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The fate of Visayan spotted deer does not look good. If accelerated rates of forest destruction and hunting continue there will be no more deer on the islands in 10 to 15 years. Peasant’s alone account for 50,000 ha of destructed forest land annually. Current practices in the Visayan Islands must change for Visayan spotted deer to make a comeback. The depressed state of the economy and political unrest in the Philippines makes this a difficult task. The deer that are in the captive-breeding programs will not be released until the countryside is able to give them a fair chance for survival.
Visayan spotted deer were previously included in the genus Cervus as Cervus alfredi. They have also been considered subspecies of either Cervus mariannus or Cervus unicolor.
During the rutting season stag deer will roar. Males are likely to have some physical interactions during the competition associated with rut, if these deer are like other cervids. There are likely some visual and chemical communications from females to males, indicating their estrous status.
Communication Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical
Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical
The main predators of Visayan spotted deer are Homo sapiens, (humans). The peasants and other unemployed natives that inhabit the surrounding forest have resorted to hunting as a means of survival. Visayan spotted deer are a protected species but the remoteness of their habitat makes guard patrols very difficult. This puts an increasing pressure on small populations that remain. During the dry season, which is from January until June, hunting pressure is at its highest.
Known Predators:
Visayan spotted deer have a fine, dense, and soft dark-brown coat on their upper body. They have spots on their backs and flanks, which they retain throughout their life. They have pale white fur on the underside as well as on the chin and lower lip.
Visayan spotted deer are small, the shoulder height of a mature deer is around 75 to 80 cm. Females are much smaller than the males. The ears and tail are relatively short.
Range mass: 36 to 59 kg.
Other Physical Features: endothermic ; homoiothermic; bilateral symmetry
Sexual Dimorphism: male larger; ornamentation
It is not known how long Visayan spotted deer live. Related deer species can live a maximum of 12-17 years.
Visayan spotted deer are most common in the dense interior of the islands. At one time they could be found in larger numbers from sea level to the tops of the mountains throughout the islands. The interiors of the islands are composed of thick rugged tropical forests that range from 750 to 1,000 meters in elevation. The mountains are drained by a series of short violent streams. Visayan spotted deer prefer areas that have undergone a natural disturbance such as fires or landslides. This opens up the canopy allowing the growth of tender plants close to the ground.
A survey in 1991 found that Visayan spotted deer had been extirpated over 95% of its range. The forests are cleared at an excruciating pace by landless peasants and families that were forced into the forest by the collapsing sugar and logging industry. The land that Visayan spotted deer once wandered is now used for farming then abandoned, causing the need for more forest to be cleared. The abandoned agricultural plots are slow to regenerate a secondary forest because of lack of nutrients available in the soil.
Range elevation: 750 to 1000 m.
Habitat Regions: tropical ; terrestrial
Terrestrial Biomes: rainforest ; mountains
Visayan spotted deer are one of the most endangered deer in the world. There are thought to be only a few hundred wild individuals still in existence. This also makes it one of the most endangered mammals in the world. It has a rating of B1 2c on the IUCN categories for critically endangered species. The rating B1 stands for area of occupancy of less than 10 sq km and found in severely fragmented groups. The rating 2c stands for the continuing decline in the quality of habitat. A captive-breeding program was started in 1990 between the Mulhouse Zoo, France and the Philippine Department of Environmental and Natural Resources. The program has grown to three local breeding centers and a number of zoos’s worldwide. The program started with 13 Visayan Deer registered in the international studbook and has since grown to almost 80 registered deer. This species is not listed on any CITES appendix.
US Federal List: endangered
CITES: no special status
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: endangered
It is hard to imagine how this species might affect humans negatively. The only possible negative effect would come from enforced protection of the habitat of this animal, which might preclude humans from moving thier subsistence agriculture to more fertile ground. However, there does not seem to be any enforcement of protection of the habitat of R. alfredi.
Rusa alfredi is found only on the Visayan Islands, which are located in the central Philippines. This is one of the rarest, least known, and most narrowly disributed species of deer in the world. Formerly R. alfredi inhabited the larger Visayan Islands of Panay, Negros, Cebu, Guimaras, Leyte, and Samar. Now it is only thought to be found in three to four remaining patches of forest on the islands of Panay and Negros.
Biogeographic Regions: oriental (Native ); oceanic islands (Native )
Other Geographic Terms: island endemic
Visayan spotted deer are herbivores with a diet that includes a wide variety of vegetation. The deer prefer the succulent vegetation that emerges after fires, landslides and other natural disasters.
Plant Foods: leaves; wood, bark, or stems
Primary Diet: herbivore (Folivore )
It is difficult to speculate on the role that this rare species may play within its ecosystem. Surely, its browsing behavior has some influence on plant communities. It is likely that these deer are able to keep disturbed areas open for longer periods of time by eating down new vegetation. It is also likely that they influence the pattern of ecological succession in the areas of disturbance throught their foraging behavior, probably prefering some types of forage over others.
Visayan spotted deer are a source of food for the native people of the Visayan Islands. Even though it is illegal to kill this species, it doesn’t stop them, and it has a positive effect on their lives by providing food.
Positive Impacts: food
The mating system of these deer is not known. However, in other, related deer, the most common mating system is polygyny. Males compete with one another for access to estrous females. Competition often involves sparring and vocalizing. Successful males are typically older and larger, and able to drive away younger, smaller males. These successful males are the ones who mate with the females. It is likely that Visayan spotted deer have a similar mating system.
Mating System: polygynous
The breeding season (rut) of Visayan spotted deer takes place from November to December. Following the breeding season there is a 240 day gestation period, with births in May and June.
