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Jamaican fruit-eating bats use echolocation as their primary means of orientation. Olfaction and sight are also used to detect food. Although many microchiropterans emit sound pulses orally, Artibeus jamaicensis emits sound pulses through its noseleaf while its mouth is closed. One researcher described the noseleaf of Jamaican fruit-eating bats as "an acoustic lens that focuses the outgoing sound into a narrow beam." Jamaican fruit-eating bats are often called "whisper bats" because they emit very low intensity sounds. These sounds provide short range information on the location of food in densely vegetated areas. Pups use rapidly repeated long and short notes (i.e., "double notes") to assist in reuniting with their mothers in densely populated caves. Jamaican Fruit-Eating bats produce warning calls when captured in mist nets, which attract conspecifics as well as additional species. Jamaican fruit-eating bats respond to other species' alarm calls as well. Distress calls also warn conspecifics of approaching predators.
Communication Channels: acoustic ; chemical
Other Communication Modes: pheromones
Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; ultrasound ; echolocation ; chemical
Artibeus jamaicensis is as "least concern" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species and has no special status according to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES).
US Federal List: no special status
CITES: no special status
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern
Artibeus jamaicensis is known to occasionally forage on cultivated fruit crops.
Negative Impacts: crop pest
The seeds of market fruits sold by humans are dispersed by Artibeus jamicensis. This species is also helps pollinate some economically-important crop plants. Although insects make up only a minor part of their diet, A. jamicensis may help control certain insect pest species.
Positive Impacts: pollinates crops
Artibeus jamaicensis plays an important role in the dispersal of seeds of many tropical fruits. Additionally, it disperses seeds crucial for secondary and successional growth in areas disturbed by natural disasters, which helps restore forests following disturbance and helps maintain plant species richness. It is possible that some species depend on the uneaten remains of discarded fruit. One research team described the foraging habits of Artibeus as "a continuous rain of fruit and bat excrement throughout much of the night and with sunrise came herds of aggressive local pigs to gather the night's fallout of figs." Because A. jamaicensis sometimes consumes nectar and pollen, it likely helps pollinate many Neotropical plant species. Jamaican fruit-eating bats are host to an array of ectoparasites, including four species of ticks from the families Ixodidae and Argasidae, six species of mites from the families Trombiculidae, Macronyssidae, Gastronyssidae, Spinturnicidae, and Ercynetidae, and four species of batflies from the families Nycteribiidae and Streblidae. Little information is available on endoparasites specific to A. jamaicensis.
Ecosystem Impact: disperses seeds; pollinates
Commensal/Parasitic Species:
As its common name suggests, Jamaican fruit-eating bats are frugivores and feed primarily on Ficus figs. They also consume pollen, nectar, flower parts, and insects during the dry season when fruit is less abundant. Other members of Artibeus are known to use fruits such as mangoes, avocados, and bananas. Jamaican fruit-eating bats travel up to 8 km a night to forage. Once they select a fruit, they may fly an additional 25 to 200 meters to find a feeding roost rather than consuming the fruit where it was found. Once at this roost, bats use their robust molars, modified for crushing fruit, to mash up the fruit, which is usually unripe and often hard. They suck out the juices and spit out the leftover pulp with any seeds remaining inside. One research team described the feeding habits of Artibeus as causing "a continuous rain of fruit and bat excrement throughout much of the night and with sunrise came herds of aggressive local pigs to gather the night's fallout of figs." Jamaican fruit-eating bats quickly digests their food. as most of the fruit passes through the digestive system in 15 to 20 minutes. Given the relatively short gut retention time, it is unlikely that digestion is aided by bacteria. It is not uncommon to see multiple individuals feeding at the same Ficus tree.
Animal Foods: insects
Plant Foods: fruit; nectar; pollen; flowers
Primary Diet: herbivore (Frugivore )
The northern range of Artibeus jamaicensis extends into central Mexico and continues south throughout Central America, and into northern South America. In South America, A. jamaicensis lives west of the Andes, in northern Venezuela, northwest Columbia, and western Ecuador. Resident populations have been reported in the lower Florida Keys. The distribution of A. jamaicensis in the Caribbean is continuous throughout and encompasses the Bahamas, Greater and Lesser Antilles, as well as the Netherlands Antilles, and Trinidad and Tobago. The range of A. jamaicensis once was thought to extend south to Amazonian Brazil, Paraguay and Northern Argentina, but mammalogists have recently recognized those populations as separate species, Artibeus obscurus and Artibeus jamaicensis planirostris.
Biogeographic Regions: neotropical (Native )
Artibeus jamaicensis is primarily found in mature lowland rainforests, but lives in a variety of habitats including seasonal dry forests, deciduous forests, and human plantations. This species uses an array of different roosts including hollowed trees, dense foliage, caves, and sometimes even buildings. Along with several other species of the family Phyllostomidae, A. jamaicensis modifies large leaves to make "tents" as roosts. They have been found in a wide range of elevations from sea level to 2300 m.
Range elevation: sea level to 2300 m.
Average elevation: 500 m.
Habitat Regions: tropical
Terrestrial Biomes: forest ; rainforest ; scrub forest
Other Habitat Features: agricultural ; caves
Little is known about the lifespan of Jamaican fruit-eating bats. One individual in the wild was recaptured 7 years after it had been tagged. Some sources report a lifespan of up to 9 years in the wild. Captive individuals can live to be more than 10 years old.
Range lifespan
Status: wild: 7 to 9 years.
Range lifespan
Status: captivity: 10 (high) years.
Average lifespan
Status: captivity: 10.0 years.
Artibeus jamaicensis weighs between 40 and 60 g, and reaches 70 to 85 mm in length with a wingspan ranging from 48 to 67 mm wide. It has short fur that is either brownish, grayish or black in color. Hair roots are white giving A. jamaicensis a slightly hoary appearance. Ventral pelage is usually lighter than dorsal pelage and no dorsal line is present. The genus Artibeus is characterized by four white facial stripes, one above and below each eye. These stripes are distinct on A. jamaicensis, but fainter than on other related species. This species lacks an external tail, and the naked uropatagium is a characteristic not present in other members of the genus. Like other phyllostomatids, members of this species have a well-developed noseleaf, which is broad, fleshy, and spear-shaped. Artibeus jamaicensis has large canines relative to other members of the genus, which are used for impaling the hard skinned unripe fruit they eat. Artibeus jamaicensis also has a characteristic V-shaped row of bumps on its chin. Six subspecies of A. jamaicensis are recognized.
