicazione Species Plantarum del 1753.
In lingua tedesca questa pianta si chiama Rainfarn; in francese si chiama Tanaisie vulgaire; in inglese si chiama Tansy.

Morfologia

 src=
Descrizione delle parti della pianta
 src=
Il portamento
Località : Triches, Limana(BL), 450 m s.l.m. - 22/9/2006

Si tratta di una pianta erbacea la cui altezza può variare da 30 a 150 cm. La forma biologica della specie è emicriptofita scaposa (H scap); ossia è una pianta perennante con gemme poste al livello del suolo con fusto allungato e mediamente foglioso. È una pianta glabra o scarsamente pelosa. Il profumo dei fiori (non molto gradevole) è simile alla canfora con tracce di rosmarino.

Radici

Secondarie da rizoma.

Fusto

  • Parte ipogea: la parte sotterranea del fusto consiste in un rizoma strisciante ramificato.
  • Parte epigea: la parte aerea del fusto è robusta, diritta e si ramifica alla sommità; la superficie è subglabra.

Foglie

 src=
La foglia

Le foglie, lungo il fusto, sono disposte in modo alterno. Quelle basali sono picciolate, mentre le cauline sono sessili. La lamina è pennatosetta di secondo ordine, ossia sono divise in circa sette- undici paia di segmenti che sono di nuovo divisi in lobi più piccoli con i bordi acutamente seghettati, dando alla foglia l'apparenza della felce. La foglia principale ha un contorno ovato, mentre i singoli segmenti sono lanceolati. La superficie delle foglie è glabra. Le foglie basali appassiscono velocemente. Lunghezza del picciolo : 5 – 15 mm. Dimensione della foglia principale : larghezza 5 – 8 cm; lunghezza 9 – 15 cm. Dimensione dei segmenti : larghezza 1 cm; lunghezza 4 – 5 cm.

Infiorescenza

 src=
Infiorescenza
Località : Triches, Limana(BL), 450 m s.l.m. - 22/9/2006

L'infiorescenza è formata da diversi capolini lungamente peduncolati in formazioni corimbose terminali, fitte e composte. La struttura dei capolini è quella tipica delle Asteraceae : un peduncolo sorregge un involucro emisferico composto da più squame verdi che fanno da protezione al ricettacolo sul quale s'inseriscono due tipi di fiori: quelli esterni ligulati (in questo caso assenti) e quelli interni tubulosi (di colore giallo) che in questa pianta superano notevolmente l'involucro. Le squame sono disposte in modo multiseriato ed embricato; hanno una forma oblunga-lanceolata con una lieve crenatura dorsale; i margini sono scariosi di colore bruno, mentre all'apice sono arrotondate e sfrangiate; sono inoltre diseguali fra di loro. Il ricettacolo è nudo (senza pagliette) con superficie leggermente convessa e alveolata. Dimensione dei capolini: larghezza 7 – 9 mm (massimo 12 mm); lunghezza 4 – 5 mm. Fiorisce da luglio a settembre.

Fiore

 src=
I capolini

I fiori sono zigomorfi, tetra-ciclici (formati cioè da 4 verticilli: calicecorollaandroceogineceo) e pentameri (calice e corolla formati da 5 elementi). Sono inoltre tutti ermafroditi (in realtà quelli del giro più periferico sono solamente femminili).

* K 0, C (5), A (5), G 2 (infero)[4]

Frutti

Il frutto è un achenio liscio a cinque coste longitudinali a sezione trasversale pentagonale. Le coste non contengono cellule mucillaginifere (come viceversa in altri generi vicini) e le “vallecole” (canali longitudinali interposti alle costolature) sono prive del canale resinifero[2][5]. La parte apicale è troncata e si presenta con una corona dentata. Lunghezza dell'achenio: 2 mm. Lunghezza della corona apicale (pappo): 0,2 – 0,4 mm.

Distribuzione e habitat

  • Geoelemento: il tipo corologico (area di origine) è Eurasiatica; si pensa comunque che questa specie non sia indigena dell'Europa.
  • Diffusione: in Italia è una pianta comune su tutto il territorio (manca in qualche area del sud e in Sardegna – è presente in Sicilia). In Europa è ovunque presente, anche sui rilievi (escluse le Alpi Dinariche). Mentre in Asia è comune soprattutto nelle aree occidentali. Si trova anche nell'America del nord.
  • Habitat: l'habitat tipico per questi fiori sono gli incolti e i pendii erbosi montani, i margini delle strade oppure lungo le sponde dei corsi d'acqua. Il substrato preferito è sia calcareo che siliceo; il terreno quindi deve avere un pH neutro con medi valori nutrizionali e con suolo mediamente secco.
  • Diffusione altitudinale: sui rilievi queste piante si possono trovare fino a 1600 m s.l.m.; frequentano quindi i seguenti piani vegetazionali/: collinare e montano.

Fitosociologia

Dal punto di vista fitosociologico la specie di questa scheda appartiene alla seguente comunità vegetale[6]:

Formazione : comunità perenni nitrofile
Classe : Artemisietea vulgaris
Ordine : Onopordetalia acanthii

Usi

Farmacia

  • Sostanze presenti: nei fiori sono presenti delle gomme e una sostanza amara chiamata “tanacetina”; nelle foglie invece sono presenti dei glucosidi, acido gallico, oli essenziali ricchi di canfora e eteri vari[7]. Contiene anche flavonoidi.
  • Proprietà curative: Per molti anni il tanaceto è stato impiegato come erba medicinale. Un'usanza irlandese della metà dell'Ottocento suggerisce un bagno in una soluzione di tanaceto e sale come cura per i dolori articolari. Il amaro fatto con i fiori di T. vulgare è stato usato con efficacia per secoli come antielmintico (vermifugo). Biscotti al tanaceto erano serviti durante la Quaresima per prevenire i vermi intestinali, infatti si aveva l'errata credenza che il consumo di pesce durante questo periodo, provocasse l'insorgere dei vermi. È da notare che soltanto Tanacetum vulgare è impiegato nelle preparazioni mediche, ché tutte le altre specie di tanaceto sono tossiche, e un sovradosaggio può essere fatale. Nella medicina alternativa, le foglie essiccate di tanaceto sono usate per trattare l'emicrania, nevralgia e il reumatismo, e come un antielmintico, su prescrizione di un erborista competente per evitare una possibile tossicità.
In particolare a questa pianta vengono associate le seguenti proprietà : amare, toniche (rafforza l'organismo in generale), digestive, vermifughe (elimina i vermi intestinali), astringenti (limita la secrezione dei liquidi), febbrifughe (abbassa la temperatura corporea) e vulnerarie (guarisce le ferite).
Alcune ricerche mediche indicano che questa pianta ha una buona azione anticefalalgica[8]
  • Parti usate: le foglie raccolte prima della fioritura o i capolini prelevati a fine estate.

Tossicità

È considerata pianta tossica a causa della presenza del tujone. Le foglie e i fiori sono velenosi se consumati in grande quantità. Il tujone (olio volatile, o terpene, componente principale di alcune resine) che si trova anche in alcune bevande alcoliche e nell'assenzio, ha vari effetti: afrodisiaco, aumento dell'attività cerebrale, allucinazioni, spasmi, convulsioni, ed anche morte.
Alcuni insetti sono diventati resistenti al tanaceto e vivono quasi esclusivamente su di esso.

Cucina

Il tanaceto è utilizzato in Piemonte e nel Sud della Francia per la produzione del liquore di Arquebuse (o Alpestre), del vermuth e per la produzione di caramelle all'Arquebuse. In Piemonte compare nell elenco dei prodotti agroalimentari tradizionali approvati dal Consiglio Regionale. Il tanaceto può essere utilizzato come aromatizzante per frittate e insalate. Nella tradizione piemontese veniva utilizzati come per la preparazione di te casalinghi amari per favorire la digestione. In Inghilterra, in particolare nelle regioni del Nord, veniva usato per aromatizzare i pudding, ma adesso è quasi sconosciuto. Nello Yorkshire, i semi di tanaceto e di carvi erano usati per tradizione nei biscotti serviti ai funerali.

Giardinaggio

La coltivazione del “Tanaceto” va fatta in terreni leggeri, freschi e ben soleggiati. La semina si deve fare in primavera e il successivo trapianto va fatto con piantine già abbastanza vigorose. Il tanaceto è utilizzato anche come pianta ornamentale

Industria

L'industria dalla varie parti di questa pianta ricava insetticidi, repellenti e coloranti (il colore verde dai giovani germogli e il colore giallo dai fiori).

Altri usi

In Inghilterra rami di tanaceto erano tradizionalmente posti alla finestra per tenere alla larga le mosche. Rametti erano messi tra le lenzuola e la biancheria per scacciare gli insetti. Il tanaceto era anche utilizzato nei giardini e nelle case di Melbourne per tener lontane le formiche.

