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Geckolepis ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من wikipedia EN

Geckolepis is a genus of geckos, commonly referred to as fish scale geckos, which are endemic to Madagascar and the Comoro Islands. They are nocturnal, arboreal, insectivorous lizards, found in primary and secondary forest, as well as degraded habitats. They are best known for their ability to lose their skin and scales when grasped by a predator.

Skin and scales

The scales of Geckolepis are imbricated (overlapping) and ossified. Histological studies on the scales were performed as early as 1911 by Wilhelm Josef Schmidt.[2] Schmidt noted the heterogeneity and imbrication of the scales,[2] which makes meristics difficult on Geckolepis.[3] Schmidt noted that the imbrication of the scales was a result of their folding, essentially being bilayered rather than monolayered. He showed also that the scale centres are ossified, formed from irregular crystals, which he illustrated in some detail.[2] In their micro-CT scans, Scherz et al.[3] found that the scales of G. megalepis and other species have the same degree of x-ray attenuation as bone, and concluded that this suggested the presence of osteoderm as well. They noted that, like in Schmidt's illustrations, a zone toward the tip of the scales lacks ossifications as visible in micro-CT scans.[3] Paluh et al.[4] studied the osteoderm of Geckolepis cf. maculata using micro-CT and histology, and compared it to other geckos known to have osteoderm, namely Gekko gecko and Tarentola mauritanica.[5] They found that the osteoderms differ strongly from those of the other gecko species that possess them, and represent a third independent convergent derivation of osteoderm in geckos. The osteoderm of Geckolepis somewhat resembles that of the Gerrhosauridae or 'plated lizards'.

The scales of Geckolepis were known to come off already in the 19th century; Alfred Voeltzkow in 1983 described capturing specimens with bundles of cotton to avoid the scales coming off.[6] Once lost, scales are regenerated, and eventually the regenerated scales are indistinguishable from original ones.[3][7] The mechanism for this scale autotomy and the subsequent regeneration is not well understood, but was studied by C. Schubert and colleagues.[8][7] These studies showed that it is not only the scales that are shed in the 'dermolytic autotomy' of Geckolepis, but rather, there is a preformed splitting zone between the integument and the underlying connective tissue. They also showed that the dermolytic process is an active one, wherein a network of myofibroblasts in the splitting zone probably contract, followed by vasoconstriction to minimise blood loss.[8] Their findings were questioned by Aaron M. Bauer and colleagues, but only based on comparative evidence from other geckos, which all have splitting zones within the integument, and not below it.[9][10] Indeed, no subsequent studies have yet looked at this mechanism again, but there have been repeated calls for such investigation, especially as the regenerative properties may have relevance for human medicine.[3][4]

Taxonomy

The genus Geckolepis has difficult taxonomy due to variable pholidosis.[11][12] Recent taxonomic and genetic investigation have shown that several cryptic species are present in this genus.[11][13] Recently, Hawlitschek et al. (2016) resurrected Geckolepis humbloti from synonymy with Geckolepis maculata, as a species endemic to the Comoro Islands.[14] In 2017, Scherz et al. (2017) described G. megalepis from the limestone pinnacle karst formations of Ankarana National Park—this species has larger scales than all other members of the genus, but it was also identified based on its osteology.[3] The taxonomic identity of G. maculata remains uncertain.[3]

Species

The following five species are recognized:[14][15]

