Coix lacryma-jobi L.

La llárimes de Job, (Coix lacryma-jobi), llárimes de San Pedro, Coixseed, adlay, o adlai, ye una especie botánica de les gramínees, una planta alta, tropical, de la familia de les Poaceae, nativa del Este Asiáticu y de Malasia, cultivada en xardinos como una planta añal. Naturalizóse n'América tropical.

Variedaes

• Coix lacryma-jobi var. lacryma-jobi, tien duros pseudocarpios, blancos, estructures ovales: usaos como cuentes pa faer Rosarios, collares, y otros oxetos.
• Coix lacryma-jobi var. ma-yuen, collechada como un cebera; y usáu medicinalmente en partes d'Asia.

Etimoloxía

Tien distintes nomes comunes en distintes cultures:

• idioma chinu: la planta denominar chuān gǔ (川谷) o yì yǐ (薏苡); los granos yì mǐ (薏米) o yì rén (薏仁).
• idioma vietnamita: bo bo, hột bo bo (hột significa "grana"), cườm gạo, o ý dĩ (deriváu del chinu 薏苡)
• idioma camboyanu: skuəy (ស្កួយ)
• idioma xaponés: juzudama (数珠玉 o ジュズダマ) o hatomugi (鳩麦 o ハトムギ)
• idioma coreanu: yulmu (율무) en [1]

Usos

En tol este asiáticu, ta disponible'l granu en forma seca y cocinada. Los granos son xeneralmente esféricos, con una ranura nun estremu, blancu pulíu, anque en Xapón atopa una non brillosu yuuki hatomugi, non pulida y parda.

En Corea, ta la bébora yulmu cha (율무차, lliteralmente "té de llárimes de Job") fechu del so polvu. Otra bébora similar, yìmǐshuǐ (薏米水), apaez na cocina china, y faise de ferver a poco fueu tola planta y adulzando la pócima resultante, con azucre. Los granos úsense colaos del líquidu, y pueden ser consumíos xebradamente o xuntos.

Tantu en Corea como en China, llicores destilado pueden faese del granu. Otru exemplu ye'l llicor sudcoreano llamáu okroju (hanja: 玉露酒), fechu d'arroz y del "llárima de Job"..

Nel sur de Vietnam, una sopa fría y azucarada sâm bổ lượng tien a les "lágriams de Job" como unu de los sos ingredientes. Esti platu deriva del sur de China tong sui llamáu qīng bǔ liáng (清補涼; idioma cantonés: ching1 bou2 leung4).

Ye usáu ente otres, na herboloxía china y na medicina tradicional.

Referencies

• Pink, A. (2004). Gardening for the Million.. Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.
• Species Plantarum 2:972. 1753
• USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Data from 7-oct-06]

Enllaces esternos

• Job's Tears
• Sorting Coix names
• Wikimedia Commons acueye conteníu multimedia sobre Coix lacryma-jobi .

Les llàgrimes de Job (Coix lacryma-jobi), és una planta tropical de la família de les gramínies (Poaceae) originària de l'est d'Àsia i de la península de Malàisia però també conreada en jardins. És una planta de cicle anual que s'ha naturalitzat al sud dels Estats Units i a la zona tropical del Nou Món. La forma de les seves llavors recorda la de les llàgrimes i Job és el personatge bíblic conegut per haver patit molt.

Usos

• En medicina tradicional xinesa es diu Yi Yi Ren i es considera diurètica.^[1]
• Es fa servir per fer el licor anomenat Baijiu.

Referències

Enllaços externs

• Job's Tears
• Sorting Coix names
• Coix Lacryma (Semen Coicis) listed in ingredients info (Beverly Hills Nutraceuticals)
• Flora of China, Vol. 22, pp. 648-649, Online
• James A. Duke: Handbook of Energy Crops, 1983.

Slzovka obecná, též slzovka porcelánová neboli Jobovy slzy (Coix lacryma-jobi) je jednoletá tropická obilnina z čeledi lipnicovitých.

Popis

Slzovka obecná je jednoletá tropická travina s rozvětveným stonkem s výraznými kolínky, připomínajícími kolínka bambusů. Dorůstá výšky kolem 1 až 2 m, výjimečně až 3 m. Tmavozelené lesklé listy jsou 20 až 50 cm dlouhé a široké až 5 cm, mají mírně vlnité okraje. Květy jsou nevýrazné, ale jejich semeník o velikosti hrachu se v průběhu dozrávání mění v lesklé bílé až modrošedé tvrdé vejčité kuličky o průměru 6 až 12 mm. Květy jsou dvojpohlavné, ale samčí i samičí se obvykle vyskytují na téže rostlině. Květenstvím je lata. Opyluje se větrem. Charakteristické slzy vznikají ztvrdnutím pochvy listenů uzavírajících samičí květy. Semena mají značnou klíčivost, další úroda dozrává v tropických oblastech přibližně po 4 až 5 měsících po vysetí.

Areál rozšíření

Původně pochází z tropů východní Asie a Malajsie z indomalajského genového centra. Je však pěstována v celé tropické a subtropické zóně, v mnohých oblastech je dokonce považována za invazní druh.

Stanoviště

Je velmi přizpůsobivá, roste jak v lehkých písčitých, tak v těžkých jílovitých půdách. Vyžaduje slunečné stanoviště a stálé a mírné závlahy, snáší však i silně zamokřené půdy. Roste jak ve velmi kyselých, tak neutrálních a mírně alkalických půdách.

Použití

Je pěstována jako pícnina a v některých oblastech se její semena používají k výrobě mouky, zejména v Indii, kde ji však v novější době nahradila kukuřice. V Číně se užívá k přípravě polévek podobně jako u nás kroupy. Pražená s cukrem se jí jako cukrovinka, nebo loupaná jako burské oříšky. Z pražených loupaných semen se připravuje kávová náhražka. Semena obsahují přes 10 % vody, 52 % škrobu, přibližně 18 % bílkovin a 7 % tuku. Obsahují také menší množství vitamínů skupiny B; neobsahují však žádný vitamin A ani C. Používá se též jako náhrada prosa.

V oblasti původního výskytu se užívá v lidovém léčitelství jako prostředek proti vředům, apendicitidě, artritidě, průjmům, zánětům močového měchýře, otokům, proti horečce, zápalu průdušek a plic a proti střevním cizopasníkům. Zajímavé je použití proti různým druhům zhoubných nádorů; v poslední době se zjistilo, že v semenech obsažený coixenolid má skutečně kancerostatické účinky. Je používán též proti avitaminóze (beri-beri).

Tvrdá semena se používají i k výrobě ozdobných předmětů, náramků a řetízků a zejména v křesťanských oblastech k výrobě růženců. Vzhledem ke značné tvorbě biomasy se o ní uvažuje též jako o energetické rostlině.

V mírném pásu se pěstuje v zahradách a sadech jako ozdobná travina.

Zajímavost

Jeden z růženců, který vlastnil papež Jan Pavel II., byl vyroben ze semen této rostliny.

Externí odkazy

• Obrázky, zvuky či videa k tématu slzovka obecná ve Wikimedia Commons
• Galerie slzovka obecná ve Wikimedia Commons
• (anglicky) Coix lacryma-jobi L., Purdue University, hort.purdue.edu

Hiobsträne (Coix lacryma-jobi)

Hiobsträne (Coix lacryma-jobi) in der Varietät var. ma-yuen

Hiobsträne (Coix lacryma-jobi), fruchtend

Reife Schlauchfrüchte der Hiobsträne

Die Hiobsträne (Coix lacryma-jobi), auch Hiobstränengras, sowie Chinesische Perlgerste, in Japan Hato Mugi, ist eine hochwüchsige tropische Getreide­pflanze aus der Familie der Süßgräser, die in Ostasien und auf der Malaiischen Halbinsel beheimatet ist, aber auch in anderen Gebieten wie den südlichen USA und den Tropen Süd- und Mittelamerikas kultiviert wird. Die Art kommt verwildert und eingebürgert in entsprechenden Klimaten fast weltweit, so auch im europäischen Mittelmeerraum, vor. Sie wird auch als Zierpflanze verwendet.

Merkmale

Die Hiobsträne^[1][2] ist eine einjährige Pflanze. Die festen Halme stehen aufrecht, sind 1–3 m hoch, verzweigt und weisen mehr als zehn Nodien auf. Die wechselständigen Stengelblätter besitzen glatte Blattscheiden, die kürzer als die Internodien sind. Die meist glatten bis leicht schuppigen, spitz zulaufenden, linealisch-lanzettlichen Blattspreiten sind 10–50(100) cm lang und 1,5–7 cm breit, die Mittelrippe ist verdickt, der Blattgrund abgerundet oder annähernd herzförmig, die Ränder rau, das Blatthäutchen (Ligula) ist 0,6–1,2 mm lang.