Note

  1. ^ Eduard Strasburger, Trattato di Botanica., Roma, Antonio Delfino Editore, 2007, ISBN 88-7287-344-4.
  2. ^ a b Sandro Pignatti, Flora d'Italia., Bologna, Edagricole, 1982, ISBN 88-506-2449-2.
  3. ^ Botanical names, su calflora.net. URL consultato il 3 luglio 2009 (archiviato dall'url originale il 10 giugno 2010).
  4. ^ Tavole di Botanica sistematica, su dipbot.unict.it. URL consultato il 3 giugno 2009 (archiviato dall'url originale il 14 maggio 2011).
  5. ^ 1996 Alfio Musmarra, Dizionario di botanica, Bologna, Edagricole.
  6. ^ AA.VV., Flora Alpina., Bologna, Zanichelli, 2004.
  7. ^ Giacomo Nicolini, Enciclopedia Botanica Motta, Milano, Federico Motta Editore, 1960.
  8. ^ Fitoterapia.in. URL consultato il 5 luglio 2009.

Bibliografia

  • Wolfgang Lippert Dieter Podlech, Fiori, TN Tuttonatura, 1980.
  • Giacomo Nicolini, Enciclopedia Botanica Motta. Volume terzo, Milano, Federico Motta Editore, 1960, p. 810.
  • Sandro Pignatti, Flora d'Italia. Volume terzo, Bologna, Edagricole, 1982, p. 99, ISBN 88-506-2449-2.
  • AA.VV., Flora Alpina. Volume secondo, Bologna, Zanichelli, 2004, p. 500.
  • Funk V.A., Susanna A., Stuessy T.F. and Robinson H., Classification of Compositae (PDF), in Systematics, Evolution, and Biogeography of Compositae, Vienna, International Association for Plant Taxonomy (IAPT), 2009. URL consultato il 2 dicembre 2010 (archiviato dall'url originale il 14 aprile 2016).
  • Douglas E. Soltis,Pamela S. Soltis,Jeff J. Doyle, Molecular systematics of plants 2, Volume 2, USA, Kluwe Academic Publisher, 1998, p. 419.

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Tanacetum vulgare: Brief Summary ( İtalyanca )

wikipedia IT tarafından sağlandı

Il Tanaceto (Tanacetum vulgare L., 1753) è una pianta erbacea perenne a fiori gialli, appartenente alla famiglia Asteraceae.

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Paprastoji bitkrėslė ( Litvanca )

wikipedia LT tarafından sağlandı
Sinonimai
  • Chrysanthemum vulgare;
  • Tanacetum boreale

Paprastoji bitkrėslė (lot. Tanacetum vulgare, angl. Tansy, vok. Rainfarn) – astrinių (Asteraceae) šeimos daugiametis, aštraus kvapo, 30-120 cm aukščio augalas. Šakniastiebiai šakoti, stiebas stačias, prie pagrindo dažniausiai rausvai dryžuotas. Lapai apaugę trumpais, retais plaukeliais, su taškelių pavidalo liaukutėmis. Graižų gausu, jie susitelkę į skėtišką tankią šluotelę.

Žydi lieposrugsėjo mėn. Auga panamėse, pakelėse, palaukėse ir kt. Augalas vaistinis, o tuo pačiu ir nuodingas. Lapuose ir žiedynuose yra eterinių aliejų. Be to, yra flavonidų, rauginių medžiagų, alkaloidų. Nuo seno vartojamas medicinoje. Kai kur maltais bitkrėslės graižais barstomi kumpiai ir lašiniai nuo musių ir kirmėlių.

 src=
Paprastosios bitkrėslės žiedai
Tanacetum vulgare ziedai2006-07-24.jpg


Vikiteka

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Paprastoji bitkrėslė: Brief Summary ( Litvanca )

wikipedia LT tarafından sağlandı

Paprastoji bitkrėslė (lot. Tanacetum vulgare, angl. Tansy, vok. Rainfarn) – astrinių (Asteraceae) šeimos daugiametis, aštraus kvapo, 30-120 cm aukščio augalas. Šakniastiebiai šakoti, stiebas stačias, prie pagrindo dažniausiai rausvai dryžuotas. Lapai apaugę trumpais, retais plaukeliais, su taškelių pavidalo liaukutėmis. Graižų gausu, jie susitelkę į skėtišką tankią šluotelę.

Žydi lieposrugsėjo mėn. Auga panamėse, pakelėse, palaukėse ir kt. Augalas vaistinis, o tuo pačiu ir nuodingas. Lapuose ir žiedynuose yra eterinių aliejų. Be to, yra flavonidų, rauginių medžiagų, alkaloidų. Nuo seno vartojamas medicinoje. Kai kur maltais bitkrėslės graižais barstomi kumpiai ir lašiniai nuo musių ir kirmėlių.

 src= Paprastosios bitkrėslės žiedai Tanacetum vulgare ziedai2006-07-24.jpg


Vikiteka

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Parastais biškrēsliņš ( Letonca )

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Parastais biškrēsliņš (Tanacetum vulgare) ir indīgs, daudzgadīgs kurvjziežu dzimtas lakstaugs ar taisnu, 0,4—1,6 m augstu, augšdaļā zarainu stumbru. Lapas pamīšus, nepāra plūksnaini dalītas līdz 7 cm garās plūksnās; plūksnu malas zāģzobainas. Ziedi dzelteni, stobrveida, veselos kurvīšos, kuri savukārt sakopoti vairogveida ziedkopās. Zied vasaras otrajā pusē — no jūnija beigām līdz oktobrim.[1]

Augs savvaļā aug Eiropā, Āzijā un Ziemeļamerikā. Latvijā sastopams visā teritorijā. Aug upju krastos, sausās un nedaudz mitrās pļavās.[1]

Lietojums

Parastā biškrēsliņa ziedu sastāvā ir ēteriskā eļļa, kuras galvenā sastāvdaļa ir tujons (tanacetons), flavonoīdi, miecvielas, rūgtvielas, karotīns, C vitamīnu u.c. Parastā biškrēsliņa aktīvajām vielām piemīt antiseptiska un spazmolītiska iedarbība, bet tujonam — specifiska iedarbība pret velteniskajiem zarnu tārpiem. Tautas medicīnā biškrēsliņa ziedus lieto pret cērmēm, kuņģa un zarnu slimību, epilepsijas, histērijas, tūskas, galvassāpju, podagras un reimatisma ārstēšanai.[1]

Atsauces

  1. 1,0 1,1 1,2 Helēna Rubine, Skaidrīte Ozola, Vija Eniņa. Ārstniecības augu sagatavošana un lietošana. Rīga : Zvaigzne, 1974. 84.—86. lpp.
Vikikrātuvē par šo tēmu ir pieejami multivides faili. Skatīt: Parastais biškrēsliņš

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Parastais biškrēsliņš: Brief Summary ( Letonca )

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Parastais biškrēsliņš (Tanacetum vulgare) ir indīgs, daudzgadīgs kurvjziežu dzimtas lakstaugs ar taisnu, 0,4—1,6 m augstu, augšdaļā zarainu stumbru. Lapas pamīšus, nepāra plūksnaini dalītas līdz 7 cm garās plūksnās; plūksnu malas zāģzobainas. Ziedi dzelteni, stobrveida, veselos kurvīšos, kuri savukārt sakopoti vairogveida ziedkopās. Zied vasaras otrajā pusē — no jūnija beigām līdz oktobrim.

Augs savvaļā aug Eiropā, Āzijā un Ziemeļamerikā. Latvijā sastopams visā teritorijā. Aug upju krastos, sausās un nedaudz mitrās pļavās.

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Boerenwormkruid ( Felemenkçe; Flemish )

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Boerenwormkruid (Tanacetum vulgare, synoniem: Chrysanthemum vulgare) lijkt op jakobskruiskruid (Jacobaea vulgaris subsp. vulgaris), maar heeft in tegenstelling tot deze plant geen gele stralenkrans van straalbloempjes. In het grootste deel van Europa en het noordelijke deel van Azië komt boerenwormkruid van nature voor.

Naamgeving

De botanische naam Tanacetum is vermoedelijk afgeleid van het Oudgriekse woord 'athanasia' dat 'onsterfelijk' betekent. Het heeft deze naam waarschijnlijk te danken aan het feit dat de bloemen niet makkelijk verwelken en lang hun gele kleur behouden, maar het kan ook duiden op een soort levensdrank die ervan gemaakt werd. Ook werd boerenwormkruid gebruikt voor het conserveren van lichamen. 'Vulgare' betekent 'algemeen voorkomend'.