References

  1. ^ a b Grandidier, Alfred (1867). "Liste des reptiles nouveaux découverts, en 1866, sur la côte sud-ouest de Madagascar". Revue et magasin de zoologie pure et appliquée. 2e série. 19: 233.
  2. ^ a b c Schmidt, W. J. (1911). Voeltzkow, Alfred (ed.). Beobachtungen an der Haut von Geckolepis und einigen anderen Geckoniden. Reise in Ostafrika in den Jahren 1903–1905 mit Mitteln der Hermann und Elise geb. Heckmann Wentzel-Stiftung ausgeführt: Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse von Alfred Voeltzkow. Stuttgart, Germany: Schweizerbart’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung. pp. 331–352.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g Scherz, Mark D.; Daza, Juan D.; Köhler, Jörn; Vences, Miguel; Glaw, Frank (2017). "Off the scale: a new species of fish-scale gecko (Squamata: Gekkonidae: Geckolepis) with exceptionally large scales". PeerJ. 5: e2955. doi:10.7717/peerj.2955. PMC 5299998. PMID 28194313.
  4. ^ a b Paluh, Daniel J.; Griffing, Aaron H.; Bauer, Aaron M. (2017). "Sheddable armour: identification of osteoderms in the integument of Geckolepis maculata (Gekkota)". African Journal of Herpetology. 66 (1): 12–24. doi:10.1080/21564574.2017.1281172. S2CID 89821832.
  5. ^ Vickaryous, M. K.; Meldrum, G; Russell, A. P. (2015). "Armored geckos: a histological investigation of osteoderm development in Tarentola (Phyllodactylidae) and Gekko (Gekkonidae) with comments on their regeneration and inferred function". Journal of Morphology. 276 (11): 1345–1357. doi:10.1002/jmor.20422. PMID 26248595. S2CID 206092685.
  6. ^ Voeltzkow, Alfred (1893). "Tägliches Leben eines Sammlers und Forschers auf Exkursionen in den Tropen". Bericht über die Senckenbergische naturforschende Gesellschaft. 1893: 43–50.
  7. ^ a b Schubert, C.; Steffen, T.; Christophers, E. (1990). "Weitere Beobachtungen zur "dermolytischen Schreckhäutung" bei Geckolepis typica (Reptilia, Gekkonidae)". Zoologischer Anzeiger. 224: 175–192.
  8. ^ a b Schubert, C.; Christophers, E. (1985). ""Dermolytische Schreckhäutung"—ein besonderes Autotomieverhalten von Geckolepis typica (Reptilia, Gekkonidae)". Zoologischer Anzeiger. 214: 129–141.
  9. ^ Bauer, A. M.; Russell, A. P.; Shadwick, R. E. (1989). "Mechanical properties and morphological cor- relates of fragile skin in gekkonid lizards". Journal of Experimental Biology. 145: 79–102. doi:10.1242/jeb.145.1.79.
  10. ^ Bauer, A. M.; Russell, A. P. (1992). "The evolutionary significance of regional integumentary loss in island geckos: a complement to caudal autotomy". Ethology Ecology & Evolution. 4 (4): 343–358. doi:10.1080/08927014.1992.9523127.
  11. ^ a b Köhler, Günther; Diethart, Hans-Helmut; Nussbaum, Ronald A.; Raxworthy, Christopher J. (2009). "A revision of the fish scale geckos, genus Geckolepis Grandidier (Squamata, Gekkonidae) from Madagascar and the Comoros". Herpetologica. 65 (4): 419–435. doi:10.1655/08-059.1. S2CID 84352604.
  12. ^ Glaw, Frank; Vences, Miguel (1994). A fieldguide to the amphibians and reptiles of Madagascar. Cologne, Germany: Vences & Glaw Verlags GbR. ISBN 3-929449-01-3.
  13. ^ Lemme, Inga; Erbacher, Martina; Kaffenberger, Natalie; Vences, Miguel; Köhler, Jörn (2012). "Molecules and morphology suggest cryptic species diversity and an overall complex taxonomy of fish scale geckos, genus Geckolepis". Organisms Diversity & Evolution. 13 (1): 87–95. doi:10.1007/s13127-012-0098-y. S2CID 14059180.
  14. ^ a b Hawlitschek, Oliver; Scherz, Mark D.; Straube, Nicolas; Glaw, Frank (2016). "Resurrection of the Comoran fish scale gecko Geckolepis humbloti Vaillant, 1887 reveals a disjointed distribution caused by natural overseas dispersal". Organisms Diversity & Evolution. 16 (1): 289–298. doi:10.1007/s13127-015-0255-1. S2CID 14117469.
  15. ^ The Reptile Database.