Die gestielten Blütenstände der Art sitzen büschelförmig zu mehreren gehäuft oder einzeln in den oberen Blattachseln. Jeder (zusammengesetzte) Blütenstand ist getrenntgeschlechtlich, im unteren, ährigen Teil weiblich und im oberen, traubigen männlich.^[3] Das bedeutet, dass die Hiobsträne einhäusig monözisch ist. Dabei umhüllt die Blattscheide des Deckblatts des Blütenstands die unteren, sitzenden weiblichen Ährchen vollständig, während die nicht ausdauernden, meist kurz gestielten männlichen aus einer Öffnung an der Spitze daraus hervorragen. Der weibliche Teil besteht nur aus einem sitzenden Ährchen (eigentlich drei aber zwei sind zu kleinen Stielchen reduziert) mit einer fertilen Blüte und einer reduzierten. Der Fruchtknoten trägt zwei lange, fedrige Narbenäste die durch die obere Öffnung herausragen, es können Staminodien vorkommen.^[4] Die männlichen, bis zweiblütigen Ährchen sitzen paarweise; weil es eines reduziert ist, nur meist die endständigen zu dritt, zusammen in einer bis etwa 4–5 cm langen Traube. Diese Ährchen sind elliptisch bis eiförmig und 6–9 mm lang. Die Hüllspelze ist vielnervig, die untere Hüllspelze ist gekielt und geflügelt, wobei die bewimperten Flügel 0,4–0,8 mm breit sind. Und die männlichen Blüten besitzen 3 Staubblätter, die Staubbeutel sind 4–5 mm lang. Es können auch reduzierte Pistillode vorkommen.^[4]

Zur Fruchtreife bleibt die Karyopse (Körnerfrucht) eingeschlossen von dem schlauchartigen Deckblatt und bildet mit diesem zusammen eine Scheinfrucht aus. Der Schlauch ist weißlich, bläulich oder grau-braun, gräulich bis schwärzlich gefärbt, er verhärtet sich bei der Wildform zur Fruchtreife. Die perlenartig wirkenden Scheinfrüchte sind die für die Art namensgebenden Tränen. Der Schlauch (Utriculus) ist eiförmig bis zylindrisch oder rundlich, gewöhnlich ledrig, glänzend, 7–11 mm lang und 6–10 mm breit, manchmal besitzt er einen endständigen Schnabel. Die durch den Schlauch eingehüllten weiblichen Blüten und Früchte sind kennzeichnend für die Gattung Coix.

Die Chromosomenzahl beträgt 2n = 20, seltener 30.^[5]

Verbreitung

Die Art wächst wild an Ufern, in sumpfigen Tälern und feuchten Feldern in großen Teilen Asiens von China über Taiwan, Bhutan, Indien, Indonesien, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Philippinen, Sri Lanka, Thailand und Vietnam bis nach Neuguinea.

Systematik

Man kann vier Varietäten unterscheiden^[6]:

• Coix lacryma-jobi var. lacryma-jobi: Sie kommt vom indischen Subkontinent bis Taiwan und der Halbinsel Malaysia vor.^[6]
• Coix lacryma-jobi var. ma-yuen (Rom.Caill.) Stapf: Sie kommt vom südlichen China bis zur Halbinsel Malaysia und den Philippinen vor.^[6]
• Coix lacryma-jobi var. puellarum (Balansa) A.Camus: Sie kommt von Assam bis Yunnan und Indochina vor.^[6]
• Coix lacryma-jobi var. stenocarpa Oliv.: Sie kommt vom östlichen Himalaja bis Indochina vor.^[6]

Verwendung

Die Kultivierung der Art als Getreide soll vor etwa 3000 bis 4000 Jahren erfolgt sein, die Geschichte des Anbaus ist aber schlecht dokumentiert. Die Art ist wirtschaftlich ohne große Bedeutung, sie wird in den Anbaustatistiken der FAO (FAOSTAT) nicht gesondert aufgeführt, sie wird mit einigen anderen Arten in der Sammelkategorie der „small millets“ gelistet.^[7] Angebaut werden nur die Varietäten und Sorten mit weichen, dünnschaligen Scheinfrüchten, die botanisch zur var.ma-yuen zusammengefasst werden. Das Mehl enthält kein Gluten und kann daher nicht zum Backen von Brot verwendet werden. Für das ganze Korn wird angegeben: Energiegehalt pro 100 Gramm 1394 kJ, Protein 10,4 g, Fett 5,3 g, Kohlenhydrate 66,5 g, Fasergehalt 10,5 g. Die Tausendkornmasse ist 80 bis 90 Gramm. Ausgesät werden etwa 7 bis 15 Kilogramm pro Hektar zum Beginn der Regenzeit. Die Ernte kann nach vier bis sechs Monaten durchgeführt werden, es können dann 2 bis 4 Tonnen Korn pro Hektar (entspelzte Körner) geerntet werden. Beim Anbau als Viehfutter sind mehrere Ernten möglich. Die Art benötigt nur geringe Pflege, aber im Jugendstadium recht viel Wasser. Das Korn wird in der Sonne getrocknet, es ist nur begrenzt haltbar. Der Anbau ist rückläufig, da Mais und Reis höhere Hektarerträge liefern, günstig ist aber der geringere Aufwand beim Anbau und die geringere Anfälligkeit gegenüber Schädlingen und Krankheiten.^[8]

Die Scheinfrüchte werden als Perlen in Ketten und Rosenkränzen verwendet, die Pflanze als Futtergras.^[9] Die Samen können wie Getreide gekocht gegessen werden, sie entsprechen in der Verwendung dem Reis. Sie werden auch zu Drinks, Likör und Essig verarbeitet, ferner werden die Samen zu medizinischen Zwecken genutzt.^[10]

Krankheiten

Die Hiobsträne wird vom Rostpilz Puccinia operta befallen.^[11][12] Der blattpathogene Bleichepilz Bipolaris coicis (Teleomorphe Cochliobolus nisikadoi) kann ebenfalls schädlich wirken.^[8][13]

Geschichte

Die Art wird bereits in der Rigveda erwähnt. Der Name Coix beschreibt eine grasartige Pflanze im Werk des Theophrastos, ist aber nicht ganz sicher auf die Art zu beziehen. Als gesichert erscheint die Zuordnung einer Erwähnung in der Naturalis historia des Römers Plinius der Ältere. Er beschreibt dort eine griechisch Lithospermon, Aegonychon, Diospyron oder Heracleos genannte Art, die zwischen den Blättern steinharte, perlenartige Früchte hervorbringe. Die auffallende Pflanze ist in den Kräuterbüchern der frühen Neuzeit mehrfach abgebildet, unter anderem im Hortus Eystettensis des Basilius Besler. Im frühen Mittelalter soll sie von arabischen Händlern aus Indien nach Spanien eingeführt worden sein, auf den arabischen Namen Dama Daud oder auch Dama Ayub soll der spanische Name Lagrima de Job zurückgehen, der sich dann übersetzt in die europäischen Sprachen verbreitete. In Europa war die Art aber nur als botanische Kuriosität und Zierpflanze bekannt, sie wurde hier nie als Getreide angebaut.^[14][15] Eine Zeichnung der Pflanze von Leonardo da Vinci ist auf 1515 datiert.^[16]

Die Kultivierung der Art als Getreide erfolgte wahrscheinlich im nördlichen Burma, in Nordostindien (Assam) oder im äußersten Süden des heutigen Chinas. Eine Geschichte bringt die Einführung als Getreide nach China mit dem Feldzug des chinesischen Generals Ma Yuan in diesen Raum um die Zeitenwende in Verbindung. Nach diesem General benannte der schottische Arzt und Botaniker George Watt in seinem Werk A dictionary of the economic products of India die Varietät ma-yuen, die als einzige landwirtschaftlich angebaut wird. Die Art kommt allerdings auch als Wildpflanze in China vor. Die zahlreichen Landrassen und Trivialnamen in fast allen ostasiatischen Sprachen legen eine lange Kultivierungsgeschichte nahe. Der Anbau blieb allerdings, von Versuchen abgesehen, auf die Subsistenzlandwirtschaft in abgelegenen Bergregionen beschränkt.^[14][15]

Eine Kultivierung der Art zur Gewinnung der perlenartigen Früchte, die im Kunsthandwerk oder für Rosenkränze Verwendung fanden, versuchte William Turner Thiselton-Dyer, Direktor der Royal Botanic Gardens (Kew). Diese Bemühungen wurden aber aufgegeben, da diese unter Kultivierung für eine Verwendung nicht konstant genug blieben.^[15]

Trivialnamen

Für die Hiobsträne bestehen bzw. bestanden auch die weiteren deutschsprachigen Trivialnamen: Christustränen (mittelhochdeutsch), Marientränen (mittelhochdeutsch), Mosestränen (mittelhochdeutsch) und Großer Steinsamen (mittelhochdeutsch).^[17]

Literatur

• Wolfgang Franke: Nutzpflanzenkunde. Nutzbare Gewächse der gemäßigten Breiten, Subtropen, und Tropen. 8. Auflage, Thieme, Stuttgart 2012, ISBN 978-3-13-530408-3, S. 84.
• A. J. Oakes: Ornamental Grasses and Grasslike Plants. Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1990, ISBN 978-1-4684-1457-8 (Reprint), S. 126 ff.
• T. K. Lim: Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants. Volume 5, Fruits, Springer, 2013, ISBN 978-94-007-5652-6, S. 243–261.
• Umberto Quattrocchi: CRC World Dictionary of Grasses. Vol. I: A–D, CRC Press, 2006, ISBN 0-8493-1303-1, S. 514 f.

