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Die Sillagos (Sillaginidae) is 'n vis-familie wat hoort tot die orde Perciformes. Daar is drie genera met een en dertig spesies wat hoort tot dié familie en drie van die spesies kom aan die Suid-Afrikaanse kus voor.
Die liggaam is lank en bedek met klein skubbe en het twee dorsale vinne. Die familie se grootte wissel van 15 – 36 cm.
Die volgende genus en spesies kom aan die Suid-Afrikaanse kus voor:
Silwer sillago (Sillago sihama)
Sillago indica
Sillaginopsis panijus
Sillago burrus
Sillago intermedius
Sillago vittata
Die Sillagos (Sillaginidae) is 'n vis-familie wat hoort tot die orde Perciformes. Daar is drie genera met een en dertig spesies wat hoort tot dié familie en drie van die spesies kom aan die Suid-Afrikaanse kus voor.
Els sil·lagínids (Sillaginidae) són una família de peixos marins inclosa en l'ordre dels perciformes amb 31 espècies repartides entre 3 gèneres.[1]
Mengen organismes del fons marí.[1]
Les espècies que hi formen part són bentòniques.[1]
Es distribueix per l'Oceà Índic i l'oest de l'Oceà Pacífic.[1]
Algunes espècies són importants en aqüicultura i en l'alimentació humana.[1]
Els sil·lagínids (Sillaginidae) són una família de peixos marins inclosa en l'ordre dels perciformes amb 31 espècies repartides entre 3 gèneres.
Die Sillaginiden oder Weißlinge (Sillaginidae) sind schlanke Schwarmfische aus der Gruppe der Barschverwandten (Percomorphaceae). Sie leben im westlichen Indopazifik von Südafrika bis Japan und Australien im flachen Wasser an den Küsten im Meer und Brackwasser. Die Jungfische einiger Arten dringen auch in das Süßwasser der Flussmündungen vor. In Australien werden sie „whitings“ genannt. Der Name wird aber in anderen englischsprachigen Ländern für den Wittling benutzt, mit dem sie nicht verwandt sind.
Sillaginiden haben einen langgestreckten Körper und ein kleines Maul mit wenigen Zähnen. Sie haben zwei Rückenflossen, die erste hat 10 bis 13 harte Flossenstrahlen, die zweite eine harte und 16 bis 27 weiche Flossenstrahlen. Die Afterflosse hat zwei führende Hartstrahlen, gefolgt von 14 bis 26 Weichstrahlen. Die Schuppen sind klein und lösen sich leicht von der Haut. Bei einigen Arten fehlt die Schwimmblase, bei anderen Arten ist sie kompliziert gebaut mit vielen Auswüchsen. Die Fische werden zwischen 15 und 70 Zentimeter lang.
Es gibt ca. 35 Arten in fünf Gattungen. Vier Gattungen sind monotypisch.
Die Sillaginiden oder Weißlinge (Sillaginidae) sind schlanke Schwarmfische aus der Gruppe der Barschverwandten (Percomorphaceae). Sie leben im westlichen Indopazifik von Südafrika bis Japan und Australien im flachen Wasser an den Küsten im Meer und Brackwasser. Die Jungfische einiger Arten dringen auch in das Süßwasser der Flussmündungen vor. In Australien werden sie „whitings“ genannt. Der Name wird aber in anderen englischsprachigen Ländern für den Wittling benutzt, mit dem sie nicht verwandt sind.
The Sillaginidae, commonly known as the smelt-whitings, whitings, sillaginids, sand borers and sand-smelts, are a family of benthic coastal marine fish in the order Perciformes. The smelt-whitings inhabit a wide region covering much of the Indo-Pacific, from the west coast of Africa east to Japan and south to Australia. The family comprises only five genera and 35 species, of which a number are dubious, with the last major revision of the family in 1992 unable to confirm the validity of a number of species. They are elongated, slightly compressed fish, often light brown to silver in colour, with a variety of markings and patterns on their upper bodies. The Sillaginidae are not related to a number of fishes commonly called 'whiting' in the Northern Hemisphere, including the fish originally called whiting, Merlangius merlangus.
The smelt-whitings are mostly inshore fishes that inhabit sandy, silty, and muddy substrates on both low- and high-energy environments ranging from protected tidal flats and estuaries to surf zones. A few species predominantly live offshore on deep sand shoals and reefs, although the larvae and juvenile phases of most species return to inshore grounds, where they spend the first few years of their lives. Smelt-whitings are benthic carnivores that prey predominantly on polychaetes, a variety of crustaceans, molluscs, and to a lesser extent echinoderms and fish, feeding by detecting vibrations emitted by their prey.
The family is highly important to fisheries throughout the Indo-Pacific, with species such as the northern whiting, Japanese whiting, and King George whiting forming the basis of major fisheries throughout their range. Many species are also of major importance to small subsistence fisheries, while others are little more than occasional bycatch. Smelt-whitings are caught by a number of methods, including trawling, seine nets, and cast nets. In Australia and Japan in particular, members of the family are often highly sought by recreational fishermen who also seek the fish for their prized flesh.