Range mass: 40 to 60 g.
Range length: 70 to 85 mm.
Range wingspan: 96 to 150 mm.
Other Physical Features: endothermic ; homoiothermic; bilateral symmetry
Sexual Dimorphism: sexes alike
Average basal metabolic rate: 0.359 W.
Jamaican fruit-eating bats are preyed upon by a number of owl species, including barn owls, spectacled owls, mottled owls, and Guatemalan screech owls. Other predators include common opossums, gray four-eyed opossums, boa constrictors, white-nosed coatis, false vampire bats, and Bat Falcons. One week before and after a full moon, Jamaican fruit-eating bats cease feeding activity and return to their day roost while the moon is at its highest peak and cloud cover does not prevent this behavior. When the moon is not full, Jamaican fruit-eating bats forage continuously though the night. Lunar phobia is thought to be an adaption to nocturnal predators that detect prey visually. Because they roost in dark habitats and are nocturnal, their dark coloration helps camouflage them from potential predators.
Known Predators:
Anti-predator Adaptations: cryptic
Artibeus jamaicensis is polygynous, and individuals males defend harems of 4 to 18 females and their young. Males of this species are known to form stable, sized-based hierarchies. Larger, heavier males successfully defend larger harems, and dominant males remain with their harems for multiple years. However, females frequently move among harems, and solitary females are sometimes incorporated into existing harems. Reproduction is not limited to dominant males as bachelor males occasionally copulate with solitary females. During breeding season, dominant males living in caves or tree hollows attack neighboring “bachelor” male roosts. At night, dominant males defend their roost from rival males.
Mating System: polygynous
The reproductive cycle of Artibeus jamaicensis alternates between periods of normal and delayed development and is best described as seasonal polyestry. In late March or early April, females give birth to a single pup. Immediately following parturition, females enter postpartum estrous and may be pregnant and lactating at the same time. Following a gestation period of no more that 4 months, females give birth to another pup around late July or early August. Again, parturition is followed by a postpartum estrous; however, the resulting blastocyst implants in the uterus and becomes dormant for 2.5 months. In mid-November the blastocyst resumes development, and the pregnant females give birth to a single young in late March or early April. On rare occasions, females give birth to twins. Research suggests that this pattern of delayed development synchronizes the birth of young with the end of the dry season, which allows weaning to occur when large fruits are at peak availability. Acyclic reproductive patterns are seen in some populations in Central Mexico and Columbia. Reproductive cycles are likely moderated by food abundance and the timing of wet and dry seasons. Artibeus jamaicensis can fly by 31 to 51 days after birth and reaches adult size around 80 days old.
Breeding interval: Jamaican fruit-eating bats breed twice every year.
Breeding season: Copulation occurs 2 to 25 days after the birth of young in March/April and July/August
Average number of offspring: 1.
Range gestation period: 4 to 7 months.
Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 8 to 12 months.
Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 8 to 12 months.
Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; viviparous ; embryonic diapause ; post-partum estrous
Average birth mass: 5.9 g.
Average number of offspring: 1.
Little is know about parental care in Artibeus jamaicensis. Like all mammals, mothers provision and protect young while carrying them in the womb and continues until weaning. Prior to learning how to fly, pups are carried by their mothers while they forage for food.
Parental Investment: altricial ; female parental care ; pre-fertilization (Provisioning, Protecting: Female); pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female)
El ratpenat frugívor jamaicà (Artibeus jamaicensis) és una espècie de ratpenat estenodermatiní que viu a Centreamèrica i Sud-amèrica.[1]
El ratpenat frugívor jamaicà (Artibeus jamaicensis) és una espècie de ratpenat estenodermatiní que viu a Centreamèrica i Sud-amèrica.
Die Jamaika-Fruchtfledermaus (Artibeus jamaicensis) ist eine Fledermausart aus der Familie der Blattnasen (Phyllostomidae), welche in Zentral- und Südamerika beheimatet ist.
Die Jamaika-Fruchtfledermaus ist eine mittelgroße Fledermaus mit einem Gewicht von 50–60 g. Die Fellfarbe variiert von dunkelbraun zu aschgrau und ist in der Bauchregion normalerweise heller als am Rücken. Wie die meisten Vertreter der Blattnasen besitzt auch die Jamaika-Fruchtfledermaus ein ausgeprägtes Nasenblatt. Der Name Artibeus leitet sich vom griechischen arti (=Gesichtsstreifen) und beus (bezieht sich auf das Vorhandensein der Streifen) ab. Die Gesichtsstreifen sind bei der Jamaika-Fruchtfledermaus jedoch nicht immer oder nur wenig ausgeprägt vorhanden.
Die Jamaika-Fruchtfledermaus ist eine der häufigsten und am weitesten verbreiteten Arten der Gattung Artibeus. Sie kommt in vielen tropischen Habitaten wie dem Regenwald, Nebelwald und saisonalen Trockenwald vor, und man findet sie auch in der Nähe menschlicher Siedlungen und auf Farmland. Jamaika-Fruchtfledermäuse nutzen nebst Baumhöhlen modifizierte Blätter verschiedener Pflanzen um diese als Schlafplatz zu nutzen. Wo ein Blatt angenagt wird, so dass es in sich zusammenfällt und somit ein „Zelt“ bildet, hängt stark von der Pflanzenart ab[1]. Jamaika-Fruchtfledermäuse besitzen ein polygynes Paarungssystem, in dem ein Männchen entweder ein Territorium verteidigt, oder mehrere Weibchen (Harem) gegenüber anderen Männchen. Letzteres ist vor allem dann der Fall, wenn Ressourcen wie zum Beispiel der Hangplatz nicht limitiert sind. Kolonien in Baumhöhlen können aus mehreren Harems mit durchschnittlich sechs geschlechtsreifen Weibchen und Gruppen aus Bachelor-Männchen und noch nicht reproduktiven Weibchen bestehen. Bekannte Fressfeinde der Jamaika-Fruchtfledermaus sind die Schleiereule und die Abgottschlange. Als weitere mögliche Feinde kommen andere Schlangen- und Eulenarten, Nasenbären, größere Opossums und der Fledermausfalke (Falco rufigularis) in Betracht. Wird eine Fledermaus von einem Prädatoren gefangen, so produziert sie laute Alarmrufe, die auch vom Menschen wahrgenommen werden kann. Jamaika-Fruchtfledermäuse können bis zu neun Jahre alt werden.