Einzelnachweise

1. ↑ Chen Shouliang, Sylvia M. Phillips: 223. Coix. in Flora of China. Vol. 22, S. 648–649, online.
2. ↑ Coix lacryma-jobi. in W. D. Clayton, M. S. Vorontsova, K. T. Harman, H. Williamson: GrassBase – The Online World Grass Flora abgerufen am 7. Mai 2018.
3. ↑ Douglas Soltis, Pamela Soltis, Peter Endress u. a.: Phylogeny and Evolution of the Angiosperms. Revised and Updated Edition, 2018, ISBN 978-0-226-38361-3, The Univ. of Chicago Press, S. 158.
4. ↑ ^{a b} Ohio Biological Survey. Bulletin No. 9, Vol. II, No. 5, 1917, S. 258 f, online auf biodiversitylibrary.org.
5. ↑ Coix lacryma-jobi bei Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis..
6. ↑ ^{a b c d e} Rafaël Govaerts (Hrsg.): Coix lacryma-jobi. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) – The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, abgerufen am 18. November 2016.
7. ↑ FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (Editor): Sorghum and millets in human nutrition. FAO, Rome 1995, ISBN 92-5-103381-1, Annex I: Types of millet. (online).
8. ↑ ^{a b} Martin Brink: Cereals and Pulses. PROTA Plant Resources of Tropical Africa, Vol.1, ISBN 978-90-5782-170-7, auf S. 46–49.
9. ↑ Franke: Nutzpflanzenkunde. 2012, S. 84.
10. ↑ Colin W. Wrigley, Harold Corke, Koushik Seetharaman, Jonathan Faubion: Encyclopedia of Food Grains. Volume One, Second Edition, Elsevier, 2016, ISBN 978-0-12-803537-5, S. 184–189.
11. ↑ George Baker Cummins: The Rust Fungi of Cereals, Grasses and Bamboos. Springer, Berlin 1971, ISBN 3-540-05336-0.
12. ↑ Somkiat Titatarn, Diloke Andralee-Sanggard, Anchalee Chiangkul: Study on diseases of job's tears in Thailand. In: Khaosan Rok Phut. 8(2), 1988, 55–71, Zusammenfassung.
13. ↑ A. Ahmadpour, A. Pordel, Z. Heidarian, M. Javan-Nikkhah: Bipolaris coicis causing adlay leaf blight in Iran. In: Australasian Plant Disease Notes. 8(1), 2013, 137–139. doi:10.1007/s13314-013-0116-8.
14. ↑ ^{a b} J. Venkateswarlu, Raju S. K. Chaganti: Job’s Tears (Coix lacrima-jobi L.). Indian Council of Agricultural Research ICAR Technical Bulletin No. 44. New Delhi, 1973. 54 Seiten.
15. ↑ ^{a b c} A. K. Koul: Job’s Tears. In: Joseph Hutchinson: Evolutionary Studies in World Crops: Diversity and Change in the Indian Subcontinent. Cambridge University Press, 1974, ISBN 0-521-09833-5.
16. ↑ Dietrich Seybold: Leonardo da Vinci im Orient. Geschichte eines europäischen Mythos. Böhlau, 2011, ISBN 978-3-412-20526-3, S. 355–356.
17. ↑ Georg August Pritzel, Carl Jessen: Die deutschen Volksnamen der Pflanzen. Neuer Beitrag zum deutschen Sprachschatze. Philipp Cohen, Hannover 1882, S. 104. (online).

Ing balantakan (Coix lacryma-jobi), a king Ingles, ausan dang Job's Tears, Coixseed, adlay, o adlai, metung yang matas a tanaman kareng mangapaling lugal a mamungang binutil ibat king familiang Poaceae (familia da reng dikut) a tubu king Aslagang Asia ampong peninsular Malaysia. Kareng aliwang lugal, tatanam de kareng mula antimong tanaman a annual o banuahan. Megi neng karaniwan a tanaman kareng mangapaling lugal king mauling dake ning Estados Unidos ampo king Bayung Yatu o New World. Maralas, pisasali da la reng balantakan king makabaligong lagiung Chinese pearl barley kareng Asian supermarket king America, lipat ning ing C. lacryma-jobi e ne kapareu genus ning barley o Hordeum vulgare.

Adua lang variety ning species deng tatanam da. Ing Coix lacryma-jobi var. lacryma-jobi atin yang mangaragul a pseudocarp a masias ampong maputing anting perlas, at maki tabas a tulungkaba (oval), at magagamit kareng kwintas ampong rosario ampong aliwang bage. Ing Coix lacryma-jobi var. ma-yuen pupupulan de antimong binutil, at gagamitan deng panulu kareng mapilang dake ning Asia.

Dalerayan

• Pink, A. (2004). Gardening for the Million. Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.

Ko e hana ko e faʻahinga mohuku ia mo e ngaahi tenga lanu tukumisi mo e fefeka. ʻOku ngāueʻaki kinautolu maʻa e ngaahi kahoa, ʻa ia ʻoku ui foki ʻa e ʻakau ko e hanatuikahoa. ʻOku ui foki ko e Coix lachryma-jobi.

Hingoa ʻi he ngaahi lea kehe

• tagataga (lea fakaniuē)
• poepoe (lea fakatahisi, lea fakakuki)
• kūkaekōlea, pūʻoheʻohe, pūpū kōlea (lea fakahauaiʻi)
• sagasaga, sagisagi (lea fakahaʻamoa)
• sila (lea fakafisi)

Tataku

• Hokohoko ngaahi ʻakau; Vaʻa fekumi ngoue Vainī
• Tongan dictionary; C.M. Churchward
• Plants of Tonga; T.G. Yuncker; BPB bulletin 220, Honolulu 1959

Hanjeli (Coix lacryma-jobi), disebut ogé hanjéré nyaéta hiji tutuwuhan tropis ti kulawarga Poaceae (kulawarga jukut) pituin Asia Wétan jeung Tenggara.^[1] Di Tatar Sunda sisi wetan (wewengkon Cirebon jeung Jawa Tengah bagian kulon nu basa ibuna basa Sunda) aya nu nyebut kanjeli.^[1] Mun dipelak di tempat séjén, hanjeli jadi tutuwuhan taunan.^[1] 'Cangkang' siki hanjeli nu kelirna bodas hérang teuas pisan, antukna sok diuntuykeun jadi geulang, kongkorong, atawa tasbéh.^[1]

Mangpaat

Di sababaraha nagara Asia, hanjeli dijual pikeun dipasak.^[1] Di Sunda sikina sok dibubur, di Koréa tipung sikina ditinyuh jadi yulmu cha (율무차, 'entéh hanjeli'), di Cina dibubur amis, yì mí shǔi (薏米水).^[1] Di Koréa jeung Cina, hanjeli ogé dipeuyeum pikeun diala arakna, sedengkeun di Jepang mah dijieun cuka [1].

Rujukan

• Pink, A. (2004). Gardening for the Million. Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.

Tumbu kaluar

• (en) Job's Tears
• (en) Sorting Coix names

Jali (Coix lacryma-jobi L.), iku jinis tuwuhan wiji-wijinan (serealia) tropika saka suku padi-padian utawa Poaceae|Poacea (Gramineae). Asale saka Asia Wétan lan Malaya nanging saiki wis kasebar ing sakabehing panggonan ing donya. Pirang-pirang varietas duwé wiji kang bisa dipangan lan bisa dadi sumber karbohidrat lan obat|obat. Bulir kang mateng kabungkus struktur kang atos, wujudé oval lan awarna putih|putih.

Jeneng Liya

• Sansekerta: Vyjanti beads
• China: The plants are called chuān gǔ (川谷) or yì yǐ (薏苡). The grains are called yì rén (薏仁).
• Vietnam: bo bo, hột bo bo (hột meaning "seed"), cườm gạo, or ý dĩ (derived from the Chinese 薏苡)
• Jepang: juzudama (数珠玉 or ジュズダマ) or hatomugi (鳩麦 or ハトムギ)
• Koréa: yulmu (율무) in ^[1]
• Malaysia: bali
• Thailand: luk dueai (ลูกเดือย)
• Inggris Job's tears

Kandhungan lan Mupangate

Ana rong varietas kang biyasa ditandur, ya iku Coix lacryma-jobi var. lacryma-jobi kang duwé thothok (pseudokarpium) atos awarna putih, wujudé oval, lan kanggo manik-manik. Coix lacryma-jobi var. ma-yuen dipangan wong lan uga dadi péranganing tradhisi pangobatan Tiongkok.

Wiji jali duwé kandhungan kimia asem amino, coixol, coixenolide, lan coicin. Déné oyode duwé kandhungan kimia coixol, asem palmitat, asem srearat, betha lan gama-sitosterol, potasium khlorida, glukosa, asem amino, tajin, phytin, lan vitamin B1. Oyod jali duwé rasa legi lan tawar minangka antiradhang lan peluruh kemih. Wijine uga duwé rasa legi|legi lan tawar|tawar minangka antiradhang, peluruh kemih, lan penyerapan. Oyod jali bisa dienggo obar rematik, aboh, infeksi lan batu saluran kemih, keputian, abses paru, lan lara kuning utawa hepatitis. Wijine bisa kanggo obar lara rematik kaya lara otot, lara balung, encok|encok, radhang usus, lan tumor|tumor saluran pencernaan. Ibu-ibu kang lagi ngandhut ora éntuk konsumsi ramuan saka jali amarga bisa ngindhuksi|ngindhuksi persalinan.^[2]

Sanajan saiki jali nyaris ora tau dikonsumsi, tuwuhan iki tetep dikenal wong, kaya ing tembang gambang kromong "Jali-jali". Ing perdagangan internasional|internasional Jali dikenal minangka Chinese pearl wheat (gandum mutiara Cina), Sanajan tuwuhan iki luwih cedhak kerabatane karo jagung tinimbang karo gandum.

Cathetan sikil

Kuymi (Coix lacryma-jobi) nisqaqa Awya Yalapi kawsaq hampi yuram.

Pukyukuna

• www.bvsde.paho.org pdf (kastilla simi)

Hawa t'inkikuna

• Commons nisqaqa multimidya kapuyninkunayuqmi kay hawa: Cnidoscolus.

Las Lagremas de Jòb (Coix lacryma-jobi), es una planta angiospèrma, de la familha Poaceae, utilizada dins l'alimentacion e la medicina d'Asia orientala. Es tanben coneguda jol nom de Coix Lacryma-Jobi. Aquela planta es originària de Birmania, mas es largament utilizada dins un fum de païses asiatics.

Qualitats e proprietats

Aquela planta es tradicionalament utilizada dins la medicina chinesa per sas proprietats diureticas. Mai recentament se son descobertas de vertuts fins ara amagadas^[1]. Se ditz atal que pòt quitament luchar contra qualques fòrmas de càncer e contra lo colesteròl.

Es tanben utilizada coma una cereala, o per far d'alcòl o encara coma ingredient dins de sopas.

