dcsimg

Associations ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من BioImages, the virtual fieldguide, UK
Foodplant / saprobe
pulvinate, erumpent or superficial stroma of Daldinia fissa is saprobic on wood of Quercus rubra

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Marasmius quercophilus is saprobic on dead, fallen, decayed leaf of Quercus rubra
Other: minor host/prey

In Great Britain and/or Ireland:
Foodplant / saprobe
becoming erumpent through longitudinal slits pycnidium of Phomopsis coelomycetous anamorph of Phomopsis quercella is saprobic on dead twig of Quercus rubra
Remarks: season: 12

Foodplant / spot causer
hypophyllous ascoma of Taphrina caerulescens causes spots on live, blistered leaf of Quercus rubra

ترخيص
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
حقوق النشر
BioImages
المشروع
BioImages
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
BioImages, the virtual fieldguide, UK

Comments ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من eFloras
Trees with large nuts only one-fourth covered by flat saucer-shaped cups often are treated as Quercus rubra var. rubra ; those with smaller nuts one-third covered by cup- or bowl-shaped cups are treated as Q . rubra var. borealis (F. Michaux) Farwell. While E. J. Palmer (1942) suggested that these two varieties do not breed true, K. M. McDougal and C. R. Parks (1986) found evidence of correspondence between morphologic types and flavonoid chemotypes. This is one of the most important ornamental and timber trees in the genus.

Native Americans used Quercus rubra for a number of medical purposes, including the treatment of sores, weakness, lung problems, sore throat, dysentery, indigestion, chapped skin, chills and fevers, lost voice, asthma, cough, milky urine, hear trouble, blood diseases, and Italian itch, and as an appetizer (D. E. Moerman 1986).

Quercus rubra reportedly hybridizes with Q . coccinea (= Q . × benderi Baenitz) and Q . ellipsoidalis (P. C. Swain 1972; R. J. Jensen et al. 1993); with Q . ilicifolia (= Q . × fernaldii Trelease), Q . imbricaria [ Q . × runcinata (A. de Candolle) Engelmann], and Q . marilandica (E. J. Palmer 1948; D. M. Hunt 1989); with Q . nigra (D. M. Hunt 1989); and with Q . palustris (= Q . × columnaris Laughlin), Q . phellos (= Q . × heterophylla F. Michaux), Q . shumardii (= Q . × riparia Laughlin), and Q . velutina (= Q . × hawkinsii Sudworth).

ترخيص
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
حقوق النشر
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Flora of North America Vol. 3 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
المصدر
Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
محرر
Flora of North America Editorial Committee
المشروع
eFloras.org
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
eFloras

Description ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من eFloras
Trees , deciduous, to 30 m. Bark gray or dark gray, ridges wide, shiny, separated by shallow fissures, inner bark pinkish. Twigs reddish brown, 2-3.5(-4.5) mm diam., glabrous. Terminal buds dark reddish brown, ovoid to ellipsoid, 4-7 mm, glabrous or with tuft of reddish hairs at apex. Leaves: petiole 25-50 mm, glabrous, often red tinged. Leaf blade ovate to elliptic or obovate, 120-200 × 60-120 mm, base broadly cuneate to almost truncate, margins with 7-11 lobes and 12-50 awns, lobes oblong, occasionally distally expanded, separated by shallow sinuses, sinuses usually extending less than 1/2 distance to midrib, apex acute; surfaces abaxially pale green, often glaucous, glabrous except for minute axillary tufts of tomentum, adaxially dull green, glabrous, secondary veins raised on both surfaces. Acorns biennial; cup saucer- to cup-shaped, 5-12 mm high × 18-30 mm wide, covering 1/4-1/3 nut, outer surface puberulent, inner surface light brown to red-brown, glabrous or with ring of pubescence around scar, scales less than 4 mm, often with dark margins, tips tightly appressed, obtuse; nut ovoid to oblong, 15-30 × 10-21 mm, glabrous, scar diam. 6.5-12.5 mm. 2 n = 24.
ترخيص
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
حقوق النشر
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Flora of North America Vol. 3 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
المصدر
Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
محرر
Flora of North America Editorial Committee
المشروع
eFloras.org
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
eFloras

Distribution ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من eFloras
N.B., N.S., Ont., P.E.I., Que.; Ala., Ark., Conn., Del., D.C., Ga., Ill., Ind., Iowa, Kans., Ky., Maine, Md., Mass., Mich., Minn., Miss., Mo., Nebr., N.H., N.J., N.Y., N.C., Ohio, Okla., Pa., R.I., S.C., Tenn., Vt., Va., W.Va., Wis.
ترخيص
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
حقوق النشر
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Flora of North America Vol. 3 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
المصدر
Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
محرر
Flora of North America Editorial Committee
المشروع
eFloras.org
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
eFloras

Flowering/Fruiting ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من eFloras
Flowering spring.
ترخيص
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
حقوق النشر
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Flora of North America Vol. 3 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
المصدر
Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
محرر
Flora of North America Editorial Committee
المشروع
eFloras.org
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
eFloras

Habitat ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من eFloras
Commonly on mesic slopes and well-drained uplands, occasionally on dry slopes or poorly drained uplands; 0-1800m.
ترخيص
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
حقوق النشر
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Flora of North America Vol. 3 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
المصدر
Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
محرر
Flora of North America Editorial Committee
المشروع
eFloras.org
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
eFloras

Synonym ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من eFloras
Quercus borealis Michaux; Q. maxima Ashe
ترخيص
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
حقوق النشر
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Flora of North America Vol. 3 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
المصدر
Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
محرر
Flora of North America Editorial Committee
المشروع
eFloras.org
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
eFloras

Description ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من EOL authors
General: Beech Family (Fagaceae). Native trees often reaching 20–30 m tall, less commonly up to 50 m; bark dark gray or black, shallowly furrowed into broad hard scaly ridges, inner bark reddish to pink; generally developing a strong taproot and network of deep, spreading laterals. Leaves are deciduous, alternate, elliptic, 10–25 cm long and 8–15 cm wide, divided less than halfway to midvein into 7–11 shallow wavy lobes with a few irregular bristle-tipped teeth, sinuses usually extending less than 1/2 distance to midrib, glabrous and dull green above, light dull green below with tufts of hairs in vein angles. Male and female flowers are borne in separate catkins on the same tree (the species monoecious), the staminate catkins in leaf axils of the previous year's growth, the pistillate in 2–many-flowered spikes in the leaf axils. Acorns maturing in the second year, about 15–30 mm long, with a broad usually shallow cup, borne singly or in clusters of 2–5. The common name is in reference to the red fall foliage color, red petioles, and reddish interior wood. This is a different species from “southern red oak” (Q. falcata). Northern red oak is a member of the red oak subgroup (subg. Erythrobalanus = sect. Lobatae). It hybridizes with related species, including scarlet oak (Q. coccinea), northern pin oak (Q. ellipsoidalis), shingle oak (Q. imbricata), scrub oak (Q. ilicifolia), blackjack oak (Q. marilandica), swamp oak (Q. palustris), willow oak (Q. phellos), Shumard oak (Q. shumardii), and black oak (Q. velutina). Variation within the species: There are different interpretations of variation patterns among trees of northern red oak. A single species without formally variants is sometimes recognized, or two varieties may be recognized. Quercus rubra var. ambigua (A. Gray) Fernald SY= Q. borealis Michx. f. SY= Q. rubra var. borealis (Michx. f.) Farw. Quercus rubra var. rubra SY= Q. maxima (Marsh.) Ashe SY= Q. borealis var. maxima (Marsh.) Ashe Var. rubra has a shallow cup, to 3 cm wide, enclosing 1/4–1/5 of the nut. Var. ambigua has a deeper cup, to 2 cm wide, enclosing 1/3 of the nut. McDougal and Parks (1984, 1986) found evidence of correspondence between morphological types and flavonoid chemotypes but the evolutionary status and geographic distribution of these have not been worked out in detail.
ترخيص
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
حقوق النشر
USDA NRCS National Plant Data Center and the Biota of North America Program
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Author: Matthew D. Hurteau, Formerly USDA NRCS National Plant Data Center, c/o, Environmental Horticulture Department, University of California, Davis, California USDA, NRCS. 2012 The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 2012). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA.
مؤلف
Bob Corrigan (bobcorrigan)
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
EOL authors

Broad-scale Impacts of Fire ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: fire severity, prescribed burn, severity, tree, wildfire

Oaks tend to be less susceptible to fire during the dormant season [98].
Individuals of poor vigor are less likely to heal following fire-induced
injury than are healthy vigorous specimens.  Oaks growing in overstocked
stands typically exhibit lower vigor and are more susceptible to
fire-caused damage.  Crooked or leaning trees are particularly
susceptible to damage since the flames are more likely to be directly
below the stem, thereby increasing the amount of heat received by the
bark's surface.  Mortality or serious injury increases with greater fire
severity.  Mortality of seedlings may be correlated with temperatures
near the root collars [51].  [See FIRE CASE STUDY].

High mortality was reported after 8 years of biennial burning, although
mortality was not obvious until after the first 3 years.  A spring fire
killed 58 percent of existing northern red oak seedlings and caused
severe damage to the boles of some overstory trees [120].  However, an
"extremely hot" wildfire in Indiana, killed only 22 percent of
4-year-old plants [25].  The tops of 92 percent of 1-year-old northern
red oak seedlings were killed by a low-severity prescribed burn in
Wisconsin, but regenerative portions of 38 percent survived [25].

Northern red oak is generally more severely fire-scarred than many other
oaks [112].  When basal cambial tissue is seriously damaged by fire,
injuries often permit the entry of insects or decay that may ultimately
kill the tree [1,45,98,106].  Toole [132] reported that by the 2d year
after fire, 60 percent of wounded northern red oaks was infested by
insects.  Heart rot spread to 2.5 times the height of the bark
discoloration within 7 years of the fire.  Heart rot progressed more
slowly where the original fire scar represented less than 20 percent of
the tree's circumference and more rapidly where the fire scar was more
extensive.  Rouse [98] estimated that rot traveled up the bole of a
fire-damaged tree at 1.25 feet (0.4 m) per decade.

Mortality equations based on d.b.h., and the width and height of bark
blackening have been developed for northern red oak [71].  These
equations can be useful in predicting if a fire-damaged oak will
survive.
ترخيص
cc-publicdomain
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Quercus rubra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
Fire Effects Information System Plants

Broad-scale Impacts of Plant Response to Fire ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: forest, prescribed fire, tree

Seedlings, saplings, and pole-sized individuals commonly sprout if
girdled by fire.  Damaged seedlings can often sprout several times and
may ultimately grow beyond the fire-susceptible stage [43].  Sprouting
ability appears to decrease as plants age.  Large trees much less likely
to sprout if severely damaged by fire.