Die Jamaika-Fruchtfledermaus ist spezialisiert auf Feigen. Jamaika-Fruchtfledermäuse können alleine aber auch in Gruppen auf Futtersuche gehen und dabei mehrmals denselben Baum besuchen. Ihr Verdauungssystem prozessiert die Nahrung innerhalb von 30 Minuten, währenddessen nur etwa 30 % der potentiellen Energie der Frucht aufgenommen werden kann. Da der Verdauungstrakt der Jamaika-Fruchtfledermaus jedoch nur den Saft der Feigen aufnimmt, ist es ihnen möglich große Mengen an Feigen zu verzehren, ohne durch das Futter im Magen beim Fliegen unnötig Energie zu verlieren. Eine einzige Jamaika-Fruchtfledermaus verzehrt so in einer Nacht etwa das Doppelte ihres Körpergewichts[2]. Bei der Futtersuche verlassen sich Jamaika-Fruchtfledermäuse auf ihren hervorragenden Geruchs- und Sehsinn. Obwohl die Früchte bis zu 40 % des Körpergewichts der Fledermaus ausmachen, werden gefundene Früchte oft über mehrere hundert Meter zu einem Fressplatz getragen. Das macht die Jamaika-Fruchtfledermaus zu einem effizienten und damit wichtigen Samenverbreiter.
Weibchen der Jamaika-Fruchtfledermaus sind polyoestrisch und gebären zweimal im Jahr ein oder selten zwei Jungtiere. Die Jungtiere kommen nach einer Tragezeit von 3,5–4 Monaten während der Trockenzeit zur Welt. Bei der zweiten jährlichen Tragezeit ist bei Weibchen eine verzögerte Embryonalentwicklung von bis zu 7 Monaten möglich, weshalb die Jungen in der nächsten Brutzeit geboren werden können. Man geht davon aus, dass der genaue Zeitpunkt der Geburt von der Verfügbarkeit von Früchten abhängt[3]. Während der ersten Tage nach der Geburt werden die Jungtiere von der Mutter herumgetragen, verbleiben dann aber später im Hangplatz. Die Jungtiere werden im Schnitt 15 Tage gesäugt und beginnen ab einem Alter von 50 Tagen zu fliegen. Geschlechtsreife beginnt bei Weibchen mit 8, bei Männchen mit 12 Monaten.
Die Verbreitung der Jamaika-Fruchtfledermaus reicht von Mexiko über Ecuador bis Peru. Ihr Bestand wird von der IUCN dank der weiten Verbreitung und relativen Toleranz gegenüber durch Menschen verursachter Störung als stabil und ungefährdet eingestuft[4].
Die Jamaika-Fruchtfledermaus (Artibeus jamaicensis) ist eine Fledermausart aus der Familie der Blattnasen (Phyllostomidae), welche in Zentral- und Südamerika beheimatet ist.
The Jamaican, common or Mexican fruit bat (Artibeus jamaicensis) is a fruit-eating bat native to the Neotropics.
The Jamaican fruit bat is a medium-sized bat, having a total length of 78–89 mm (3.1–3.5 in) with a 96–150 mm (3.8–5.9 in) wingspan and weighing 40 to 60 g (1.4 to 2.1 oz). It has broad but pointed and ridged ears with a serrated tragus.[2] Its prominent noseleaf has an array of sebaceous glands.[3] The lower lip is littered with warts with a relatively large one in the center. Sebaceous holocrine glands can be found in both lips.[3] On the back the fur is an ashy-shade of gray or brown with visible white hair bases and variable fur patterning on the face.[4] The wings of the fruit bat are broad and dark gray in color.[2] The underfur is paler in color. The fruit bat has no external tail. It has broad dark grey wings and a narrow hairless interfemoral membrane with a short calcar.[2] The distinctive features of the Jamaican fruit bat (which however are shared by some of its relatives) include the absence of an external tail and a minimal, U-shaped interfemoral membrane.
A transcriptome dataset is available with more than 25,000 annotated transcripts that are directly searchable by BLAST.[5][6] A genome assembly has also been generated.[7][8]
The Jamaican fruit bat ranges from southern Mexico through Central America southward to northwestern South America (in Colombia). It also lives throughout the Caribbean islands of the Greater and Lesser Antilles, as well as the southern Bahamas.[1][9]
The Jamaican fruit bat can be found in elevations from sea level to 2,135 m (7,005 ft).[10] This species is found in a variety of habitats. It prefers habitats that are humid and tropical but has also adapted to cloud forests and drier tropical habitats.[10] Fruit bats roost in caves, hollow trees, dense foliage, buildings and leaf tents.[11] The fruit bat may create its own "tent" to roost in by altering broad leaves.[11] These "tents" are only temporarily used.
Populations east of the Andes in South America (south to Argentina) have traditionally been included in the Jamaican fruit bat, but are now often regarded as a separate species, the flat-faced fruit-eating bat (A. planirostris). Further research is necessary to establish its exact taxonomic status.[1] Further populations in Ecuador, Peru and southwestern Colombia west of the Andes were attributed to a new species, Artibeus aequatorialis. The Lesser Antilles populations have since been described to be Artibeus schwartzi.