Noms dins los païses asiatics

Sanscrit: Vyjanti beads, gavedhuka, Moosho capuanas

Chinés: las plantas se sonan chuān gǔ (川谷) o yì yǐ (薏苡). Los grans se sonan yì rén (薏仁) o 'yì mǐ (薏米).

Vietnamian: bo bo, hột bo bo , cườm gạo, o ý dĩ' (del chinés 薏苡)

Japonés: juzudama (数珠玉 or ジュズダマ) o hatomugi (鳩麦 or ハトムギ)

Corean: yulmu (율무)

Noms dins las lengas europèas

Catalan: Llàgrimes de Job

Anglés: Job's Tears

Francés: larme-de-Job

Espanhòl: lágrimas de Job

Lo nom utilizat fa referéncia a Jòb (personatge biblic que patiguèt e lagremèt fòrça) pr'amor que los grans semblan de lagremas.

Nòtas e referéncias

1. ↑ Vèire lo ligam seguent (en anglés) http://www.wisegeek.com/what-are-jobs-tears.htm#lbimages

ကျိတ်ပင်သည် မြက်ပင်ကြီးတစ်မျိုးဖြစ်၍ စိမ့်မြေများ၌ ဖြစ်ထွန်းလေ့ရှိသည်။ဂျာမီနီးမျိုးရင်းဝင်ဖြစ်၍ ရုက္ခဗေဒအလိုအရ ကွားလက် ခရိုင်းမား ဂျိုဗီဟု ခေါ်သည်။

တစ်ခါတစ်ရံ ၆ ပေမှ ၈ ပေအထိမြင့်၍ အရွက်များ အောက်သို့ငိုက်ကျနေသည်။ ပင်စည်အထက်ပိုင်းမှ အပွင့်နှင့် အသီးများ အခိုင်လိုက် ထွက်သည်။ ဖြူပြာပြာအရောင်ရှိသော အစေ့များမှာ မာကျောလှပကာ ယင်းတို့ကို ပုတီးသီကုံး၍ သော်၎င်း၊ လွယ်အိတ်စသည်တို့တွင် တန်ဆာဆင်၍သော်၎င်း အသုံးပြုကြသည်။ တရုတ်လူမျိုးတို့ကမူ ကျိတ်စေ့ကို ဆေးဖက် ဝင်သည်ဟု ဆိုကာ ကျိတ်ပင်ကို စိုက်ပျိုးသည်။

^[၂]

ကိုးကား

1. ↑ The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species, retrieved 6 August 2017
2. ↑ မြန်မာ့စွယ်စုံကျမ်း၊ အတွဲ(၂)

babeku

Coix lacryma-jobi ja02

薏苡 kapah sapisanga'en tu udu' ku babeku.

siwkay nu babeku

babeku sa, u paenu nu nipaluma. pasangaan tu cael, manamuh ku mapalaway tu babeku. adidi' ku babeku, mahiza u kalitang a heci. atekak i hekal. sisa sangaen tu cael ku ayaway a tademaw. sakamuan sa , matalaw ku dietu tu babeku.

u sulit nu Hulam atu Amilika

薏苡（學名：Coix lacryma-jobi），別名：草黍子（東北），六穀子（四川），菩提珠（江蘇），草珠子（山東），薏米（福建），紅薏苡（臺灣），薏仁米，溝子米。屬禾本科薏苡屬。中國大陸分布較廣，日本亦產。

Job's tears (US) or Job's-tears (UK), scientific name Coix lacryma-jobi, also known as adlay or adlay millet, is a tall grain-bearing perennial tropical plant of the family Poaceae (grass family). It is native to Southeast Asia but elsewhere is cultivated in gardens as an annual. It has been naturalized in the southern United States and the New World tropics. In its native environment it is grown in higher areas where rice and corn do not grow well. Other common names include coixseedand tear grass.^{[citation needed]} Job's tears are also commonly sold as Chinese pearl barley in Asian supermarkets, although C. lacryma-jobi is not closely related to barley (Hordeum vulgare).

namakayniay a nasulitan nasakamuan atu natinengan

撒奇萊雅族語詞典

原住民族委員會線上字詞典

Job's tears /dʒoʊbz/ (Coix lacryma-jobi), also known as Adlay or Adlay millet, is a tall grain-bearing perennial tropical plant of the family Poaceae (grass family). It is native to Southeast Asia and introduced to Northern China and India in remote antiquity, and elsewhere cultivated in gardens as an annual. It has been naturalized in the southern United States and the New World tropics. In its native environment it is grown at higher elevation areas where rice and corn do not grow well. Job's tears are also commonly sold as Chinese pearl barley.

There are two main varieties of the species, one wild and one cultivated. The wild variety, Coix lacryma-jobi var. lacryma-jobi, has hard-shelled pseudocarps—very hard, pearly white, oval structures used as beads for making prayer beads or rosaries, necklaces, and other objects. The cultivated variety Coix lacryma-jobi var. ma-yuen is harvested as a cereal crop, has a soft shell, and is used medicinally in parts of Asia.

Nomenclature

Job's tears may also be referred to under different spellings (Job's-tears,^[2][3] Jobs-tears^[4]). The crop is also known by other common names in English, such as adlay or adlay millet.^[5][6] Other common names in English include coix seed,^[5][7] gromwell grass,^[5] and tear grass.^[5]

The seeds are known in Chinese as yìyǐ rén (薏苡仁),^[8][7] where rén means "kernel", and also described in Latin as semen coicis or semen coicis lachryma-jobi in pharmacopoeic literature.^[7][9]

Taxonomy

The species, native to Southeast Asia,^[10] was named by Carl Linnaeus in 1753 with the epithet as a Latin translation of the metaphorical tear of Job. As of February 2015, four varieties are accepted by the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families:^[11]

• Coix lacryma-jobi var. lacryma-jobi

Widely distributed throughout the Indian subcontinent to peninsular Malaysia and Taiwan; naturalized elsewhere. The involucres are ovoid, bony and glossy. It has hard shells and is used as beads in crafts.

• Coix lacryma-jobi var. ma-yuen (Rom.Caill.) Stapf

South China to peninsular Malaysia and the Philippines.

The varietal name is eponymous after General Ma Yuen or Ma Yuan (馬援) who according to legend learned of the plant's use when he was posted in Cochin China (or Tonkin, in what is now Vietnam), and brought the seeds back to China to be cultivated.^[12][13][14] The involucres are elliptical, striate and soft.

• Coix lacryma-jobi var. puellarum (Balansa) A.Camus

Assam to Yunnan (China) and Indochina. It is the smallest among the Indian species, with only 4mm in diameter of the seeds. It is used for ornament as well.

• Coix lacryma-jobi var. stenocarpa Oliv.

Eastern Himalayas to Indochina.

Job's tears - along with Coix in general - was formerly placed in the Maydeae, now known to be polyphyletic.^{[Sch 1]} It has cylindrical, longer than broad involucres. It is widely used as beads for ornaments.^[15]

Morphology

Job's tear is a monoecious grass which is broad-leaved, loose-growing, branched and robust. It can reach a height between 1.20 m to 1.80 m. Like all members of the genus Grasses, their inflorescences develop from a leaf sheath at the End of the stem and consist partly of hard, globular or oval, hollow, bead-like structures. Job's tear seeds differ in color, with the more soft-shelled seeds being light brown and the hard-shelled forms having a dark red pericarp.^[16]

The hardened "shells" covering the seeds are technically the fruit-case or involucre (hardened bract),^[17] with the bract also referred to as "capsule-spathe"^[18] or "sheathing bract" by some past botanical works.^[2]

These shells cover the bases of the flowers (inflorescences) which are male and female racemes/panicles; the male racemes project upright and consist of overlapping scale-like spikelets, with yellow stamens that pop out in-between, and there are one or two yarn-like female racemes drooping from the base.^[19][20]

Proteins and expression

Job's tears - as with Coix in general - produces its own variety of α-zein prolamins. These prolamins have undergone unusually rapid evolutionary divergence from closely related grasses, by way of copy-number changes.^{[Sch 2]}

History

Job's tears is native to Southeast Asian countries, namely India, Myanmar, China, and Malaysia.^[21] Residue on pottery from a Neolithic (late Yangshao Culture) site in north-central China^[a] shows that Job's tears, together with non-native barley and other plants were used to brew beer as early as ca. 3000 BC.^[b][22]

Job's tears were already introduced to Japan (and probably cultivated alongside rice) in the Early Jōmon Period, corroborated by finds in Western Japan (Chūgoku region), e.g., from studies of phytoliths in the Asanebana Shell Midden (朝寝鼻貝塚) (ca. 4000 BC) in Okayama Prefecture.^[24][25] And further east in Japan, the plant has been found at the Toro site, Shizuoka Prefecture dating to the Yayoi Period.^[26]

Remains of Job's tears have been found in archaeological sites in northeastern India, dating to around 1000 BC. It was introduced to the subtropical area in India from the east Himalayan belt.^[27] A number of scholars support the view it has been in cultivation in India in the 2000–1000 BC period.^[28][29] The wild varieties have hard-coated seeds. Job's tear was one of the earliest domesticated crops. Domestication makes the seed coat become softer and easier to cook.