The first species of sillaginid to be scientifically described was Sillago sihama, by Peter Forsskål in 1775, who initially referred the species to a genus of hardyhead, Atherina.[1] It was not until 1817 that the type genus Sillago was created by Georges Cuvier based on his newly described species Sillago acuta, which was later found to be a junior synonym of S. sihama and subsequently discarded. Cuvier continued to describe species of sillaginid with the publishing of his ichthyological work Histoire Naturelle des Poissons with Achille Valenciennes in 1829, also erecting the genus Sillaginodes in this work.[1] The species Cheilodipterus panijus was named in 1822 by Francis Buchanan-Hamilton and was subsequently reexamined by Theodore Gill in 1861, leading to the creation of the monotypic genus Sillaginopsis. John Richardson was the first to propose that Sillago, the only genus of sillaginid then recognised, be assigned to their own taxonomic family, "Sillaginidae" (used interchangeably with 'Sillaginoidae'), at a meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science.[2] There were, however, many differing opinions on the relationships of the "sillaginoids", leading to the naturalists of the day continually revising the position of the five genera, placing in them in a number of families. The first review of the sillaginid fishes was Gill's 1861 work "Synopsis of the sillaginoids", in which the name "Sillaginidae" was popularized and expanded on to include Sillaginodes and Sillaginopsis,[3] however the debate on the placement of the family remained controversial.[4]
In the years after Gill's paper was published, over 30 'new' species of sillaginids were reported and scientifically described, many of which were synonyms of previously described species, with similarity between species, as well as minor geographical variation confounding taxonomists.[5] In 1985, Roland McKay of the Queensland Museum published a comprehensive review of the family to resolve these relationships, although a number of species are still listed as doubtful, with McKay unable to locate the holotypes. Along with the review of previously described species, McKay described an additional seven species, a number of which he described as subspecies.[4] After this 1985 paper, additional specimens came to light, proving that all the subspecies he had identified were individual species. In 1992, McKay published a synopsis of the Sillaginidae for the FAO, in which he elevated these subspecies to full species status.[5]
The name "Sillaginidae" was derived from Cuvier's Sillago, which itself takes its name from a locality in Australia,[6] possibly Sillago reef off the coast of Queensland.[7] The term "sillago" is derived from the Greek term syllego, which means "to meet".[8]
The following is a comprehensive list of the 35 known extant species of sillaginids, with a number of the species still in doubt due to the loss of the holotype specimen. This classification follows Fishbase, which itself is based on McKay's last revision of the family.[8]
A number of sillaginids have been identified from the fossil record, with the lower Eocene marking the first appearance of the family. The family is thought to have evolved in the Tethys Sea of central Australia, before colonizing southern Australia during the upper Eocene after a seaway broke through south of Tasmania.[5] During the Oligocene, the family spread to the north and south, occupying a much more extensive range than their current Indo-Pacific distribution. Fossils suggest the sillaginids ranged as far north as Poland and Germany, and as far south as New Zealand,[10] found in shallow water sedimentary deposits along with other species of extant genera.[11]
At least eight fossil sillaginid species have been found, all of which are believed to be of the genus Sillago based on the only remains found, otoliths. Only one species of extant sillaginid, Sillago maculata, has been found in the fossil record, and this was in very recent Pleistocene sediments.[12]
Sillago
Parasillago
Sillaginopodys
Phylogeny of the Sillaginidae, illustrating the three subgenera of Sillago proposed by McKay.[4]The relationships of the Sillaginidae are poorly known, with very similar morphological characteristics and a lack of genetic studies restricting the ability to perform cladistic analyses on the family. Being the fossil sillaginids are based on the comparison of fossil otoliths, with no other type of remains found thus far, this also prevents the reconstruction of the evolution of the family through fossil species. While the position of the Sillaginidae in the order Perciformes is firmly established due to a number of synapomorphies shared with other members of the order, no sister group has been established for the family.[16] The current taxonomic status of the family is thought to represent a basic picture of the group's phylogeny, with McKay further dividing the genus Sillago into three subgenera based on shared morphological characters of the swimbladder. The genera Sillaginodes and Sillaginopsis have the most plesiomorphic characteristics; being monotypic, and distinct from Sillago. Sillago is further divided into three subgenera based primarily on swim bladder morphology; Sillago, Parasillago and Sillaginopodys, which also represent evolutionary relationships.[5] Whilst genetic studies have not been done on the family, they have been used to establish the relationship of what were thought to be various subspecies of school whiting, S. bassensis and S. flindersi.[17] Furthermore, morphological data suggests a number of Australian species diverged very recently during the last glacial maximum, which caused land bridges to isolate populations of fish. The two aforementioned species of school whiting, S. maculata and S. burrus, and S. ciliata and S. analis are all thought to be products of such a process, although only the school whiting have anything other than similar morphology as evidence of this process.[4]
The Sillaginidae are medium-sized fishes which grow to an average of around 20 cm and around 100 g,[18] although the largest member of the family, the King George whiting is known to reach 72 cm and 4.8 kg in weight. The body shape and fin placement of the family is quite similar to most of the members of the order Perciformes.[19] Their bodies are elongate, slightly compressed, with a head that tapers toward a terminal mouth. The mouth has a band of brush-like teeth with canine teeth present only in the upper jaw of Sillaginopsis. The cranial sensory system of the family is well developed above and laterally, with the lower jaw having a pair of small pores behind which is a median pit containing a pore on each side. On each side of the elongate head the operculum has a short sharp spine. They have two true dorsal fins; the anterior one supported by 10 to 13 spines while the long rear one is held up by a single leading spine followed by 16 to 27 soft rays. The anal fin is similar to the second dorsal fin, having two small slender spines followed by 14 to 26 soft rays.