The Jamaican fruit bat is a frugivore. They eat a number of kinds of fruit but focus mostly on figs; at Barro Colorado Island, Panama, figs make up more than 78% of the fruits eaten.[2] Bats will also supplement leaves of plants with high amounts of protein.[12] Overall, the fruit bat consumes a diverse amount of plants but locally only eats certain types.[2] A Jamaican fruit-eating bat plucks its food and carries it away with its mouth before eating it in its roosts. As such it can disperse seeds fairly far.[13] Fruit bats have been recorded carrying fruits weighing 3–14 g (0.11–0.49 oz) or even as much as 50 g (1.8 oz). Jamaican fruit bats rely on sight and smell to find fruit of certain colors and odors.[2] They mainly feed on Ficus figs and also on other fruits like avocados, mangoes, guava, papaya and bananas. In the dry season, depending on food availability their diet can consist of leaves of some plants containing large amounts of protein, nectar, pollen, parts of flowers and even few insects.[14][15]
The maximum longevity for the Jamaican fruit bat is nine years in the wild. Predators of fruits bats include owls, snakes, large opossums, and coati. Bats from various sites have been found with Histoplasma capsulatum. Some individual bats may have rabies.[16] Fruit bats also are susceptible to various internal parasites: nematodes and ringworms, and external parasites: mites, ticks and chiggers.[2]
When in their roosts, the Jamaican fruit bat has a reproductive system known as "resource defensive polygyny".[17] That is, males will claim an area as a territory and females select the best territories to roost and mate in.[18] Subadult males may remain in their natal roosts while females may leave to gather with other females elsewhere.[19] In caves where there are enough roosting sites, there is some "female defensive polygyny".[20] Here, harem males actively defend females during the breeding seasons and will attack satellite males that roost in the walls and ceilings of caves.[21] However, they tolerate males who are subordinate to them in their harems. Satellite males are more common in large groups than smaller groups and dominant and subordinate males will cooperate to defend harem females.[21] In large groups, dominant males may be the fathers of the subordinates.[22]
When bats going on foraging trips, it is the dominant males that are the first to leave to the roosting sites and the last to return.[23] At dusk, males spend much time flying near the tree roosts displacing any intruders.[24] Jamaican fruit bats are most active at midnight; following that, activity begins to die down.[25]
When captured, a Jamaican fruit bat will warn conspecifics with a distress call made of a long series of pulses typically lasting 15 kHz.[26] The Jamaican fruit bat will also react to the distress calls of other species and to their own recorded calls.[26] The fruit bat is considered a whisper bat and makes 3 low-intensity FM pulses during flight and when resting.[2]
Breeding in the Jamaican fruit bat that is bimodal and polyestrous with births being dependent on fruit abundance. Females give birth twice a year with one young on average for each birth. Mating is highest at the end of the wet season and births take place in the dry months.[2] Embryonic development may delay in the second breeding season but parturition will occur in the follow breeding period.[27] The testes of the males enlarge when females enter estrous.[28] The testes tend to be slightly larger in harem males than bachelors and the canine teeth tend to be more worn in the former.[29] Copulation occurs until 2–25 days after the previous births. Pups born in a harem may sometimes be sired by satellite or subordinate males depending on the size of the group.[22] Gestation is usually 3.5–4 months but can be as long as 7 months when there's delayed embryonic development. The female gives birth while perching and the newborn emerges unaided, head first.[2] The mothers will eat the placenta. Mothers carry their pups when they are one day old but later leave them in the roosting area for the day.[2] The female's nipples become enlarged during lactation. Young are weaned by 15 days.[2] Young gain a full, permanent set of teeth at 40 days and can fly by 50 days when their forearms are fully developed. Females are sexually mature by eight months and males by 12 months.[2]
Throughout most of its range, the Jamaican fruit bat is numerous. It was found to be the most influential of the frugivorous bat community.[30] The fruit bat has greater ecological importance in wet habitats.[2] The Jamaican fruit eating bat does not seem to be threatened from a conservation standpoint.[31] It appears to be common regardless of any habitat disruption.[32] However, it may damage fruit crops in certain areas.[33]
The Jamaican, common or Mexican fruit bat (Artibeus jamaicensis) is a fruit-eating bat native to the Neotropics.
El murciélago frugívoro de Jamaica (Artibeus jamaicensis[1]) es un murciélago frugívoro nativo de América Central y Sur América. Sus características distintivas incluyen la ausencia de una cola externa y una membrana interfemoral corta en forma de U. El pelaje es gris marrón y tiene un suave olor a jabón y es levemente pálido en el lado de abajo. Las orejas son algo más puntiagudas que otros murciélagos relacionados. Este mide cerca de 9 cm de largo. Vive en bosques lluviosos, bosque decidu y bosques arbustivos. Este se refugia en troncos huecos, cuevas, en el follage de los árboles pero también se ha encontrado en carpas construidas en hojas de Araceae y palmas.
Como todos los murciélagos neotropicales, este es nocturno. Se alimenta de frutas, entre las cuales incluye higos (Ficus), guarumos (Cecropia sp.), guayabas (Psidium guajava), papaya (Carica papaya) y bananos. En épocas en que estos son difíciles de conseguir también puede alimentarse de néctar, polen, hojas e insectos. Durante la noches puede volar entre 10 y 15 kilómeteri en busca de árboles donde comer. Los frutos los toma con la boca y los lleva a un sitio de percha donde los come. Cuando el fruto contienen semillas grandes, estos no son comidos completamente, pero si tienen semillas pequeñas estas generalmente son consumidas con todo el fruto. Estas semillas generalmente son defecadas en poco tiempo, sin que hallan tenido tiempo de ser digeridas y por lo tanto tienen gran chance de germinar. Por lo tanto este murciélago contribuye a la dispersión de semillas y por lo tanto a la regeneración del bosque.
Durante la década de 1970s, se llevó a cabo una extensa investigación sobre la ecología de este murciélago en las isla Barro Colorado, una reserva natural administrada por el Istituto de Investigaciones Tropicales Smithsonian en Panamá. Más de 10000 murciélagos de esta especie fueron capturados, marcados y medidos en el transcurso del Proyecto de Murciélagos de BCI ahora a cargo de la científica alemana Elisabeth Kalko. En altas latitudes la mayoría de hembras de esta especie sólo tienen una cría, mientras que en Panamá tiene dos al año. Este se reproduce entre febrero y julio. La esperanza de vida es de dos a tres años.
El murciélago frugívoro de Jamaica (Artibeus jamaicensis) es un murciélago frugívoro nativo de América Central y Sur América. Sus características distintivas incluyen la ausencia de una cola externa y una membrana interfemoral corta en forma de U. El pelaje es gris marrón y tiene un suave olor a jabón y es levemente pálido en el lado de abajo. Las orejas son algo más puntiagudas que otros murciélagos relacionados. Este mide cerca de 9 cm de largo. Vive en bosques lluviosos, bosque decidu y bosques arbustivos. Este se refugia en troncos huecos, cuevas, en el follage de los árboles pero también se ha encontrado en carpas construidas en hojas de Araceae y palmas.