Breeding interval: Visayan spotted deer breed once yearly.
Breeding season: Breeding occurs in November and December.
Range number of offspring: 1 to 2.
Average number of offspring: 1.
Average gestation period: 8 months.
Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; viviparous
Information on the parental care of R. alfredi is not available. In most cervids, parental care is strictly by females. Females give birth to one, sometimes two, offspring. The period of nursing lasts from a few weeks to a few months. Young may stay with their mothers past the time of weaning.
Parental Investment: precocial ; pre-fertilization (Provisioning, Protecting: Female); pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female)
El cérvol d'Alfred (Cervus alfredi) és una espècie de cérvol nadiua dels boscos tropicals del grup d'illes Visayas, al centre de les Filipines.[1] És una de les tres espècies de cérvol originàries de les Filipines. Fa 125-130 centímetres de llarg, 70-80 cm d'alçada i pesa entre 25 i 80 kg.
El cérvol d'Alfred (Cervus alfredi) és una espècie de cérvol nadiua dels boscos tropicals del grup d'illes Visayas, al centre de les Filipines. És una de les tres espècies de cérvol originàries de les Filipines. Fa 125-130 centímetres de llarg, 70-80 cm d'alçada i pesa entre 25 i 80 kg.
Der Prinz-Alfred-Hirsch (Cervus alfredi oder Rusa alfredi) ist eine Säugetierart aus der Familie der Hirsche (Cervidae). Die auf den Philippinen endemische Art ist nach Prinz Alfred, Sohn der britischen Königin Victoria benannt und zählt zu den seltensten Hirscharten der Welt. Auf den Visayas werden die Namen Usa und Lagsaw für den Prinz-Alfred-Hirsch verwendet.
Das feine, ausgesprochen dichte Fell dieser Hirsche ist dunkelbraun gefärbt. Kennzeichnend sind die hellen Flecken, die sich entlang des Rückens und der Flanken erstrecken und nach vorne hin kleiner werden. Die Unterseite des Körpers und des Schwanzes sind weißlich-grau gefärbt. Das Geweih, das wie bei fast allen Hirscharten nur die Männchen tragen, ist relativ kurz und dick. Auffallend ist sein im Vergleich zu anderen Hirschen schmaler Schädel. Mit einer Kopfrumpflänge von rund 125 Zentimetern und einer Schulterhöhe von 65 bis 80 Zentimetern zählt er zu den kleinsten Vertretern der Echten Hirsche.
Prinz-Alfred-Hirsche leben in Regenwäldern der zu den Philippinen gehörenden Visayas-Inseln. Auf vielen Inseln ihres ursprünglichen Verbreitungsgebietes, darunter Cebu, Bohol und Masbate sind sie ausgestorben. Auch die in den 1980er-Jahren noch erhobenen Populationen auf Leyte und Samar dürften erloschen sein, sodass die Art heute nur mehr in vereinzelten Stellen auf der Insel Negros, um die Vulkane Mandalagan, Cuernos de Negros, Silay, und in den westlichen bewaldeten Central-Panay-Bergen auf der Insel Panay vorkommt.
Über die Lebensweise der Prinz-Alfred-Hirsche ist wenig bekannt. Sie sind nachtaktiv und leben überwiegend einzelgängerisch. Sie halten sich bevorzugt im dichten Unterholz auf und ernähren sich von Gräsern und Blättern. Die meisten Geburten fallen in die Monate Mai und Juni, die Tragzeit beträgt rund acht Monate und die Wurfgröße meist ein einzelnes Jungtier.
Die Bejagung und die großflächige Zerstörung ihres Lebensraums haben die Art an den Rand des Aussterbens gebracht. Wie oben erwähnt, kommt sie heute nur mehr in vereinzelten Gebieten auf zwei Inseln vor und hat damit mehr als 95 % ihres ursprünglichen Verbreitungsgebietes eingebüßt. Schätzungen zufolge leben nur mehr wenige hundert Vertreter dieser Art, die IUCN listet sie als stark gefährdet (endangered). Durch Nachzuchtprogramme und effektivere Überwachung der Schutzregionen wird versucht, einen weiteren Rückgang der Bestandszahlen zu verhindern. Die Nationalparks und Naturparks auf Negros in denen der Prinz-Alfred-Hirsch lebt, der Balinsasayao Twin Lakes Natural Park, der Northern Negros Natural Park und der Mount Kanlaon Natural Park wurden in das Integrierte Biosphärenzonen-Gesetz zum Schutz und Erhalt der Biosphäre (NIPAS) aufgenommen. Von der Zoologischen Gesellschaft für Arten- und Populationsschutz (ZGAP) zusammen mit der Talarak Foundation Inc. wurden seit 2014 in mehreren Aufzuchtstationen unter anderem auch auf Negros erfolgreich Zuchtgruppen aufgebaut, welche die Basis für zukünftige Wiederansiedlungsprojekte bilden. Die ZGAP bemüht sich bereits seit Ende der 1980er Jahre um den Erhalt der hochbedrohten Hirschart.[1]
Der Prinz-Alfred-Hirsch wurde 1870 von Philip Lutley Sclater erstmals wissenschaftlich beschrieben. Dabei handelte es sich um die vorerst provisorische Beschreibung eines Neuzugangs für die Menagerie der Zoological Society of London, die in einer entsprechenden Aufzählung aufgeführt wurde. Sclater war sich über die Herkunft des Exemplars unsicher und benannte die Malaiische Halbinsel und umliegende Inseln als mögliches Verbreitungsgebiet.[2] Richard Lydekker korrigierte dies 1915 und gab Manila als eigentlichen Herkunftsort des Typusexemplars an.[3]
Erst seit den 1980er-Jahren wird der Prinz-Alfred-Hirsch als eigene Art geführt, früher galt er als Unterart des Sambars oder des Philippinenhirsches. Neuere molekulargenetische Untersuchungen bestätigen die nahe Verwandtschaft mit dem Philippinenhirsch, möglicherweise ist der Prinz-Alfred-Hirsch aber nur eine Unterart von letzteren.[4]
Der Prinz-Alfred-Hirsch (Cervus alfredi oder Rusa alfredi) ist eine Säugetierart aus der Familie der Hirsche (Cervidae). Die auf den Philippinen endemische Art ist nach Prinz Alfred, Sohn der britischen Königin Victoria benannt und zählt zu den seltensten Hirscharten der Welt. Auf den Visayas werden die Namen Usa und Lagsaw für den Prinz-Alfred-Hirsch verwendet.