[19] Their bodies are covered in ctenoid scales, with the exception of the cheek which may have cycloid or ctenoid scales. There is a wide variation in the amount of lateral line scales, ranging from 50 to 141.[16] The swimbladder in the Sillaginidae is either absent, poorly developed, or highly complex with anterior and lateral extensions that project well into the caudal region. A unique duct-like process is present from the ventral surface of the swimbladder to just before the urogenital opening in most species. The presence and morphology of each species' swim bladder is often their major diagnostic feature, with McKay's three proposed subgenera based on swimbladder morphology alone.[4] The sillaginids have only a small range of body colourings and frequently the only colour characteristics to identify between species are the arrangements of spots and bars on their upper bodies. Most of the family are a pale brown – creamy white colour, while a few species are silver all over. The undersides of the fish are usually lighter than the upper side, and the fins range from yellow to transparent, often marked by bars and spots.[4]
The Sillaginidae are distributed throughout the Indo-Pacific region, ranging from the west coast of Africa to Japan and Taiwan in the east, as well occupying as a number of small islands including New Caledonia in the Pacific Ocean.[16] While they have a fairly wide distribution, the highest species densities occur along the coasts of India, China, Taiwan, South East Asia, the Indonesian Archipelago and northern Australia.[5] One species of sillaginid, Sillago sihama, has been declared an invasive species to the Mediterranean, passing through the Suez Canal from the Red Sea since 1977 as part of the Lessepsian migration, becoming widespread.[20]
Sillaginids are primarily inshore marine fishes inhabiting stretches of coastal waters, although a few species move offshore in their adult stages to deep sand banks or reefs to a maximum known depth of 180 m.[21] All species primarily occupy sandy, silty or muddy substrates, often using seagrass or reef as cover. They commonly inhabit tidal flats, beach zones, broken bottoms and large areas of uniform substrate. Although the family is marine, many species inhabit estuarine environments, with some such as Sillaginopsis panijus also found in the upper reaches of the estuary.[22] Each species often occupies a specific niche to avoid competition with co-occurring sillaginids, often inhabiting a specific substrate type, depth, or making use of surf zones and estuaries.[23] The juveniles often show distinct changes in habitat preference as they mature, often moving to deeper waters.[21] No members of the family are known to undergo migratory movements, and have been shown to be relatively weak swimmers, relying on currents to disperse juveniles.
The smelt-whitings are benthic carnivores, with all of the species whose diets have been studied showing similar prey preferences. Smelt-whitings have well developed chemosensory systems compared to many other teleost fishes, with high taste bud densities on the outside tip of the snout. The turbulence and turbidity of the environment appear to determine how well developed the sensory systems are in an individual.[24] Studies from the waters of Thailand, Philippines and Australia have shown that polychaetes, a variety of crustaceans, molluscs and to a lesser extent echinoderms and fish are the predominant prey items of the family.[25][26][27] Commonly taken crustaceans include decapods, copepods and isopods, while the predominant molluscs taken are various species of bivalves, especially the unprotected siphon filters that protrude from the shells. In all species studied, some form of diet shift occurs as the fishes mature, often associated with a movement to deeper waters and thus to new potential prey. The juveniles often prey on planktonic prey, with small copepods, isopods and other small crustaceans often taken.[28] Whilst many species have a change in niche to reduce intraspecific competition, there are often many species of sillaginid inhabiting a geographical area. Where this occurs, there is often definite diet differences between species, often associated with a niche specialization.[27] The sillaginid's distinctive body shape and mouth placement is an adaptation to bottom feeding, which is the predominant method of feeding for all whiting species. All larger whiting feed by using their protrusile jaws and tube-like mouths to suck up various types of prey from in, on or above the ocean substrate,[23] as well as using their nose as a 'plough' to dig through the substrate.[5] There is a large body of evidence that shows whiting do not rely on visual cues when feeding, instead using a system based on the vibrations emitted by their prey.[29]
Smelt-whitings are a major link in the food chain of most systems, and frequently fall prey to a variety of aquatic and aerial predators. Their main aquatic predators are a wide variety of larger fish, including both teleosts and a variety of sharks and rays.[30] Marine mammals including seals[31] and dolphins[32] have been reported to have taken sillaginids as a main food source. Seabirds are also another major predator of the family, with diving species such as Cormorants taking older fish in deeper waters while juvenile fish in shallow water fall prey to wading birds.[33] Sillaginids are often called 'sandborers' due to their habit of burying themselves in the substrate to avoid predators, much in the same way as they forage, by ploughing their nose into the substrate. This defense is even used against human fishermen, who frequently wade barefoot to feel for buried fish.[5] The Sillaginidae are also host to a variety of well studied internal and external parasites, which are represented prominently by the groups Digenea, Monogenea and Myxosporea, Copepoda and Nematoda.[34][35]
The Sillaginidae are an oviparous, non guarding family,[8] whose species tend to show similar reproductive patterns to one another. Each species reaches sexual maturity at a slightly different age, with each sex often showing a disparity in time of maturation.[21][36] Each species also spawns over a different season and the spawning season often differs within a species, usually as a function of latitude; a feature not unique to sillaginids.[37] The proximity to shore of spawning is also different between species, as each species usually does not migrate inshore to spawn, even if the juveniles require shallow water for protection, instead relying on currents.[38] The fecundity of sillaginids is variable, with a normal range between 50 000 – 100 000. The eggs are small (0.6 to 0.8 mm), spherical and pelagic, hatching around 20 days after fertilisation.[39] The larvae are quite similar, requiring a trained developmental biologist to identify between species.[40] The larvae and juveniles are at the mercy of the ocean currents, being too weaker swimmers to actively seek out coastlines. Currents are thought to have been responsible for the distribution of mainland species to offshore islands as well as the current widespread distribution of Sillago sihama.[34] In all studied species, juveniles inhabit shallow waters in protected embayments, estuaries, tidal creeks and lagoons as well as exposed surf zones, usually over tidal flats and seagrass beds. As the fish mature, they generally move to deeper waters, showing a change in diet.[27]