Volksnamen zijn reinvaren, wormkruid en wormzaad .

 src=
Bloemhoofdjes

Botanische beschrijving

Het is een vaste plant. De plant heeft een kantige donkerbruin gekleurde stengel en kan 60-120 cm lang worden en bloeit met platte schermen, die uit tientallen bloemhoofdjes (met alleen buisbloemen) bestaan. Ze staan in schijnschermen zeer dicht opeen en geven het scherm de stevigheid als van een kussentje.

De hoofdbloei valt in de periode juni tot en met augustus en de nabloei kan tot aan de herfst aanhouden. De bladeren zijn afgebroken geveerd met naar de top van het blad veerdelig en de blaadjes veerspletig en bezet met klierharen. Deze klierharen zijn verantwoordelijk voor de wat sterke kamferachtige geur, die zich bij aanraking verspreidt. Omdat de olie die uit de plant kan worden gewonnen in principe giftig is, is het in de Verenigde Staten verboden om de plant te verkopen. Boerenwormkruid wordt tot de kompasplanten gerekend, omdat de bladeren in het volle zonlicht zich ongeveer plat op het zuiden richten.

De vrucht is een 2 mm lang nootje.

Ecologie

De plant komt veel voor op droge zandige grond en langs wegen.

Op boerenwormkruid komen spanrupsen (bijvoorbeeld smaragdspanner, Thetidia smaragdaria) en rupsen van uiltjes voor. Ook voor de microvlinders Coleophora tanaceti, Coleophora trochilella, Depressaria emeritella, Dichrorampha flavidorsana, Dichrorampha petiverella, Gillmeria ochrodactyla , Isophrictis striatella en de boerenwormkruidblindwants is het de waardplant.

Mieren houden niet van boerenwormkruid. Daarom werd het kruid vroeger wel bij keukendeuren geplant.

De solitaire bijen Colletes daviesanus, grasbij, Halictus quadricinus, koolzwarte zandbij, pluimvoetbij en tronkenbij vliegen op deze plant.

De gewone boerenwormkruidgalmug (Rhopalomyia tanaceticola) veroorzaakt gallen in de bloemhoofdjes.

Gebruik

Medisch

Esculaap Neem het voorbehoud bij medische informatie in acht.
Raadpleeg bij gezondheidsklachten een arts.

Uitwendig kan het gebruikt worden als lotion bij schurft. Wat boerenwormkruid in de schoenen geplaatst zou helpen tegen chronische koorts. In de fytotherapie wordt het gebruikt tegen onder andere artritis en verkoudheid.
In de plant komt het giftige thujon voor dat wormafdrijvend, vooral van spoel- en lintwormen, is. Ook was het kruid veelvuldig in gebruik om een abortus op te wekken. Hoge doses veroorzaken duizeligheid, krampen, buikpijn en kunnen dodelijk zijn.

Verdelgingsmiddel

De etherische oliën uit de plant, zoals triticine, irisine en graminine, worden gebruikt in de receptuur voor insectenverdrijvende middelen. Om het huis vlo- en motvrij te houden werd het veel in huis gestrooid.

Voedsel

In kleine hoeveelheden wordt boerenwormkruid vermengd in groenkoeken of ovenkoeken en gebruikt om de smaak van eieren te verbeteren.

Afweerkruid

De plant wordt gerekend tot de zogenaamde afweerkruiden. Het zou afweer bieden tegen hekserij, spoken en onweer.

Inhoudsstoffen

Mythe

Volgens de Griekse mythe werd het kruid gebruikt om Ganymedes onsterfelijk te maken, nadat Zeus een oogje op hem had laten vallen. Op de berg Olympus werd hij vervolgens de waterdrager voor de goden (Aquarius) en de minnaar van Zeus.

Afbeeldingen

Externe links

Wikibooks Wikibooks heeft meer over dit onderwerp: Ecologisch tuinieren - Boerenwormkruid.
Wikimedia Commons Mediabestanden die bij dit onderwerp horen, zijn te vinden op de pagina Tanacetum vulgare op Wikimedia Commons.
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Boerenwormkruid: Brief Summary ( Felemenkçe; Flemish )

wikipedia NL tarafından sağlandı

Boerenwormkruid (Tanacetum vulgare, synoniem: Chrysanthemum vulgare) lijkt op jakobskruiskruid (Jacobaea vulgaris subsp. vulgaris), maar heeft in tegenstelling tot deze plant geen gele stralenkrans van straalbloempjes. In het grootste deel van Europa en het noordelijke deel van Azië komt boerenwormkruid van nature voor.

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Reinfann ( Norveççe )

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Reinfann er ein art i korgplantefamilien. Planta er utbreidd i Europa og Asia. Reinfann er kring 8 dm høg, med ein stiv trehard stengel, som ofte er noko raudfarga. Krypande jordstengel. Gullgule korger i halvskjerm. Sterk aromatisk lukt. Blømer kring august månad i skogkantar, vegkantar og i ur. Finst over heile Noreg. Funnen opp til 1160 m i Oppdal.

Kjelder

  • Svensk wikipedia.
  • Johannes Lid: Norsk-svensk-finsk flora. Det Norske Samlaget, 1985.
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Reinfann: Brief Summary ( Norveççe )

wikipedia NN tarafından sağlandı

Reinfann er ein art i korgplantefamilien. Planta er utbreidd i Europa og Asia. Reinfann er kring 8 dm høg, med ein stiv trehard stengel, som ofte er noko raudfarga. Krypande jordstengel. Gullgule korger i halvskjerm. Sterk aromatisk lukt. Blømer kring august månad i skogkantar, vegkantar og i ur. Finst over heile Noreg. Funnen opp til 1160 m i Oppdal.

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Reinfann ( Norveççe )

wikipedia NO tarafından sağlandı

Reinfann (Tanacetum vulgare) er en 60-80 cm høy flerårig plante i kurvplantefamilien. Den er snau, dufter krydder og er ugreinet. Bladene er finnete og tannete. Den ble opprinnelig dyrket i hager som medisinplante, men er nå forvillet og vokser i grøfter, i strandkanten og langs vegen. Blomsterkorgene er uten tungekroner og er knapplignende og gule i store halvskjermer. Blomstrer i juli – oktober.

Bruk og nytte

Planten har vært kjent som medisinplante i uminnelige tider. Knuste blomster blandet i brød var et godt middel mot innvollsorm. Reinfann har også vært brukt mot gulsott.
Planten kan også brukes til å farge garn gult (se Plantefarger).
Tørket er planten svært dekorativ, om den plukkes når blomstene er nyutsprungne. Fargen på blomstene holder seg meget godt.

Etymologi

Navnet reinfann kommer fra tysk. På engelsk heter planten tansy, trolig fra gresk athanatos, fordi den tidligere ble brukt ved balsamering. I gresk mytologi sies Zevs å ha gjort Ganymedes udødelig ved å gi ham reinfann på Olympen.[1]

Insekter

Mange insekter besøker reinfann under blomstringen, blant annet teger i familiene Miridae, Rhopalidae og Pentatomidae. I Sør-Sverige besøker 21 arter av bladteger (Miridae) planten. Tre arter er spesielt tett knyttet til planten og legger egg på den. Det gjelder artene Megalocoleus molliculus, Megalocoleus tanaceti og Oncotylus punctipes, som alle tre også finnes på Østlandet i Norge. De eter knopper, blad og blomster på reinfann og overvintrer som egg i øvre del av stengelen til planten.[2]

Referanser

Eksterne lenker

Bilder

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Reinfann: Brief Summary ( Norveççe )

wikipedia NO tarafından sağlandı

Reinfann (Tanacetum vulgare) er en 60-80 cm høy flerårig plante i kurvplantefamilien. Den er snau, dufter krydder og er ugreinet. Bladene er finnete og tannete. Den ble opprinnelig dyrket i hager som medisinplante, men er nå forvillet og vokser i grøfter, i strandkanten og langs vegen. Blomsterkorgene er uten tungekroner og er knapplignende og gule i store halvskjermer. Blomstrer i juli – oktober.

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Tanacetum vulgare ( Pms )

wikipedia PMS tarafından sağlandı
Drapò piemontèis.png Vos an lenga piemontèisa Për amprende a dovré 'l sistema dle parlà locaj ch'a varda sì.

Pianta erbosa ch'a viv sempe, odor motobin aromàtich, àuta fin a 120 cm.; feuje motobin arisse e përfumà. Le fior a son dle rape ëd boton color giaun. As riprodov dëstacand dij but da la pianta mare.

Ambient

A l'é coltivà ant ij giardin për la prodossion dij licor. A chërs dal livel dël mar a 1600 méter. A fioriss da aost a stèmber.

Proprietà

A l'ha ëd proprietà digestive e tòniche.

Cusin-a

Le feuje a son dovrà për preparé un licor popolar, digestiv e aromàtich, ch'a l'é ciamà Arquebuse.