The Visayan spotted deer (Rusa alfredi), also known as the Visayan deer, the Philippine spotted deer[3] or Prince Alfred's deer, is a nocturnal and endangered species of deer located primarily in the rainforests of the Visayan islands of Panay and Negros though it once roamed other islands such as Cebu, Guimaras, Leyte, Masbate, and Samar. It is one of three endemic deer species in the Philippines, although it was not recognized as a separate species until 1983. An estimated 2,500 mature individuals survived worldwide as of 1996, according to the IUCN, although it is uncertain of how many of them still survive in the wild. The diet of the deer, which consists of a variety of different types of grasses, leaves, and buds within the forest, is the primary indicator of its habitat. Since 1991 the range of the species has severely decreased and is now almost co-extensive with that of the Visayan warty pig.
In April 2009 an expedition team of British and Filipino mountaineers and scientists discovered evidence of two separate groups of deer in the North Negros Natural Park. These signs (scat and feeding sites) are believed to be the first scientific evidence of the deer's activity for over 25 years. It is estimated that an estimated 300 animals survive on the island of Negros. Conservation efforts are currently underway with the intention of preserving the remaining population of the species but are poorly funded and supported.
In 2012, the Negros Interior Biodiversity Expedition used camera traps in the centre of the North Negros Natural Park to take the first photos of the species in the wild.
The deer is small and short-legged yet it is the largest endemic species of deer among the Visayas. Adults range from 125 to 130 cm (49 to 51 in) long from the head to the base of the tail, 70 to 80 cm (28 to 31 in) in shoulder height and 25 to 80 kg (55 to 176 lb) in weight. This species is easily distinguished from other species of deer in the Philippines by the distinctive "A" pattern of beige spots which dot its deep brown back and sides. Other distinctive features include cream underparts and white fur on the chin and lower lip. The animal's head and neck are brown, but lighter than the body, and the eyes are ringed with paler fur. Males are larger than females and have short, thick, bumpy antlers.[4]
The species' range once covered the shoreline up to at least 2,000 m above sea level. Its habitat is in dense cogon grassland, and primary and secondary forest. Most of its habitat consists of areas where its diet of young shoots of cogon grass and young low-growing leaves and buds are plentiful. Besides areas that are dense in vegetation, it could also thrive in places it could graze. They may also visit burnt-out forest clearings for the floral ash. Due to the now restricted range of the deer, it is impossible to ascertain the preferred habitat of the species.[2]
The deer breed from November to December, although mating could begin earlier. Males have a roaring call to attract females. Reports mostly mention a single calf with a mated pair, although conclusive evidence on the number of young is not available because of the rarity of sightings. Calves are born after a gestation period of around 240 days. Weaning takes place at six months and the calves are mature from 12 months.[4]
This species is fully protected under Philippine law. Hunting and forest clearances as a result of logging activities and agricultural conversion are thought to be the causes of a devastating drop in the numbers of the deer (a 1991 survey found that the deer was present in only 5% of its former range). Despite this, the deer still exist in the more remote areas, specifically in the protected habitats of Mt. Canlaon National Park, North Negros Forest Reserve, Southern Candoni, and West Panay Mountains (a proposed National Park). In 1990, the Philippine Spotted Deer Conservation Program was set up to facilitate the conservation of the species. Some of the deer have been held in captivity in Mari-it Conservation Centre in Panay, two breeding centers in Negros, and in a number of European zoos.[4]
Since 1987, Silliman University Mammal Conservation Program, through the Center for Tropical Studies (CENTROP), has been engaged in the deer's captive breeding. The success of the program has led some of the captive-bred to be released in the interior forests of southern Negros, particularly in the interior of Basay, Negros Oriental.[5]
Deforestation has greatly contributed in the decline of the deer. Hunting, both by locals and sport hunters has also made an impact; subsistence hunting, sales of venison to local markets and speciality restaurants, and live trapping for the pet trade have all contributed to the species' dwindling numbers. Isolation and reduction of population is likely to have led to some herds becoming moribund. While cross-breeding with R. mariannus has been observed in captivity, the lack of a common range means this is unlikely to be a problem in the wild.[2]
Due to the severe pressures faced by the deer, the IUCN has twice listed it as an endangered species: firstly in 1994 (when it was de-listed within the year) and again in 1996 (which listing has continued until the present). The limited numbers of the animal in the wild (at least 300, down from almost 1,600) has led to the belief that prospects for its survival are bleak.[2]
On April 2009, footprints and animal droppings belonging to the creature were found in the North Negros Natural Park by a scientific team of six British, five Filipinos, and one Irishman, who were studying the biodiversity of the park. The team, who were from Negros Interior Biodiversity Expedition, estimate that less 300 members of the species survive. The team discovered a set of footprints beside a river three days into the expedition. The distance between these footprints and a half-eaten set of young palm trees, which were found three days later, indicated that two groups of deer might be present in the nature preserve. Subsequently, the team found small piles of 20 to 30 pellets with a trail of deer footprints leading away. Because "other species such as the Visayan warty pigs and civet cats have distinctly different scat", the team were confident that the pellets belonged to the deer. This was the first evidence of a live wild population of the deer for more than ten years. The team was thrilled by their success, although one of the expedition leaders, Craig Turner, admitted "this discovery confirms [the deer] are surviving, but doesn't tell us they are thriving". Besides the deer, other species discovered were some unusual plants, including ground orchids and pitcher plants, and many bird and frog species. Specimens were sent to the cities of Bacolod and Dumaguete for further analysis.[6][7][8]
The animal was later featured in a front-page story in the Philippine Daily Inquirer on 24 May 2009 in the story "The World's Rarest Deer Still Roam Negros". In the story, the British Ambassador declared the find "an exciting discovery". The expedition team is reportedly set to present their findings to the Royal Geographical Society.[5] Researchers involved in the expedition commented that "more protection" of the deer and similar endangered species in the park [is needed] "in order to assure their survival". They also said in the statement that "Philippine forests still harbor many rare and unique species, found nowhere else in the world".[9] The expedition was sponsored by several environmental institutions and foundations, which are interested in promoting and protecting the biodiversity, present within the United Kingdom as well as in the Visayas in the Philippines, such as the Negros Forests and Ecological Foundation Inc., Silliman University, Coral Cay Conservation, and the Zoological Society of London. In 2013, there were reports of sightings in the Southern Candoni region, indicating Silliman's releases in Basay have successfully expanded north.