The sillaginids are some of the most important commercial fishes in the Indo-Pacific region, with a few species making up the bulk of whiting catches. Their high numbers, coupled with their highly regarded flesh are the reason for this, and their inshore nature also has made them popular targets for recreational fishermen in a number of countries.[5] With overfishing rife in some areas, sustainable aquaculture has allowed the commercial farming of a number of sillaginid species, as well as the use of farmed fish to restock depleted estuaries. At least one species, the Gangetic whiting, has occasionally been used in brackish water aquaria.[41]
A small number of sillaginids have large enough populations to allow an entire fishery to be based around them, with King George whiting,[19] northern whiting, Japanese whiting,[42] sand whiting and school whiting the major species. There have been no reliable estimates of catches for the entire family, as catch statistics generally include only those species taken in large numbers, but there are some species which make up significant numbers of the bycatch. To add to this problem, many of the lesser known species are taken by subsistence fisheries and not reported. From estimates by the FAO, however, it is evident that the family is one of the most important in the Indo-Pacific region, having an estimated catch of 22 718 tonnes in 1990 alone.[5] In this same report, it was shown that the greatest three utilizers of sillaginids were the Philippines, Western Australia and Thailand respectively. The records also suggested that the catch increased from 1983 when it was 17 570 t, up to the last estimate in 1990 of 22 718 t. No such estimates have been carried out since. Modern records for Australia show that this trend has reversed, with all catches from Australia totaling 4 372 t in 2006 compared with 1990's 6000 t haul.[43] Statistics from other countries are unavailable for such comparison.
Sillaginids are taken by a variety of fishing methods, with inshore catches predominantly taken using beach seine nets and cast nets. Due to the alert nature of sillaginids, skill is required on creeping up quietly enough to be able to net fish with a cast net, with experienced fishers often paddling into the sun toward a school and drifting slowly upon it before casting the net.[5] In deeper waters, commercial trawlers and longliners take the most fish, with a number of sillaginids taken in prawn trawls as bycatch. The fish are normally marketed fresh locally under various names, with "Ashuos" commonly used in many countries for various sillaginids.[8] At least one export fishery exists in Australia whereby S. flindersi is exported to Thailand where the fish are repackaged and sent to Japan frozen.[44]
In Australia and Japan, members of the family are highly sought after by anglers for their sporting and eating qualities, with anglers often taking more than commercial fishermen in some areas.[45] The fishing techniques for all sillaginids are quite similar, with the shallow habitats often requiring light line and quiet movements. Whiting are also popular in part due to their accessibility, with tidal flats around beaches, estuaries and jetties common habitats from where many whiting species are caught without need for a boat.[46] Tidal movements also affect catches, as do lunar phases, causing whiting to 'bite' when the tide is changing. Tackle used is kept light to avoid spooking the fish, and often requires only a simple setup, with a hook and light sinker tied directly to the mainline usually effective. In deeper water fished from boats or where currents are strong, more complex rigs are used, often with hooks tied to dropper loops on the trace.[46] in Australia, some specialist whiting fishermen who target the fish in the surf or on shallow banks use red beads or tubing to attract the fish, claiming the method produces more fish.[47] The bait used is normally anything from the surrounding environment which the whiting naturally prey on, with polychaetes, bivalves, crustaceans such as prawns and crabs, cephalopods and small fish effective for most species. As with most species, live bait is known to produce better catches. Lure fishing for whiting is not normally practiced, but saltwater flies have been used to good effect, as have small soft plastic lures and surface lures like poppers and stick baits imitating a fleeing fish or prawn. this type of fishing has experienced increasing popularity the last couple of years.[47] In some areas, restrictions to the amount and size of fish are in place and enforced by fishery authorities.[48]
A number of sillaginid species have been the subject of brackish water aquaculture in Asia and India,[5] with species including S. japonica commonly bred for consumption. In Australia, research has been undertaken in the breeding of sand whiting and King George whiting, and so far only sand whiting shows promise for commercial viability.[49] King George whiting have been found to take too long to develop to be sustainable, but the use of growth hormones is being investigated.[50] In Australia, aquaculturally bred sand whiting have also been used to stock depleted estuaries.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link) {{cite book}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link) {{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) {{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link) {{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link) {{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link) {{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link) {{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link) {{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link) {{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link) {{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link) {{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link) {{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link) {{cite book}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link) The Sillaginidae, commonly known as the smelt-whitings, whitings, sillaginids, sand borers and sand-smelts, are a family of benthic coastal marine fish in the order Perciformes. The smelt-whitings inhabit a wide region covering much of the Indo-Pacific, from the west coast of Africa east to Japan and south to Australia. The family comprises only five genera and 35 species, of which a number are dubious, with the last major revision of the family in 1992 unable to confirm the validity of a number of species. They are elongated, slightly compressed fish, often light brown to silver in colour, with a variety of markings and patterns on their upper bodies. The Sillaginidae are not related to a number of fishes commonly called 'whiting' in the Northern Hemisphere, including the fish originally called whiting, Merlangius merlangus.