Arferiment bibliogràfich për chi a veul fé dj'arserche pì ancreuse

  • Tanacetum vulgare L.
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Tanacetum vulgare: Brief Summary ( Pms )

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Pianta erbosa ch'a viv sempe, odor motobin aromàtich, àuta fin a 120 cm.; feuje motobin arisse e përfumà. Le fior a son dle rape ëd boton color giaun. As riprodov dëstacand dij but da la pianta mare.

Ambient

A l'é coltivà ant ij giardin për la prodossion dij licor. A chërs dal livel dël mar a 1600 méter. A fioriss da aost a stèmber.

Proprietà

A l'ha ëd proprietà digestive e tòniche.

Cusin-a

Le feuje a son dovrà për preparé un licor popolar, digestiv e aromàtich, ch'a l'é ciamà Arquebuse.

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Wrotycz pospolity ( Lehçe )

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Wrotycz pospolity (Tanacetum vulgare L.) – gatunek rośliny należący do rodziny astrowatych. Występuje w całej Europie i na obszarach Azji o umiarkowanym klimacie[2]. Rozprzestrzenił się także gdzieniegdzie poza tym obszarem[2]. W Polsce jest gatunkiem pospolitym.

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Kwiatostany

Morfologia

Pokrój
Rozrasta się w duże kępy przy pomocy krótkich kłączy. Cała roślina wydziela silną woń, przypominającą nieco zapach kamfory, co dla wielu osób jest odstręczające.
Łodyga
Sztywna, do 1.5 m wysokości o czterokanciastym przekroju.
Liście
Duże, pierzastosieczne, dolne pierzastowcinane, górne wcinanopiłkowane, skrętoległe.
Kwiaty
Baldachokształtny (podbaldach), składający się ze spłaszczonych koszyczków, w których znajdują się brzeżne kwiaty wyłącznie żeńskie, pomarańczowożółte, rurkowe jednostronnie ścięte, wewnętrzne, rurkowate, obupłciowe, nieco jaśniejsze. Kielich w postaci błoniastego rąbka.
Owoc
Pięciożeberkowa niełupka.

Biologia i ekologia

Bylina, hemikryptofit. Występuje pospolicie przy drogach, na miedzach. W klasyfikacji zbiorowisk roślinnych gatunek charakterystyczny dla Ass. Artemisio-Tanacetetum[3]. Kwitnie od czerwca do sierpnia. Cała roślina jest toksyczna[4]. W wyniku przekrwienia narządów może spowodować poronienie[5]. Ziele rośliny jest trujące dla bydła[6].

Zastosowanie

  • Roślina lecznicza.
    • Surowiec zielarski: Kwiat wrotyczu (Flos Athannasiae, Flos Cinnae), olejek wrotyczowy (Oleum Tanateci). Kwiaty wrotyczu zawierają od 1 do 1,5% olejku, którego głównymi składnikami są tujon, izotujon, kamfora, borneol oraz gorzki laktontanacetyna i flawonidy: akacetyna i luteolina.
    • Działanie: Roślina była stosowana dawniej do spędzania płodu[7], leczenia histerii, do pobudzania menstruacji oraz przy stłuczeniach, zwichnięciach, reumatyzmie i chorobach skóry[4]. Używano jej też do zwalczania robaków obłych w układzie pokarmowym[5]. Była w tym skuteczna, jednak w koniecznych do tego celu ilościach miała już działanie trujące dla człowieka[5]. Obecnie jest stosowana jako domieszka do leków zewnętrznego stosowania we wszawicy głowowej i łonowej (alkoholowy wyciąg o nazwie Artemisol)[5].
  • Sztuka kulinarna: choć jest trujący, w średniowieczu wrotycz był stosowany jako przyprawa[5]. Np. jego młodych pączków używano zamiast kaparów, a koszyczki kwiatowe zapiekano w cieście[5]. Obecnie już nie jest używany w kuchni.
  • Zapach wrotyczu, przypominający zapach kamfory, skutecznie odstrasza owady[5]. Z tego też względu jest używany jako repelent do odstraszania much, mrówek i moli[5][4], również komarów i kleszczy[potrzebny przypis].
  • Odwar z ziela nadaje się do ekologicznego zwalczania stonki ziemniaczanej[5] i mszyc.
 src=
Pszczoła zbierająca pyłek na wrotyczu
  • Roślina ozdobna uprawiana w ogrodach na rabatach. Szczególnie nadaje się na suche bukiety[5]. Oprócz typowej formy uprawiane są odmiany ozdobne, np. 'De Candolle' o podwójnie pierzastodzielnych liściach.

Uprawa

Roślina łatwa w uprawie, w Polsce całkowicie mrozoodporna (strefy mrozoodporności 4-10)[4]. Jest ekspansywna i rozrasta się nieograniczenie, z tego też względu należy w ogrodzie kontrolować jej rozwój. Nie ma specjalnych wymagań, ale preferuje słoneczne stanowiska i przepuszczalne, suche gleby[4]. Najłatwiej rozmnażać ją przez podział bardzo wczesną wiosną, można też przez wysiew nasion wczesną wiosną.

Obecność w kulturze

  • W Bretanii napój z wrotycza pospolitego pito dawniej w Poniedziałek Wielkanocny. Uważano, że niezachowanie tego zwyczaju powodowało, iż cały rok był pełen demonów, czarów i chorób[5].
  • Często jego zasuszone ziele noszono w modlitewniku do kościoła (podobno zapobiegał zaśnięciu podczas nudnego kazania)[5].
  • Poczta Polska wyemitowała 5 września 1967 r. znaczek pocztowy przedstawiający wrotycz pospolity o nominale 1,15 , w serii Kwiaty polne. Autorem projektu znaczka był Tadeusz Michaluk. Znaczek pozostawał w obiegu do 31 grudnia 1994 r.. Wrotycz pospolity pojawił się też na pierwszym znaczku tej serii o nominale 20 gr, w bukiecie kwiatów polnych[8].

Przypisy

  1. Stevens P.F.: Angiosperm Phylogeny Website (ang.). 2001–. [dostęp 2010-04-15].
  2. a b c Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). [dostęp 2010-05-27].
  3. Władysław Matuszkiewicz: Przewodnik do oznaczania zbiorowisk roślinnych Polski. Warszawa: Wyd. Naukowe PWN, 2006. ISBN 83-01-14439-4.
  4. a b c d e Geoff Burnie i inni: Botanica. Rośliny ogrodowe. Könemann, 2005. ISBN 3-8331-1916-0.
  5. a b c d e f g h i j k l Anna Mazerant: Mała księga ziół. Warszawa: Inst. Wyd. Zw. Zawodowych, 1990. ISBN 83-202-0810-6.
  6. Jakub Mowszowicz: Przewodnik do oznaczania krajowych roślin trujących i szkodliwych. Warszawa: Państ. Wydaw. Rolnicze i Leśne, 1982. ISBN 83-09-00660-8.
  7. Larry W. Mitich: "Tansy". Weed Technology 6: 242–4. (March 1992)..
  8. Marek Jedziniak: Kwiaty polne (pol.). www.kzp.pl. [dostęp 2018-05-31].
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Wrotycz pospolity: Brief Summary ( Lehçe )

wikipedia POL tarafından sağlandı

Wrotycz pospolity (Tanacetum vulgare L.) – gatunek rośliny należący do rodziny astrowatych. Występuje w całej Europie i na obszarach Azji o umiarkowanym klimacie. Rozprzestrzenił się także gdzieniegdzie poza tym obszarem. W Polsce jest gatunkiem pospolitym.

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Catinga-de-mulata ( Portekizce )

wikipedia PT tarafından sağlandı
Tanacetum vulgare - harilik soolikarohi Keilas2.jpg

Tanacetum vulgare, conhecida pelos nomes populares de atanásia, catinga-de-mulata, erva-lombrigueira, erva-das-moscas, erva-de-são-marcos, erva-dos-vermes, palminha e tanaceto, é planta herbácea nativa na China,Japão, Kazakistão, Coréias, Mongólia, Sibéria, Rússia, Turcomenistão, Europa e América do Norte.

Características

É uma planta herbácea perene robusta que possui talo ereto de 60 a 90 cm de altura. As folhas pinadas com numerosos folíolos profundamente dentados, e nervura principal alada, são de cor verde escuro e aromáticas. As flores , produzidas no verão, são pequenas de cor amarelo dourado agrupadas em capítulos formando corimbo denso e aplanado. Possuem cheiro floral, fresco e acentuado, por isto é mais comum serem usadas em essências e produtos de beleza.