Como todos los murciélagos neotropicales, este es nocturno. Se alimenta de frutas, entre las cuales incluye higos (Ficus), guarumos (Cecropia sp.), guayabas (Psidium guajava), papaya (Carica papaya) y bananos. En épocas en que estos son difíciles de conseguir también puede alimentarse de néctar, polen, hojas e insectos. Durante la noches puede volar entre 10 y 15 kilómeteri en busca de árboles donde comer. Los frutos los toma con la boca y los lleva a un sitio de percha donde los come. Cuando el fruto contienen semillas grandes, estos no son comidos completamente, pero si tienen semillas pequeñas estas generalmente son consumidas con todo el fruto. Estas semillas generalmente son defecadas en poco tiempo, sin que hallan tenido tiempo de ser digeridas y por lo tanto tienen gran chance de germinar. Por lo tanto este murciélago contribuye a la dispersión de semillas y por lo tanto a la regeneración del bosque.
Durante la década de 1970s, se llevó a cabo una extensa investigación sobre la ecología de este murciélago en las isla Barro Colorado, una reserva natural administrada por el Istituto de Investigaciones Tropicales Smithsonian en Panamá. Más de 10000 murciélagos de esta especie fueron capturados, marcados y medidos en el transcurso del Proyecto de Murciélagos de BCI ahora a cargo de la científica alemana Elisabeth Kalko. En altas latitudes la mayoría de hembras de esta especie sólo tienen una cría, mientras que en Panamá tiene dos al año. Este se reproduce entre febrero y julio. La esperanza de vida es de dos a tres años.
Artibeus jamaicensis Artibeus generoko animalia da. Chiropteraren barruko Stenodermatinae azpifamilia eta Phyllostomidae familian sailkatuta dago
Artibeus jamaicensis Artibeus generoko animalia da. Chiropteraren barruko Stenodermatinae azpifamilia eta Phyllostomidae familian sailkatuta dago
Jamaikanhedelmäleikko (Artibeus jamaicensis) on leikkojen heimoon kuuluva lepakkolaji. Nisäkäsnimistötoimikunta ehdotti, että lajin suomenkieliseksi nimeksi vaihdettaisiin "jamaikanhankko".[3]
Jamaikanhedelmäleikko on levinnyt laajalle Keski- ja Etelä-Amerikassa.[2] Lajia esiintyy mm. Meksikosta Brasiliaan.[4]
Lepakon turkki on lyhyt ja samettinen, väritykseltään se on ruskea, harmaa tai musta ja ruumiin alaosa on usein vaaleampi.[5] Laji on kooltaan keskikokoinen; lepakon massa on 27–45 g. Jamaikanhedelmäleikon kyynärvarsi on 5–6,3 cm ja siipien väli 34–45 cm.
Sen siivet ovat väritykseltään mustat ja kooltaan lyhyet mutta leveät.[5] Lajille on tyypillistä myös eteenpäin taipunut ihopoimu nenässä.[4]
Jamaikanhedelmäleikot viihtyvät luolissa, tunneleissa, rakennuksissa ja puiden koloissa.[4] Ne elävät haaremeissa, mutta myös pariutumattomat koiraat tai naaraat saattavat muodostaa ryhmiä.[6] Ravinnokseen laji käyttää hedelmiä, kukkia ja hyönteisiä.[4] Ruoan etsintä tapahtuu usein pienissä ryhmissä.
Lajin luonnollisia vihollisia ovat pöllöt, käärmeet ja pikkujalohaukat.[6]
Jamaikanhedelmäleikko (Artibeus jamaicensis) on leikkojen heimoon kuuluva lepakkolaji. Nisäkäsnimistötoimikunta ehdotti, että lajin suomenkieliseksi nimeksi vaihdettaisiin "jamaikanhankko".
Artibeus jamaicensis ou Fer de lance commun (familièrement rat volant[1]) est une chauve-souris frugivore originaire d’Amérique Centrale et du Sud.
Elle se caractérise par son absence de queue externe et par sa toute petite membrane interfémorale en forme de U. Elle est de couleur gris-brun, un peu plus clair en dessous. Elle est connue pour avoir un nez ressemblant quelque peu à une troisième oreille. Ses oreilles sont plus pointues que celles des autres chauves-souris. Elle mesure en moyenne 9 cm.
Artibeus jamaicensis est nocturne. Elle se nourrit de fruits, notamment des figues sauvages, des cecropias, des goyaves, des papayes et des bananes. Quand cette nourriture se fait rare, elle se nourrit de nectar, de pollen, de feuilles et parfois même d’insectes. Durant la nuit elle peut voler sur des distances de 10 à 15 km pour trouver de quoi se nourrir. Quand elle trouve de quoi manger, elle collecte les fruits dans sa gueule et va les consommer sur un perchoir. Elle mord ensuite dans le fruit et le presse contre sa gueule, de façon à en récupérer le jus. Elle recrache ensuite la chair du fruit. Quand les fruits contiennent de grosses graines, elles ne sont pas consommées. Les petites graines sont généralement avalées.
Cette chauve-souris est le mammifère le plus efficace en matière de digestion des aliments. Elle absorbe les nutriments environ 15 minutes après l’ingestion des aliments. De ce fait, les petites graines qui sont avalées n’ont pas le temps d’être digérées et sont expulsées par les fèces. Cela contribue à la dispersion des graines.
Généralement, la femelle donne naissance à un seul petit, et ce une fois par an, parfois plus à des latitudes supérieures (deux fois au Panama). La saison de reproduction s’étale de février à juillet. L’espérance de vie de la chauve-souris est de 2 à 3 ans.
Elle vit dans des forêts tropicales caducs broussailleuses, et est connue pour bâtir une sorte de tente avec des plantes de la famille des Araceae et des Palmae. Elle vit également parfois dans des arbres creux, des grottes et le feuillage des forêts.
À partir de la fin des années 1970, des recherches sur ces chauves-souris ont été menées sur l’île Barro Colorado, une réserve naturelle gérée par le Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI) au Panama. Plus de 10 000 individus de cette espèce ont été capturés, marqués et mesurés dans le cadre du projet BCI mené par la scientifique Élisabeth Kalko.
Artibeus jamaicensis ou Fer de lance commun (familièrement rat volant) est une chauve-souris frugivore originaire d’Amérique Centrale et du Sud.