The Visayan spotted deer (Rusa alfredi), also known as the Visayan deer, the Philippine spotted deer or Prince Alfred's deer, is a nocturnal and endangered species of deer located primarily in the rainforests of the Visayan islands of Panay and Negros though it once roamed other islands such as Cebu, Guimaras, Leyte, Masbate, and Samar. It is one of three endemic deer species in the Philippines, although it was not recognized as a separate species until 1983. An estimated 2,500 mature individuals survived worldwide as of 1996, according to the IUCN, although it is uncertain of how many of them still survive in the wild. The diet of the deer, which consists of a variety of different types of grasses, leaves, and buds within the forest, is the primary indicator of its habitat. Since 1991 the range of the species has severely decreased and is now almost co-extensive with that of the Visayan warty pig.
In April 2009 an expedition team of British and Filipino mountaineers and scientists discovered evidence of two separate groups of deer in the North Negros Natural Park. These signs (scat and feeding sites) are believed to be the first scientific evidence of the deer's activity for over 25 years. It is estimated that an estimated 300 animals survive on the island of Negros. Conservation efforts are currently underway with the intention of preserving the remaining population of the species but are poorly funded and supported.
In 2012, the Negros Interior Biodiversity Expedition used camera traps in the centre of the North Negros Natural Park to take the first photos of the species in the wild.
El ciervo moteado de Filipinas[2] o sambar manchado de las Filipinas (Rusa alfredi) es una especie de pequeño cérvido en peligro de extinción endémico de las islas Bisayas y Panay (Filipinas).[3] Actualmente sólo quedan unos 2500 ejemplares viviendo en las islas de Panay y Negros.[4]
El ciervo moteado de Filipinas o sambar manchado de las Filipinas (Rusa alfredi) es una especie de pequeño cérvido en peligro de extinción endémico de las islas Bisayas y Panay (Filipinas). Actualmente sólo quedan unos 2500 ejemplares viviendo en las islas de Panay y Negros.
Rusa alfredi Rusa generoko animalia da. Artiodaktiloen barruko Cervinae azpifamilia eta Cervidae familian sailkatuta dago
Rusa alfredi Rusa generoko animalia da. Artiodaktiloen barruko Cervinae azpifamilia eta Cervidae familian sailkatuta dago
Cervus alfredi
Le cerf du Prince Alfred (Cervus alfredi ou Rusa alfredi) est un mammifère herbivore de la famille des cervidés.
Au pelage moucheté, il provient de l'archipel des Visayas aux Philippines.
Rusa alfredi (Cervus alfredi) adalah sejenis rusa yang berasal dari Filipina, khususnya dari kepulauan Visayan. Namanya berasal dari Pangeran Alfred dari Kerajaan Inggris yang mengirimkan penemuan pertama dari hewan ini ke ilmuwan Philip Sclater di sekitar tahun 1870. Hewan ini biasa juda disebut rusa Visayan ataupun rusa Filipina. Rusa ini mempunyai ketinggian 120–130 cm dan mempunyai berat 40–60 kg. Ketinggian sampai bahu kira-kira 60–80 cm. Ekornya berukuran 8–13 cm. Rusa Alfred mirip dengan rusa Sambar. Ciri khas yang menonjol dari rusa alfredi adalah mempunyai banayak bintik yang besar yang bersebaran di bagina samping tubuhnya yang berwarna coklat tua (lihat gambar). Bagian bawah tubuhnya mempunyai warna yang lebih terang/muda dari bagina samping. Matanya juga dikelilingi oleh warna yang agak terang. Ekornya relatif agak pendek dan berwarna putih dibagian bawah. Jenis jantan mempunyai tanduk sepanjang kurang lebih 20 cm.
Ditemukan di pulau Panay, Cebu, Guimaras, Masbate dan Negros yang merupakan bagin dari kepulauan Visayan. Sebelumnya, mempunyai habitat yang lebih luas di kepulauan ini. Akibat perburuan, di banyak pulau menjadi punah dan pada saait ini hanya tinggal di beberapa pulau yang disebut di atas. Binatang ini dikategorikan binatang langka karena jumlahnya yang semakin sedikit.