Uso medicinal

  • A planta é usada principalmente como vermicida, e também para hemorróidas, pois é tóxica a vermes intestinais.
  • A infusão de flores é um antihelmíntico recomendado contra as áscaris e os oxiuros.
  • Em sua aplicação externa se aplica seu azeite para combater o reumatismo.
  • Seu uso também inclui combater problemas como taquicardia e epilepsia.
  • Na cultura popular, é uma erva usada para causar aborto espontâneo devido a sua toxicidade em doses excessivas (planta abortiva e tóxica).
  • É uma das ervas utilizadas para dar aroma e sabor aos vermutes (vinhos adicionados de extratos de ervas).
  • Pode ser utilizada para agregar sabor e aroma a preparações culinárias doces e salgadas (especiaria ou condimento).
  • O Tanacetum parthenium, conhecido por suas propriedades anti-inflamatórias, é uma das plantas mais úteis para combater as migrâneas (enxaquecas)[1]. O Tanacetum parthenium é do mesmo gênero que o Tanacetum vulgare, mas são espécies diversas, com indicações de uso medicinal distintas[2].

Religião

Praticantes de candomblé utilizam a planta e suas propriedades aromáticas para fazer loções protetoras contra maus fluidos, bem como na água de cheiro.

Ver também

Bibliografia

Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN). National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.

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Tanacetum vulgare - harilik soolikarohi Keilas2.jpg

Tanacetum vulgare, conhecida pelos nomes populares de atanásia, catinga-de-mulata, erva-lombrigueira, erva-das-moscas, erva-de-são-marcos, erva-dos-vermes, palminha e tanaceto, é planta herbácea nativa na China,Japão, Kazakistão, Coréias, Mongólia, Sibéria, Rússia, Turcomenistão, Europa e América do Norte.

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Navadni vratič ( İspanyolca; Kastilyaca )

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Navadni vratič (znanstveno ime Tanacetum vulgare) je trajnica iz družine nebinovk.

Opis

Navadni vratič zraste do 2 metra visoko in ima po steblu premenjalno razporejene liste, ki so po obrisu suličasti in so razdeljeni na 18 do 24 suličastih lističev z nazobčanim robom. Spodnji listi imajo peclje, zgornji pa sede na steblu rastline. Na vrhu je rastlina razvejana, na vrhu vsakega od vršičkov pa se razvijejo do 1 cm široki cvetni koški zbrani v češulje rumene barve. V njih so zbrani majceni cevasti cvetovi.[1].

Razširjenost in uporabnost

Navadni vratič je samonikel v Evraziji, najdemo pa ga povsod razen v Sibiriji in na nekaterih sredozemskih otokih [2]. Kot zdravilno rastlino so ga verjetno načrtno začeli gojiti že v antični Grčiji[3]. Raste predvsem na pusti podlagi, iz listov in zeli pa se pridobiva eterično olje, ki je sicer strupeno, a v majhnih količinah odpravlja človeške gliste in podančice. Poleg tega pripravki iz rastline pomagajo pri boleznih jeter in žolčnega mehurja ter pri črevesnih boleznih[1]. V srednjem veku so večje odmerke eteričnega olja uporabljali za sprožitev splava pri ženskah[4][5]

Reference

  1. 1,0 1,1 Bohinc, P. (1983). Slovenske zdravilne rastline. Ljubljana: Mladinska knjiga.
  2. Zohary, D.; Heywood, V.H. (1997). "A Catalogue of the Wild Relatives of Cultivated Plants Native to Europe". Bocconea.
  3. LeCain, Ron; Sheley, Roger (2006). "Common tansy (Tanacetum vulgare)" (PDF). Pridobljeno dne 2009-10-30.
  4. Kingsbury, John Merriam (1964). Poisonous Plants of the United States and Canada. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. ISBN 0136850162.
  5. "Illinois Wildflowers". Pridobljeno dne 2008-12-16.
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Navadni vratič: Brief Summary ( İspanyolca; Kastilyaca )

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Navadni vratič (znanstveno ime Tanacetum vulgare) je trajnica iz družine nebinovk.

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Renfana ( İsveççe )

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Renfana (Tanacetum vulgare, tidigare Chrysantemum vulgare) är en växtart i familjen korgblommiga växter. Den förekommer i Europa och tempererade delar av Asien.

Renfana liknar prästkrage, men dess kantblommor har en helt annorlunda formad krona. Brämet är mycket kort och inte tunglikt. Kantblommorna är inte större än mittblommorna, utan snarare ännu mindre och dolda under blomkorgens ytterkant, synliga endast från undersidan. De kan kännas igen på det 3-flikiga brämet och är honblommor. Frukten har i spetsen en liten hinnkant som motsvarar ett förkrympt blomfoder. Växten har kraftig underjordstam och de styva stjälkarna bildar täta bestånd av en meters höjd.

Som vild växer arten på torra ställen, gärna i stenrösen och bland buskar, nästan i hela Norden. Stjälkarna står kvar förtorkade över vintern.

Hela örten har enligt Bilder ur Nordens Flora (1917–1926) besk smak och stark kryddlukt. Man kan använda både blommor och blad som krydda i brännvin. Förr användes den som nerv- och magstärkande, lösande, svettdrivande och maskdödande medel.[1] Den är dock giftig (innehåller tujon), och har som maskmedel ersatts med mindre skadliga mediciner.[2]

Dess mångfaldiga användning under förgångna tider förklarar dess stora spridning kring gårdar och byar; den odlas dessutom än i dag i trädgårdar och täppor och medtages gärna i allmogens buketter eller "kryddkvastar", vartill i synnerhet en varietet med prydligt krusiga blad plägar väljas. (Bilder ur Nordens Flora)[1]

Med renfana kan också färgas grönt. Om kött gnides med växten eller inlägges däri, skall det längre än annars kunna motstå förruttnelse. (Svensk Botanik)[3]

Synonymer

Svenska synonymer

  • Gubbaskägg (den odlade formen munkrenfana (f. crispum)[4])
  • Battram. Däsmegräs, Ölgräs[3]

Vetenskapliga synonymer

Chamaemelum tanacetum E.H.L.Krause
Chrysanthemum tanacetum Vis.
Chrysanthemum vulgare (L.) Bernh. nom illeg.
Pyrethrum vulgare (L.) Boiss.
Tanacetum boreale Fisch. ex DC.
Tanacetum elatum Salisb. nom illeg.
Tanacetum officinarum Crantz
Tanacetum vulgare f. crispum (Mill.) Pers.

Källor

  1. ^ [a b] Renfana i Carl Lindman, Bilder ur Nordens flora (andra upplagan, Wahlström och Widstrand, Stockholm 1917–1926)
  2. ^ Edmund Launert, R. Gorringe och A. Davies: Nyttiga växter (1983)
  3. ^ [a b] J.W.Palmstruch, Svensk Botanik, andra bandet, Stockholm 1803. Tillgänglig på Archive.org
  4. ^ Den virtuella floran - Renfana

Externa länkar

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Renfana: Brief Summary ( İsveççe )

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Renfana (Tanacetum vulgare, tidigare Chrysantemum vulgare) är en växtart i familjen korgblommiga växter. Den förekommer i Europa och tempererade delar av Asien.

Renfana liknar prästkrage, men dess kantblommor har en helt annorlunda formad krona. Brämet är mycket kort och inte tunglikt. Kantblommorna är inte större än mittblommorna, utan snarare ännu mindre och dolda under blomkorgens ytterkant, synliga endast från undersidan. De kan kännas igen på det 3-flikiga brämet och är honblommor. Frukten har i spetsen en liten hinnkant som motsvarar ett förkrympt blomfoder. Växten har kraftig underjordstam och de styva stjälkarna bildar täta bestånd av en meters höjd.

Som vild växer arten på torra ställen, gärna i stenrösen och bland buskar, nästan i hela Norden. Stjälkarna står kvar förtorkade över vintern.

Hela örten har enligt Bilder ur Nordens Flora (1917–1926) besk smak och stark kryddlukt. Man kan använda både blommor och blad som krydda i brännvin. Förr användes den som nerv- och magstärkande, lösande, svettdrivande och maskdödande medel. Den är dock giftig (innehåller tujon), och har som maskmedel ersatts med mindre skadliga mediciner.

Dess mångfaldiga användning under förgångna tider förklarar dess stora spridning kring gårdar och byar; den odlas dessutom än i dag i trädgårdar och täppor och medtages gärna i allmogens buketter eller "kryddkvastar", vartill i synnerhet en varietet med prydligt krusiga blad plägar väljas. (Bilder ur Nordens Flora)

Med renfana kan också färgas grönt. Om kött gnides med växten eller inlägges däri, skall det längre än annars kunna motstå förruttnelse. (Svensk Botanik)

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Пижмо звичайне ( Ukraynaca )

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Назва

Місцеві назва — дика горобинка, приворотень, криворот тощо.