L'artibeo della Giamaica (Artibeus jamaicensis Leach, 1821) è un pipistrello della famiglia dei Fillostomidi diffuso nell'America centrale e meridionale.[1][2]
Pipistrello di medie dimensioni, con la lunghezza della testa e del corpo tra 70 e 85 mm, la lunghezza dell'avambraccio tra 55 e 67 mm, la lunghezza del piede tra 16 e 19 mm, la lunghezza delle orecchie tra 20 e 24 mm e un peso fino a 51 g.[3]
Il corpo è tozzo. La pelliccia è corta e vellutata e si estende fino alle zampe. Le parti dorsali variano dal color cenere al bruno-grigiastro, con la base dei peli bianca, mentre le parti ventrali sono chiare, con le punte dei peli bianche. Il muso è corto e largo. La foglia nasale è ben sviluppata, lanceolata e ricoperta di ghiandole sebacee. Due strisce chiare sono presenti su ogni lato del viso, la prima si estende dall'angolo esterno della foglia nasale fino a dietro l'orecchio, mentre la seconda parte dall'angolo posteriore della bocca e termina alla base del padiglione auricolare. Il labbro inferiore ha una verruca al centro circondata da altre più piccole. Le orecchie sono larghe, triangolari, appuntite e separate. Il trago è corto e provvisto di 4-5 piccole sporgenze sul margine esterno. Le membrane alari sono larghe e grigio scure. È privo di coda, mentre l'uropatagio è ridotto ad una sottile membrana lungo la parte interna degli arti inferiori ed è cosparso di pochi peli. Il calcar è piccolo. Sono presenti 3 molari su ogni semi-arcata dentaria. Il cariotipo è 2n=30-31 FNa=56.
Emette ultrasuoni sotto forma di impulsi a frequenza modulata di bassa intensità tra 49–56 kHz, seguiti da una serie con un'armonica elevata a 64–104 kHz, per poi terminare con segnali a 31–33 kHz.
Si rifugia nelle grotte ben illuminate, tunnel, cavità degli alberi, densa vegetazione ed edifici. Costruisce piccole tende con grandi foglie di diversi tipi di alberi, tra i quali Philodendron fragrantissimum, Coccothrinax barbadensis, Sabal mauritiiformis, Scheelea rostrata, Pentagonia donnel-smithii, Geonoma congesta, Bactris wendlandiana e Asterogyne martiana. Questi rifugi diurni sono temporanei e vengono abbandonati dopo 3-5 giorni. Formano gruppi con strutture ad harem, composti da un singolo maschio adulto e 4-11 femmine. Il maschio difende il sito dagli altri maschi posizionandosi davanti all'entrata, è l'ultimo a lasciarlo durante la notte e consuma il suo cibo nelle sue vicinanze. L'attività predatoria e di nutrimento inizia relativamente più tardi rispetto alle altre specie di pipistrelli e si protrae per tutta la nottata. Solitamente è meno attivo o totalmente inattivo durante le notti di luna piena. Vola per 2–10 km o più ogni notte, spesso seguendo percorsi tracciati nelle foreste al disotto della copertura forestale e quindi è frequentemente soggetto alle catture con trappole a rete.
Si nutre di frutti di diverse specie native di Ficus, Cecropia, Piper, Solanum e Spondias, polline e talvolta anche di insetti.
Esistono periodi riproduttivi stagionali e periodi alternati di sviluppo embrionico normale o ritardato. Le nascite avvengono tra marzo e aprile e tra luglio e agosto a Panama, mentre femmine gravide sono state catturate a novembre in Ecuador, tra dicembre e gennaio in Colombia e tra gennaio e febbraio in Venezuela, dove è stato osservato un secondo picco tra giugno e luglio. L'aspettativa di vita in natura è di circa 9 anni.
Predatori comuni sono il Barbagianni e il Boa constrictor. Altri potenziali predatori possono essere vari tipi di serpenti arboricoli, grandi opossum come il Didelphis marsupialis e il Philander opossum, il Coati, il Vampiro spettro, vari rapaci notturni e il Falco dei pipistrelli. Quando è catturato emette dei richiami che consistono in una lunga serie di impulsi di breve durata a circa 15 kHz, che servono principalmente per allarmare i suoi conspecifici.
Questa specie è diffusa dal Messico all'Argentina settentrionale, Caraibi e estrema parte meridionale della Florida.
Vive nelle foreste sempreverdi tropicali, foreste pluviali, foreste secche stagionali e ambienti modificati dall'uomo eccetto gli ambienti aridi fino a 2.300 metri di altitudine.
Sono state riconosciute 13 sottospecie:
Alcuni autori ritengono le sottospecie sudamericane appartenenti a A.planirostris, elevata al rango di specie.
La IUCN Red List, considerato il vasto areale e la popolazione presumibilmente numerosa, classifica A.jamaicensis come specie a rischio minimo (LC).[1]
L'artibeo della Giamaica (Artibeus jamaicensis Leach, 1821) è un pipistrello della famiglia dei Fillostomidi diffuso nell'America centrale e meridionale.
De Jamaicavruchtenvampier (Artibeus jamaicensis) is een vleermuis uit de familie der bladneusvleermuizen van de Nieuwe Wereld (Phyllostomatidae). Ondanks zijn naam is de soort niet verwant aan de vampiervleermuizen (Desmodontinae).
Over zijn gezicht lopen meestal vier bleke strepen, boven en onder de ogen. De bovenzijde van de vacht bestaat uit verscheidene bruine tinten. De onderzijde is wat bleker en grijziger dan de bovenzijde. De oren zijn gepunt. Hij wordt gemiddeld 80 millimeter lang en 42 gram zwaar. Deze soort heeft geen staart.
De belangrijkste voedselbron is de vijg, maar hij eet ook ander fruit (mango, avocado, banaan), noten, de pulp om wilde amandelen, nectar, stuifmeel en bloemen. Waarschijnlijk eet hij ook insecten. Na vijftien tot twintig minuten verlaat het voedsel het spijsverteringsstelsel weer. De uitwerpselen van de Jamaicavruchtenvampier ruiken daardoor nog naar de gegeten vruchten. Doordat zaden vrij snel (en dus onverteerd) zijn spijsverteringsstelsel verlaten, is de soort een belangrijke verspreider van zaden.