On the George Washington National Forest, West Virginia, a spring prescribed
fire promoted northern red oak seedling establishment but reduced northern
red oak sprouts in a mixed-hardwood forest. Average red oak seedling densities
before fire and in postfire year 5 were 0 and 26 seedlings/acre, respectively;
northern red oak sprout densities were 658 sprouts/acre before and 0 sprouts/acre
5 years after the fire. See the Research Paper of Wendel and Smith's [135]
study for details on the fire prescription and fire effects on northern red oak
and 6 other tree species.

For further information on red oak response to fire, see Fire Case Studies.

The Research Project Summaries Effects of surface fires in a mixed red and

eastern white pine stand in Michigan
and
Early postfire
effects of a prescribed

fire
in the southern Appalachians of North Carolina
and the Research Paper by
Bowles and others 2007 provide information
on prescribed fire and postfire

response
of several plant species, including northern red oak,
that was not

available when this species review was originally written.

ترخيص
cc-publicdomain
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Quercus rubra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
Fire Effects Information System Plants

Common Names ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
northern red oak
red oak
common red oak
gray oak
eastern red oak
mountain red oak
ترخيص
cc-publicdomain
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Quercus rubra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
Fire Effects Information System Plants

Cover Value ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: cover, tree

Northern red oak provides good cover for a wide variety of birds and
mammals.  Young oaks with low branches serve as particularly good winter
cover.  Oak leaves often persist longer than those of many of its plant
associates and in some areas, young oaks may represent the only brushy
winter cover in dense pole stands [105].  Oaks frequently serve as
perching or nesting sites for various songbirds [19].  Many cavity
nesters, such as the red-bellied and hairy woodpecker, utilize northern
red oak [133].  The well-developed crowns of oaks provide shelter and
hiding cover for tree squirrels and other small mammals.  Many birds and
mammals use twigs and leaves as nesting materials [74].  Large oaks
provide denning sites for a variety of mammals [19].
ترخيص
cc-publicdomain
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Quercus rubra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
Fire Effects Information System Plants

Description ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: monoecious, tree

Northern red oak is a medium to large, variable deciduous tree [39,47].
It is the tallest and most rapidly growing of the oaks [20] and commonly
reaches 65 to 98 feet (20-30 m) in height and 2 to 3 feet (61-91 m) in
diameter [101].  On extremely favorable sites plants may grow to 160
feet (49 m) and up to 8 feet (2.4 m) in diameter [24].  Trees are tall,
straight, and columnar with a large crown in forested stands but are
characterized by a short bole and spreading crown in openings [101].
Plants generally have a strongly developed taproot and a network of
deep, spreading laterals [47,56].  The gray to grayish-brown bark has
shallow vertical furrows and low ridges and becomes checkered with age
[39].

Northern red oak is monoecious.  Staminate catkins are borne in leaf
axils of the previous year's growth, whereas pistillate catkins occur in
two- to many-flowered spikes in the axils of leaves [101].  The acorns
are approximately 0.8 to 1.3 inch (20-33 mm) in length, with a shallow,
saucer-shaped cup [26,39,47].  Acorns are borne singly or in clusters of
two to five [101].  The nut contains a large, white, bitter kernel [20].

The variety ambigua is characterized by smaller acorn cups [93].
ترخيص
cc-publicdomain
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Quercus rubra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
Fire Effects Information System Plants

Distribution ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
Northern red oak is widely distributed throughout much of the eastern
United States and southeastern Canada.  It grows from Quebec, Ontario,
Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick southward to southwestern Georgia and
Alabama [39,101].  Northern red oak extends westward through Minnesota
and Iowa, south through eastern Nebraska and Kansas to eastern Oklahoma
[101].  It occurs locally in eastern and southwestern Louisiana and
western Mississippi [39,69].

The variety rubra grows in Georgia and Alabama, northward through
Kentucky, Tennessee, and West Virginia to New England [93,104].  The
variety ambigua occurs farther north than variety rubra does [30].
Variety borealis occurs in Virginia, Tennessee, and North Carolina in
the South and extends northward throughout New England to Maine
[39,104].
ترخيص
cc-publicdomain
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Quercus rubra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
Fire Effects Information System Plants

Fire Management Considerations ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: competition, fern, fire exclusion, fire management, forest, herbaceous, prescribed burn, prescribed fire, root collar, series

Prescribed fire:  Prescribed fire can be an important tool for
regenerating oak stands.  However, results do not always favor oak.
Crow [25] reported that "although there is abundant evidence of a
general relationship between fire and the occurrence of oak, prescribed
burning is not yet a viable silvicultural tool for regenerating oak
stands."  Most oaks sprout vigorously after fire, and competing
vegetation can be much reduced [43].  However, a single low-intensity
fire may have little impact on competing vegetation [25].  According to
Crow [25], a "commitment to frequent burning is needed to compensate for
decades of fire exclusion."  In the southern Appalachians, biennial
summer burns are usually most effective in promoting advance
regeneration.  Single pre- or post-harvest burns generally have
little effect [121].

Timber harvest and fire:  Fire can be used to control competing
herbaceous vegetation after timber harvest [18].  A series of cool or
low-severity prescribed fires prior to timber harvest can promote
advanced regeneration in oaks [121].

Fuels and flammability:  Wydeven and Kloes [131] reported that a "fairly
cool" fire in an uncut northern red oak stand produced flame lengths of
1 to 1.8 feet (0.3-0.56 m).  A "very hot" fire in a cut stand generated
flames 1.6 to 20 feet (0.5-6.0 m) high.

FIRE CASE STUDY

SPECIES: Quercus rubra
FIRE CASE STUDY CITATION :
Tirmenstein, D. A., compiler. 1991. Effects of prescribed burning on northern
red oak in Wisconsin. In: Quercus rubra. In: Fire Effects Information
System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,
Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer).
Available: https://www.fs.fed.us
/database/feis/ [
var months = new Array(12);
months[0] = "January";
months[1] = "February";
months[2] = "March";
months[3] = "April";
months[4] = "May";
months[5] = "June";
months[6] = "July";
months[7] = "August";
months[8] = "September";
months[9] = "October";
months[10] = "November";
months[11] = "December";
var date = new Date();
var year = date.getFullYear();
var month = date.getMonth();
var day = date.getDate();
document.write(year+", "+months[month]+" "+day);
].


REFERENCE :
Johnson, Paul S. 1974. Survival and growth of northern red oak seedlings
following a prescribed burn. Res. Note NC-177. St. Paul, MN: U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, North Central Forest
Experiment Station. 3 p. [50].


SEASON/SEVERITY CLASSIFICATION :
mid-April/not reported.


STUDY LOCATION :
The prescribed burn was conducted on the Hardies Creek Timber Harvest
Farm in Trempeauleau County, Wisconsin.


PREFIRE VEGETATIVE COMMUNITY :
The preburn community was a 102-year old northern red oak stand.
Understory vegetation included interrupted fern (Osmunda claytoniana),
lady fern (Athyrium felix-femina), American hazel (Corylus americana),
and briars (Rubus spp.).


TARGET SPECIES PHENOLOGICAL STATE :
Not reported.


SITE DESCRIPTION :
      Slope:  10 to 35 percent.
      Aspect:  north to east.
      Site index for northern red oak:  70.


FIRE DESCRIPTION :
The forest floor (layers L and F) was wet and the fire spread at only 13
inches (33 cm) per minute.  Conditions were as follows:

      Ambient air temperature:  70 degrees F (21 deg C)
      Relative humidity:  25 percent
      Winds:  5 miles per hour (8 km/hour)
      Temperature of soil-forest floor interface:  50 degrees F (10 deg C)


FIRE EFFECTS ON TARGET SPECIES :
Mortality of northern red oak was related to temperatures near the root
collar.  Ninety-three percent of the seedlings on the unburned control
plot were alive after one growing season, but only 42 percent of those
on burned plots survived.  All but 8 of the 42 surviving seedlings were
top-killed.  Thirty-four seedling sprouts were produced, with one to
three living stems originating from the root collar.  Where the
temperature reached 220 degrees F (104 deg C) or more, mortality of
seedlings averaged 71 percent.  Mortality was 64 percent on plots where
the temperature reached 140 to 219 degrees F (60-104 deg C).  Where
temperature was less than 140 degrees F (60 deg C), mortality was only
19 percent.  Seedlings on the burned plot were significantly shorter.


FIRE MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS :
With 7,000 seedlings per acre (17,290/ha), a 50 to 60 percent reduction
in northern red oak seedling numbers may be acceptable as long as
competing vegetation is reduced.  However, this spring fire had little
effect on competing vegetation.  Study results suggest that a single,
low-severity spring burn may harm northern red oak seedlings where
postburn competition is intense.  More research is needed to determine
conditions under which prescribed burns might control competing
vegetation and favor northern red oak reproduction.
ترخيص
cc-publicdomain
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Quercus rubra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
Fire Effects Information System Plants

Fire Management Implications ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term: competition

With 7,000 seedlings per acre (17,290/ha), a 50 to 60 percent reduction
in northern red oak seedling numbers may be acceptable as long as
competing vegetation is reduced.  However, this spring fire had little
effect on competing vegetation.  Study results suggest that a single,
low-severity spring burn may harm northern red oak seedlings where
postburn competition is intense.  More research is needed to determine
conditions under which prescribed burns might control competing
vegetation and favor northern red oak reproduction.
ترخيص
cc-publicdomain
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
Fire Effects Information System Plants

Growth Form (according to Raunkiær Life-form classification) ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic.

More info for the term: phanerophyte

Phanerophyte
ترخيص
cc-publicdomain
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Quercus rubra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
Fire Effects Information System Plants

Habitat characteristics ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: herbaceous, mesic, shrubs, tree, vines

Northern red oak grows on a variety of dry-mesic to mesic sites [3].  It
occurs in rich, mesic woods, on sandy plains, rock outcrops, stable
interdunes, and at the outer edges of floodplains [29,124,126].
Northern red oak is most common on north- and east-facing slopes
[30,101].  It typically grows on lower and middle slopes, in coves,
ravines, and on valley floors [101].