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Geckolepis: Brief Summary ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من wikipedia EN

Geckolepis is a genus of geckos, commonly referred to as fish scale geckos, which are endemic to Madagascar and the Comoro Islands. They are nocturnal, arboreal, insectivorous lizards, found in primary and secondary forest, as well as degraded habitats. They are best known for their ability to lose their skin and scales when grasped by a predator.

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Geckolepis ( الإسبانية، القشتالية )

المقدمة من wikipedia ES

Geckolepis es un género de gecos de la familia Gekkonidae.[1]​ Son gecos nocturnos que se encuentran en la isla de Madagascar.

Especies

Se reconocen las siguientes tres especies:[2]

Referencias

  1. Geckolepis en BioLib
  2. Uetz, P. & Jirí Hošek (ed.). «Geckolepis». Reptile Database. Reptarium. Consultado el 22 de marzo de 2016.

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Geckolepis: Brief Summary ( الإسبانية، القشتالية )

المقدمة من wikipedia ES

Geckolepis es un género de gecos de la familia Gekkonidae.​ Son gecos nocturnos que se encuentran en la isla de Madagascar.

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Geckolepis ( الباسكية )

المقدمة من wikipedia EU

Geckolepis Gekkonidae familiako narrasti genero bat da. Madagaskar eta Komoretan bizi dira.

Espezieak

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Geckolepis: Brief Summary ( الباسكية )

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Geckolepis Gekkonidae familiako narrasti genero bat da. Madagaskar eta Komoretan bizi dira.

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Geckolepis ( الفرنسية )

المقدمة من wikipedia FR

Geckolepis est un genre de geckos de la famille des Gekkonidae[1].

Répartition

 src=
Aire de répartition des espèces du genre Geckolepis selon l'UICN (consulté le 2 avril 2013).

Les espèces de ce genre se rencontrent à Madagascar et aux Comores[1].

Description

Ce sont des geckos nocturnes.

Liste des espèces

Selon Reptarium Reptile Database (9 novembre 2017)[2] :

Publication originale

  • Grandidier, 1867 : Liste des reptiles nouveaux découverts, en 1866, sur la côte sud-ouest de Madagascar. Revue et Magazine de Zoologie (Paris), ser. 2, vol. 19, p. 232-234 (texte intégral).

Notes et références

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Geckolepis: Brief Summary ( الفرنسية )

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Geckolepis est un genre de geckos de la famille des Gekkonidae.

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Geckolepis ( الإيطالية )

المقدمة من wikipedia IT

Geckolepis Grandidier, 1867 è un genere di piccoli sauri della famiglia dei Gekkonidi, endemico del Madagascar e delle isole Comore.[1]

Biologia

Sono gechi notturni, si nutrono di insetti.

Tassonomia

Il genere Gekolepis comprende 4 specie:[1]

Note

  1. ^ a b Genus: Geckolepis, in The Reptile Database. URL consultato il 12 febbraio 2017.

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Geckolepis: Brief Summary ( الإيطالية )

المقدمة من wikipedia IT

Geckolepis Grandidier, 1867 è un genere di piccoli sauri della famiglia dei Gekkonidi, endemico del Madagascar e delle isole Comore.

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Geckolepis ( البولندية )

المقدمة من wikipedia POL
Commons Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons

Geckolepisrodzaj jaszczurki z rodziny gekonowatych (Gekkonidae).

Zasięg występowania

Rodzaj obejmuje gatunki występujące na Komorach i Madagaskarze[3].

Systematyka

Etymologia

Geckolepis: nowołac. gecco, gecko lub gekko nazwa stosowana do rodzaju jaszczurek, wśród których niektóre gatunki kraczą lub ćwierkają, stąd nazwa „gecko”, od mal. gēkok[4]; λεπις lepis, λεπιδος lepidos „łuska”, od λεπω lepō „łuszczyć się”[5].