Rusa alfredi mencari makan di waktu malam. Jenis makanannya adalah rumput muda, daun dan kuncup muda. Bisa hidup sampai 15 tahun. Rusa alfred mengandung anaknya dalam waktu 8 bulan.
[1] Rusa Alfredi -Bahasa Inggris
Rusa alfredi (Cervus alfredi) adalah sejenis rusa yang berasal dari Filipina, khususnya dari kepulauan Visayan. Namanya berasal dari Pangeran Alfred dari Kerajaan Inggris yang mengirimkan penemuan pertama dari hewan ini ke ilmuwan Philip Sclater di sekitar tahun 1870. Hewan ini biasa juda disebut rusa Visayan ataupun rusa Filipina. Rusa ini mempunyai ketinggian 120–130 cm dan mempunyai berat 40–60 kg. Ketinggian sampai bahu kira-kira 60–80 cm. Ekornya berukuran 8–13 cm. Rusa Alfred mirip dengan rusa Sambar. Ciri khas yang menonjol dari rusa alfredi adalah mempunyai banayak bintik yang besar yang bersebaran di bagina samping tubuhnya yang berwarna coklat tua (lihat gambar). Bagian bawah tubuhnya mempunyai warna yang lebih terang/muda dari bagina samping. Matanya juga dikelilingi oleh warna yang agak terang. Ekornya relatif agak pendek dan berwarna putih dibagian bawah. Jenis jantan mempunyai tanduk sepanjang kurang lebih 20 cm.
Ditemukan di pulau Panay, Cebu, Guimaras, Masbate dan Negros yang merupakan bagin dari kepulauan Visayan. Sebelumnya, mempunyai habitat yang lebih luas di kepulauan ini. Akibat perburuan, di banyak pulau menjadi punah dan pada saait ini hanya tinggal di beberapa pulau yang disebut di atas. Binatang ini dikategorikan binatang langka karena jumlahnya yang semakin sedikit.
Rusa alfredi mencari makan di waktu malam. Jenis makanannya adalah rumput muda, daun dan kuncup muda. Bisa hidup sampai 15 tahun. Rusa alfred mengandung anaknya dalam waktu 8 bulan.
Il cervo maculato delle Visayas o cervo del principe Alfredo (Rusa alfredi Sclater, 1870) è un mammifero artiodattilo della famiglia dei Cervidi endemico delle Filippine.[2] Specie prettamente notturna ed a rischio d'estinzione, si trova principalmente nelle foreste pluviali di Panay e Negros, sebbene una volta popolasse anche le isole di Cebu, Guimaras, Leyte, Masbate e Samar. È una delle tre specie di cervi endemiche delle Filippine, benché sia stata riconosciuta solamente nel 1983.
L'alimentazione del cervo maculato delle Visayas consiste in diverse varietà d'erba, foglie e gemme. Dal 1991 l'areale della specie è nettamente diminuito ed è rimasto all'incirca il medesimo di quello del cinghiale dalle verruche delle Visayas. Secondo le stime dell'IUCN, alla metà degli anni novanta era presente una popolazione mondiale di circa 2.500 esemplari, benché non si sappia con certezza quanto sia numerosa la popolazione in natura.
Nell'aprile 2009 una squadra di scienziati inglesi e filippini ha scoperto tracce della presenza di due gruppi separati di cervo maculato al North Negros Natural Park. Tali prove sono considerate la prima testimonianza della presenza di questa specie in più di 25 anni. Si stima che circa 300 esemplari vivano nell'isola di Negros e nel corso degli anni sono iniziati diversi progetti di conservazione della specie, benché non finanziati né sostenuti dal governo filippino.
Misura circa 130 cm di lunghezza, 70-80 cm di altezza al garrese ed una trentina di kg di peso. Il pelo è quasi completamente nero nel quarto anteriore: questo nero si riduce ad una striscia sulla groppa che percorre la spina dorsale fino alla coda, anch'essa nera. Il resto del corpo è bruno-rossiccio con macchie irregolari color bianco sporco. Il maschio presenta un paio di corna con tre punte che partono tutte dalla base del corno, posta più in alto rispetto alla fronte.
Poco o niente si sa della riproduzione di questo animale, eccetto che la gestazione dura intorno ai 240 giorni.
Il suo areale è praticamente lo stesso del cinghiale verrucoso delle Visayas, col quale condivide l'habitat e le minacce provenienti dall'uomo.
Inizialmente era diffuso nelle dense foreste di tutto l'arcipelago delle Visayas. Uno studio del 1985 indicò che il suo areale si era ridotto solo alle quattro isole maggiori dell'arcipelago (Panay, Leyte, Negros e Samar), mentre sei anni più tardi sopravviveva in gruppi sparsi solo su Panay e Negros.
Il cervo maculato delle Visayas o cervo del principe Alfredo (Rusa alfredi Sclater, 1870) è un mammifero artiodattilo della famiglia dei Cervidi endemico delle Filippine. Specie prettamente notturna ed a rischio d'estinzione, si trova principalmente nelle foreste pluviali di Panay e Negros, sebbene una volta popolasse anche le isole di Cebu, Guimaras, Leyte, Masbate e Samar. È una delle tre specie di cervi endemiche delle Filippine, benché sia stata riconosciuta solamente nel 1983.