Plant associates:  Overstory associates of northern red oak are numerous
and include white oak (Quercus alba), black oak, scarlet oak, southern
red oak, post oak (Q. stellata), eastern white pine (Pinus strobus),
American beech (Fagus grandifolia), sugar maple, red maple (Acer
rubrum), black cherry (Prunus serotina), American basswood (Tilia
americana), sweet gum (Liquidambar styraciflua), white ash (Fraxinus
americana), green ash (F. pennsylvanica), aspen (Populus tremuloides),
hickories (Carya spp.), black gum (Nyssa sylvatica), black walnut
(Juglans nigra), jack pine (Pinus banksiana), eastern hemlock (Tsuga
canadensis), and elm (Ulmus spp.) [12,76,82,101].  Flowering dogwood
(Cornus florida), holly (Ilex spp.), eastern hophornbeam (Ostrya
virginiana), sassafras (Sassafras albidum), American bladdernut
(Staphylea trifolia), redbud (Cercis canadensis), persimmon (Diospyros
virginiana), and serviceberry (Amelanchier spp.) are frequent small tree
associates [101].  Common understory shrubs and vines include greenbrier
(Smilax spp.), blueberries (Vaccinium spp.), mountain-laurel (Kalmia
spp.), leatherwood (Dirca palustris), witch-hazel (Hamamelis
virginiana), beaked hazel (Corylus cornuta), spice bush (Lindera
benzoin), poison-ivy (Toxicodendron radicans), grape (Vitis spp.), and
rosebay rhododendron (Rhododendron maximum) [101].  Numerous herbaceous
species occur with northern red oak.

Climate:  Annual precipitation averages 30 inches (76 cm) at the
northwestern edge of northern red oak's range and 80 inches (203 cm) in
the southern Appalachians [101].  Mean annual temperatures range from 40
degrees F (4 deg C) in the North to 60 degrees F (16 deg C) in the South
[24].  Growing season length varies from 100 to 220 days.  Northern red
oak reaches its best development in the Ohio Valley and along the west
slope of the Allegheny Mountains where precipitation averages 40 inches
(102 cm) annually and average annual temperature is 52 degrees F (11
degrees C) [101].

Soils:  Northern red oak grows on clay, loam, and sandy or gravelly
soils [20,101].  Soils may be deep and free of rocks, or shallow and
rocky [33].  Plants generally exhibit best growth on deep, fertile,
well-drained, finely textured soils with a relatively high water table
[26,39,101].  Soils are derived from a variety of parent materials
including glacial outwash, sandstone, shale, limestone, gneiss, schist,
or granite [101].

Elevation:  Northern red oak grows at relatively low elevations in the
Smoky Mountains.  The variety rubra typically grows at lower elevations
than does the variety ambigua [129].  Generalized elevations ranges by
geographic location are as follows [73,101,113]:

        Location          Elevation                          

        s Appalachians    up to 5,500 feet (1,680 m)          
        White Mtns. NH    up to 1,476 feet (450 m)            
        IN                700 to 850 feet (214-259 m)        
        MO                800 to 1,300 feet (244-397 m)       
        MI                600 to 700 feet (182-214 m)        
        NY                900 to 1,400 feet (275-427 m)      
        NC                2,300 to 5,000 feet (702-1,525 m)   
        WV                1,800 to 3,500 feet (549-1,070 m)   
        WI                800 to 1,000 feet (244-305 m)      
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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Quercus rubra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Habitat: Cover Types ( الإنجليزية )

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More info on this topic.

This species is known to occur in association with the following cover types (as classified by the Society of American Foresters):

More info for the term: hardwood

     1  Jack pine
    14  Northern pin oak
    15  Red pine
    17  Pin cherry
    18  Paper birch
    19  Gray birch - red maple
    20  White pine - northern red oak - red maple
    21  Eastern white pine
    22  White pine - hemlock
    23  Eastern hemlock
    25  Sugar maple - beech - yellow birch
    26  Sugar maple - basswood
    27  Sugar maple
    28  Black cherry - maple
    29  Black cherry
    40  Post oak - blackjack oak
    42  Bur oak
    43  Bear oak
    44  Chestnut oak
    45  Pitch pine
    46  Eastern redcedar
    51  White pine - chestnut oak
    52  White oak - black oak - northern red oak
    53  White oak
    55  Northern red oak
    57  Yellow poplar
    58  Yellow poplar - eastern hemlock
    59  Yellow poplar - white oak - northern red oak
    60  Beech - sugar maple
    82  Loblolly pine - hardwood
   108  Red maple
   110  Black oak
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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Quercus rubra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Habitat: Ecosystem ( الإنجليزية )

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More info on this topic.

This species is known to occur in the following ecosystem types (as named by the U.S. Forest Service in their Forest and Range Ecosystem [FRES] Type classification):

   FRES10  White - red - jack pine
   FRES13  Loblolly - shortleaf pine
   FRES14  Oak - pine
   FRES15  Oak - hickory
   FRES18  Maple - beech - birch
   FRES19  Aspen - birch
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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Quercus rubra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Habitat: Plant Associations ( الإنجليزية )

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More info on this topic.

This species is known to occur in association with the following plant community types (as classified by Küchler 1964):

More info for the term: forest

   K095  Great Lakes pine forest
   K099  Maple - basswood
   K100  Oak - hickory forest
   K102  Beech - maple
   K103  Mixed mesophytic forest
   K104  Appalachian oak forest
   K110  Northeastern oak - pine forest
   K111  Oak - hickory pine forest
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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Quercus rubra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Importance to Livestock and Wildlife ( الإنجليزية )

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More info for the term: mast

Browse:  White-tailed deer commonly browse leaves and young seedlings
[81,119].  Telfer [116] reported that deer browsed only 2.8 percent of
northern red oak in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick.  However, in feeding
trials in New Hampshire, northern red oak leaves comprised 15 to 30
percent dry matter of deer diets [90].  Elk, hares, cottontail rabbits,
and moose also feed on northern red oak browse [116,119].  Pocket
gophers occasionally feed on the roots of seedlings [49].

Acorns:  Mammals - The white-footed mouse, eastern chipmunk, fox
squirrel, gray squirrel, red squirrel, white-tailed deer, flying
squirrels, and deer mice consume northern red oak acorns [15,111,119].
In a New Hampshire feeding trial, northern red oak acorns made up 5 to
55 percent (composition dry matter) of deer diets [90].  Acorns of the
northern red oak are a preferred fall and winter food of the gray
squirrel [40,65].  Domestic hogs also eat large quantities of northern
red oak acorns where available [119].  Acorns are an important fall food
source for the black bear [31,97].  The abundance of fall mast crops can
affect black bear reproductive success during the following year [31].

Birds - Acorns of the northern red oak are an important food source the
bobwhite, red-headed woodpecker, red-bellied woodpecker, blue jay,
tufted titmouse, grackle, white-breasted nuthatch, sapsuckers, quail,
ruffed grouse, and other birds [111,119].  They represent a particularly
important food source for the wild turkey.  A single turkey can consume
more than 221 acorns at a "single meal" [95].  Other birds that feed on
acorns include the ruffed grouse, sharp-tailed grouse, ring-necked
pheasant, wild turkey, eastern crow, northern flicker, grackle, blue
jay, brown thrasher, tufted titmouse, starling, lesser prairie chicken,
chickadees, nuthatches, and other songbirds.  Acorns are also important
food sources for various waterfowl such as the golden-eye, gadwall, wood
duck, hooded merganser, mallard, American pintail, black duck, redhead,
and green-winged teal [74,119].  Sprouted acorns are readily eaten by
deer, mice, and the northern bobwhite [119].
ترخيص
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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Quercus rubra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Key Plant Community Associations ( الإنجليزية )

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More info for the term: habitat type

Northern red oak occurs as a dominant in many communities [77],
including mixed mesophytic forests, pine-oak communities, and southern
bottomland forests [12,110].

Publications listing northern red oak as an indicator or dominant in
habitat type (hts) classifications are presented below:

Area              Classification                Authority
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
n MI, ne WI       general veg. hts              Coffman and others 1980
n WI              general veg. hts              Kotar and others 1988
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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Quercus rubra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Life Form ( الإنجليزية )

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More info for the term: tree

Tree
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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Quercus rubra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Management considerations ( الإنجليزية )

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More info for the terms: density, presence, seed, selection, series

Silviculture:  Northern red oak often regenerates poorly after timber
harvest.  According to Loftis [70], "the preparatory and seed cuts of
the classical shelterwood will not be a part of the shelterwood sequence
to regenerate oaks, but rather, the cuttings applied in a shelterwood to
regenerate northern red oak should be considered removal cuts to exploit
the presence of small advanced oak reproduction, enhancing the
development of and finally, releasing advanced reproduction that is
already established."  The presence of vigorous advanced regeneration is
essential for producing good stands of northern red oak after timber
harvest [5,21,85].  For adequate regeneration of oaks, advanced
regeneration of at least 4.5 feet (1.4 m) in height should number at
least 435 stems per acre (217/ha) prior to harvest [100].  However,
Kittridge and Aston [57] reported that as few as 60 stems per acre
(24/ha) may be sufficient for oak regeneration in some areas.

A series of selection cuts can produce stands with several age classes
and can generate sufficient advanced regeneration for well-stocked,
postharvest stands [7].  Initial cuts should reduce overstory densities
to no less than 60 percent stocking [100].  Reduction of competing
understory species may also be necessary in some instances [7,100].
Prescriptions for regenerating northern red oak should include the
following:  (1) control competing vegetation, (2) reduce overstory
density, (3) ensure adequate propagules, (4) manage for seedling
sprouts, and (5) remove overstory after seedling establishment [25].

Chemical control:  Oaks often produce basal sprouts in response to
herbicide treatments [36].  However, injections of glyphosate can kill
plants [128].

Mechanical treatments:  Trees which have been cut often develop multiple
trunks [10].  Approximately 9.9 sprouts per stump were reported 5 years
after trees were cut in Pennsylvania.  Average sprout numbers declined
to 1.1 per acre 35 years after cutting [75].  Sprouts derived from cut
stumps are often more vigorous than those which have developed as a
result of fire or herbivory [115].

Insects/disease:  Northern red oak is susceptible to several diseases
including oak wilt and oak decline [76].  Oak decline is particularly
serious and has affected northern red oak throughout much of the central
Appalachian region [80].  The gypsy moth and numerous other insects can
attack northern red oak, occasionally causing serious damage [41,101].

Damage:  Northern red oak is resistant to windthrow [87].

Environmental considerations:  Northern red oak is resistant to ozone
damage [48].