Будова

Багаторічна отруйна трав'яниста рослина родини складноцвітих з коротким здерев'янілим кореневищем. Стебло 50—100 см заввишки, пряме, борозенчасте, голе або злегка опушене, у верхній частині гіллясте. Листки 7—20 см завдовжки, чергові, в обрисі довгасті, зверху темно-зелені, шорсткі або гладенькі, двічі перистороздільні на ланцетні або широколінійні пилчасті частки; нижні листки — черешкові, інші — сидячі. Квітки дрібні, яскраво-жовті, зрослопелюсткові, з простою віночкоподібною оцвітиною, зібрані в плоскі кошики, що утворюють на верхівці густі щиткоподібні суцвіття. Обгортка напівкуляста, черепичаста, листочки її сіро-зелені, голі, з вузьким плівчастим краєм. Всі квітки з трубчасто-лійкоподібним віночком (1,5-2,5 мм завдовжки), віночок у крайових маточкових квіток з чотирма, а у серединних двостатевих з п'ятьма зубцями. Тичинок п'ять, маточка одна, стовпчик один з дволопатевою приймочкою, зав'язь нижня. Плід — гола, округла сім'янка з п'ятьма реберцями, без чубка. Цвіте у червні — вересні.

Поширення та середовище існування

Пижмо росте в мішаних і листяних лісах на галявинах, серед чагарників, поблизу доріг, на просіках, луках. Тіньовитривала рослина.

Поширена майже по всій Україні.

Практичне використання

Лікарська, ефіроолійна, отруйна, харчова, медоносна й інсектицидна рослина.

У медицині

У науковій медицині використовують кошики пижма — Flores Tanaceti. Препарати з них застосовуються для збудження апетиту, поліпшення травлення, при хворобах печінки і кишечника, при бронхіальній астмі, ревматизмі, як глистогінний засіб і засіб, що підвищує кислотність шлункового соку, при запорах. У квітках містяться ефірна олія (до 0,8%), алкалоїди, гіркі й дубильні речовини, органічні кислоти, смола, вітамін С, каротин.

У народній медицині застосовується також як глистогінний, шлунковий, жовчогінний, потогінний, протигарячковий засіб, при жовтусі, епілепсії, головних болях, проносах, водянці, недокрів'ї, порушенні серцевої діяльності, подагрі, ревматизмі, хворобах ніг, нервових хворобах, при болісних і нерегулярних менструаціях. Зовнішньо квітки пижма використовують при лікуванні ран, виразок, корости, вивихів, ударів, пухлин, напари — при болях у суглобах і ступнях, для миття волосся при себореї, спринцювання при білях.

У гомеопатії есенцію з свіжих квіток застосовують при епілепсії і маткових судомах. У ветеринарії використовують як глистогінний засіб, при кривавій сечі у великої рогатої худоби.

Є дані, що рослина пригнічує розвиток гнильних бактерій і бактерій, що викликають рак тютюну. Фітонцидну і глистогінну дію зумовлює ефірна олія пижма, яка в той же час досить токсична для людей і тварин, тому користуватися препаратами з пижма потрібно дуже обережно і тільки під наглядом лікаря. Вони протипоказані вагітним жінкам.

У харчуванні

У Франції, Англії, Угорщині та США культивується заради пахучої олії (сухі плоди містять 47%). Використовується як ароматично-гірка присмака замість ванілі для ароматизації тіста, що йде на кондитерські вироби.[1]

Поїдання пижма тваринами викликає отруєння, особливо y корів і ягнят, надає молоку неприємного запаху і гіркого присмаку. Невелика домішка його до сіна має дієтичну дію. Листки пижма використовують як ароматичну домішку в кулінарії, кондитерському і лікеро-горілчаному виробництві, для ароматизації м'ясних і рибних консервів, для салатів, замість кориці, мускатного горіха, ванілі. Пижмо як медонос дав підтримуючий взяток.

Інсектицидні властивості пижма відомі здавна. У стародавньому Єгипті його використовували для бальзамування трупів. Препарати з пижма (порошки, екстракти, аерозолі) згубно діють на багато видів комах ї кліщів, використовуються для знищення паразитів людини і тварин, шкідників сільського і лісового господарства, а також продовольчих запасів. За інсектицидною дією воно не поступається перед піретрумом.

Збирання, переробка та зберігання

Збирають кошики пижма на початку цвітіння, обриваючи їх руками або зрізуючи ножами, секаторами чи серпами. Сушать на горищах, під залізним дахом або під наметами з достатньою вентиляцією, розстилаючи тонким шаром на папері або тканині. Можна сушити в сушарках при температурі, не вищій 40°. Суху сировину пакують у мішки вагою по 20 кг (або в тюки по 50 кг) . Зберігають у сухих, добре провітрюваних приміщеннях, строк зберігання — три роки.

Промислова заготівля можлива у Полтавській, Черкаській, Кіровоградській, Луганській, Донецькій, Дніпропетровській, Запорізькій і Херсонській областях. Запаси сировини значні.

Галерея

Див. також

Література

Посилання


Commons
Вікісховище має мультимедійні дані за темою: Пижмо звичайне
  1. М. Л. Рева, Н. Н. Рева Дикі їстівні рослини України / Київ, Наукова думка, 1976 — 168 с. — С.154
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Tanacetum vulgare ( Vietnamca )

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Tanacetum vulgare là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Cúc. Loài này được Carl von Linné miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1753.[1]

Chú thích

  1. ^ The Plant List (2010). Tanacetum vulgare. Truy cập ngày 4 tháng 6 năm 2013.

Liên kết ngoài

 src= Wikimedia Commons có thư viện hình ảnh và phương tiện truyền tải về Tanacetum vulgare  src= Wikispecies có thông tin sinh học về Tanacetum vulgare


Bài viết tông cúc Anthemideae này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
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Tanacetum vulgare: Brief Summary ( Vietnamca )

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Tanacetum vulgare là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Cúc. Loài này được Carl von Linné miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1753.

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Пижма обыкновенная ( Rusça )

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 src=
Пижма обыкновенная
 src=
Пижма обыкновенная

Пи́жма обыкнове́нная (лат. Tanacétum vulgáre) — многолетнее травянистое растение, типовой вид[2] рода Пижма семейства Астровые.

Наряду с пижмой бальзамической является самым распространённым и популярным растением рода Пижма.

Название

Синонимы[3]:

Среди народных названий — «полевая рябинка»[4], «дикая рябинка»[5], «приворотень», «сорокобратов», «девятильник»[6].

В некоторых местах России пижмой называют другие растения, например, тысячелистник (Achillea), льнянку обыкновенную (Linaria vulgaris), крестовник (Senecio) и др.

Распространение и экология

Произрастает на всей территории Европы, в Турции, Казахстане, Киргизии, Монголии, Китае, Японии и Корее.

Растёт по дорогам, полям, межам, в кустарниках, на опушках, в луговых степях, берёзовых лесах, на суходольных лугах. Больших зарослей не образует, но встречается повсеместно. Растение лесной и лесостепной зоны. Засоряет многолетние травы длительного пользования, луга, пастбища, сады, огороды.

Ботаническое описание

 src=
Пижма обыкновенная.
Ботаническая иллюстрация из книги О. В. Томе Flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz, 1885

Многолетнее дернистое растение высотой 50—150 см. Растению присущ характерный (камфорный) запах.

Корневище длинное, деревянистое, ползучее, ветвящееся.

Стебли многочисленные, прямые, гранёные, ветвистые в верхней части, слегка опушённые или голые.

Листья очерёдные, продолговато-яйцевидные, дваждыперисторассечённые, с 5—12 парами продолговато-ланцетных, заострённых, пильчатых листочков, реже почти цельнокрайных; с верхней стороны тёмно-зелёные, с нижней — желёзистые, с точками. Самые нижние листья черешковые, остальные — сидячие, жёсткие.

Цветки мелкие, обоеполые, правильные, жёлтые, трубчатые, собраны в корзинки, а те, в свою очередь, в густые верхушечные щитковидные соцветия. Обёртка многорядная, черепитчатая, полушаровидная, листочки обёртки зелёные, с сухоплёнчатым краем; цветоложе голое, периферические цветки женские, иногда короткоязычковые; срединные цветки обоеполые.

Формула цветка: ∗ K 0 C ( 5 ) A ( 5 ) G ( 2 ¯ ) {displaystyle ast K_{0};C_{(5)};A_{(5)};G_{({overline {2}})}} {displaystyle ast K_{0};C_{(5)};A_{(5)};G_{({overline {2}})}} [7].

Плод — продолговатая пятигранная семянка с короткой, мелко зазубренной окраиной.

Цветёт в июле — сентябре. Плоды созревают в августе — сентябре.

Химический состав

Во время цветения в соцветиях пижмы содержатся алкалоиды (0,04—0,5 %), полисахариды, белки, гликозиды, органические кислоты (танацетовая и галлусовая), дубильные и горькие вещества, витамины (аскорбиновая кислота, рутин, каротин), оксифлавононгликозид; в семенах — жирное масло. Пижма обладает способностью накапливать марганец.