L'alimentazione del cervo maculato delle Visayas consiste in diverse varietà d'erba, foglie e gemme. Dal 1991 l'areale della specie è nettamente diminuito ed è rimasto all'incirca il medesimo di quello del cinghiale dalle verruche delle Visayas. Secondo le stime dell'IUCN, alla metà degli anni novanta era presente una popolazione mondiale di circa 2.500 esemplari, benché non si sappia con certezza quanto sia numerosa la popolazione in natura.
Nell'aprile 2009 una squadra di scienziati inglesi e filippini ha scoperto tracce della presenza di due gruppi separati di cervo maculato al North Negros Natural Park. Tali prove sono considerate la prima testimonianza della presenza di questa specie in più di 25 anni. Si stima che circa 300 esemplari vivano nell'isola di Negros e nel corso degli anni sono iniziati diversi progetti di conservazione della specie, benché non finanziati né sostenuti dal governo filippino.
Het Prins-Alfredhert (Cervus alfredi, voorheen Rusa alfredi) is een hertensoort die uitsluitend voorkomt in de bossen van enkele Filipijnse eilanden. De soort werd lange tijd gezien als een regionale variant van de sambar (Rusa unicolor) en behoort tot de meest zeldzame diersoorten op aarde. De soort is vernoemd naar Alfred van Saksen-Coburg en Gotha, de reislustige hertog van Edinburgh (1844-1900)[2].
Het Prins-Alfredhert is een relatief kleine hertensoort met korte poten, ter grootte van een ree. Een volwassen exemplaar is ongeveer 120 tot 130 cm lang, 60 tot 80 cm hoog (schouder) en weegt 40 tot 60 kg. De staart is 8 tot 13 centimeter lang. Het mannetje is makkelijk te onderscheiden van het vrouwtje door het grotere formaat en gewei. Het Prins-Alfredhert heeft een vrij onopvallend uiterlijk, met een wollig bruine vacht en ovale witte vlekken op de donkerbruine rug en zij. De buik van het dier is crèmekleurig. Het heeft een relatief smalle kop met een puntig aangezicht. De kop is lichter bruin van kleur dan de rest van het lichaam en de ogen worden omgeven door lichtgekleurde vacht. De kin en hals van het Prins-Alfredhert is wit van kleur.
Het gewei van het mannetje begint te groeien na het eerste levensjaar en wordt gewoonlijk ongeveer 20 tot 25 centimeter lang.
Het Prins-Alfredhert kwam van oorsprong voor op de Filipijnse eilanden Cebu, Guimaras, Leyte, Masbate, Negros en Panay, Samar en mogelijk ook op Ticao. Sinds begin jaren negentig komt deze soort vermoedelijk alleen nog voor Negros en Panay. Op Negros komen nog populaties voor in Mount Kanlaon Natural Park, Northern Negros Forest Reserve en Mount Talinis/Lake Balinsasayao Reserve. Op Panay leeft een populatie in een gebied in het westen van het eiland van Mount Madja tot Mount Baloy. Begin jaren negentig werden nog enkele exemplaren gerapporteerd op Masbate, maar deze populatie is inmiddels vermoedelijk uitgestorven. Op Cebu is dit hert al sinds halverwege de 20e eeuw uitgestorven.
De natuurlijke leefomgeving van het Prins-Alfredhert is laaggelegen regenwoud en secundair (aangelegd) woud tot op een hoogte van zo’n 1500 meter boven zeeniveau. Ze leven in deze bossen in kleine groepjes van drie tot zeven herten.
Het Prins-Alfredhert eet meestal 's nachts. Zijn dieet bestaat voornamelijk uit diverse soorten jong gras, waaronder Japans bloedgras, en jonge laaggroeiende bladeren en knoppen. Daarnaast worden ze wel aangetroffen in recent afgebrande stukken bos, waar ze de as oplikken, vermoedelijk vanwege de mineralen die erin te vinden zijn.
Waarnemingen tonen aan dat de paringstijd van een Prins-Alfredhert in november en december valt, maar mogelijk ook al iets eerder. De mannetjes produceren in deze periode een opvallend gebrul. Hoewel over de voortplanting in het wild niets bekend is, vertonen verwante soorten polygyn gedrag, waarbij 1 mannetje meerdere vrouwtjes bevrucht. Na een draagtijd van ongeveer 240 dagen komen de jonge Prins-Alfredherten in mei en juni ter wereld. De jonge dieren zijn in het begin gevlekt en na ongeveer een jaar volwassen.
Het Prins-Alfred is door de jacht en de drastische achteruitgang van zijn leefgebied door houtkap een van de zeldzaamste zoogdieren op aarde geworden. Volgens schatting leven er nog slechts enkele honderden exemplaren in het wild. Een onderzoek uit 1991 toonde aan dat de soort in 95% van zijn oorspronkelijke leefgebied is uitgestorven.
De Filipijnse overheid heeft enkele maatregelen genomen om het Prins-Alfredhert te beschermen. Zo is het dier uitgeroepen tot beschermde diersoort en leeft het in enkele beschermde natuurgebieden en reservaten. Handhaving van de beschermingsmaatregelen en actie tegen jagers is echter in de praktijk moeilijk te realiseren door de afgelegen en moeilijk doordringbare bosgebieden waarin de resterende populaties leven. In 1990 namen enkele Europese dierentuinen het initiatief om een programma voor de bescherming van het Prins-Alfredhert op te zetten. Via het Philippine Spotted Deer Conservation Program worden drie Filipijnse fok- en opvangcentra gefinancierd. Daarnaast is, om het voortbestaan van de soort te garanderen, in de Filipijnen en in een aantal Europese dierentuinen, waaronder Diergaarde Blijdorp een fokprogramma opgezet dat dient als buffer voor de populatie wilde Prins-Alfredherten. Dit fokprogramma was succesvol, want eind 2004 was de populatie Prins-Alfredherten in Europa opgelopen tot ongeveer 80 exemplaren. Zolang de belangrijkste oorzaken van de afname van de resterende populaties Prins-Alfredherten op Negros en Panay niet worden weggenomen is de kans dat de soort in het wild uit zal sterven echter groot[2].