Wildlife considerations:  Increases in bear damage to crops, livestock,
and beehives has been noted in years of poor acorn crops [97].  Acorn
production for wildlife can be increased by selective thinning and by
protecting large oaks [90].
ترخيص
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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Quercus rubra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Nutritional Value ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
Browse:  Dry, fallen leaves are relatively high in protein but low in
digestibility for deer [44].  The nutrient content of northern red oak
browse has been reported as follows [90]:

                     Crude       Ether       Crude       N-free
   Dry matter %      protein %   extract %   fiber %     extract %
   ---------------------------------------------------------------
   33.3              13.27       2.15        23.88       55.37

Acorns:  Northern red oak acorns are relatively low in protein,
phosphorous and crude fiber but are a good source of metabolizable
energy, starches, sugars, and fat [90,95,107,126].  One pound of
northern red oak acorns contains approximately 1,300 calories [95].
Crude available protein of northern red oak acorns has been estimated at
4.6 to 5.92 percent [65].  Smith and Follmer [109] reported that
northern red oak acorns exhibit relatively high tannin levels (6
percent).  Other studies have reported tannin levels ranging from 4.34
to 15.90 percent [15,126,127].
ترخيص
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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Quercus rubra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Occurrence in North America ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
     AL  AR  CT  DE  FL  GA  IL  IN  IA  KS
     KY  LA  ME  MD  MA  MI  MN  MS  MO  NE
     NH  NJ  NY  NC  OH  OK  PA  RI  SC  TN
     VT  VA  WA  WV  WI  NB  NS  ON  PE  PQ
ترخيص
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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Quercus rubra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Other uses and values ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term: tree

The acorns of many species of oak (Quercus spp.) were traditionally an
important food source for Native American peoples [118].  Acorns of red
oak were leached with ashes to remove bitter tannins and then used in
various foods by many Native American peoples.  Preparations made from
the bark were used to treat bowel problems [38].

Northern red oak was first cultivated in 1724 [84] and is a popular
ornamental shade tree in eastern North America and in parts of Europe
[47,101].
ترخيص
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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Quercus rubra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Palatability ( الإنجليزية )

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Browse:  The palatability of oak browse is reported to be relatively
high for domestic livestock and for many wildlife species.  Eastern oaks
are preferred by white-tailed deer in some locations [119].  New growth
is particularly palatable to deer and rabbits [43].

Acorns:  Acorns of the northern red oak are highly palatable to many
birds and mammals.  Northern red oak acorns appear to be less palatable
to the white-footed mouse than are white oak acorns [15].  Studies
indicate that relatively high tannin levels may impart a bitter taste
and decrease palatability as compared with acorns from other species of
oak [108,127].  However, gray squirrels prefer northern red oak acorns
to the acorns of other oaks [65].
ترخيص
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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Quercus rubra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Phenology ( الإنجليزية )

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More info on this topic.

More info for the terms: fruit, natural

The timing of annual budbreak varies with the genetic composition of the
plant and with site characteristics such as elevation and soils [8,62].
Budbreak tends to be delayed at higher elevations [62] and on sites with
copper, lead, or zinc mineralized soil [8].  Plants often undergo
relatively rapid vegetative growth from May through June [23].  Episodic
or recurrent shoot growth, in which periods of shoot elongation
alternate with resting periods, can occur throughout the growing season
[25].  Growth of leaves and roots is also often cyclic [27].  However,
under natural conditions, seedlings typically produce a single flush of
leaves during a relatively short period of growth which often lasts only
2 to 3 weeks.  The shoot becomes dormant during early summer despite
seemingly favorable growing conditions [25].

Flowering occurs in April or May, during or before leaf development
[33].  Acorns require two seasons for development and ripen in September
and October [24].  Phenological development by geographic area follows:

Area              Flowering         Fruit ripe        Reference

Adirondacks       May               September         [20]
Blue Ridge Mtns.  April-May         ----              [130]
WI                May               ----              [26]
var. rubra
NC,SC             April             August            [93]
var. borealis:
NC,SC             May               Sept.-Oct.        [93]
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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Quercus rubra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Plant Response to Fire ( الإنجليزية )

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More info for the terms: competition, density, fire severity, root collar, seed, severity

Young northern red oaks commonly sprout vigorously from the stumps or
root collar after aboveground portions of the plant are killed by fire
[24,63].  Stem density is often increased as fire promotes sprouting and
reduces competition [25,91].  Johnson [51] reported that one to three
living stems may originate from a single root collar.  Frequent fire can
produce oak scrublands [25,52].  Hannah [43] reports that the "best"
sprouts often originate from buds located at, or below, ground level.
These sprouts may be more vigorous and less susceptible to rot or other
damage.

Seedling sprouts are often particularly important in postfire
reestablishment, but seedling establishment may also occur [102].  Large
oaks that survive fire frequently serve as seed sources [43].  Dying
trees often produce a massive seed crop.  Acorns often germinate well on
mineral soil, and establishment may actually be favored in burned areas
[98].  Scheiner and others [103] reported 56 sprouts per acre (138/ha)
and 51 seedlings per acre (125/ha) after a fire in Michigan.

Rouse [98] reported that most large oaks are "capable of minimizing
fire-caused losses due to damaged cambium by rerouting the functions of
fire-killed portions within weeks after a fire."

Specific response is presumably related to such factors as fire
severity, season of burn, and plant age and vigor.  Fire does not always
produce increases in northern red oak.  Van Lear and Waldrop [120]
reported that a spring fire in a northern red oak stand failed to
increase oak abundance in the understory.
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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Quercus rubra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Post-fire Regeneration ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: caudex, root crown, seed

   survivor species; on-site surviving root crown or caudex
   survivor species; on-site surviving roots
   off-site colonizer; seed carried by animals or water; postfire yr 1&2
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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Quercus rubra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Regeneration Processes ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: codominant, forest, fruit, herbaceous, litter, natural, seed, stratification, tree

Seed:  Northern red oak generally first bears fruit at 25 years of age,
although most trees do not produce acorns in abundance until 50 years of
age [101].  On extremely favorable sites trees as young as 10 years may
bear some fruit [53].  Northern red oak produces good crops every 2 to 5
years [101].  Yields vary by individual as well as with weather
conditions and site factors.  Relatively large, dominant or codominant
individuals with open crowns typically produce more acorns than do trees
with small, restricted crowns.  Trees with a 16 inch (41 cm) d.b.h. can
yield 800 acorns per year, and trees with a d.b.h. of 20 to 22 inches
(51-56 cm) can yield 1,600 acorns per year [33].  Larger trees tended to
be less productive.  Total acorn production may range from 100 to more
than 4,100 per tree [111].  In a single year, northern red oak trees
produced a combined total of nearly 14,000 sound acorns per acre in a
mixed oak stand in southern Michigan [33].  Cold, rainy weather during
flowering can result in poor seed production [43].

Under carefully controlled conditions, acorns can be stored for up to 2
or 3 years [127].  After 52 months in storage, only a few acorns
remained viable.  In good acorn years up to 80 percent of the crop is
commonly destroyed, and in poor years virtually the entire acorn crop
can be eliminated by birds, mammals, and insects [101].

Germination:  Acorns of northern red oak are characterized by variable
dormancy which requires stratification for germination [11].  Dormancy
varies by the individual seed [114], but northern seeds often require
longer stratification [11].  Under natural conditions, acorns generally
germinate in the spring after dormancy is broken by over-wintering [24].
Delayed germination may occur but is very rare [114].  Seeds can be
stratified at 35 to 41 degrees F (2-5 degrees C) for several months
[11].

Acorns germinate best in soil which is covered by a layer of leaf litter
[101].  In one study, 80 percent of all planted acorns germinated
compared with less than 1 percent of acorns left on the soil surface.
Domestic animals such as pigs and cows may promote germination by
trampling the soil and "planting" the acorns, and by reducing competing
herbaceous vegetation [25].  Seeds on the soil surface are particularly
vulnerable to rodent predation [24].  In an Iowa study all seeds present
on top of the litter layer were destroyed by rodents compared with 68
percent of buried seeds [33].

Seed dispersal:  Seeds of northern red oak are primarily dispersed by
birds and mammals.  Scatter-hoarders such as the gray squirrel are
particularly important dispersal agents in some areas [111].  Gray
squirrels bury as much as 19 percent of the available acorn crop and
fail to recover many seeds over the winter [65].  Scatter-hoarders
typically disperse seed a few yards from the source tree.  Mice and
chipmunks are short-distance dispersers and usually move seeds 33 to 98
feet (10-30 m) [25].  Blue jays are effective long-distance dispersal
agents and can transport seed from several hundred yards to 2 or 3 miles
(4-5 km) [25,53,57].  Evidence suggests that blue jays prefer to cache
acorns on open sites or at forest margins [25].  Gravity may aid in seed
dispersal [101].

Seedling establishment:  Seedling establishment is generally limited to
years of abundant acorn production [101].  However, advance regeneration
is usually present.  In mature stands, seedlings may number up to 7,000
per acre (2,824/ha), but few survive more than a few years or grow to
more than 6 or 8 inches (15-20 cm) in height [52].  Seedlings require
adequate soil moisture for survival and good early development [24].
Early growth may be reduced by a combination of shade, low soil
fertility, and competing herbaceous vegetation [60,61].  Shading alone
has little effect on initial seedling establishment [60].

Vegetative regeneration:  Northern red oak commonly sprouts vigorously
after plants are damaged or killed by fire or mechanical injury [101].
Small poles, saplings, and even seedlings can sprout if cut or burned
[43].  Although young oaks typically stump sprout more readily than do
older or larger individuals, northern red oaks up to 22 inches (56 cm)
in diameter have produced sprouts [33].  Stump sprouts derived from
larger stems tend to grow faster than those derived from smaller,
damaged stems.  Individuals 20 to 25 years of age regardless of size
produce an average of four or five sprouts [101].

Repeated sprouting is common in northern red oak [122]; many seedlings
die back to the ground level periodically.  Seedling sprouts with root
collars up to 2 inches (5 cm) in diameter often develop after repeated
damage [46].  After repeated fires, these stems may develop "stools" or
areas comprised of callus tissue filled with dormant buds.  Seedlings
often develop an "s"-shaped curve at ground level which helps protect
dormant buds from fire [98].  Cycles of dying back and sprouting can
result in crooked, flat-topped, or forked stems [101].

Root sprouting also occurs [46].  Sprouts that develop at or below the
ground level are less likely to decay than are sprouts that develop
relatively high on the parent stump [101].  Epicormic buds located
beneath the bark of older oaks commonly sprout when older trees are
damaged or after openings are created by heavy thinning [101,122].

Bud dormancy is largely controlled by auxins rather than by levels of
carbohydrate reserves [122].  Apical dominance can restrict the
development of belowground buds when buds survive on aboveground
portions of the plant.  Sprouting is reduced by low light levels [122]
and decreases as the stand ages [75].  The number of sprout groups
decreases from poor to good sites [75].  Initial sprout growth is
typically rapid [98].
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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Quercus rubra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Season/Severity Classification ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
mid-April/not reported.
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Site Description ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
      Slope:  10 to 35 percent.
      Aspect:  north to east.
      Site index for northern red oak:  70.
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Successional Status ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic.