Deze vleermuis vliegt soms in kleine groepen uit. Als één vleermuis wordt gegrepen door een roofdier (bijvoorbeeld uilen, slangen, vleermuisvalk) of een mens, slaakt hij kreten uit, waarop de andere vleermuizen het roofdier aanvallen.
De vleermuis verblijft in gebouwen, grotten en holle bomen. Soms bouwen ze ook 'tenten' door enkele nerven van een blad door te bijten, waardoor deze zichzelf opvouwt. De Jamaicavruchtenvampier maakt zijn tenten meestal in planten uit de aronskelk- of palmenfamilie. 's Nachts vliegt de vruchtenvampier regelmatig uit, op zoek naar voedsel. Hij vliegt minder vaak uit op heldere nachten. Hij eet zijn voedsel op in nabijgelegen tijdelijke nachtverblijven. Tegen de ochtend trekt hij naar een permanente verblijfplaats.
De Jamaicavruchtenvampier kent harems: meestal bestaande uit één mannetje en drie tot vijfentwintig vrouwtjes, die hij verdedigt tegen andere mannetjes. Deze harems bevinden zich in holle bomen. Ook bestaan er mannengroepjes en groepjes van vrouwtjes die zich niet voortplanten.
In Panama is een geboortepiek in maart en april, en één in juli en augustus. Na de werptijd volgt de paartijd. De soort kent een verlengde draagtijd, waarbij in september de ontwikkeling van het embryo stopt, om in november weer verder te gaan. In andere gebieden (Colombia, Yucatán) worden het hele jaar rond jongen geboren. Waarschijnlijk is er een verband tussen de worpen en het aanbod aan vijgen. De vruchtenvampier krijgt één, soms twee jongen per worp. De jongen worden tijdens het zoeken naar voedsel in crèches achtergelaten. Als de jonge vrouwelijke vruchtenvampiers het nest verlaten, gaan ze op zoek naar andere harems.
De Jamaicavruchtenvampier kan zeker tien jaar oud worden.
De Jamaicavruchtenvampier leeft in vochtige tropische en subtropische bossen in Midden-Amerika, noordelijk Colombia en Venezuela en op de Bahama's en Grote en Kleine Antillen, zuidelijk tot Saint Lucia. Mogelijk komt het dier ook voor op de Florida Keys De Zuid-Amerikaanse soorten Artibeus planirostris en Artibeus obscurus worden ook regelmatig tot de Jamaicavruchtenvampier gerekend, maar zijn genetisch nauwer aan andere soorten en aan elkaar verwant. Een andere traditionele ondersoort, Artibeus triomylus, is de nauwste genetische verwant van de Jamaicavruchtenvampier, maar verschilt genetisch genoeg van die soort om als een aparte soort te worden gezien. Binnen de Jamaicavruchtenvampier is de voornaamste genetische scheiding die tussen de ondersoort jamaicensis op de eilanden en de andere ondersoorten op het vasteland van Midden- en Zuid-Amerika.
Bronnen, noten en/of referentiesDe Jamaicavruchtenvampier (Artibeus jamaicensis) is een vleermuis uit de familie der bladneusvleermuizen van de Nieuwe Wereld (Phyllostomatidae). Ondanks zijn naam is de soort niet verwant aan de vampiervleermuizen (Desmodontinae).
Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons Owocowiec liścionosy[3] (Artibeus jamaicensis) – gatunek ssaka z rodziny liścionosowatych[4].
Występuje w lasach i buszu od północnego Meksyku do Brazylii, północnej Argentyny oraz na wyspach Morza Karaibskiego.
Owocowiec liścionosy jest jednym ze ssaków o najszybszym tempie trawienia. Owoce, którymi się żywi, przechodzą przez jego cały układ trawienny w ciągu 15 minut. W tak krótkim czasie nie jest możliwe strawienie bądź bakteryjny rozkład twardych okryw nasiennych, więc nietoperz ten jest ważnym rozsiewaczem nasion.
Okres rozrodu tego nietoperza przypada od lutego do lipca. Samica rodzi 1 lub 2 młode.
Owocowiec liścionosy (Artibeus jamaicensis) – gatunek ssaka z rodziny liścionosowatych.
Artibeus jamaicensis[2][3][4][5][6][7] är en däggdjursart som beskrevs av Leach 1821. Utbredningsområdet är Mellanamerika och Karibien. Artibeus jamaicensis ingår i släktet Artibeus, och familjen bladnäsor.[8][9] IUCN kategoriserar arten globalt som livskraftig.[1] Inga underarter finns listade.[8]
En population lever på Florida Keys i USA.[10]
Arten är med en vikt av cirka 40 g ganska stor och den saknar svans. Liksom andra bladnäsor har den en bladformig hudflik på näsan. Pälsens färg är allmänt brun. Några individer har två vitaktiga strimmor från näsan till hjässan. Artibeus jamaicensis har 30 tänder i över- och underkäken.[10]
När individerna letar efter föda bildar de vanligen flockar som kan ha hundra eller fler medlemmar. Vid viloplatsen delas flocken i mindre grupper. Det finns haremsgrupper med 3 till 14 honor och en hane samt ungkarlsgrupper med upp till tre hanar.[11] Artibeus jamaicensis sover i grottor, i trädens håligheter eller under stora blad som omvandlas till ett slags tält.[12]
Den egentliga dräktigheten varar 112 till 120 dagar. Ibland vilar ägget en tid efter befruktningen och ungarna (vanligen tvillingar) föds cirka 177 dagar senare. Efter ungefär 66 dagar slutar honan med digivning och cirka två veckor senare är ungarna lika stora som de vuxna djuren. Hanar blir könsmogna 8 till 12 månader efter födelsen och även honor får ingen unge under första levnadsåret. Några individer lever sju år i naturen och en individ i fångenskap levde 10 år.[11]
Denna fladdermus äter främst fikon och andra frukter. I mindre mått ingår nektar, pollen och kanske insekter i födan.[10] Arten har läten som kan användas för ekolokaliseringen men den hittar frukterna främst med synen och lukten. Dessutom finns andra läten för kommunikationen mellan individerna.[12]
Wikimedia Commons har media som rör Artibeus jamaicensis.
Wikispecies har information om Artibeus jamaicensis.