Bronnen, noten en/of referentiesHet Prins-Alfredhert (Cervus alfredi, voorheen Rusa alfredi) is een hertensoort die uitsluitend voorkomt in de bossen van enkele Filipijnse eilanden. De soort werd lange tijd gezien als een regionale variant van de sambar (Rusa unicolor) en behoort tot de meest zeldzame diersoorten op aarde. De soort is vernoemd naar Alfred van Saksen-Coburg en Gotha, de reislustige hertog van Edinburgh (1844-1900).
Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons Sambar kropkowany[3], jeleń Alfreda[4] (Rusa alfredi) – gatunek ssaka z rodziny jeleniowatych (Cervidae). To jeden z trzech tubylczych gatunków jeleni na Filipinach.
Dawniej występował w lasach na filipińskich wyspach Panay, Negros, Cebu. Uznano, że ostatecznie wyginął na wolności w 1980 roku. W 1987 roku znaleziono oswojonego samca w jednej z wiosek, później także kilka innych osobników. Obecnie jeleń Alfreda jest hodowany w zoo. W 2009 roku, na podstawie znalezionych śladów i odchodów zwierzęcia, potwierdzono jego występowanie głęboko w filipińskiej dżungli[5]. Obecnie żyje na Negros i Panay.
Długość ciała 125–130 cm. Wysokość w kłębie 70–80 cm. Masa ciała 25–80 kg.
Obecnie uważa się, że światowa populacja tych jeleni nie przekracza 300 osobników, co czyni je jednymi z najrzadszych ssaków. Zagrożenie dla gatunku stanowi kłusownictwo i wylesianie naturalnego środowiska[5].
Sambar kropkowany, jeleń Alfreda (Rusa alfredi) – gatunek ssaka z rodziny jeleniowatych (Cervidae). To jeden z trzech tubylczych gatunków jeleni na Filipinach.
O cervo-malhado-de-visayan[1] (Rusa alfredi), também conhecido como sambar-malhado-das-Filipinas[2], cervo-malhado-das-filipinas ou cervo-do-duque-alfredo, é um cervídeo de hábitos noturnos e ameaçado de extinção, que vive em florestas pluviais das Visayas, nas Filipinas.
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|endereço= ignorado (ajuda) O cervo-malhado-de-visayan (Rusa alfredi), também conhecido como sambar-malhado-das-Filipinas, cervo-malhado-das-filipinas ou cervo-do-duque-alfredo, é um cervídeo de hábitos noturnos e ameaçado de extinção, que vive em florestas pluviais das Visayas, nas Filipinas.
Alfreds hjort (Rusa alfredi eller Cervus alfredi) är en art i familjen hjortdjur som är endemisk på Filippinerna. Den är uppkallad efter prins Alfred av Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha, son till den brittiska drottningen Victoria.
Djuret har en tät päls med mörkbrun färg. Många ljusa prickar är fördelade på hjortens rygg och kroppssidor. Buken och svansen har en vit-grå färg. Horn finns liksom hos de flesta hjortdjuren bara hos hannar och grenarna är jämförelsevis tjocka. I motsats till andra hjortdjur har arten en ganska smal skalle. Med en kroppslängd av ungefär 125 centimeter och en mankhöjd på 65 till 80 centimeter är Alfreds hjort en av de minsta i familjen.
Arten förekommer i regnskogen av Visayaöarna som räknas till Filippinerna På flera öar där den ursprungligen var present är arten idag utdöd. Till exempel fanns omkring 1980 små populationer på Leyte och Samar men det antas att de numera är utrotade. Beståndet är idag begränsat på öarna Negros och Panay.
Det är inte mycket känt om artens beteende. Den är aktiv på natten och individerna lever främst ensamma. De vistas vanligen i den täta undervegetationen och äter gräs samt löv. Födelsen av ungdjuren sker oftast i maj eller juni. Dräktigheten varar i ungefär åtta månader och vanligen föds ett ungdjur åt gången.
På grund av jakt och förstöringen av levnadsområdet minskade artens bestånd oroväckande. Som nämnd tidigare är hjortens utbredningsområde numera begränsad på några få ställen. Regionen minskade efter artens upptäckt med 95 %. Enligt uppskattningar lever idag några hundra individer och IUCN listar arten som stark hotad (endangered). Det finns projekt för att avla Alfreds hjort i fångenskap för att säkra djurets bestånd.
Att Alfreds hjort är en självständig art fastslogs under 1980-talet. Innan listades djuret som underart till sambarhjort eller till Rusa marianna.
Wikimedia Commons har media som rör Alfreds hjort.
Alfreds hjort (Rusa alfredi eller Cervus alfredi) är en art i familjen hjortdjur som är endemisk på Filippinerna. Den är uppkallad efter prins Alfred av Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha, son till den brittiska drottningen Victoria.
Bilimsel sınıflandırma Âlem: Animalia Şube: Chordata Sınıf: Mammalia Takım: Artiodactyla Alt takım: Ruminantia Familya: CervidaeFilipinler benekli geyiği ya da Visaya benekli geyiği (Cervus alfredi) geyikgiller (Latince: Cervidae) familyasından Filipinler'in Visaya Adaları'nda bulunan Panay Adası'na özgü bir geyik türüdür. Filipinler'e özgü üç geyik türünden biridir. Uzunlukları 125 – 130 cm. arasında, boyları 70–80 cm. arasında ve ağırlıkları 25–80 kg. arasındadır.