В цветках и листьях содержится эфирное масло, количество которого зависит от времени сбора и от места произрастания. Наибольшее содержание эфирного масла (от 1,5 до 2 %[5]) наблюдается в период цветения. Выход эфирного масла из свежих цветущих растений в среднем 0,1—0,2 %, из сухих — 0,2—0,3 %. Эфирное масло из цветков и листьев — жидкость жёлтого или зеленовато-жёлтого цвета. Основным компонентом эфирного масла является β-туйон. Кроме того, в масле содержится α-туйон, пинен, L-камфора и борнеол, а также бициклический сесквитерпеновый непредельный диоксилактонтанацетин. Содержание в сибирских растениях кетонов (туйона и камфоры) колеблется от 0 до 61 %. Если растения произрастают на сухом возвышенном месте, содержание кетонов в масле значительно больше, чем в случае, когда растения произрастают в густых зарослях, на низменных и затенённых местах.

Растение токсично из-за наличия туйона, поэтому не следует допускать его передозировки.

Значение и применение

Древние египтяне, персы, греки использовали пижму для бальзамирования трупов.

Из корней растения можно получать зелёную краску.

Используется как инсектицидное средство против блох и мух. Репеллент[8].

Проявляет активность в отношении вируса табачной мозаики[8].

Пижма обыкновенная — кормовое растение для овец, пятнистых оленей, маралов, сусликов, сурков[8]. В большом количестве для скота ядовито[8]: отмечались случаи отравления домашних животных, которые поедали пижму при однообразии корма; небольшая примесь пижмы в сене придает молоку горький вкус.

Применение в кулинарии

Во Франции, Англии, Венгрии, США, Казахстане и некоторых районах России (Свердловская, Кировская область[8]) пижму культивируют как эфиромасличное растение. Она используется в пищевой и химико-фармацевтической промышленности. Листья используют для ароматизации салатов, консервов, для отдушки ликеров, кондитерских изделий; иногда ими заменяют имбирь, корицу, мускатный орех. Народы Севера обкладывали пижмой мясные туши для предохранения их от разложения. Надземная часть растений в свежем виде применяется как заменитель ванили для выпечных изделий[8].

Применение в научной медицине

Препараты на основе пижмы нашли применение в современной медицине. Она включена в фармакопеи Бельгии, Финляндии, а также Португалии (отвар, настой) как антигельминтное[8]. В научной медицине используют цветки пижмы (лат. Flores Tanaceti), собранные в начале цветения и высушенные отдельные цветочные корзинки или щитки с цветоносом длиной не более 4 см (от верхних корзинок)[5]. Препараты из них применяют для возбуждения аппетита, улучшения пищеварения, при болезнях печени и кишечника, при бронхиальной астме, ревматизме, как глистогонное средство при аскаридозе и острицах (настой)[5] и средство, повышающее кислотность желудочного сока, при запорах.

Пижма обыкновенная входит в состав желчегонных сборов. Препараты пижмы обыкновенной, содержащие сумму флавоноидов и фенолкарбоновых кислот, разрешены в качестве желчегонных средств[5].

Применение в народной медицине

В отечественной народной медицине листья и цветки использовали при гепатите, холецистите, ангиохолите, как вяжущее, при энтероколите, анацидном гастрите, лямблиозе.

В зарубежной народной медицине растение применяли при ревматизме, подагре, язвенной болезни желудка, дизентерии, метеоризме, мигрени, для регуляции менструального цикла, при эпилепсии, истерии, малярии, отёках, желтухе, спазмах желудка, как мочегонное, при пиелонефрите, мочекаменной болезни, для лечения гнойных ран, язв, чесотки, ушибов, фурункулов, при перхоти.

Пижма как ядовитое растение требует осторожности при внутреннем применении.

См. также

Примечания

  1. Об условности указания класса двудольных в качестве вышестоящего таксона для описываемой в данной статье группы растений см. раздел «Системы APG» статьи «Двудольные».
  2. Entry for Tanacetum L. (англ.). NCU-3e. Names in current use for extant plant genera Electronic version 1.0. International Association for Plant Taxonomy (last updated Sept 24, 1997). Проверено 15 ноября 2010. Архивировано 23 августа 2011 года.
  3. По данным сайта GRIN (см. раздел Ссылки).
  4. Ошанин С. Л. Возвращение к травам // Дары природы / В. А. Солоухин и др. / сост. С. Л. Ошанин. — М.: Экономика, 1984. — С. 60.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 Блинова К. Ф. и др. Ботанико-фармакогностический словарь: Справ. пособие / Под ред. К. Ф. Блиновой, Г. П. Яковлева. — М.: Высш. шк., 1990. — С. 222. — ISBN 5-06-000085-0.
  6. s:Ботанический словарь (Анненков)/Tanacetum vulgare/ДО
  7. Барабанов Е. И. Ботаника: учебник для студ. высш. учеб. заведений. — М.: Издат. центр «Академия», 2006. — С. 348. — 448 с. — ISBN 5-7695-2656-4.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 [Выпуск 7] : Семейство Asteraceae (Compositae) // Растительные ресурсы СССР: Цветковые растения, их химический состав, использование / РАН; Бот. ин-т им. В. Л. Комарова; Отв. ред. П. Д. Соколов. — СПб.: Наука, 1993. — С. 190—192. — 352 с. — ISBN 5-02-026723-6.
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Пижма обыкновенная: Brief Summary ( Rusça )

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 src= Пижма обыкновенная  src= Пижма обыкновенная

Пи́жма обыкнове́нная (лат. Tanacétum vulgáre) — многолетнее травянистое растение, типовой вид рода Пижма семейства Астровые.

Наряду с пижмой бальзамической является самым распространённым и популярным растением рода Пижма.

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菊蒿 ( Çince )

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二名法 Tanacetum vulgare
L.

菊蒿学名Tanacetum vulgare)为菊科菊蒿属多年生草本开花植物,原产于温带欧洲亚洲,生长于海拔250米至2,400米的地区,一般生长在山坡、草地、丘陵地、河滩和桦木林下。 它已被引入世界其他地区,包括北美,并且在某些地区已成为入侵性的

别名

艾菊(东北植物检索表)

参考文献

  • 昆明植物研究所. 菊蒿. 《中国高等植物数据库全库》. 中国科学院微生物研究所. [2009-02-25]. (原始内容存档于2016-03-05).

外部連結

  • 菊蒿, Juhao 藥用植物圖像數據庫 (香港浸會大學中醫藥學院) (繁体中文)(英文)
小作品圖示这是一篇與植物相關的小作品。你可以通过编辑或修订扩充其内容。 物種識別信息
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菊蒿: Brief Summary ( Çince )

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菊蒿(学名:Tanacetum vulgare)为菊科菊蒿属多年生草本开花植物,原产于温带欧洲亚洲,生长于海拔250米至2,400米的地区,一般生长在山坡、草地、丘陵地、河滩和桦木林下。 它已被引入世界其他地区,包括北美,并且在某些地区已成为入侵性的

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タンジー ( Japonca )

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Question book-4.svg
この記事は検証可能参考文献や出典が全く示されていないか、不十分です。
出典を追加して記事の信頼性向上にご協力ください。2010年12月
タンジー Tanacetum vulgare bgiu.jpg
タンジー
分類 : 植物界 Plantae : 被子植物門 Magnoliophyta : 双子葉植物綱 Magnoliopsida 亜綱 : キク亜綱 Asteridae : キク目 Asterales : キク科 Asteraceae 亜科 : キク亜科 Asteroideae : ヨモギギク属 Tanacetum : ヨモギギク T. vulgare 学名 Tanacetum vulgare 和名 ヨモギギク(蓬菊) 英名 Tansy

タンジー学名Tanacetum vulgare)は、キク科の多年生草本。ヨーロッパからアジアにかけて分布する。和名はヨモギギク(蓬菊)。日本では変種とされるエゾヨモギギクが北海道に自生している[1]

特徴[編集]

強い香りを持つ植物である。

  • 葉:羽状複葉で鋸歯がある。互生。長さは10〜15センチ程度。羽状の裂片が7〜8組ほどに分かれる。一組の裂片は、さらに小さな鋸状の裂片に分かれ、シダの葉のような外観を呈することもある。
  • 茎:丈夫で根元は赤みがかっており、表面は滑らかで直立する。草丈は50〜150cmほど。
  • 花:先端近くで枝分かれして花をつける。夏の中ごろから終わりにかけて、先端部に放射状に密集したボタン状の黄色い花を複数個咲かせる。
 src=
タンジー

用途[編集]

  • 古来から、薬草として使用されてきた。
  • 西洋では台所の入り口に植えられ、アリなどの虫除けとして使用されてきた。
  • 少量をプディングやオムレツの風味付けに用いていた。

毒性[編集]