The smelt-whitings are mostly inshore fishes that inhabit sandy, silty, and muddy substrates on both low- and high-energy environments ranging from protected tidal flats and estuaries to surf zones. A few species predominantly live offshore on deep sand shoals and reefs, although the larvae and juvenile phases of most species return to inshore grounds, where they spend the first few years of their lives. Smelt-whitings are benthic carnivores that prey predominantly on polychaetes, a variety of crustaceans, molluscs, and to a lesser extent echinoderms and fish, feeding by detecting vibrations emitted by their prey.
The family is highly important to fisheries throughout the Indo-Pacific, with species such as the northern whiting, Japanese whiting, and King George whiting forming the basis of major fisheries throughout their range. Many species are also of major importance to small subsistence fisheries, while others are little more than occasional bycatch. Smelt-whitings are caught by a number of methods, including trawling, seine nets, and cast nets. In Australia and Japan in particular, members of the family are often highly sought by recreational fishermen who also seek the fish for their prized flesh.
Los Sillaginidae (silagínidos) es una familia de peces marinos incluida en el orden Perciformes. Se distribuyen por el océano Índico y la costa oeste del océano Pacífico.
Poseen el cuerpo muy alargado, con una boca pequeña. Tienen dos aletas dorsales, la primera con una docena de espinas, la segunda con una espina afilada y multitud de redios blandos. La aleta anal es muy alargada. Su longitud máxima puede alcanzar los 45 cm.
Los silagínidos son especies bentónicas que se alimentan de organismos del fondo marino, con algunas especies importantes en acuicultura en estuarios.[1]
Se clasifican en 31 especies de 3 géneros:[2]
Los Sillaginidae (silagínidos) es una familia de peces marinos incluida en el orden Perciformes. Se distribuyen por el océano Índico y la costa oeste del océano Pacífico.
Poseen el cuerpo muy alargado, con una boca pequeña. Tienen dos aletas dorsales, la primera con una docena de espinas, la segunda con una espina afilada y multitud de redios blandos. La aleta anal es muy alargada. Su longitud máxima puede alcanzar los 45 cm.
Los silagínidos son especies bentónicas que se alimentan de organismos del fondo marino, con algunas especies importantes en acuicultura en estuarios.
Sillaginidae Perciformes ordenako arrain-familia da, eskualde indo-pazifikoan bizi dena. Familiak 31 espezie ditu 3 generotan banaturik baina sailkapena zalantzazkoa da, 1992an egin zuten azken berrikustean espezie asko balioetsi ezin zituelako.
Hona hemen genero batzuen bilakaera:[1]
Sillaginidae Perciformes ordenako arrain-familia da, eskualde indo-pazifikoan bizi dena. Familiak 31 espezie ditu 3 generotan banaturik baina sailkapena zalantzazkoa da, 1992an egin zuten azken berrikustean espezie asko balioetsi ezin zituelako.
Kuoreahvenet (Sillaginidae) on ahvenkaloihin kuuluva heimo. Heimon lajeja tavataan indopasifiselta merialueelta.
Vanhimmat kuoreahventen heimoon kuuluvien lajien fossiilit on ajoitettu eoseenikaudelle. Nykyään heimoon kuuluu kolme sukua ja yhteensä noin 31 lajia. Lajeja ovat muun muassa safiirikuoreahven (Sillaginopsis panijus), kultakuoreahven (Sillago analis) ja täpläkuoreahven (Sillago maculata). Ruumiinmuodoltaan kuoreahvenet ovat pitkulaisia kaloja, joilla on terävä kuono. Ne kasvavat suurimmillaan 45–70 senttimetrin mittaisiksi. Lajeilla on kaksi selkäevää, joista etumainen on piikikäs ja taaempi pidempi ja pehmeämpiruotoinen. Myös peräevä on heimon kaloilla pitkä. Monet kuoreahvenlajit muistuttavat usein toisiaan ja niitä on vaikea erottaa toisistaan.[1][2][3]
Kuoreahvenlajeja tavataan Intian valtamerestä ja Tyynestä merestä Afrikan itärannikolta Japaniin ja Australiaan ulottuvalta vyöhykkeeltä. Ne ovat pääosin mereisiä lajeja, mutta niitä tavataan myös murtovesistä esimerkiksi jokien suistoista. Lajit elävät tyypillisesti matalassa vedessä yleensä alle 200 metrin syvyydessä. Ne elävät lähellä muta- tai hiekkapohjaa ja voivat myös kaivautua kokonaan pehmeään pohjaan esimerkiksi paetessaan petoja. Kuoreahventen ravintoa ovat monisukasmadot, katkaravut, ravut ja pienet kalat. Kalat ruokailevat tyypillisimmin iltaisin tai aamuisin. Kuoreahvenet ovat hyviä ruokakaloja ja myös merkittäviä kaupallisesti.[1][2][3]
Kuoreahvenet (Sillaginidae) on ahvenkaloihin kuuluva heimo. Heimon lajeja tavataan indopasifiselta merialueelta.