In China, the current cultivation of Job's tears mainly occurs in Fujian, Jiangsu, Hebei, and Liaoning provinces.^[30] The cultivation of Job's tears spreads out to temperate areas in North and Northeast China. The shelled grains exported from China were erroneously declared through customs as "pearl barley",^[31] and "Chinese pearl barley" remains an alternate common name so that the grains are sold under such label in Asian supermarkets, even though C. lacryma-jobi is not closely related to barley (Hordeum vulgare).^[32][33]

Importance in the World food system

The yield is harvested in early October and is easily influenced by the weather. If there is dry and hot wind in the initial phase, the pollen loses its vitality, therefore can’t be pollinated. This leads to hollow seeds, which results in yield reduction in light cultivars and zero yield in heavy cultivars.^[34] Early maturing varieties are sown in early March, middle maturing varieties are sown from late March to early April, and late maturing varieties are sown from late April to early May. Sowing should be early rather than late. If sowing is too late, it will affect the yield and even the seeds can not mature after autumn.^[16]

The grains of Job's tear can be used the same way as rice. It can be eaten cooked or even raw, as it has a slightly sweet taste. Further, the grains can be used for the production of flour. Job's tear grains can be processed in the same machine as rice. For the soft hulls it is enough to press them over a sieve. The advantage of Job's tear over rice is that the grains do not need to be polished as it is the case with rice. Through this process, the rice loses its vitamins. This makes Job's tear a valuable food for undernourished populations in rural areas.^[16]

Ceylon

In times of food shortage Job's tear was extensively cultivated. Under normal circumstances, however, it could not establish itself in the great variety of cereals. It would be the best substitute for rice in this region.

China

In China the grain is used in soups among other things like barley in Europe

Green fodder and feed

The main use of Job's tear today is as feed.^[16]

Uses

Crafts

Job's Tears used to create natural healing remedies

The hard, white grains of Job's tears have historically been used as beads to make necklaces and other objects. The seeds are naturally bored with holes without the need to artificially puncture them.^[18]

Strands of Job's tears are used as Buddhist prayer beads in parts of India, Myanmar, Laos, Taiwan, and Korea according to Japanese researcher Yukino Ochiai who has specialized on the ethnobotanic usage of the plant.^[35] They are also made into rosaries in countries such as the Philippines and Bolivia.^[35]

East Asia

Japan

In Japan, the grains growing wild are called juzudama (数珠玉) ‘Buddhist rosary beads’), and children have made playthings out of them by stringing them into necklaces.^[36] However, juzu-dama was a corruption of zuzu-dama according to folklorist Kunio Yanagita.^[36] A type of Buddhist rosary called irataka no juzu, which were hand-made by the yamabushi ascetics practicing shugendō training, purportedly used a large-grain type known as oni-juzudama (鬼数珠玉) ‘oni(ogre) rosary beads’.^[37][38] Although this was published as a separate variety, C. lacryma jobi var. maxima Makino,^[37] it is now regarded as synonymous to C. lacryma jobi var. lacryma-jobi according to taxonomical databases (World Checklist of Selected Plant Families).^[39]

It was contended by Edo Period scholar Ono Ranzan that the soft-shelled edible type called shikoku-mugi was not introduced into Japan until the Kyōho era (1716–1736), as opposed to a hard-shelled edible type called chōsen-mugi (lit. ‘Korean wheat’) which needed to be beaten in order to crack and thresh them.^[40][c] This type has been published as a separate species, C. agrestis in the past,^[42] but this is now recognized also as a synonym of C. lacryma jobi var. lacryma-jobi.^[43][d] Thus Japanese consumption of the crop attested in pre-Kyōho literature presumably used this hard-shelled type in the recipe.^[44][e]

Yanagita contended that the use of the beads predated the introduction of Buddhism into Japan (552/538 CE).^[f][36] And the plant has not only been found at sites dating to approximately this period at the Kuroimine Site,^[45] but in Jomon period sites dating to several millennia BC.^[24]

Ocean Road hypothesis

Yanagita in his Ocean Road hypothesis argues that the pearly glistening seeds were regarded as simulating or substituting for cowrie shells, which were used as ornaments and currency throughout Southern China and Southeast Asia in antiquity, and he argued both items to be part of cultural transmission into Japan from these areas.^[46][g]

Later scholars have pursued the validity of the thesis. Yanagita had reproduced a distribution map of the usage of ornamental cowries throughout Asia (compiled by J. Wilfrid Jackson),^[47] and Japanese ethnologist Keiji Iwata alluded to a need for a distribution map of ornamental Job's tears, for making comparison therewith.^[48][49]

Mainland Southeast Asia

Thailand and Myanmar

The Akha people and the Karen people who live in the mountainous regions around the Thai-Myanmar border grow several varieties of the plant and use the beads to ornament various handicraft.^[h][50] The beads are used strictly only on women's apparel among the Akha, sewn onto headwear, jackets, handbags, etc.; also, a variety of shapes of beads are used.^[51][i] The beads are used only on the jackets of married women among the Karen, and the oblong seeds are exclusively selected,^[53] some example has been shown from the Karen in Chiang Rai Province of Thailand.^[51]

Strands of job's tears necklaces have also been collected from Chiang Rai Province, Thailand^[54] and it is known the Karen people string the beads into necklaces,^[52] such necklaces in use also in the former Karenni States (current Kayah State of Burma), with the crop being known by the name cheik (var. kyeik, kayeik, kyeit) in Burmese.^[55][53] Job's tears necklace has been collected also from Yunnan Province, China,^[54] which has a population of Akha-Hani people and other minorities, but the Wa people of Yunnan also used the plant seeds (tɛ kao; lit. ‘fruit-Coix’) sewn onto fabrics and bags, etc.^[56]

The Wa people and other minorities like the Taungyo ethnic group use the beads in apparel in Shan State, Myanmar.^[57]

Insular Southeast Asia

Borneo

In Northern Borneo Malay (Dayak group) ethnic tribes such as the Kelabit people of Sarawak state (and North Kalimantan, Indonesia), the Dusun people and Murut people of Sabah state all use the plant beads as ornament.^[52] The Kayan of Borneo also use job's tears to decorate clothing and war dress.^[58]

Philippines

Job's tears (Tagalog: tigbí) are otherwise known by many local names in the Philippines (e.g. Bikol: adlái in Visaya Islands).^[59][60] The beads strung together have sometimes been used as rosaries,^[59][35] or made into bead curtains^[59] (e.g. the Tboli people on Mindanao^[61]), or woven into baskets and other vessels.^[59]

Americas

The plant was known as calandula in Spanish, and the hards seeds were strung together as beads or into rosaries in parts of New Spain, e.g., Puerto Rico.^[62][63]

In both the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians and the Cherokee Nation in Oklahoma, the beads of Job's tears are called "corn beads" or "Cherokee corn beads" and have been used for personal adornment.

Food

Throughout East Asia, Job's tears are available in dried form and cooked as a grain. Job's tears grains are widely eaten as a cereal.^[64] The cultivated varieties are soft-shelled, and can be easily cooked into gruels, etc.^[65] Among the Zomi in Southeast Asia, miim festival(Job's tears festival) was held annually to pay tribute to the departed souls.^[66]

Some of the soft-shelled types are easily threshed, producing sweet kernels.^[65] The threshed (and polished^[67][68]) "kernels" or ren (Chinese: 薏苡仁; pinyin: yiyi ren; Wade–Giles: i i jen) are used in traditional Chinese Medicine^[69] (see infra).^[j]

The threshed grains are generally spherical, with a groove on one end, and polished white in color.^[70] In Japan unpolished grains are also sold, and marketed as yūki hatomugi (‘organic job's tears’).^[70]

In Cambodia, where it is known as skuay (ស្គួយ), the seeds are not much used as a grain,^[71] but used as part of herbal medicine and as an ingredient in desserts. In Thailand, it is often consumed in teas and other drinks, such as soy milk.

It is also a minor cereal crop and fodder in Northeastern India.^[72]

Beverages and soups

In Korean cuisine, a thick drink called yulmu cha (율무차, literally "Job's tears tea") is made from powdered Job's tears.^[70] A similar drink, called yi ren jiang (薏仁漿), also appears in Chinese cuisine, and is made by simmering whole polished Job's tears in water and sweetening the resulting thin, cloudy liquid with sugar. The grains are usually strained from the liquid but may also be consumed separately or together.

In Japan, the roasted kernels are brewed into hatomugi cha (ハトムギ茶), literally a "tea".^[73] This is drunk for medicinal value and not for enjoyment, as it does not suit the average consumer's taste, but a more palatable brew is obtained by roasting seeds that have been germinated, which reduces the distinctive strong odor.^[73][k]

In southern China, Job's tears are often used in tong sui (糖水), a sweet dessert soup. One variety is called ching bo leung in Cantonese (Chinese: 清補涼; pinyin: qing bu liang), and is also known as sâm bổ lượng in Vietnamese cuisine.^[70][73] There is also a braised chicken dish yimidunji (Chinese: 薏米炖鸡=薏米燉鷄).^[75]

Alcoholic beverages

In both Korea and China, distilled liquors are also made from the grain. One Korean liquor is called okroju (옥로주; hanja: 玉露酒), which is made from rice and Job's tears. The grains are also brewed into beers in northeast India and other parts of southeast Asia.^[28]

Traditional medicine

Job's tears are used with other herbs in traditional Chinese medicine^[76] or folk medicine.^[77]

The plant is noted in an ancient medical text Huangdi Neijing (5th–2nd centuries BCE) attributed to the legendary Huangdi (Yellow Emperor), but fails to be noticed in the standard traditional materia medica reference Bencao Gangmu (本草綱目)(16c.).^[9]

Cultivation requirements

Soil and climate requirement

It is generally grown in sunny, fertile, well-drained fields with sandy loam soil.^[78] Adlay likes mild, cool and humid climate. It does not adapt to hot and muggy climate, has low cold tolerance, and is very intolerant of drought. Black-shelled adlay is suitable for planting in areas with altitudes of 800 to 1,000 m; dwarf adlay varieties are suitable for planting in low altitude areas.^[78]

Seedbed requirements and sowing

Soaking seeds with disinfectant has a positive influence on germination rate.^[79]

Planting can be done when the ground temperature is above 12 °C. And if it is not frost, sowing should be done as early as possible to lengthen the required days to emergence and days to anthesis.^[80] Adlay sowing is divided into strip sowing and hole sowing. The strip sowing refers to the uniform sowing of seeds in trenches with a spacing of about 50 cm and a depth of 4–5 cm. Hole sowing refers to sowing seeds in holes 3–5 cm deep, with 3-4 seeds per hole.^[81]

Cultivation management

Control the number of seedlings per hole when the seedlings have 3-4 true leaves, and leave 2-3 well-grown plants in each hole.