More info for the terms: climax, forest, mesic, succession

Northern red oak is intermediate in shade tolerance [101].  It is
generally considered a midseral species, but its successional status is
poorly known.  Crow [25] reported that it is "neither an aggressive
colonizer that is characteristic of early successional species nor an
enduring shade-tolerant, slow-grower . . . typical of late successional
species."  Even-aged stands are common; northern red oak is unable to
establish beneath its own canopy.  Advanced regeneration provides a mode
by which northern red oak can reoccupy a site following disturbances
such as fire, wind damage, or herbivory.  In most areas, advanced
regeneration persists for no more than a few years [85].  Parker and
others [88] reported that some seedlings persisted for approximately 25
years despite repeated die-backs.  These seedlings did not reach sapling
or pole size unless gaps were created in the forest canopy; most
ultimately died [88].  Limited evidence suggests that northern red oak
may have maintained itself in some mature forests through gap-phase
replacement [25].  Northern red oak is often replaced by more
shade-tolerant species such as sugar maple and American basswood [6,17].

The Upper Midwest:  In parts of the Upper Midwest, northern red oak
dominates early seral to midseral stages following clearcutting but is
replaced by sugar maple and American basswood [51].  Northern red oak
assumes prominence after early succession in which bigtooth aspen
(Populus grandidentata) dominates in upland pine-hardwood forests of
Michigan [102] and persists in some old-growth oak-hickory forests of
southern Michigan [42].  Even-aged stands found in parts of the
Driftless Area may have originated after intense, stand-replacing fires
that began in nearby prairies and savannas.  With frequent fires, sugar
maple forests are replaced by northern red oak stands [25].

New England:  In New England, logging and slash fires in the late 1800's
and early 1900's replaced pine-hemlock forests with stands made up of
oak and maple [83].  In central New England, where advance regeneration
is present prior to disturbance, northern red oak often assumes
dominance between 10 to 40 years after disturbance and often persists
for 100 years or more [46].  Forests are often replaced by sugar maple,
red maple, or gray birch (Betula populifolia) [46,83].

Central Midwest:  Northern red oak is present in old growth floodplain
forests of Illinois [96] and in "postclimax" stands on mesic sites in
Nebraska [2].  In parts of Indiana, it is generally regarded as a
midseral to late seral species in mesophytic forests and is often
replaced by species such as sugar maple, Ohio buckeye (Aesculus glabra),
shagbark hickory (Carya ovata), American beech, and white ash in climax
stands [86,88].
ترخيص
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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Quercus rubra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Synonyms ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
Quercus borealis Michx. f.
Querucs borealis Michx. f. var. maxima (Marsh.) Sarg.
Quercus rubra var. borealis (Michx. f.) Farw.
Quercus maxima (Marsh.) Ashe
ترخيص
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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Quercus rubra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Taxonomy ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term: swamp

Northern red oak is a member of the red oak-black oak subgenus
(Erythrobalanus) within the order Fagales [11]. The currently accepted
scientific name of northern red oak is Quercus rubra L. [69]. The
epithet Q. rubra was formerly applied to several species of oak
including the southern red oak (Q. falcata) [13,69]. Some later
taxonomists rejected the appellation Q. rubra because of past ambiguity
and in 1915 identified northern red oak as Q. borealis [69,101]. In
1950, the name Q. rubra was restored [101]. Most current authorities
prefer the epithet Q. rubra, although Q. borealis is still occasionally
encountered in the literature. The following varieties are commonly
recognized [54]:


Quercus rubra var. rubra
Quercus rubra L. var. ambigua (A. Gray) Fernald

Northern red oak hybridizes with many oaks including scarlet oak (Q.
coccinea), shingle oak (Q. imbricata), swamp oak (Q. palustris), willow
oak (Q. phellos), scrub oak (Q. ilicifolia), northern pin oak (Q.
ellipsoidalis), black oak (Q. velutina), blackjack oak (Q. marilandica)
and Shumard oak (Q. shumardii) [69,93,101]. The following hybrid
products have been identified:

Q. X runcinata (A. DC.) Engelm. (Q. imbricata x Q. rubra)
Q. X heterophylla (Michx. f.) (Q. phellos x Q. rubra)
Q. X hawkinsiae Sudw. (Q. rubra x Q. velutina)
Q. X riparia Laughlin (Q. shumardii x Q. rubra)
Q. X columnaris Laughlin (Q. palustris x Q. rubra)
Q. X fernaldii (Q. ilicifolia x Q. rubra)
ترخيص
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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Quercus rubra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Value for rehabilitation of disturbed sites ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term: seed

Northern red oak is well adapted to some types of moderately
unproductive environments, including certain acidic sites [16,60], and
can be used in various rehabilitation projects.  Northern red oak has
been successfully planted onto coal mine spoils in Ohio, Indiana,
Illinois, Kentucky, and Pennsylvania [4,16,66,89,123].

Plants can be propagated by several methods, including (1) transplanting
bareroot stock, (2) planting acorns in tubes, and (3) direct seeding.
Best survival of bareroot stock has been reported after spring planting
(90 percent survival compared to 50 percent survival after fall
planting) [115].  Direct seeding is the fastest and cheapest propagation
method and can be effective if few seed predators are present [114,115].
Cuttings obtained from young trees often root if properly treated with
hormones [28].
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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Quercus rubra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Wood Products Value ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: fuel, hardwood

Northern red oak is an important source of hardwood lumber [20,73].  Its
wood is heavy, hard, strong, coarse-grained, and at least moderately
durable [87].  When properly dried and treated, oak wood glues well,
machines very well, and accepts a variety of finishes [79].  The wood of
northern red oak has been used to make railroad ties, fenceposts,
veneer, furniture, cabinets, paneling, flooring, caskets, and pulpwood
[76,87].  Northern red oak has a high fuel value and is an excellent
firewood [76].
ترخيص
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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Quercus rubra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Distribution ( الإسبانية، القشتالية )

المقدمة من IABIN
Chile Central
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Universidad de Santiago de Chile
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Pablo Gutierrez
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IABIN

Associated Forest Cover ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Silvics of North America
Northern Red Oak (Society of American Foresters Type 55) is the forest cover type that includes pure stands of this tree or stands in which it is predominant (6). The species is a major component of White Pine-Northern Red Oak-Red Maple (Type 20) in the Northern Forest Region, and it is a principal species in White Oak-Black Oak-Northern Red Oak (Type 52) in the Central Forest Region. Northern red oak is listed as an associated species in the following forest types:

17 Pin Cherry
18 Paper Birch
19 Gray Birch-Red Maple
21 Eastern White Pine
22 White Pine-Hemlock
23 Eastern Hemlock
25 Sugar Maple-Beech-Yellow Birch
26 Sugar Maple-Basswood
27 Sugar Maple
28 Black Cherry-Maple
40 Post Oak-Blackjack
42 Bur Oak
43 Bear Oak
44 Chestnut Oak
45 Pitch Pine
46 Eastern Redcedar
51 White Pine-Chestnut Oak
53 White Oak
57 Yellow-Poplar
58 Yellow-Poplar-Eastern Hemlock
60 Beech-Sugar Maple
82 Loblolly Pine-Hardwood
108 Red Maple
110 Black Oak

Numerous other tree species are associated with northern red oak. These include white ash (Fraxinus americana) and green ash (F. pennsylvanica); bigtooth aspen (Populus grandidentata) and quaking aspen (P. tremuloides); American elm (Ulmus americana) and slippery elm (U. rubra); pignut hickory (Carya glabra), bitternut hickory (C. cordiformis), mockernut hickory (C. tomentosa), and shagbark hickory (C. ovata); scarlet oak (Quercus coccinea), southern red oak (Q. falcata), post oak (Q. stellata), and chinkapin oak (Q. muehlenbergii); northern white-cedar (Thuja occidentalis); yellow buckeye (Aesculus octandra); cucumber magnolia (Magnolia acuminata); hackberry (Celtis occidentalis); butternut (Juglans cinerea); black walnut (J. nigra); blackgum (Nyssa sylvatica); and sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua) (5).

Some of the more important small trees associated with northern red oak include flowering dogwood (Cornus florida), sourwood (Oxydendrum arboreum), American holly (Ilex opaca), eastern hophornbeam (Ostrya virginiana), American hornbeam (Carpinus caroliniana), redbud (Cercis canadensis), pawpaw (Asimina triloba), sassafras (Sassafras albidum), persimmon (Diospyros virginiana), American bladdernut (Staphylea trifolia), and downy serviceberry (Amelanchier arborea). Shrubs common in forest stands containing northern red oak include Vaccinium spp., mountain-laurel (Kalmia latifolia), rosebay rhododendron (Rhododendron maximum), witch-hazel (Hamamelis virginiana), beaked hazel (Corylus cornuta), spice bush (Lindera benzoin), and Viburnum spp. The most common vines are Virginia creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolia), poison-ivy (Toxicodendron radicans), greenbrier (Smilax spp.), and grape (Vitis spp.) (5).

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Ivan L. Sander
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Silvics of North America

Climate ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Silvics of North America
In the wide area over which northern red oak grows, mean annual precipitation varies from about 760 mm (30 in) in the Northwest to about 2030 mm (80 in) in the southern Appalachians. Annual snowfall ranges from a trace in southern Alabama to 254 cm (100 in) or more in the Northern States and Canada. Mean annual temperature is about 4° C (40° F) in the northern part of the range and 16° C (60° F) in the extreme southern part. The frost-free period averages 100 days in the North and 220 days in the South (24).

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USDA, Forest Service
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Ivan L. Sander
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Silvics of North America

Damaging Agents ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Silvics of North America
Wildfires seriously damage northern red oak by killing the cambial tissue at the base of trees, thus creating an entry point for decay-causing fungi. Wildfires can be severe enough to top kill even pole- and sawtimber-size trees. Many of the top-killed trees sprout and thus create new evenaged stands, but the economic loss of the old stand may be great (24). Small northern red oak seedlings may be killed by prescribed fires (13), but larger stems will sprout and survive, even if their tops are killed.

Oak wilt (Ceratocystis fagacearum) is a potentially serious vascular disease of northern red oak and kills trees the same year they are infected. It usually kills individuals or small groups of trees in scattered locations throughout a stand but may affect areas up to several hectares in size. Oak wilt is spread from tree to tree through root grafts and over longer distances by sap-feeding beetles (Nitidulidae) and the small oak bark beetles (Pseudopityophthorus spp.) (12,23).