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Çift toynaklılar ile ilgili bu madde bir taslaktır. Madde içeriğini geliştirerek Vikipedi'ye katkıda bulunabilirsiniz. Filipinler benekli geyiği ya da Visaya benekli geyiği (Cervus alfredi) geyikgiller (Latince: Cervidae) familyasından Filipinler'in Visaya Adaları'nda bulunan Panay Adası'na özgü bir geyik türüdür. Filipinler'e özgü üç geyik türünden biridir. Uzunlukları 125 – 130 cm. arasında, boyları 70–80 cm. arasında ve ağırlıkları 25–80 kg. arasındadır.
Hươu đốm đảo Visayas (danh pháp hai phần: Rusa alfredi) là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Hươu nai, bộ Guốc chẵn. Loài này được Sclater mô tả năm 1870.[1] Đây là một loài sống về đêm và nguy cơ tuyệt chủng sinh sồn chủ yếu trong các khu rừng nhiệt đới của đảo Visayas của Panay và Negros mặc dù chúng đã từng hiện diện khắp các đảo khác như Cebu, Guimaras, Leyte, Masbate, và Samar. Đây là một trong ba loài hươu loài đặc hữu ở Philippines, mặc dù nó không được công nhận là một loài riêng biệt cho đến năm 1983. Ước tính có khoảng 2.500 cá thể trưởng thành sống sót trên toàn thế giới tại thời điểm 1996, theo ước tính của IUCN.
Mặc dù người ta không chắc chắn có bao nhiêu trong số chúng vẫn còn tồn tại trong tự nhiên. Chế độ ăn của loài nai này bao gồm các loại cỏ, lá và chồi trong rừng, là chỉ số hàng đầu về môi trường sống của chúng. Từ năm 1991, phạm vi của loài nai này đã giảm nghiêm trọng và ngày nay gần như ở các cánh đồng rộng lớn với loài lợn hoang đảo Visayas.
Phương tiện liên quan tới Rusa alfredi tại Wikimedia Commons
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Bài viết về chủ đề Bộ Guốc chẵn này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn. Hươu đốm đảo Visayas (danh pháp hai phần: Rusa alfredi) là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Hươu nai, bộ Guốc chẵn. Loài này được Sclater mô tả năm 1870. Đây là một loài sống về đêm và nguy cơ tuyệt chủng sinh sồn chủ yếu trong các khu rừng nhiệt đới của đảo Visayas của Panay và Negros mặc dù chúng đã từng hiện diện khắp các đảo khác như Cebu, Guimaras, Leyte, Masbate, và Samar. Đây là một trong ba loài hươu loài đặc hữu ở Philippines, mặc dù nó không được công nhận là một loài riêng biệt cho đến năm 1983. Ước tính có khoảng 2.500 cá thể trưởng thành sống sót trên toàn thế giới tại thời điểm 1996, theo ước tính của IUCN.
Mặc dù người ta không chắc chắn có bao nhiêu trong số chúng vẫn còn tồn tại trong tự nhiên. Chế độ ăn của loài nai này bao gồm các loại cỏ, lá và chồi trong rừng, là chỉ số hàng đầu về môi trường sống của chúng. Từ năm 1991, phạm vi của loài nai này đã giảm nghiêm trọng và ngày nay gần như ở các cánh đồng rộng lớn với loài lợn hoang đảo Visayas.
Rusa alfredi (Sclater, 1870)
Синонимы
Филиппинский пятнистый олень[источник не указан 469 дней] (лат. Rusa alfredi) — крупное млекопитающее семейства оленевых, близкий родственник замбара. Эндемик Западных Висайских островов, входящих в Филиппины, вымирающий вид, фактически сохранился только на островах Негрос и Панай, общая популяция составляет не более 2500 взрослых особей.[1]
В отдельный вид Cervus alfredi был выделен только в 1983 году, до этого считался региональной разновидностью замбара. В 2004 году в результате филогенетических исследований перемещён из рода Cervus в род Rusa.[1]
Это заготовка статьи по зоологии. Вы можете помочь проекту, дополнив её. Филиппинский пятнистый олень[источник не указан 469 дней] (лат. Rusa alfredi) — крупное млекопитающее семейства оленевых, близкий родственник замбара. Эндемик Западных Висайских островов, входящих в Филиппины, вымирающий вид, фактически сохранился только на островах Негрос и Панай, общая популяция составляет не более 2500 взрослых особей.
비사야얼룩사슴 또는 필리핀얼룩사슴(Cervus alfredi)은 멸종위기종의 하나로 야행성 사슴이다. 루사사슴속(Rusa)으로 분류하기도 한다. 주로 파나이섬의 비사야 제도와 네그로스섬의 우림에서 서식하며, 한때는 세부주, 기마라스주, 레이테섬, 마스바테주 그리고 사마르주와 같은 지역의 섬에서도 발견되기도 했다. 필리핀에 서식하는 3종의 사슴 중의 하나지만 1983년 이전까지는 별도의 종으로 인정받지는 못했다. IUCN에 의하면 1996년에 전세계적으로 약 2500여 마리가 서식하는 것으로 추산되지만, 야생에서 얼마나 많은 개체가 살아있는 지 확실치 않다. 비사야사슴의 먹이는 서식지 숲에서 얻을 수 있는 여러 종류의 풀과 나뭇잎, 새싹 등 다양하게 이루어져 있다. 1991년 이후 분포 지역은 현저하게 감소하고 있으며, 현재 비사야워티피그의 서식지와 거의 일치한다.