Tillage at least 3 times during the whole crop growth. The 1st tillage is to be done when the seedlings are 5–10 cm high and needs to be cleaned of weeds to promote tillering. The second tillage is done when the seedlings are 15–20 cm high. The 3rd plowing is done when the seedlings are 30 cm high, combined with fertilizer and soil cultivation to promote root growth and prevent collapse.^[81]

Production

Growth and development

It is an annual crop but it can be a perennial when allowed to develop ratoon. Adlay is propagated by seeds at the start of rain. The germination occurs as early as 7 days after sowing. It takes 5 to 5.5 months to flower and mature. The average height can reach over 90 cm at harvest.^[82] The application of N fertilizer can significantly improve the yield of adlay.^[83]

Drought is a major stress for adlay growth and development. The lack of moisture will cause impaired germination and poor establishment. During the growth and maturation stage, water deficits will reduce the leaf area index and lead to barrenness,^[84] which negatively affects photosynthesis and dry matter production.

Harvest and post-harvest operations

When nearly 80% of adlay grains turn brown, the panicle will be harvested by cutting the stems and leaving three nodes above the ground. The harvest period varies with the different varieties and local environment.^[85] Because of the uneven height and grain distribution, the use of machines for harvesting is limited and harvesting has been done by hand in many regions in Southeastern Asia.^[86] Then the harvested panicles are threshed by hand or using a treadle thresher. For manual threshing, it is normally used when the harvested grains are at lower moisture content and easily shatter. Threshed grains are sun dried or placed in drying facilities where they utilize forced warm air to gradually reduce the moisture content to 14%^[87] suited to storage before the adlay moves to the milling process. The adlay can be consumed as grains and flour after being milled through corn and rice mill. The milling recovery is about 60% ^[85] depending on the cultivars.

Nutritional value

The seeds of Job's tears are protein-rich and nutrient-dense. High in dietary fibre, zinc and calcium.^[21] They contain micronutrients like thiamine, riboflavin, vitamin E, and niacin. They cover 8 types of amino acids for human consumption.

Starch and protein

Job's tears contain high amount of starch (58%).^[88] The seeds are used as ingredients to make soup, porridge, flour and pastries. It is common to grind seeds into powder form to make pastries. Two major methods are used to isolate starch: alkaline steeping method and steeping with sodium metabisulfite (Na₂S₂O₅), an antioxidant and antimicrobial agent. Job's tears also contain edible protein (14.8%), which can be extracted through alkaline extraction method and salt extraction method.^[88]

Fatty acids

Job's tears contain mostly unsaturated fatty acids.^[30] The four main fatty acids (oleic acid, linoleic acid, palmitic acid, and stearic acid) under three extraction methods: solvent processes, supercritical fluid extraction and ultrasonic-assisted extraction.^[88]

Pests

Job's tear is less subject to attacks of locusts than rice and corn.^[16] Insect pests include:^[89]

• stem borers Sesamia inferens and Ostrinia furnacalis
• rice skipper Pelopidas mathias (leaf feeder)
• thrip Chaetanaphothrips orchidii
• aphid Rhopalosiphum maidis
• woolly aphid Ceratovacuna lanigera

It is susceptible to leaf blight.^[90]

Gallery

• 

  An unripened head of Job's Tears

• 

  C. lacryma-jobi plant with flowers and fruit in Nepal

• 

  Job's tears grains

• 

  Yulmu-cha (Job's tears tea) from Korea

• 

  Yulmu-bap (Job's tears rice) from Korea

• 

  Illustration of Coix lacryma-jobi from the Japanese encyclopedia Seikei Zusetsu (1804)

• 

  C. lacryma-jobi seeds in a necklace prepared in the Zulu tradition

Explanatory notes

References

Bibliography

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Coix lacryma-jobi.

Wikispecies has information related to Coix lacryma-jobi.

La lágrima de Job^[1]​ (Coix lacryma-jobi), lágrimas de Moisés,^[1]​ lágrimas de San Pedro, adlay, o adlai, es una especie de las gramíneas, una planta alta, tropical, de la familia Poaceae, nativa del Este Asiático y de Malasia, cultivada en jardines como una planta anual. Se ha naturalizado en América tropical.

Variedades

• Coix lacryma-jobi var. lacryma-jobi, tiene duros pseudocarpios, blancos, estructuras ovales: usados como cuentas para hacer rosarios, collares, y otros objetos.
• Coix lacryma-jobi var. ma-yuen, cosechada como un cereal; y usado medicinalmente en partes de Asia.

Etimología

Tiene diferentes nombres comunes en distintas culturas:

• idioma chino: la planta se denomina chuān gǔ (川谷) o yì yǐ (薏苡); los granos yì mǐ (薏米) o yì rén (薏仁).
• idioma vietnamita: bo bo, hột bo bo (hột significa "semilla"), cườm gạo, o ý dĩ (derivado del chino 薏苡)
• idioma camboyano: skuəy (ស្កួយ)
• idioma japonés: juzudama (数珠玉 o ジュズダマ) o hatomugi (鳩麦 o ハトムギ)
• idioma coreano: yulmu (율무) en [1]

Usos

En todo el este asiático, está disponible el grano en forma seca y cocinada. Los granos son generalmente esféricos, con una ranura en un extremo, blanco pulido, aunque en Japón se encuentra una no brillante yuuki hatomugi, no pulida y parda.

En Corea, está la bebida yulmu cha (율무차, literalmente "té de lágrimas de Job") hecho de su polvo. Otra bebida similar, yìmǐshuǐ (薏米水), aparece en la cocina china, y se hace de hervir a fuego lento toda la planta y endulzando la pócima resultante, con azúcar. Los granos se usan colados del líquido, y pueden ser consumidos separadamente o juntos.

Tanto en Corea como en China, licores destilado se pueden hacer del grano. Otro ejemplo es el licor sudcoreano llamado okroju (hanja: 玉露酒), hecho de arroz y del "lágrima de Job"..

En el sur de Vietnam, una sopa fría y azucarada sâm bổ lượng tiene a las "lágriams de Job" como uno de sus ingredientes. Este plato deriva del sur de China tong sui llamado qīng bǔ liáng (清補涼; idioma cantonés: ching1 bou2 leung4).

Es usado entre otras, en la fitoterapia china y en la medicina tradicional.

Referencias

• Pink, A. (2004). Gardening for the Million. Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.
• Species Plantarum 2:972. 1753
• USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Data from 7-oct-06]

Jobinkyynelheinä (Coix lacryma-jobi) on suurikokoinen tropiikissa kasvava heinäkasvi. Jobinkyynelheinä kasvaa noin metrin korkuiseksi. Sen siemeniä voi syödä keitettyinä.^[1]

Lähteet

Aiheesta muualla

• Laji.fi: Jobinkyynelheinä (Coix lacryma-jobi)
• ITIS: Coix lacryma-jobi (englanniksi)
• United States Department of Agriculture (USDA): Coix lacryma-jobi (englanniksi)
• Flora of China: Coix lacryma-jobi (englanniksi)
• Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases: Coix lacryma-jobi (englanniksi)
• Centre for Agriculture and Biosciences International (CABI): Coix lacryma-jobi (Job's-tears) (englanniksi)

Coix lacryma-jobi, grain de Job, larmes-de-Job, l’Herbe à chapelets, Larmille, Herbe collier ou Graine chapelet, est une espèce de Poaceae (Graminées) des lieux humides originaire d'Asie du Sud-Est^[1]. Elle doit son nom de larme-de-Job à la forme de ses graines qui rappelle celle des larmes.

Description

Espèce vivace, branchue, atteignant 1,60 m, poussant dans les zones humides. Les feuilles sont larges et forment une gaine. Les fleurs en épis sont verdâtres^[2].

Le faux-fruit^[3] est ovale, de couleur variable allant du blanc au gris bleuté, foncé à marron. La suppression des styles permet d'obtenir des perles d'apparence vernissée, dures et percées.

Détail de l'inflorescence

Distribution

Cette espèce est originaire des régions tempérées-chaudes d'Asie : Birmanie, Chine, sous-continent indien, Indochine, Malaisie, Philippines.

Elle est largement cultivée dans toutes les régions tropicales et subtropicales comme plantes ornementale, fourragère, alimentaire^[3] et médicinale.

Utilisation

Les graines ont été employées depuis très longtemps pour faire des colliers, des bijoux, des amulettes magico-religieuses^[4].

Graines de Coix lacryma-jobi

L'extrait de graines est utilisé en médecine traditionnelle chinoise sous le nom de yìyǐ rén (薏苡仁, pépin/noyau de yìyǐ) du nom de la plante yìmǐ （薏米) et de son genre yìyǐ shǔ (薏苡属) selon les allégations traditionnelles suivantes : « Fait écouler l'eau, tonifie la rate, élimine les obstructions ». Fait également partie de la pharmacopée Lao. Les graines, importées des Indes, étaient utilisées autrefois comme diurétique^[5].

Dans les années 1840, elles étaient tressées en Chine, dans les provinces du Guangdong et du Fujian pour réaliser les voiles des jonques^[6].

La culture des larmes-de-Job pour l'alimentation est actuellement en pleine extension sous le nom de « ma-yuen » au Laos, où elle prend le pas sur celle du maïs. Cette céréale est riche en protéines et ne contient pas de gluten. Elle peut de ce fait être consommée sans restriction par les gens allergiques à cette substance^[3].