Podział systematyczny

Do rodzaju należą następujące gatunki[3]:

Przypisy

  1. Geckolepis, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.).
  2. A. Grandidier. Liste des reptiles nouveaux découverts, en 1866, sur la côte sud-ouest de Madagascar. „Revue et Magasin de Zoologie pure et Appliquée”. 2e Série. 19, s. 233, 1867 (fr.).
  3. a b P. Uetz & J. Hallermann: Genus: Geckolepis (ang.). The Reptile Database. [dostęp 2018-11-10].
  4. Jaeger 1944 ↓, s. 95.
  5. Jaeger 1944 ↓, s. 122.

Bibliografia

  1. E.C. Jaeger: Source-book of biological names and terms. Springfield: Charles C. Thomas, 1944, s. 1–256. (ang.)
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Geckolepis: Brief Summary ( البولندية )

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Geckolepis – rodzaj jaszczurki z rodziny gekonowatych (Gekkonidae).

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Geckolepis ( البرتغالية )

المقدمة من wikipedia PT

Geckolepis é um género de répteis escamados da família Gekkonidae, cujas espécies são endêmicas das Comores e de Madagascar. São conhecidas por soltarem grandes quantidades de escamas de seu corpo quando se sentem ameaçadas, que se regeneram após um tempo.[1]

Espécies

Ao todo, são conhecidas cinco espécies como pertencentes a este gênero:[2]

Referências

  1. Scherz, Mark D.; Daza, Juan D.; Köhler, Jörn; Vences, Miguel; Glaw, Frank (7 de fevereiro de 2017). «Off the scale: a new species of fish-scale gecko (Squamata: Gekkonidae: Geckolepis) with exceptionally large scales». PeerJ (em inglês). PMID 28194313. doi:10.7717/peerj.2955. Consultado em 12 de julho de 2019
  2. «Geckolepis» (em inglês). The Reptile Database. Consultado em 12 de julho de 2019
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Geckolepis: Brief Summary ( البرتغالية )

المقدمة من wikipedia PT

Geckolepis é um género de répteis escamados da família Gekkonidae, cujas espécies são endêmicas das Comores e de Madagascar. São conhecidas por soltarem grandes quantidades de escamas de seu corpo quando se sentem ameaçadas, que se regeneram após um tempo.

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Geckolepis ( الرومانية، المولدوفية )

المقدمة من wikipedia RO

Geckolepis[1] este un gen de șopârle din familia Gekkonidae.[1]


Cladograma conform Catalogue of Life[1]:

Geckolepis

Geckolepis anomala



Geckolepis maculata



Geckolepis petiti



Geckolepis polylepis



Geckolepis typica



Referințe

  1. ^ a b c Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (red.) (2011). „Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist”. Species 2000: Reading, UK. Accesat în 24 september 2012. Verificați datele pentru: |access-date= (ajutor)Mentenanță CS1: Nume multiple: lista autorilor (link)


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비늘도마뱀붙이속 ( الكورية )

المقدمة من wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

비늘도마뱀붙이류(fish scale gecko)는 마다가스카르, 코모도섬에 자생하는 도마뱀붙이류의 이다. 야행성, 수목성, 충식성이며 천연림, 이차림, 상태가 악화된 서식지에서 잘 서식한다. 포식자에게 잡혔을 때 피부와 비늘을 벗어던지는 특성이 유명하다.