  • 全体に毒性を持つ成分が含まれている。葉や花を大量に用いた場合は、より毒性が強いと言われている[誰によって?]
  • タンジーから採った精油にはツヨン(アブサン酒の主要成分)よりも強い毒性があり、けいれん、嘔吐、および子宮からの出血を引き起こす場合がある。重篤な場合、呼吸停止や多臓器不全に至り死亡することもある。現在のところ毒性成分の詳細や作用機序は、よく分かっていない。
  • 上記の作用から、タンジーは西洋で堕胎薬としても使いられていた。しかしながらこの様な使い方は非常に危険であり、現在は殆んど行われていない。
  • 人体に直接用いることは避け、ポプリの材料としてその香りを楽しむ、あるいは虫除けに使うのが無難である。

花言葉[編集]

  • 挑戦、抵抗、敵意、(婦人の)美徳

脚注[編集]

  1. ^ 基本ハーブの事典 東京堂出版 北野佐久子 2005年p94-96
 src= ウィキメディア・コモンズには、タンジーに関連するメディアがあります。


執筆の途中です この項目は、植物に関連した書きかけの項目です。この項目を加筆・訂正などしてくださる協力者を求めていますプロジェクト:植物Portal:植物)。
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タンジー: Brief Summary ( Japonca )

wikipedia 日本語 tarafından sağlandı

タンジー(学名:Tanacetum vulgare)は、キク科の多年生草本。ヨーロッパからアジアにかけて分布する。和名はヨモギギク(蓬菊)。日本では変種とされるエゾヨモギギクが北海道に自生している

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탄지 (꽃) ( Korece )

wikipedia 한국어 위키백과 tarafından sağlandı

탄지(Tanacetum vulgare, Tansy)는 원산지가 북유럽인 고사리 잎을 닮은 허브이다. 탄지의 잎에선 모기향과 비슷한 독특한 향기가 풍긴다. 이 향기를 모기가 싫어하여 방충 효과가 있다. 이 향기를 파리도 싫어해 음식 근처에 두면 파리가 꼬이지 않는다. 번식은 씨앗과 포기나누기로 한다.

설명

BlueTansyEssentialOil.png

탄지는 겹잎이 곱게 갈라지고 노란색의 단추 모양의 꽃이 있는 꽃이 만발하는 초본식물이다. 튼튼하고 약간 붉은빛이 도는 직립 줄기가 있으며 일반적으로 매끄럽고 높이가 50–150 cm (20–59 in)이고 꼭대기 근처에서 가지가 갈라진다. 은 어긋나며 길이가 10–15 cm (3.9–5.9 in)이고 깃 모양 잎 모양으로 거의 중앙에서 약 7쌍의 마디로 나뉜다. 또는 톱니 모양의 가장자리가 있는 더 작은 엽으로 다시 나뉘며 잎이 다소 양치류 모양으로 보인다. 단추 모양의 노란색 은 여름 중순에서 늦여름에 생성된다. 향은 로즈마리와 비슷하다. 이 잎과 꽃을 다량으로 섭취하면 독성이 있을 수 있다. 휘발성 오일에는 경련과 간 및 뇌 손상을 일으킬 수 있는 thujone을 포함한 독성 화합물이 포함되어 있어 조심해야한다. 일부 곤충, 특히 tansy beetle Chrysolina graminis는 독소에 대한 저항성이 있으며 거의 식물에서만 생존한다.

요리 용도

 src=
탄지 포일

탄지는 예전에 푸딩오믈렛의 향료로 사용되었지만 지금은 거의 알려지지 않았다. 코크를 제외하고 frisheen을 동반하는 소스에 사용된다. 약초 학자 존 제라드는 탄지가 "맛이 좋은" 것으로 잘 알려져 있으며 탄지 스위트미트를 "통풍에 대한 특별한 것"으로 권장한다. 금식에 합당한 양을 먹으라.”라고 했다. 요크셔에서 탄지와 캐러웨이 씨앗은 전통적으로 장례식에서 제공되는 비스킷에 사용되었다.[1] Restoration에서는 "tansy"는 탄지 주스로 맛을 낸 달콤한 오믈렛이었다. BBC 다큐멘터리 "The Supersizers go ... Restoration"에서는 알레그라 맥에브디는 맛을 "과일향, 날카로움, 그리고 시원한 열이 폭발하는 것"이라고 묘사했다.[2] 그러나 프로그램 발표자 수 퍼킨스는 탄지 독성을 경험했다.

주류 역사가 AJ Baime에 따르면 19세기에 테네시 위스키 거물 잭 다니엘설탕과 으깬 탠시 잎으로 자신의 위스키를 즐겨 마셨다. 벨기에 해안 지방 서플랑드르에서는 소량의 으깬 말린 탄지 잎을 전통적으로 팬케이크오믈렛에 양념을 하는 요리용 허브로 사용했다. 탄지는 구어체로 "팬케이크 허브"로 알려져 있다. 세이지 대용으로도 사용할 수 있다.[3]

민족의학 용도

탄지는 독성에도 불구하고 수년 동안 약초로 사용되었다. 19세기 아일랜드 민속에서는 관절 통증 치료제로 탄지와 소금 용액으로 목욕을 할 것을 제안한적이 있다.[4] 탄지 꽃으로 만든 쓴 차는 수세기 동안 기생충 감염을 치료하기 위해 구충제로 사용되어 왔으며, 사순절 기간 동안 생선을 먹으면 장내 벌레를 유발한다고 믿었기 때문에 전통적으로 탄지 케이크를 사순 동안 먹기도 했다. 다양한 타나세툼종은 민족 의학적으로 편두통, 신경통류머티즘을 치료하고 구충제로 사용된다. 전통적으로 탄지는 월경을 유발하거나 원치 않는 임신을 끝내는 효과 때문에 자주 사용되었으며 임산부는 이 약초를 사용하지 않는 것이 좋다. 2011년에 발표된 연구에 따르면 탄지의 디카페오일퀸산 및 액실라린이 단순포진 바이러스에 대해 활성인 항바이러스 화합물로 확인되었다.[5]

아메리카 원주민 사이

체로키는 요통에 식물의 주입을 사용한다. 허벌 토닉, 유산 방지를 위해 허리 둘레와 신발에 착용하길 권한다.[6] 샤이엔은 현기증과 약점을 위해 분쇄된 잎과 꽃의 주입을 사용한다.[7]

기타 용도

Tanacetum vulgare 20041012 2570.jpg

일부 전통적인 염색가들은 황금빛 노란색을 내기 위해 탄지를 사용한다.[8] 노란색 꽃은 꽃꽂이에 사용하기 위해 건조된다. 탄지는 동료 식물, 특히 오이호박과 같은 박과, 또는 장미 또는 다양한 딸기. 개미, 오이 딱정벌레, 일본 딱정벌레, 호박 벌레 및 일부 종류의 날아다니는 곤충을 퇴치하는 것으로 생각돤다. 말린 탄지는 일부 양봉가에 의해 양봉가의 연료로 사용된다.

각주

  1. Sumner, Judith (2004). 《American Household Botany: A History of Useful Plants, 1620–1900》. Portland, Or: Timber Press. ISBN 978-0-88192-652-1.
  2. //www.youtube.com/watch?v=TCfx98Ei5lM 및 //www.youtube.com/watch?v=fCiBMDhs5p0
  3. 니어링, 윌리엄 A.; Olmstead, Nancy C. (1985) [1979]. 《북미 야생화, 동부 지역에 대한 Audubon Society 현장 가이드》. Knopf. 407쪽. ISBN 0-394-50432-1.
  4. Egan, FA (1887). “아일랜드 민속학. Medical Plants”. 《민속학 저널》 5 (1): 11–13. doi:10.1080/17442524.1887.10602835.
  5. Angel, L. Álvarez; Solomon Habtemariam; Juan-Badaturuge Malindra; Caroline Jackson; Francisco Parra (2011). [https: //hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00601639 “Tanacetum vulgare 추출물 및 분리된 화합물의 시험관내 항 HSV-1 및 HSV-2 활성: 작용 메커니즘에 대한 접근”] |url= 값 확인 필요 (도움말). 《Phytotherapy Research》 25 (2): 296–301. doi:10.1002/ptr.3382. PMID 21171142. 지원되지 않는 변수 무시됨: |s2cid= (도움말)
  6. Hamel, Paul B. 및 Mary U. Chiltoskey 1975년 체로키 식물과 그 용도 -- 400년 역사. Sylva, NC Herald Publishing Co. (p. 58)
  7. 그리넬, 조지 버드 1972 샤이엔 인디언 - 그들의 역사와 삶의 방식 Vol.2. 링컨. 네브래스카 대학 출판부 (p. 190).
  8. Suomi, Paivi (2001). “염색하는 사람의 길”. 2007년 9월 29일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2007년 5월 -15에 확인함. 지원되지 않는 변수 무시됨: |url -상태= (도움말); 다음 날짜 값 확인 필요: |access-date= (도움말)
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