Hybridation

L'hybridation avec le maïs (Zea mays mays) a été tentée pour sa résistance aux maladies. Mais bien que présentant une efficacité de presque 30 %, ces essais sont abandonnés^{[réf. nécessaire]}.

Histoire

Notes et références

Jali (Coix lacryma-jobi L.), merupakan sejenis tumbuhan biji-bijian (serealia) tropika dari suku padi-padian atau Poaceae. Asalnya adalah Asia Timur dan Malaya namun sekarang telah tersebar ke berbagai penjuru dunia. Beberapa varietas memiliki biji yang dapat dimakan dan dijadikan sumber karbohidrat dan juga obat. Bulir yang masak terbungkus struktur yang keras, berbentuk oval dan berwarna putih.

Ada dua varietas yang ditanam orang. Coix lacryma-jobi var. lacryma-jobi memiliki cangkang (pseudokarpium) keras berwarna putih, bentuk oval, dan dipakai sebagai manik-manik. Coix lacryma-jobi var. ma-yuen dimakan orang dan juga menjadi bagian dari tradisi pengobatan Tiongkok.

Walaupun sekarang jali nyaris tidak lagi dikonsumsi, tumbuhan ini masih dikenal orang, seperti dalam lagu gambang kromong "Jali-jali". Di perdagangan internasional ia dikenal sebagai Chinese pearl wheat (gandum mutiara Cina), walaupun ia lebih dekat kekerabatannya dengan jagung daripada gandum.

Deskripsi

Jali merupakan rumpun setahun, rumpunnya banyak, batangnya tegak dan besar, tingginya 1-3 m, akarnya kasar, dan sukar untuk dicabut.^[1] Letak daunnya berseling, helaian daunnya berbentuk pita, ukuran daunnya: 8-100 × 1,5-5 cm, ujungnya runcing, pangkalnya memeluk batang, tepinya rata, perabaannya kasar dan kasap, tulang induk menonjol di penggung daun. Bunganya keluar dari ketiak daun, dan ujung percabangan, berbentuk bulir.^[1] Buahnya berbentuk buah batu, bulat lonjong, pada varietas ma-yuen berwarna putih/biru-ungu, dan berkulit keras apabila sudah tua. Jenis buah yang dibudidayakan lunak dan dapat dibuat bubur, sedangkan jenis liar keras dapat digunakan untuk manik-manik pada kalung.^[1]

Referensi

Lacrime di Giobbe (Coix lacryma-jobi) è una pianta tropicale appartenente alla famiglia delle Graminacee. Originaria dell'Asia orientale e della penisola della Malaysia viene oggi coltivata anche altrove, ed in particolare nelle Americhe. È una pianta alta circa un metro e cinquanta e le sue radici sono molto simili a quelle del grano. I suoi semi hanno una forma molto caratteristica ed ovale, di colori che variano dal verde, al viola, a sfumature di marrone, che ricordano delle gocce, donde il suo nome.

Usi

La coltivazione in India è molto diffusa, e la pianta viene trattata per ricavare una birra detta zhu. In Asia orientale, le Lacrime di Giobbe si possono trovare sotto forma di chicchi fatti seccare e poi cucinati. I chicchi sono generalmente sferici, di un colore bianco lucido, anche se in Giappone è presente una varietà dai chicchi marrone opaco. In Corea dalla polvere dei suoi semi viene ricavata una densa bevanda chiamata yulmu cha. Una bevanda simile, chiamata yì mí shǔi, è presente nella cucina cinese, ed è ottenuta attraverso la lenta bollitura della pianta e l'aggiunta di zucchero al liquido che ne risulta. Sia in Cina che in Corea dai chicchi vengono ricavati dei distillati come ad esempio il liquore Coreano chiamato okroju. L'impiego dei semi trova utilizzo anche nella medicina tradizionale cinese ed indiana.

Bibliografia

• Pink, A., Gardening for the Million, Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, 2004.
• Taylor, G., Some Crop Distributions by Tribes in Upland Southeast Asia; Southwestern Journal of Anthropology, Vol. 9, No. 3, University of New Mexico, 1953.

Łzawnica ogrodowa^[3], łzawnica łzy Hioba, koiks łzy Hioba^[4], proso jerozolimskie (Coix lacryma-jobi) – gatunek rośliny z rodziny wiechlinowatych. Jest to jednoroczna trawa pochodząca z południowej Azji. Uprawiana jako ozdobna dla dużych ziarniaków, z których wyrabiane są korale i różańce. W środkowoeuropejskich warunkach klimatycznych uprawiana pod szkłem lub w pojemnikach. Dla wydania nasion wymaga długiego i gorącego okresu wegetacyjnego^[4].

Morfologia i biologia

Owoc^[5]

Biały lub jasnożółty ziarniak pozbawiony łupiny nasiennej jest prawie jajowaty lub podłużnie eliptyczny, długości około 4–8 mm i szerokości około 3–6 mm. Powierzchnia grzbietowa jest okrągława, mlecznobiała i gładka. Powierzchnię brzuszną cechuje głęboka, podłużna bruzda. Jeden koniec jest tępo zaokrąglony, drugi jest stosunkowo płaski i delikatnie ząbkowany z niewyraźnym, jasnobrunatnym znaczkiem.

Zastosowanie

Roślina lecznicza

Surowiec zielarski^[5]

Nasienie łzawnicy ogrodowej (Coicis semen) – wysuszone, dojrzałe ziarniaki pozbawione łupin o zawartości powyżej 0,5% trioleiny.

Przypisy

Jobs tårar (Coix lacryma-jobi), Pärlkorn, adlay eller adlai, är en hög tropisk växt i familjen Poaceae (gräs) som förekommer naturligt i Östasien och på Malackahalvön, men också odlas i trädgårdar som en ettårig växt. Den har också naturaliserats i södra USA och Nya världens tropiker. Jobs tårar säljs också ofta, men vilseledande, som Kinesiskt pärlkorn i asiatiska mataffärer, trots att Coix lacryma-jobi inte tillhör samma släkte som korn (Hordeum vulgare).

Två varianter av släktet förekommer vid odling. Coix lacryma-jobi var. lacryma-jobi vars skenfrukter har ett mycket hårt, pärlvitt skal och är ovala till formen. Dessa används som pärlor till radband, halsband och andra föremål. Coix lacryma-jobi var. ma-yuen odlas som spannmål, och har även medicinsk användning i delar av Asien.

Etymologi

Jobs tårar har flera olika namn i olika kulturer:

• Kinesiska: Växten kallas chuān gǔ (川穀) eller yì yǐ (薏苡). Grynen kallas yì mǐ (薏米) eller yì rén (薏仁).
• Vietnamesiska: bo bo, hột bo bo (hột betyder "frö"), cườm gạo, eller ý dĩ (härlett från kinesiskans 薏苡)
• Japanska: juzudama (数珠玉 eller ジュズダマ) eller hatomugi (鳩麦 or ハトムギ)
• Koreanska: yulmu (율무) i [1]

Användning

Över hela Östasien finns grynen från Jobs tårar i torkad form, dessa tillagas genom kokning. Grynen är vanligen sfäriska med en fördjupning i ena änden, och polerade vita. I Japan förekommer även opolerade yuuki hatomugi, som är bruna till färgen.

I Korea görs en tjock dryck kallad yulmu cha (율무차, bokstavligen "te på Jobs tårar") av pulvriserade gryn. Också i kinesisk kokkonst finns en liknande dryck, kallad yì mí shǔi (薏米水). Denna framställs genom att hela gryn får sjuda i vatten, varefter den tunna, vitaktiga vätskan sötas. Grynen silas vanligen från vätskan, men kan också ätas, både separat eller tillsammans.

Både i Korea och Kina destilleras spritdrycker av grynen. Ett exempel är en koreansk dryck kallad okroju (hanja: 玉露酒), som görs av ris och Jobs tårar. I Japan görs en lagrad vinäger av grynen [2].

I södra Vietnam finns en söt, kall soppa kallad sâm bổ lượng, där Jobs tårar är en av ingredienserna. Denna rätt kommer från sydkinesiska tong sui, kallad qīng bǔ liáng (清補涼; Kantonesiska: ching1 bou2 leung4).

Jobs tårar används också tillsammans med andra örter i traditionell kinesisk medicin.

Referenser

• Pink, A. (2004). Gardening for the Million. Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/11892

Externa länkar

• Job's Tears
• Sorting Coix names

Y dĩ hoặc cườm thảo, bo bo (danh pháp khoa học: Coix lacryma-jobi), là một loài thực vật nhiệt đới thân cao để lấy hạt trong họ Hòa thảo (Poaceae). Cây có nguồn gốc từ Đông Á và Malaysia bán đảo nhưng được gieo trồng ở nhiều nơi trong ruộng, vườn như là một loại cây một năm.

Ý dĩ còn có tên gọi là bo bo nhưng cần chú ý đây không phải là bo bo thời bao cấp. Bo bo thời bao cấp là cao lương.

Nó đã hợp thủy thổ tại miền nam Hoa Kỳ và khu vực nhiệt đới Tân thế giới. Tại Hoa Kỳ nó được gọi là Job's tears. Đây là một loài cây lương thực khá phổ biến, nhưng được bày bán một cách sai lạc dưới tên gọi Chinese pearl barley (mạch trân châu Trung Hoa) tại một số siêu thị châu Á, mặc dù trên thực tế C. lacryma-jobi không nằm trong cùng một chi với lúa mạch (Hordeum vulgare).