피부와 비늘

비늘도마뱀붙이류의 비늘은 서로 겹쳐져 있고 골화되어있다. 빌헬름 조세프 슈미트는 1911년경에 비늘에 대한 조직학적 연구를 수행하였다.[2] 슈미트는 비늘도마뱀붙이류에 대한 meristics을 어렵게 하는[3] 비늘의 이질성과 서로 겹쳐진 모양에 대해 언급했다.[2] 슈미트는 비늘의 서로겹침은 비늘의 folding의 결과이며 본질적으로 단일층보다는 이중층으로 놓여있다고 말했다. 그는 세밀한 삽화를 통해 비늘의 중심이 불규칙적인 결정의 형태로 골화되었다는 것 또한 보여주었다.[2] Scherz와 동료들은 마이크로-CT 스캔을 통해[3] 큰비늘도마뱀붙이와 다른 종들이 동일한 수준, 즉 뼈 수준의 X레이 감쇠를 보여주며, 이 또한 골편의 존재를 뒷받침한다고 결론지었다. 그들은 슈미트의 삽화처럼 비늘의 끝부분이 마이크로-CT 스캔 이미지가 보여주듯이 골화되지 않았다고 적었다.[3] Paluh과 동료들은[4] 참 비늘도마뱀붙이류(로 추정된 것)의 골피를 마이크로-CT와 조직학적 수단을 통해 연구하였으며 다른 도마뱀붙이, 주로 토케이 게코무어 게코의 골피와 비교하였다.[5] 이를 통해 비늘도마뱀붙이류의 골피가 다른 종류의 골피와 크게 다르며, 제 3의 수렴진화를 보여준다고 말했다. 비늘도마뱀붙이류의 골피는 어쩐지 장갑도마뱀의 골피를 닮았다.

비늘도마뱀붙이류의 비늘은 19세기부터 떼어버릴 수 있다고 알려져있었다. Alfred Voeltzkow는 1983에 비늘이 벗겨지는 것을 막기 위해 솜뭉치로 감싸두어 포획한 개체에 대해 묘사했다.[6] 비늘이 벗겨지면 다시 재생되며 원래의 비늘과 구분할 수 없다.[3][7] 이러한 비늘의 탈착, 재생에 관한 해부학적 기제는 잘 알려지지 않았지만, C. Schubert와 동료들이 이를 연구하였다.[8][7] 그들이 수행한 연구를 통해 이는 비늘도마뱀붙이류의 '해부학적 피부이완 기제' 뿐만 아니라, 외피와 그 밑의 연결조직 사이에 미리 형성된 손쉽게 박리되는 영역 덕택이며, 이는 박리 영역의 근섬유모세포망이 수축하여, 혈관수축을 통해 혈액 손실을 최소화하는 능동적인 과정이라는 것을 보여주었다.[8] Aaron M. Bauer와 동료들은 이러한 발견에 의문을 가졌지만, 오로지 외피 안쪽의 박리영역에 대한 것이었고, 그 아래에 대해서는 아니었다.[9][10] 이후로 이러한 기제를 제대로 탐구한 연구는 아직 없지만, 이에 대한 요청은 특히 인간용 의약품에 적용할 수 있을지 모를 재생 특성에 관해 반복적으로 행해져왔다.[3][4]

분류

비늘도마뱀붙이류속은 다양한 비늘차례(pholidosis, 중국어:鳞序) 때문에 분류가 난해하다.[11][12] 최근의 분류적, 유전적 조사를 통해 이 속에 몇몇 은폐종(en:cryptic species)이 존재한다는 사실이 밝혀졌다.[11][13] Hawlitschek과 동료들은 2016년에 코모로 제도에 자생하는 Geckolepis humblotiGeckolepis maculata에서 다시 떼어냈다.[14] 2017년에는 Scherz와 동료들이 안카라나국립공원의 뾰족한 석회암 카르스트 지대에서 발견한 큰비늘도마뱀붙이에 대해 최초로 기술하였다. 이 종은 다른 어떤 비늘도마뱀붙이류보다도 비늘이 크지만, 골학적 측면에서도 고유한 특징이 있다.[3] G. maculata 의 분류적 정체성은 불확실한 채로 남아있다.[3]

하위 종

다음과 같은 다섯 종이 알려져있다:[14][15]