Artibeus jamaicensis är en däggdjursart som beskrevs av Leach 1821. Utbredningsområdet är Mellanamerika och Karibien. Artibeus jamaicensis ingår i släktet Artibeus, och familjen bladnäsor. IUCN kategoriserar arten globalt som livskraftig. Inga underarter finns listade.
En population lever på Florida Keys i USA.
Країни поширення: Ангілья, Антигуа і Барбуда, Аруба, Багами, Барбадос, Беліз, Колумбія, Куба, Домініка, Домініканська Республіка, Еквадор, Сальвадор, Гренада, Гваделупа, Гватемала, Гаїті, Гондурас, Ямайка, Мартиніка, Мексика, Монтсеррат, Нідерландські Антильські острови, Нікарагуа, Панама, Пуерто-Рико, Сент-Кітс і Невіс, Сент-Люсія, Сент-Вінсент і Гренадини, Тринідад і Тобаго, Британські Віргінські острови. Населяє вічнозелені ліси, тропічні ліси, сухі ліси і сезонні непосушливі середовища, модифіковані людиною до 2300 метрів над рівнем моря.
Довжина голови й тіла від 70 до 85 мм, довжина передпліччя між мм, 55 і 67, довжина стопи між 16 і 19 мм, довжина вух від 20 до 24 мм і вага до 51 гр.
Шерсть коротка, гладка, і поширюється на ноги. Забарвлення спини від попелясто-сірого до коричневого, з білою основою волосків, черево світліше, кінчики волосся білі. Писок короткий і широкий. Лист носа добре розвинений, ланцетний. Є дві світлі смуги на кожній стороні обличчя. Вуха широкі, трикутні, відокремлені. Мембрани крил широкі і темно-сірі. Не має хвоста.
Каріотип: 2n=30—31, FNa=56.
Їдять пилок, нектар, фрукти і комах. Спочиває в ечерах, тріщинах скель, дуплах дерев, листі й навіть штучних спорудах, таких як будівлі. Зазвичай народжує два рази на рік. Вагітні були виявлені в лютому і липні. Тривалість життя в дикій природі становить близько 9 років.
Artibeus jamaicensis là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Dơi mũi lá, bộ Dơi. Loài này được Leach mô tả năm 1821.[1]
Phương tiện liên quan tới Artibeus jamaicensis tại Wikimedia Commons
Artibeus jamaicensis là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Dơi mũi lá, bộ Dơi. Loài này được Leach mô tả năm 1821.
Artibeus jamaicensis (Leach, 1821)
Ареал
Яма́йский листоно́с[1] (лат. Artibeus jamaicensis) — вид летучих мышей семейства листоносых, обитающий в Центральной и Южной Америке.
Длина тела от 70 до 85 мм, длина предплечья от 55 до 67 мм, длина стопы от 16 до 19 мм, длина ушей от 20 до 24 мм, масса до 51 гр.
Шерсть короткая и гладкая, покрывает нижние конечности. Окраска шерсти на спине от пепельно-серого до коричневого цвета, основание волосков белое, брюхо светлее, кончики волос белые. Морда короткая и широкая. Лист носа хорошо развит, ланцетный. Имеются две светлые полосы по обеим сторонам морды. Уши широкие, треугольные, разделены. Мембраны крыльев широкие и тёмно-серые. Хвост отсутствует.
Кариотип: 2n = 30-31, FNa = 56.
Ареал вида охватывает территорию следующих стран: Ангилья, Антигуа и Барбуда, Аруба, Багамы, Барбадос, Белиз, Колумбия, Куба, Доминика, Доминиканская Республика, Эквадор, Сальвадор, Гренада, Гваделупа, Гватемала, Республика Гаити, Гондурас, Ямайка, Мартиника, Мексика, Монтсеррат, Нидерландские Антильские острова, Никарагуа, Панама, Пуэрто-Рико, Сент-Китс и Невис, Сент-Люсия, Сент-Винсент и Гренадины, Тринидад и Тобаго, Британские Виргинские острова. Населяет вечнозелёные, тропические и сухие леса на высоте до 2300 метров над уровнем моря, а также сезонные незасушливые местообитания, изменённые человеком.
Едят пыльцу, нектар, фрукты и насекомых. Отдыхают в трещинах скал, дуплах деревьев, листьях и даже искусственных сооружениях, таких как здания. Самка рождает обычно двух детёнышей два раза в год: в феврале и июле. Беременность длится от 3,5 до 4-х месяцев. В возрасте 50 дней детёныши начинают летать. Половая зрелость у самок наступает в возрасте 8, у самцов — 12 месяцев. Продолжительность жизни в дикой природе составляет около 9 лет.
Яма́йский листоно́с (лат. Artibeus jamaicensis) — вид летучих мышей семейства листоносых, обитающий в Центральной и Южной Америке.
자메이카과일박쥐 또는 멕시코과일박쥐(Artibeus jamaicensis)는 주걱박쥐과(신세계잎코박쥐과)에 속하는 박쥐의 일종이다. 멕시코와 중앙아메리카를 거쳐 대앤틸리스 제도와 소앤틸리스 제도와 같은 남아메리카 북서부 지역의 토착종이다.[1]
바하마 제도 남부 지역에 드물게 서식하기도 한다. 남아메리카 안데스 산맥 동부의 개체군은 이제 별도의 종 납작얼굴과일먹는박쥐(A. planirostris)로 간주하곤 한다. 자메이카과일박쥐의 독특한 특징(일부는 근연종들과 공유하는 특징)은 외부로 드러난 꼬리가 없는 점과 아주 작은 U자 모양의 대퇴골 사이 비막 등이다.
자메이카과일박쥐 또는 멕시코과일박쥐(Artibeus jamaicensis)는 주걱박쥐과(신세계잎코박쥐과)에 속하는 박쥐의 일종이다. 멕시코와 중앙아메리카를 거쳐 대앤틸리스 제도와 소앤틸리스 제도와 같은 남아메리카 북서부 지역의 토착종이다.
바하마 제도 남부 지역에 드물게 서식하기도 한다. 남아메리카 안데스 산맥 동부의 개체군은 이제 별도의 종 납작얼굴과일먹는박쥐(A. planirostris)로 간주하곤 한다. 자메이카과일박쥐의 독특한 특징(일부는 근연종들과 공유하는 특징)은 외부로 드러난 꼬리가 없는 점과 아주 작은 U자 모양의 대퇴골 사이 비막 등이다.
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