Ý dĩ ở Việt Nam

Ở Việt Nam có ba giống bo bo (ý dĩ):

• Bo bo tẻ (C. lacryma-jobi var. stenocarpa); hạt bo bo tẻ sắc trắng, lớn hạt thường trồng làm thức ăn.
• Bo bo cườm (C. lacryma-jobi var. puellarum); giống này nhỏ hạt lại rất cứng, không dùng ăn mà chỉ dùng xâu hạt làm chuỗi, kết mành, v.v.
• Bo bo nếp (C. lacryma-jobi var. ma-yuen); giống này lớn hạt, róc vỏ, và được coi là quý nhất. Tương truyền Mã Viện đã đem hạt này từ Giao Chỉ sang Trung Hoa gây giống.^[1]

Miêu tả

Hạt Ý dĩ khi chín được bao bọc trong cấu trúc hình ôvan màu trắng trân châu và rất cứng. Nó được xài như là các chuỗi hột trang sức để làm chuỗi tràng hạt, chuỗi hạt và các vật dụng khác. Một số thứ được thu hoạch như là một loại ngũ cốc và cũng được sử dụng trong y học tại một vài nơi tại châu Á.

Từ nguyên học

Ý dĩ được gọi bằng nhiều tên gọi khác nhau:

• Tiếng Trung Quốc: xuyên cốc (川谷) hay ý dĩ (薏苡). Hạt được gọi là ý mễ (薏米) hay ý nhân (薏仁).
• Tiếng Nhật: juzudama (数珠玉, âm Hán Việt: số châu ngọc, hay ジュズダマ) hoặc hatomugi (鳩麦 hay ハトムギ)
• Tiếng Triều Tiên: yulmu (율무) trong [1]

Thành phần hóa học

Hạt chứa cacbohydrat, protit, lipit và các axít amin như leucin, lysin, arginin, tyrosin…, coixol, coixenolid, sitosterol, dimethyl glucozit.

Sử dụng

Tại Triều Tiên, loại đồ uống đậm đặc gọi là yulmu cha (율무차, nghĩa văn chương "trà ý dĩ") được làm từ bột ý dĩ. Một loại đồ uống tương tự, gọi là ý mễ thủy (薏米水), cũng có trong ẩm thực Trung Hoa, và được làm bằng cách đun sôi các hạt ý dĩ đã chuốt bóng trong nước và được làm ngọt bằng đường để có một loại chất lỏng đục như mây. Hạt thông thường được lọc ra khỏi chất lỏng, nhưng cũng có thể được ăn cùng với nước hoặc riêng rẽ.

Ở cả Triều Tiên và Trung Quốc, một loại rượu mùi chưng cất cũng được làm từ ý dĩ.

Y học

Nó cũng được sử dụng cùng với các loại cây thuốc khác trong y học cổ truyền Trung Hoa và các nước lân cận dưới tên gọi ý dĩ.

Thuốc bồi dưỡng cơ thể do có hàm lượng protit và lipit cao. Chữa viêm ruột và ỉa chảy kéo dài ở trẻ em, phù thũng, sỏi thận, tê thấp, nhức mỏi chân tay: ngày 10 - 30 g dạng thuốc bột hoặc thuốc sắc.

Chữa bệnh và phương pháp làm

- Trị răng đau, răng sâu: ý dĩ, cát cánh, nghiền nát thành bột nhuyễn, nhét vào chỗ răng đau.

- Trẻ em rối loạn tiêu hóa, tiêu chảy kéo dài, đái đục: Hạt ý dĩ 12 g, hoài sơn đồ sao 10 g tán bột, cho ăn mỗi lần 6 - 7 g hòa với nước cơm, ngày ăn 2 - 3 lần.

- Tiêu chảy mạn tính: Hạt ý dĩ sao vàng 50 g, hạt sen sao vàng 40 g, sa nhân 5 g. Tất cả đem tán bột mịn, ngày uống 2 - 3 lần với nước cơm, mỗi lần 10 - 15 g.

- Phụ nữ khí hư, bạch đới: Hạt ý dĩ sao vàng 20 g, rễ cây bấn trắng 20 g sao vàng. Sắc uống ngày một thang.

- Tê thấp, đau lưng, mỏi khớp: Hạt ý dĩ sao vàng 30 g; thổ phục linh, cẩu tích, tỳ giải đều 20 g. Sắc uống ngày một thang.

Tham khảo

• Pink, A. (2004). Gardening for the Million. Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Kiểm tra giá trị ngày tháng trong: |date= (trợ giúp)

Ghi chú

Liên kết ngoài

• [2]
• Sorting Coix names
• Ý dĩ nhân Coix lacryma - jobi

• 1 Распространение и среда обитания
• 2 Ботаническое описание
• 3 Хозяйственное значение и применение
• 4 Примечания
• 5 Литература
• 6 Ссылки

提示：本条目的主题不是薏米。

薏苡（学名：Coix lacryma-jobi），别名：草黍子（东北），六谷子（四川），菩提珠（江苏），草珠子（山东），薏米（福建），紅薏苡（臺灣），薏仁米，沟子米。属禾本科薏苡属。

形态

原產於熱帶亞洲，一年生草本。茎直立丛生，多分枝，基部节上生根；扁平细长披针形叶片互生，质地硬，先端尖，基部成鞘状，无毛，叶缘粗糙；夏秋间开花，为总状花序腋生；成熟时为暗紫色颍果。

分布

印度、泰國、柬埔寨及越南，中國大陸分布较广，日本亦产。台灣自日本引進栽培，惟九成消費量仍由泰國進口。

參考文獻

• 《台灣蔬果實用百科第二輯》，薛聰賢 著，薛聰賢出版社，2001年

ジュズダマ（数珠玉、Coix lacryma-jobi）は、水辺に生育する大型のイネ科植物の1種である。

インドなどの熱帯アジア原産。

特徴[編集]

一年草で、背丈は1m程になる。根元で枝分かれした多数の茎が束になり、茎の先の方まで葉をつける。葉は幅が広い線形で、トウモロコシなどに似ている。花は茎の先の方の葉の付け根にそれぞれ多数つく。葉鞘から顔を出した花茎の先端に丸い雌花がつき、その先から雄花の束がのびる。雌花は熟すると、表面が非常に固くなり、黒くなって表面につやがある。熟した実は、根元から外れてそのまま落ちる。

ハトムギ[編集]

ハトムギ（C. lacryma-jobi var. ma-yuen）は、ジュズダマの栽培種である。全体がやや大柄であること、花序が垂れ下がること、実がそれほど固くならないことが、原種との相違点である。

花の構造[編集]

花序

イネ科植物の花は、花序が短縮して重なり合った鱗片の間に花が収まる小穂という形になる。その構造はイネ科に含まれる属によって様々であり、同じような鱗片の列に同型の花が入るような単純なものから、花数が減少したり、花が退化して鱗片だけが残ったり、まれに雄花と雌花が分化したりと多様であるが、ジュズダマの花序は、中でも特に変わったもののひとつである。

まず、穂の先端に雄花、基部に雌花があるが、このように雄花と雌花に分化するのは、イネ科では例が少ない。細かいところを見ると、さらに興味深い特徴がある。

じつは、先に“実”と標記したものは、正しくは果実ではない。黒くてつやのある楕円形のものの表面は、実は苞葉の鞘が変化したものである。つまり、花序の基部についた雌花（雌小穂）をその基部にある苞葉の鞘が包むようになり、さらにそれが硬化したものである。この苞葉鞘の先端には穴が開いており、雌花から伸び出したひも状の柱頭がそこから顔を出す。

雌花は受粉して果実になると、苞葉鞘の内で成熟し、苞葉鞘ごと脱落する。一般にイネ科の果実は鱗片に包まれて脱落するが、ジュズダマの場合、鱗片に包まれた果実が、さらに苞葉鞘に包まれて脱落するわけである。

実際にはこの苞葉鞘の中には1個の雌小穂のほかに、2つの棒状のものが含まれ、苞葉鞘の口からはそれら2つが頭を覗かせている。これらは退化して花をつけなくなった小穂である。したがって、包葉鞘の中には、花をつける小穂（登実小穂）1つと、その両側にある不実の小穂2つが包まれていることになる。

これら雌小穂と不実の小穂の間から伸びた花軸の先には、偏平な小判型の雄小穂が数個つく。1つの雄小穂にはそれぞれに2つの花を含む。開花時には鱗片のすき間が開いて、黄色い葯が垂れ下がる。

利用[編集]

脱落した実は、乾燥させれば長くその色と形を保つので、数珠を作るのに使われたことがある。中心に花軸が通る穴が空いているので、糸を通すのも簡単である。実際に仏事に用いる数珠として使われることはまずないが、子供のおもちゃのように扱われることは多い。古来より「じゅずだま」のほか「つしだま」とも呼ばれ、花環同様にネックレスや腕輪など簡易の装飾品として庶民の女の子の遊びの一環で作られてきた。秋から冬にかけて、水辺での自然観察や、子供の野外活動では、特に女の子に喜ばれる。

参考文献[編集]

• 長田武正『日本のイネ科植物図譜（増補版）』(1993) 平凡社
• 佐竹義輔・大井次三郎・北村四郎 他『日本の野生植物　草本I 単子葉植物』(1982) 平凡社

염주(念珠, 학명: Coix lacryma-jobi 코익스 라크리마요비^[*])는 벼과의 한해살이풀이다.

분포

아시아·태평양 지역에 분포한다.^[2] 동아시아(중국), 동남아시아(라오스, 말레이시아, 미얀마, 베트남, 인도네시아, 태국, 필리핀), 남아시아(네팔, 부탄, 스리랑카, 인도, 파키스탄), 오세아니아(파푸아뉴기니)가 원산지이다.^[2]

종내 분류군

• 율무 C. lacryma-jobi var. ma-yuen (Rom.Caill.) Stapf
• C. lacryma-jobi var. monilifer G. Watt
• C. lacryma-jobi var. stenocarpa Oliv.

각주