Shoestring root rot (Armillaria mellea) attacks and may kill northern red oaks that have been injured or weakened by fire, lightning, drought, insects, or other diseases. Cankers caused by Strumella and Nectria species damage the bole of northern red oak and although trees are seldom killed, the infected trees are generally culls for lumber. Foliage diseases that attack northern red oak but seldom do serious damage are anthracnose (Gnomonia quercina), leaf blister (Taphrina spp.), powdery mildews (Phyllactinia corylea and Microsphaera alni), and eastern gall rust (Cronartium quercuum) (12).

The carpenterworm (Prionoxystus robiniae), Columbian timber beetle (Corythylus columbianus), oak timberworm (Arrhenodes minutus), red oak borer (Enaphalodes rufulus), and the twolined chestnut borer (Agrilus bilineatus) are important insects that attack the bole of northern red oak. These insects tunnel into the wood, seriously degrading products cut from infested trees (3).

The most destructive defoliating insect attacking northern red oak is the imported gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar). This insect repeatedly defoliates trees and has killed oaks including northern red oak in a wide area in the northeastern United States. Northern red oak can recover from a single defoliation but may be weakened enough for some disease or other insects to attack and kill them. Other defoliators, that attack northern red oak are the variable oakleaf caterpillar (Heterocampa manteo), the orangestriped oakworm (Anisota senatoria), and the browntail moth (Nygmia phaeorrhoea). The Asiatic oak weevil (Cyrtepistomus castaneus) attacks northern red oak seedlings and has the potential to seriously affect seedling growth because the larvae feed on the fine roots while the adults feed on the foliage.

Much damage is done to northern red oak acorns by the nut weevils (Curculio spp.), gall-forming cynipids (Callirhytis spp.), the filbertworm (Melissopus latiferreanus), and the acorn moth (Valentinia glandulella) (7). In years of poor acorn production, these insects can destroy the entire crop.

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Ivan L. Sander
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Silvics of North America

Flowering and Fruiting ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Silvics of North America
Northern red oak is monoecious. The staminate flowers are borne in catkins that develop from leaf axils of the previous year and emerge before or at the same time as the current leaves in April or May. The pistillate flowers are solitary or occur in two- to many-flowered spikes that develop in the axils of the current year's leaves. The fruit is an acorn or nut that occurs singly or in clusters of from two to five, is partially enclosed by a scaly cup, and matures in 2 years. Northern red oak acorns are brown when mature and ripen from late August to late October, depending on geographic location (30).

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حقوق النشر
USDA, Forest Service
مؤلف
Ivan L. Sander
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Silvics of North America

Genetics ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Silvics of North America
Population Differences Several traits related to geographic origin were identified for northern red oak in a 14-year provenance test in the North- Central States. Time of flushing is earliest for trees of northwestern origin. The trend is then eastward and southward. Autumn leaf coloration is earliest for provenances from northern latitudes and then progresses southward. Provenances from regions at the western edge of the northern red oak range, where periods of high summer temperatures and drought are common, survived better under such conditions than other provenances. Much variation in height growth was present and performance of the provenances was not consistent in all tests. The only consistent difference was the slower growth of the northern provenances in areas farther south. The within-family variation was so great it obscured any real differences in geographic origin (15).

Races The nomenclature for northern red oak was confused for some time. The scientific names Quercus borealis Michx. f. and Q. borealis var. maxima (Marsh.) Sarg. were adopted after 1915 by some authors, but in 1950, Quercus rubra L., the name in universal use before 1915, was restored (17).

Hybrids Northern red oak hybridizes readily with other species in the subgenus Erythrobalanus and the following hybrids have been named: Quercus x columnaris Laughlin (Q. palustris x rubra); Q. x fernaldii Trel. (Q. ilicifolia x rubra); Q. x heterophylla Michx. f. (Q. phellos x rubra); Q. x hawkinsiae Sudw. (Q. velutina x rubra); Q. x riparia Laughlin (Q. shumardii x rubra); and Q. x runcinata (A. DC.) Engelm. (Q. imbricaria x rubra).

Northern red oak also hybridizes with blackjack oak (Q. marilandica) and with northern pin oak (Q. ellipsoidalis) (17).

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Ivan L. Sander
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Silvics of North America

Growth and Yield ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Silvics of North America
Mature northern red oaks are usually from 20 to 30 m (65 to 98 ft) tall and 61 to 91 cm (24 to 36 in) in d.b.h. in undisturbed stands on good sites. Forest-grown trees develop a tall, straight columnar bole and large crowns. Opengrown trees tend to have short boles and spreading crowns (24).

Average diameter growth of northern red oak for a range of ages, sites, and stand conditions in the Central States is about 5 mm (0.2 in) annually (9). On good sites in the Appalachians, dominant and codominant northern red oaks in even-aged stands may attain average annual diameter growth rates of about 10 cm (0.4 in) and on average sites about 6 mm (0.25 in) by age 50 or 60 (32).

Growing space requirements are not known for northern red oak in pure stands, but average requirements have been developed for mixed oaks in even-aged stands. Competition for growing space begins when the available space in a stand is equal to the total of the maximum requirements of all the trees in the stand. This is the lowest level of stocking for full site utilization and is about 60 percent of full stocking. The minimum growing space for a tree 15.2 cm (6 in) in d.b.h. to survive averages about 8.5 m² (92 ft². If that tree is in the open or completely free from competition, the maximum amount of growing space it can use is 14.4 m² (155 ft² . For a tree 53.3 cm (21 in) in d.b.h., minimum and maximum growing spaces are 26.5 m² (285 ft² ) and 45.7 m² (492 ft²) respectively. Experience in using the stocking standards developed by Gingrich (8) indicates that a northern red oak tree requires less growing space than trees of other oak species with the same diameter (10, 18). How much less growing space is required has not been determined, however.

Yields of unthinned, 80-year-old oak stands in the Central States that contain northern red oak range from 75.6 m³/ha (5,400 fbm/acre) on site index 16.8 m (55 ft) sites (base age 50 years) to 175.0 m³/ha (12,500 fbm/acre) on site index 22.9 m (75 ft) sites. At age 70, oak stands that are first thinned at age 20 and then thinned regularly to the lowest level of stocking for full site utilization at about 10-year intervals will yield about 102.9 m³/ha (7,350 fbm/acre) on site index 16.8 m (55 ft) sites and about 278.3 m³/ha (19,880 fbm/acre) on site index 22.9 m (75 ft) sites (9). In southern Michigan, the average yields of 80-year-old unmanaged stands containing northern red oak ranged from 12.6 m³/ha (900 fbm/acre) to 3.5 m³/ha (250 fbm/acre) on poor sites and from 154.0 m³ (11,000 fbm/acre) to 280.0 m³ /ha (20,000 fbm/acre) on good sites (1).

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Ivan L. Sander
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Silvics of North America

Reaction to Competition ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Silvics of North America
Northern red oak is classed as intermediate in shade tolerance. It is less tolerant than some of its associates such as sugar maple (Acer saccharum), beech (Fagus grandifolia), basswood (Tilia americana), and the hickories but more tolerant than others such as yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera), white ash, and black cherry (Prunus serotina). Among the oaks, it is less shade tolerant than white and chestnut and about equal with black and scarlet (24).

Northern red oak responds well to release if the released trees are in the codominant or above average intermediate crown classes (11). The best response to thinning or release is obtained if the thinning or release is made before an even-aged stand containing northern red oak is 30 years old. Trees in well-stocked stands 30 years old and older generally have small, restricted crowns and are unable to make efficient use of the growing space provided by thinning or release (24). In Arkansas, 50-year-old released crop trees averaged a 40-percent increase in diameter growth over unreleased trees in the 10 years immediately following release. Although diameter growth increased the first year after release, the greatest responses occurred in years 5-10 when growth of the released trees averaged about 0.5 cm (0.2 in) annually and was about twice that of unreleased trees (11). Epicormic branching can be prolific on northern red oak following heavy thinning in stands older than about 30 years. Trees around the perimeter of openings created by harvesting may also develop many epicormic branches, because the boles of northern red oak in fully stocked stands contain numerous dormant buds. When the boles are suddenly exposed to greatly increased light, these buds begin to grow (27).

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Ivan L. Sander
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Silvics of North America

Rooting Habit ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Silvics of North America
No information available.

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Silvics of North America

Seed Production and Dissemination ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Silvics of North America
In forest stands northern red oak begins to bear fruit at about age 25 but usually does not produce seeds abundantly until about age 50. Good to excellent seed crops are produced at irregular intervals, usually every 2 to 5 years (30).

Acorn production is highly variable among trees even in good seed years. Some trees are always poor producers while others are always good producers. Crown size seems to be the most important tree characteristic affecting acorn production. Dominant or codominant trees with large, uncrowded crowns produce more acorns than trees with small, restricted crowns (24).

Even in good years only about I percent of the acorns become available for regenerating northern red oak, and as many as 500 or more acorns may be required to produce one 1-year-old seedling. Many acorns are consumed by insects, squirrels, small rodents, deer, and turkey and other birds. They can eat or damage more than 80 percent of the acorn crop in most years and virtually 100 percent of the crop in very poor seed years (19,24,28). The large acorns are generally dispersed over only short distances. Gravity and the caching activities of squirrels and mice are the primary means of dispersal.

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Seedling Development ( الإنجليزية )

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Northern red oak seedlings that are established naturally or by planting at the time an old stand is clearcut, regardless of how large the clearcut area, do not grow fast enough to compete with the vigorous woody sprouts and other vegetation (4,29). The species will be present in new reproduction stands in proportion to the amount of advance reproduction present before complete overstory removal. To compete successfully in new stands, stems of northern red oak advance reproduction must be large and have well-established root systems. Thus, achieving successful northern red oak reproduction depends on creating conditions necessary for establishing seedlings and for their survival and growth (27,29).

Northern red oak acorn germination is hypogeal (30). It occurs during the spring following seedfall. Best germination occurs when the acorns are in contact with or buried in mineral soil and covered by a thin layer of leaf litter. Acorns on top of the leaf litter or mixed with litter generally dry excessively during early spring and lose their viability before temperatures are favorable for germination (24,28).

Although available soil moisture can be a critical factor affecting first year survival of northern red oak seedlings, it is usually adequate at the time acorns germinate. Germination is followed by vigorous and rapid taproot development, and if the taproot is able to penetrate the soil, seedlings survive considerable moisture stress later in the growing season. Northern red oak seedlings are less drought tolerant than white or black oak seedlings, however (24,31).