Sillaginidae est une famille de poissons à nageoires rayonnées.
Selon FishBase (15 déc. 2015)[4]
Sillaginidae est une famille de poissons à nageoires rayonnées.
Os Silaxínidos (Sillaginidae) son unha familia de peixes mariños incluída na orde dos Perciformes, distribuídos polo océano Índico e a costa oeste do Pacífico.
Posúen un corpo moi alongado, con tamaños máximos duns 45 cm, cuberto de pequenas escamas. A boca é pequena e terminal. Teñen dúas aletas dorsais, separadas ou non, a primeira con 9-12 espiñas e a segunda cunha espiña afiada e 16-26 radios brandos. Aleta anal alongada e oposta á segunda dorsal, con 2 espiñas e 15-27 radios brandos. As ventrais insírense á mesma altura cás pectorais ou algo atrasadas. Caudal algo fendida.
Son especies bentónicas que se alimentan de organismos do fondo mariño. Algunhas especies críanse en establecementos de acuicultura, en estuarios.
Divídense en 3 xéneros, con 31 especies:
Os Silaxínidos (Sillaginidae) son unha familia de peixes mariños incluída na orde dos Perciformes, distribuídos polo océano Índico e a costa oeste do Pacífico.
I Sillaginidae sono una famiglia di pesci ossei marini e d'acqua salmastra dell'ordine Perciformes.
Questa famiglia è endemica del nord delle zone tropicali e subtropicali dell'Oceano Indiano (compreso il mar Rosso) e dell'oceano Pacifico occidentale[1]. La specie Sillago sihama è comune nel mar Mediterraneo sudorientale dove è penetrata negli anni settanta dal mar Rosso attraverso il canale di Suez (migrazione lessepsiana)[2].
Sono pesci strettamente costieri che popolano soprattutto fondi molli di sabbia e fango (poche specie si trovano anche nei pressi delle barriere coralline). Alcune specie sono eurialine e si possono trovare all'interno di foci, lagune e altri ambienti ad acqua salmastra[1].
Questi pesci sono caratteristici per il corpo allungato e la bocca molto appuntita, piccola. Le pinne dorsali sono due, contigue, la prima con raggi spinosi di lunghezza decrescente, la seconda, più lunga, con raggi molli. La pinna anale è piuttosto lunga.[1].
La colorazione è fondamentalmente argentea, con fasce e macchie scure in alcune specie.
La taglia media è di qualche decina di centimetri[3], la massima è raggiunta da Sillaginodes punctatus e si aggira attorno ai 72 cm[1].
Questi pesci rivestono una notevole importanza per la pesca professionale. Le carni sono ottime[1].
I Sillaginidae sono una famiglia di pesci ossei marini e d'acqua salmastra dell'ordine Perciformes.
Šviesešerinės (lot. Sillaginidae, angl. Whitings, Sillagos, Asohos, vok. Weißlinge) – ešeržuvių (Perciformes) šeima. Dydis 30-65 cm. Paplitusios Ramiajame ir Indijos vandenynuose.
Šeimoje 3 gentys, 10 rūšių
Šviesešerinės (lot. Sillaginidae, angl. Whitings, Sillagos, Asohos, vok. Weißlinge) – ešeržuvių (Perciformes) šeima. Dydis 30-65 cm. Paplitusios Ramiajame ir Indijos vandenynuose.
Šeimoje 3 gentys, 10 rūšių
Witte baarzen (Sillaginidae) vormen een familie van baarsachtige bodemvissen. De wetenschappelijke naam van de familie komt van het Griekse "syllego", wat zoveel betekent als "ontmoeten".
Het zijn middelgrote vissen, van 15 tot 45 centimeter lang. De grootste is Sillaginodes punctatus, waarvan de langst bekende 72 centimeter lang was. Vissen uit deze familie zijn goed aangepast aan het leven op de bodem, waarbij de ogen omhooggericht zijn. Ze hebben een zilverkleurig lijf. Ze voeden zich met bodemorganismen zoals kreeftachtigen en borstelwormen.
Veel van de middelgrote soorten in deze familie zijn belangrijk voor de commerciële visserij, met name in Japan[1].
Volgens Fishbase[2] kent de familie 33 soorten in drie geslachten:
Witte baarzen (Sillaginidae) vormen een familie van baarsachtige bodemvissen. De wetenschappelijke naam van de familie komt van het Griekse "syllego", wat zoveel betekent als "ontmoeten".