각주

  1. Grandidier, Alfred (1867). “Liste des reptiles nouveaux découverts, en 1866, sur la côte sud-ouest de Madagascar”. 《Revue et magasin de zoologie pure et appliquée》. 2e série 19: 233.
  2. Schmidt, W. J. (1911). Voeltzkow, Alfred, 편집. 《Beobachtungen an der Haut von Geckolepis und einigen anderen Geckoniden》. 《Reise in Ostafrika in den Jahren 1903–1905 mit Mitteln der Hermann und Elise geb. Heckmann Wentzel-Stiftung ausgeführt: Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse von Alfred Voeltzkow.》 (Stuttgart, Germany: Schweizerbart’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung). 331–352쪽.
  3. Scherz, Mark D.; Daza, Juan D.; Köhler, Jörn; Vences, Miguel; Glaw, Frank (2017). “Off the scale: a new species of fish-scale gecko (Squamata: Gekkonidae: Geckolepis) with exceptionally large scales”. 《PeerJ》 5: e2955. doi:10.7717/peerj.2955.
  4. Paluh, Daniel J.; Griffing, Aaron H.; Bauer, Aaron M. (2017). “Sheddable armour: identification of osteoderms in the integument of Geckolepis maculata (Gekkota)”. 《African Journal of Herpetology》 66 (1): 12–24. doi:10.1080/21564574.2017.1281172.
  5. Vickaryous, M. K.; Meldrum, G; Russell, A. P. (2015). “Armored geckos: a histological investigation of osteoderm development in Tarentola (Phyllodactylidae) and Gekko (Gekkonidae) with comments on their regeneration and inferred function”. 《Journal of Morphology》 276: 1345–1357. doi:10.1002/jmor.20422.
  6. Voeltzkow, Alfred (1893). “Tägliches Leben eines Sammlers und Forschers auf Exkursionen in den Tropen”. 《Bericht über die Senckenbergische naturforschende Gesellschaft》 1893: 43–50.
  7. Schubert, C.; Steffen, T.; Christophers, E. (1990). “Weitere Beobachtungen zur "dermolytischen Schreckhäutung" bei Geckolepis typica (Reptilia, Gekkonidae)”. 《Zoologischer Anzeiger》 224: 175–192.
  8. Schubert, C.; Christophers, E. (1985). “"Dermolytische Schreckhäutung"—ein besonderes Autotomieverhalten von Geckolepis typica (Reptilia, Gekkonidae)”. 《Zoologischer Anzeiger》 214: 129–141.
  9. Bauer, A. M.; Russell, A. P.; Shadwick, R. E. (1989). “Mechanical properties and morphological cor- relates of fragile skin in gekkonid lizards”. 《Journal of Experimental Biology》 145: 79–102.
  10. Bauer, A. M.; Russell, A. P. (1992). “The evolutionary significance of regional integumentary loss in island geckos: a complement to caudal autotomy”. 《Ethology Ecology & Evolution》 4: 343–358. doi:10.1080/08927014.1992.9523127.
  11. Köhler, Günther; Diethart, Hans-Helmut; Nussbaum, Ronald A.; Raxworthy, Christopher J. (2009). “A revision of the fish scale geckos, genus Geckolepis Grandidier (Squamata, Gekkonidae) from Madagascar and the Comoros”. 《Herpetologica》 65 (4): 419–435. doi:10.1655/08-059.1.
  12. Glaw, Frank; Vences, Miguel (1994). 《A fieldguide to the amphibians and reptiles of Madagascar》. Cologne, Germany: Vences & Glaw Verlags GbR. ISBN 3-929449-01-3.
  13. Lemme, Inga; Erbacher, Martina; Kaffenberger, Natalie; Vences, Miguel; Köhler, Jörn (2012). “Molecules and morphology suggest cryptic species diversity and an overall complex taxonomy of fish scale geckos, genus Geckolepis”. 《Organisms Diversity & Evolution》 13 (1): 87–95. doi:10.1007/s13127-012-0098-y.
  14. Hawlitschek, Oliver; Scherz, Mark D.; Straube, Nicolas; Glaw, Frank (2016). “Resurrection of the Comoran fish scale gecko Geckolepis humbloti Vaillant, 1887 reveals a disjointed distribution caused by natural overseas dispersal”. 《Organisms Diversity & Evolution》 16 (1): 289–298. doi:10.1007/s13127-015-0255-1.
  15. The Reptile Database.
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