Light intensity appears to be the most critical factor affecting not only first year survival, but also survival and growth in subsequent years (20,28). Northern red oak reaches maximum photosynthesis at about 30 percent of the light intensity in the open (21). Light intensity under forest stands is often much lower, however, at about 15 cm (6 in) above the ground, where the new seedlings are competing. Light intensity at this level under forest stands in Missouri has been documented to be 10 percent or less of that in the open, a level too low to allow seedlings to survive and grow.

Once established under a forest stand, northern red oak seedlings seldom remain true seedlings for more than a few years. Conditions such as fire, poor light, poor moisture conditions, or animal activity kill the tops, but not the roots. One or more dormant buds near the root collar then produce new sprouts. This dieback and resprouting may occur several times; the result is a crooked, flat-topped, or forked stem. Such stems have root systems that may be from 10 to 15 years or more older than the tops (29).

Northern red oak shoot growth is episodic. When moisture, light, and temperature conditions are favorable, multiple shoot growth flushes will occur in the same growing season. The first flush is generally the longest and each flush is followed by a distinctive rest period. Most of the annual root elongation occurs during the rest periods (22).

Growth of northern red oak advance reproduction, seedlings, and sprouts is slow and generally restricted to one growth flush under undisturbed or lightly disturbed forest stands; at best it averages only a few centimeters annually (28).

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Soils and Topography ( الإنجليزية )

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In the north, northern red oak grows on cool moist Boralf and Orthod Spodosols. Elsewhere it grows on warm, moist soils including Udalf Alfisols, Dystrochrept and Fragiochrept Inceptisols, Udoll Mollisols, Rhodic Paleudult, Humic and Mesic Hapludult Udult Ultisols, and small areas of Udipsamment Entisols. The most widespread soils are the Udalfs and Udolls (33).

These soils are derived from glacial material, residual sandstones, shale, limestone, gneisses, schists, and granites. They vary from clay to loamy sands and some have a high content of rock fragments. Northern red oak grows best on deep, welldrained loam to silty, clay loam soils (24).

Although northern red oak is found in all topographic positions, it always grows best on lower and middle slopes with northerly or easterly aspects, in coves and deep ravines, and on well-drained valley floors. It grows at elevations up to 1070 m (3,500 ft) in West Virginia and up to 1680 m (5,500 ft) in the southern Appalachians (24).

The most important factors determining site quality for northern red oak are depth and texture of the A soil horizon, aspect, and slope position and shape. The best sites are found on lower, concave slopes with a northerly or easterly aspect, on soils with a thick A horizon, and a loam to silt loam texture. Other factors may affect site quality in localized areas such as depth to water table in southern Michigan and annual precipitation up to 1120 mm (44 in) in northwestern West Virginia (2,24).

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Special Uses ( الإنجليزية )

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Northern red oak has been extensively planted as an ornamental because of its symmetrical shape and brilliant fall foliage.

The acorns are an important food for squirrels deer, turkey, mice, voles, and other mammals and birds.

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Vegetative Reproduction ( الإنجليزية )

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Northern red oak sprouts readily. More than 95 percent of the northern red oaks in new production stands are sprouts, either from advance reproduction or from stumps of cut trees. New sprouts from advance reproduction arise when old stems are damaged during logging. Height growth of new sprouts is related to the size of the old, damaged stem; the larger the old stem, the faster the new sprout will grow (25,26). New sprouts grow rapidly and are usually straight and well formed.

Northern red oak stumps sprout more frequently than black oak or white oak stumps but about the same as scarlet and chestnut oak stumps (27). Sprouting frequency is related to parent tree size with more small stumps sprouting than large ones. Large stumps tend to produce more sprouts than small ones but by about age 20 to 25 the number of living sprouts per stump averages four or five regardless of parent tree or stump size. Northern red oak stump sprouts grow rapidly, averaging about 61 cm (24 in) or more annually for about 30 years (14). These stump sprouts can be a valuable component of new reproduction stands particularly if they originate at or near the ground line. Sprouts of low origin are much less likely to develop decay than sprouts that originate high on the stump (24), but they tend to develop severe crook or sweep at the base. Early clump thinning may be desirable to improve potential quality although it is not needed to maintain good growth.

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Distribution ( الإنجليزية )

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Northern red oak is the only native oak extending northeast to Nova Scotia. It grows from Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick, and the Gaspé Peninsula of Quebec, to Ontario, in Canada; from Minnesota South to eastern Nebraska and Oklahoma; east to Arkansas, southern Alabama, Georgia, and North Carolina. Outliers are found in Louisiana and Mississippi (17).


-The native range of northern red oak.


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Brief Summary ( الإنجليزية )

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Fagaceae Beech family

Ivan L. Sander

Northern red oak (Quercus rubra), also known as common red oak, eastern red oak, mountain red oak, and gray oak, is widespread in the East and grows on a variety of soils and topography, often forming pure stands. Moderate to fast growing, this tree is one of the more important lumber species of red oak and is an easily transplanted, popular shade tree with good form and dense foliage.

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Qırmızı palıd ( الأذرية )

المقدمة من wikipedia AZ

Təbii yayılması:

Şimali Amerika, İspaniya, Türkiyədə-Ağ, Mərmərə və Egey dənizləri ətrafı ərazilərdə rast gəlinir. Bu palıd növü budaqlarında fırlar əmələ gətirən mənənələrin (Coecus ilicus) sahib bitkisidir və növün adı bununla əlaqədar adlandırılıb. 1683-cü ildən mədəni şəraitdə becərilir.

Botaniki təsviri:

Hamar, boz qabıqlı, yığcam, sıx, dik gövdəli həmişəyaşıl koldur. Yarpaqların uzunluğu 1,5-3,5 sm və eni 0,6-2 sm, oval, ellipsvari və ya uzunsov-yumurtavari, ucu biz və ya ucu yumru, bünövrəsi yumru və ya ürəkvari, kənarları dalğalı, hər tərəfdən 4-6 cüt bizvari dişli, cod, dərili, üstü çılpaq, parlaq, tünd yaşıl, alt tərəfi daha açıq, çılpaq və ya damarcıqların künclərində zəif tükcüklüdür. Saplaqları möhkəm və çox qısadır. Budaqları çoxsaylı, boz, hamar, yaşlandıqda çatlayan qabıqla örtülmüşdür. Zoğları sarımtıl-boz, çılpaqdır. Tumurcuqları 3-4 mm uzun-luğunda, çılpaq və ya tüklüdür. Qozaların uzunluğu 1,5-2,5 sm, yumurtavari və ya uzunsov-yumurtavari, ucu biz, açıq qonur, tünd zolaqlı, tək və ya cüt, möhkəm, çoxiynəli kasacıqlı olub, ümumi saplaqda yerləşir. Örtüyü qozanı yarısınadək və ya onun uzunluğunun üçdə iki hissəsinədək örtür. Üzəri nazik, uzun, çox vaxt əyilmiş, iynəli pulcuqlarla örtülmüşdür. Mayda çiçəkləyir. Meyvələri sapsız, xırda, konusvari qozalardır, II il yetişir.

Ekologiyası:

-200C-dək şaxtaya davamlıdır. Rütubətli yerlərdə yaxşı bitir.

Azərbaycanda yayılması:

Cənub zonasında və ya şimal rayonlarında konteynerdə becərilir. Abşeronda yaşıllaşdırmada rast gəlinir.

İstifadəsi:

Çox dekorativdir. Hamar, yaşıl yarpaqları payızda qırmızı rəng alır. Qabığından boya sənayesində istifadə olunurdu.

Məlumat mənbələri

Azərbaycan Dendroflorası III cild-Bakı:"Elm",2016,400 səh. T.S.Məmmədov

İstinad

  • Флoрa Aзeрбaйджaнa. т.5. 1954; Флoрa Kaвkaзa. т.5. 1954;
  • Azərbaycanın ağac və kolları. I cild. 1961;
  • Azərbaycan flora-sının konspekti. I-III cildlər. 2005; 2006; 2008;
  • Tofiq Məmmədov, Elman İsgəndər, Tariyel Talıbov. Azərbaycanın nadir ağac və kol bitkiləri", Bakı: "Elm", 2014, 380 səh
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Roure americà ( الكتالونية )

المقدمة من wikipedia CA

El roure americà (Quercus rubra) és un arbre del gènere Quercus original de l'Amèrica del nord ocupant una gran extensió, des del Quebec fins a Louisiana. El seu nom prové del llatí ruber-bra-brum, vermell, que fa referència a la coloració de les seves fulles a la tardor.

 src=
tronc jove
 src=
fulles
 src=
aglans

Descripció

Arbre caducifoli, de creixement ràpid, que pot arribar als 25 m d'alçada i els 12 m d'amplada de capçada. Necessita llum i humitat, i resisteix bé al fred i a la calor. Es tracta d'una espècie que vegeta bé en sòls silícics, argilosos i rics en substàncies nutritives, evitant els que són massa superficials i llocs on la capa freàtica sigui alta. No tolera la calç.

El tronc i branques presenten una escorça grisa que roman llisa durant molts anys, per després prendre tonalitats més fosques i amb petites fissures o escates. Les branquetes són, també, fosques.

Les fulles, membranoses, de 15 a 25 cm. de llarg i de 7 a 20 cm. d'ample, són lobulades (de set a onze parells de lòbuls triangulars).

Usos

S'utilitza a la construcció i la fabricació de mobles.

Sinonímia

  • ambigua Michx.1812, not Bonpl. 1809
  • borealis Michx.f.1817
  • borealis var. maxima (Marsh.) Sarg. 1916
  • coccinea var. ambigua (Michx.) A.Gray 1867
  • maxima (Marshall) Ashe 1916
  • rubra var. maxima Marshall 1785
  • rubra var. ambigua (Michx.) Fernald in A.Gray 1909

Bibliografia

 src= A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Roure americà Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata
  • A. López, Mª Mar Trigo, X. Argimon, JM. Sánchez Flora Ornamental Española Tomo I. Coedició Junta de Andalucia, Consejería de Agricultura y Pesca, Mundi-Prensa i Asociación Española de Parques y Jardines Públicos, Sevilla 2000.