Sandabborer er en familie av abborfisker. De forekommer naturlig i det indopasifiske området, men arten Sillago sihama har nå også spredt seg til Middelhavet gjennom Suezkanalen. Det fiskes mye etter sandabborer, særlig i Japan og på Filippinene.
Denne iktyologirelaterte artikkelen er foreløpig kort eller mangelfull, og du kan hjelpe Wikipedia ved å utvide den. Sandabborer er en familie av abborfisker. De forekommer naturlig i det indopasifiske området, men arten Sillago sihama har nå også spredt seg til Middelhavet gjennom Suezkanalen. Det fiskes mye etter sandabborer, særlig i Japan og på Filippinene.
Sylagusowate (Sillaginidae) – rodzina ryb okoniokształtnych.
Występowanie: Ocean Indyjski i zachodni Pacyfik
Rodzaje zaliczane do tej rodziny [2]:
Sillaginodes — Sillaginopsis — Sillago
Sylagusowate (Sillaginidae) – rodzina ryb okoniokształtnych.
Występowanie: Ocean Indyjski i zachodni Pacyfik
Sillaginidae é uma família de peixes da subordem Percoidei, superfamília Percoidea.
Classificam-se 31 espécies em 3 géneros:[1]
fishbase
Sillaginidae[1] är en familj av fiskar. Sillaginidae ingår i ordningen abborrartade fiskar (Perciformes).[1] Enligt Catalogue of Life omfattar familjen Sillaginidae 33 arter[1].
Arterna förekommer främst i Indiska oceanen och Stilla havet samt i angränsande vikar och flodmynningar med bräckt vatten. De största arterna når en längd upp till 45 cm. Flera familjemedlemmar fiskas och säljs på marknader. Det vetenskapliga namnet är bildat av det grekiska ordet syllego (träffas, ha ett möte).[2]
Släkten enligt Catalogue of Life[1]:
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Wikispecies har information om Sillaginidae.
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Sillaginidae är en familj av fiskar. Sillaginidae ingår i ordningen abborrartade fiskar (Perciformes). Enligt Catalogue of Life omfattar familjen Sillaginidae 33 arter.
Arterna förekommer främst i Indiska oceanen och Stilla havet samt i angränsande vikar och flodmynningar med bräckt vatten. De största arterna når en längd upp till 45 cm. Flera familjemedlemmar fiskas och säljs på marknader. Det vetenskapliga namnet är bildat av det grekiska ordet syllego (träffas, ha ett möte).
Släkten enligt Catalogue of Life:
Sillaginodes Sillaginopsis SillagoCá đục (Danh pháp khoa học: Sillaginidae) là một họ cá biển trong bộ Cá vược. Ở Việt Nam, cá đục được ghi nhận là có ở vùng biển Bình Thuận và còn được gọi là cá đục vàng, trong đó vùng biển có cá đục ngon và nhiều nhất là La Gi.[1]
Cá đục thuộc loại cá biển, dài khoảng 10–15 cm thân to bằng ngón tay cái, sống gần bờ biển, chúng có hình dạng tương tự loài cá bống nước ngọt. Thịt cá đục khá ngon, tương tự cá bống nước ngọt. Đặc điểm của loại cá đục là nhỏ, dài khoảng 10–15 cm, thon, có vảy ánh màu xà cừ nên có khi còn gọi là cá đục bạc. Cá đục có thể chế biến được rất nhiều món ngon vì thịt chắc, trắng, có vị ngọt và hầu như mùa nào cũng hiện diện.
Tên các loài được sắp xếp theo thứ tự tên khoa học và tên địa phương bằng tiếng Việt (nếu có).
Cá đục vàng được nướng trên bếp than hồng, cuốn bánh tráng chấm với nước mắm chua cay cùng các loại rau là món ăn ngon, cá đục còn được chế biến thành nhiều món ăn ngon như: cá đục chiên giòn, gỏi cá đục, cá đục kho tộ, cá đục nấu canh chua, cá đục rau răm. cá đục làm sạch để ráo, ướp chút muối, mì chính, ớt hiểm giã giập khoảng 10 phút rồi nướng trên bếp than hồng. Phải nhanh tay lật trở vỉ cá nướng thường xuyên để cá chín đều và không bị cháy, Khi lớp vảy cá bên ngoài chuyển sang màu vàng ruộm, dậy lên hương thơm, Cá đục nướng cuốn bánh tráng và các loại rau sống như xà lách, dưa leo, khế, chuối chát, húng, quế... chấm nước mắm chua cay ngọt[8].
Cá đục (Danh pháp khoa học: Sillaginidae) là một họ cá biển trong bộ Cá vược. Ở Việt Nam, cá đục được ghi nhận là có ở vùng biển Bình Thuận và còn được gọi là cá đục vàng, trong đó vùng biển có cá đục ngon và nhiều nhất là La Gi.
长背鱚属 Sillaginodes Gill, 1861
九棘鱚属 SillaginopsisGill, 1861
鱚属 Sillago Cuvier, 1816
沙鮻(Sillaginidae)，俗稱沙腸仔，是一種鱸目的海鱼，亦泛指所有屬於沙鮻科的魚類。沙鮻科又名鱚科。
沙鮻魚的身体呈细长的圆柱形，頭部作錐體狀，魚鱗和口部都較小。沙鮻魚的特性是极容易受惊吓，而且受惊吓時會躲進海底的沙泥裡[2]。沙鮻魚杂食，攝食泥地的小蝦、甲殼類、多毛類等底棲動物[3]。
沙鮻常見於西太平洋及印度洋的淺海海床。由於沙鮻魚通常背部都較深色，但魚肚則是白色，所以在澳大利亞及印度的人，會把當地常見的一種沙鮻魚稱為Whiting。
鱚科共有5屬35種，當中絕大部份的31種都屬於鱚属。其餘的4個種，分別屬於各自的屬。 [4] ：
沙鮻(Sillaginidae)，俗稱沙腸仔，是一種鱸目的海鱼，亦泛指所有屬於沙鮻科的魚類。沙鮻科又名鱚科。
沙鮻魚的身体呈细长的圆柱形，頭部作錐體狀，魚鱗和口部都較小。沙鮻魚的特性是极容易受惊吓，而且受惊吓時會躲進海底的沙泥裡。沙鮻魚杂食，攝食泥地的小蝦、甲殼類、多毛類等底棲動物。
沙鮻常見於西太平洋及印度洋的淺海海床。由於沙鮻魚通常背部都較深色，但魚肚則是白色，所以在澳大利亞及印度的人，會把當地常見的一種沙鮻魚稱為Whiting。
キス（鱚、鼠頭魚）は、スズキ目スズキ亜目キス科（学名：Sillaginidae）に所属する魚類の総称である[1]。
あるいは、シロギス（Sillago japonica、分類によってはSillago sihama）の異称[2]、あるいはシロギスがキスの異称[3]ともされる。
キス科には、ホシギス・アオギスなど、沿岸の浅い海で暮らす種類を中心に5属約33種が記載されている[4]。キス類の多くは食用に利用されるほか、釣りの対象としても人気が高い。
キス科は、南アフリカから日本、オーストラリアにかけてのインド洋および西部太平洋に分布する[5]。
ほとんどの仲間は海岸付近の砂底で生活するが、一部の種類の稚魚は河口などの汽水域で成長するほか、ごくまれに淡水に進出する種も知られている[5]。
産卵期である夏には沿岸のごく浅い場所まで移動し、砂浜などでも頭を下げて海底を嗅ぎまわるように泳ぐ姿を見ることができる。食性は肉食性で、ゴカイ・スナモグリ・ヨコエビなど海底にひそむ底生生物を捕食する。
キス科の仲間は細長い円筒形の体型をもち、口は小さい[6]。吻（口先）はとがり、砂底に潜む獲物を探るために利用される。全長45cm程度にまで成長する種類が多いが、最大では70cmに達することもある[5]。浮き袋は欠くか、あるいは痕跡的で、存在する場合は多数の突起による複雑な構造を示す[5]。
背鰭は2つあり、互いの間隔はごく狭いか、ほとんど近接している[5]。第1背鰭は10–13本の棘条で、第2背鰭は1本の細い棘条と16–27本の軟条で構成される[5]。臀鰭の基底は長く、2棘14-26軟条[7]。椎骨は32–44個で、スズキ目内の30種余りの小グループとしては例外的に変化が大きい[5]。
ほとんどのキス類が食用に利用される。釣りの対象魚としても人気が高く、舟釣りや海岸からの投げ釣りは、誰でも楽しむことができる。かつて東京湾では浅瀬に脚立を立て、その上に腰掛けてアオギスを釣る「脚立釣り」が名物であったが、汚染でアオギスが絶滅してすたれた。餌はゴカイなど多毛類の生き餌、もしくはソフトプラスチックの疑似餌を使う。
身は脂肪が少なく柔らかい白身で美味とされる。塩焼きのほか刺身・天ぷら・フライなどに調理される。
キス科に Kaga（2013）はアトクギス属Sillaginops を新たに設け, さらに従来3属で構成されていたキス科の分類に5属を認めている[4]。本稿では、FishBaseに記載される5属34種についてリストする[7]。
キス（鱚、鼠頭魚）は、スズキ目スズキ亜目キス科（学名：Sillaginidae）に所属する魚類の総称である。
あるいは、シロギス（Sillago japonica、分類によってはSillago sihama）の異称、あるいはシロギスがキスの異称ともされる。
キス科には、ホシギス・アオギスなど、沿岸の浅い海で暮らす種類を中心に5属約33種が記載されている。キス類の多くは食用に利用されるほか、釣りの対象としても人気が高い。
보리멸과(Sillaginidae)는 에우페르카리아류에 속하는 조기어류 과의 하나이다.[1] 농어목으로 분류하기도 한다. 해안에 발견되는 해양 저생 어류이다. 아프리카 서부 해안부터 동쪽으로 일본, 남쪽으로 오스트레일리아에 이르는 광범위한 인도-태평양 지역에 널리 서식한다. 5개 속에 약 35종으로 이루어져 있다. 보리멸과 청보리멸, 조각보리멸, 별보리멸, 점보리멸 등을 포함하고 있다.
다음은 2017년 베탕쿠르(Betancur-R) 등[2]과 2018년 휴스(Hughes) 등의 연구에 기초한 계통 분류이다.[3]