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Roure americà: Brief Summary ( الكتالونية )

المقدمة من wikipedia CA

El roure americà (Quercus rubra) és un arbre del gènere Quercus original de l'Amèrica del nord ocupant una gran extensió, des del Quebec fins a Louisiana. El seu nom prové del llatí ruber-bra-brum, vermell, que fa referència a la coloració de les seves fulles a la tardor.

 src= tronc jove  src= fulles  src= aglans
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Derwen goch ( الويلزية )

المقدمة من wikipedia CY

Llysieuyn blodeuol (neu legume) yw Derwen goch sy'n enw benywaidd. Mae'n perthyn i'r teulu Fagaceae. Yr enw gwyddonol (Lladin) yw Quercus rubra a'r enw Saesneg yw Red oak.[1] Ceir enwau Cymraeg eraill ar y planhigyn hwn gan gynnwys Derwen Goch.

Eraill yn yr un teulu yw: ffa soya (Glycine max), y ffa cyffredin (Phaseolus), pys gyffredin (Pisum sativum), chickpea (Cicer arietinum), cnau mwnci (Arachis hypogaea), pys per (Lathyrus odoratus) a licrs (Glycyrrhiza glabra).

Gweler hefyd

Cyfeiriadau

  1. Gerddi Kew; adalwyd 21 Ionawr 2015
Comin Wikimedia
Mae gan Gomin Wikimedia
gyfryngau sy'n berthnasol i:
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Derwen goch: Brief Summary ( الويلزية )

المقدمة من wikipedia CY

Llysieuyn blodeuol (neu legume) yw Derwen goch sy'n enw benywaidd. Mae'n perthyn i'r teulu Fagaceae. Yr enw gwyddonol (Lladin) yw Quercus rubra a'r enw Saesneg yw Red oak. Ceir enwau Cymraeg eraill ar y planhigyn hwn gan gynnwys Derwen Goch.

Eraill yn yr un teulu yw: ffa soya (Glycine max), y ffa cyffredin (Phaseolus), pys gyffredin (Pisum sativum), chickpea (Cicer arietinum), cnau mwnci (Arachis hypogaea), pys per (Lathyrus odoratus) a licrs (Glycyrrhiza glabra).

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Dub červený ( التشيكية )

المقدمة من wikipedia CZ
 src=
Mapa rozšíření dubu červeného

Dub červený (Quercus rubra) je statný opadavý listnatý strom z čeledi bukovitých, původním výskytem ve východní části Severní Ameriky. Jedná se o cennou okrasnou parkovou dřevinu a díky dobrým růstovým vlastnostem je využívána i jako lesní dřevina. Pak je zpracovávána jako palivo, obkladový podlahový materiál a pro výrobu nábytku. Dub červený je hojně využíván v parcích celé Evropy od 20. let 18. století. Do českých zemí byl zaveden v 90. letech 19. století. Dnes je již nedílnou součástí většiny parků v České republice.[2]

Popis

Název tohoto druhu dub červený (Quercus rubra) je odvozen od charakteristické barvy jeho listů na podzim. Listy jsou matné s 3-5 laloky, které jsou odděleny zářezy sahajícími skoro až do poloviny listu. Každý lalok je zakončen trojicí úzkých špiček. Řapík listů je 2–5 cm dlouhý, do červena zbarvený a tloustnoucí směrem k bázi. Strom samotný má mohutný kmen s nízce se rozvětvujícími větvemi.

Samčí květy jsou tyčinky ve svazcích v řídkých jehnědách, samičí květy v číšce (kopule) na stopkách v jednotlivých svazečcích. Jsou větrosnubné. Doba květu zpravidla květen. Plodem je žalud. U mladých stromů je žalud charakteristicky červený, u starších stromů je zbarvení do hněda.

Dorůstá výšky 25–40 m a dožívá se 300–500 let.

Ekologie

Ve své domovině přirozeně roste v listnatých a smíšených lesích mírného pásu. V některých regionech České republiky dochází k agresivně expanzivnímu chování dubu červeného. Vzhledem k nadměrné kyselosti spadaných listů dubu červeného dochází k zamezení růstu ostatních domácích dřevin a rostlin. Jedním z míst, které jsou silně zasaženy je Pastýřská stěna v Děčíně. Zde došlo i k chemickému odstraňování náletů dubu červeného.[3]

Zajímavosti

V oblasti Jablunkova v České republice se nacházejí památné stromy dubu červeného.

Odkazy

Reference

  1. Červený seznam IUCN 2018.1. 5. července 2018. Dostupné online. [cit. 2018-08-10]
  2. Quercus rubra L. (dub červený) [online]. [cit. 2009-10-26]. Dostupné online.
  3. Pastýřská stěna

Literatura

  • Květena České republiky, díl 2. Eds. S. Hejný, B. Slavík. - Praha: Academia, 1990. - s. 21-35. - ISBN 80-200-1089-0
  • System a evoluce vyšších rostlin. Ed. R. Henrych. - Praha: SPN, 1977. - s. 202-203.
  • Stromy a keře. Autor Václav Větvička.- Praha: Aventinum, 2008. - s. 124. - ISBN 80-7151-254-0
  • Stromy. Ed. Bruno P. Kremer- Praha: Nakladatelství Ikar, 1995. - s. 128- 129. - ISBN 80-85830-92-2

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Dub červený: Brief Summary ( التشيكية )

المقدمة من wikipedia CZ
 src= Mapa rozšíření dubu červeného

Dub červený (Quercus rubra) je statný opadavý listnatý strom z čeledi bukovitých, původním výskytem ve východní části Severní Ameriky. Jedná se o cennou okrasnou parkovou dřevinu a díky dobrým růstovým vlastnostem je využívána i jako lesní dřevina. Pak je zpracovávána jako palivo, obkladový podlahový materiál a pro výrobu nábytku. Dub červený je hojně využíván v parcích celé Evropy od 20. let 18. století. Do českých zemí byl zaveden v 90. letech 19. století. Dnes je již nedílnou součástí většiny parků v České republice.

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Rødeg ( الدانماركية )

المقدمة من wikipedia DA

Rødeg (Quercus rubra), også skrevet Rød-Eg, er et op til 35 meter højt træ, der i Danmark er plantet hist og her parker og skove. Det kendes på de store, 15-25 cm lange blade med lang stilk og spidse lapper. Frugtstandens stilk er derimod kort, kun op til 2 cm. Kerneveddet er ikke så holdbart, som hos andre egetræer. Træet bliver omkring 80 år gammel, modsat stilkeg som normalt kan blive omkring 375 år.

Beskrivelse

Rødeg er et stort, løvfældende træ med en kegleformet til rundagtig vækstform. Stammen er ret og gennemgående til toppen. Hovedgrenene er vandrette med opadbøjede spidser. Barken er først olivengrøn med gråligt vokslag. Senere bliver den lysebrun, og til sidst er den grå med smalle furer. Knopperne er spredte, rødbrune og ægformede, tæt samlede mod endeknoppen.

Bladet er omvendt ægformet med brede, spidse lapper. Oversiden er mørkegrøn og skinnende, mens undersiden er lysegrøn. Høstfarven er rød på unge træer. Senere bliver bladene blot brune. Hanrakler og hunblomster ses kort efter løvspring. Rødegens agern sidder i en flad skål, og de modner over 2 år. Frugtstandens stilk er 25-50 mm lang. Agernet spirer villigt.

Rodnettet består af en dybtgående pælerod og nogle tæt forgrenede hovedrødder. Finrødderne ligger lige under overfladen.

Højde x bredde og årlig tilvækst: 30 x 20 m (50 x 30 cm/år).

Voksested

Rødeg hører hjemme i blandingsskove i det østlige USA og Canada, hvor den optræder på veldrænet, næringsrig og let sur bund.

I området omkring Roosevelt i New Jersey, USA, findes arten i skove og som pionertræ sammen med bl.a. Konvalbusk, tulipantræ, amerikansk bøg, amerikansk knapbusk, amerikansk nældetræ, amerikansk platan, amerikansk vin, blyantene, brunfrugtet surbær, glansbladet hæg, hvid ask, hvid hickory, klatrevildvin, koralsumak, pennsylvansk vokspors, rødløn, skovtupelotræ, sukkerbirk, sumpeg, sumprose, virginsk ambratræ, virginsk troldnød, virginsk vinterbær, weymouthfyr og østamerikansk hemlock[1]




Noter

Kilde

  • Signe Frederiksen et al., Dansk flora, 2. udgave, Gyldendal 2012. ISBN 8702112191.
  • Sten Porse: Plantebeskrivelser, DCJ 2003 (CD-Rom).

Eksterne henvisninger

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Rødeg: Brief Summary ( الدانماركية )

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Rødeg (Quercus rubra), også skrevet Rød-Eg, er et op til 35 meter højt træ, der i Danmark er plantet hist og her parker og skove. Det kendes på de store, 15-25 cm lange blade med lang stilk og spidse lapper. Frugtstandens stilk er derimod kort, kun op til 2 cm. Kerneveddet er ikke så holdbart, som hos andre egetræer. Træet bliver omkring 80 år gammel, modsat stilkeg som normalt kan blive omkring 375 år.

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Roteiche ( الألمانية )

المقدمة من wikipedia DE

Die Roteiche (Quercus rubra), in fachsprachlicher Rechtschreibung Rot-Eiche geschrieben,[1] auch Amerikanische Spitzeiche genannt, ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung der Eichen (Quercus) innerhalb der Familie der Buchengewächse (Fagaceae). Sie ist in Nordamerika verbreitet. Sie ist der offizielle Staatsbaum des US-Bundesstaates New Jersey.

Beschreibung

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Baumkrone mit jungem Laub

Vegetative Merkmale

Die Roteiche wächst als sommergrüner Baum und erreicht meist Wuchshöhen von 20 bis 25 Metern, mitunter bis zu 35 Metern. Sie kann bis zu 400 Jahre alt werden und dabei einen Stammdurchmesser von bis zu 2 Metern erreichen. Die Roteiche besitzt in der Jugend ein Pfahlwurzel-, später ein Herzwurzelsystem. Sie ist überaus schnellwüchsig. Bei jungen Bäumen werden bisweilen Jahrestriebe von 2,5 Meter Länge beobachtet. Das Triebwachstum erfolgt in zwei Perioden Mitte Mai bis Anfang Juni sowie Ende Juli bis Anfang August. Im Freistand blüht die Roteiche bereits im verhältnismäßig jungen Alter von 25 bis 30 Jahren. Sie bildet eine runde Baumkrone aus.

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Stamm und Borke
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Zweig mit männlichen Blütenständen

Die Rinde junger Roteichen ist grau und glatt; später wird eine dünnschuppige Borke gebildet. Die wechselständig und spiralig an den Zweigen angeordneten Laubblätter sind in Blattstiel und Blattspreite gegliedert. Der gelbliche Blattstiel ist etwa 2 Zentimeter, manchmal auch bis zu 5 Zentimeter lang. Die Blattspreite ist bis zu 23 Zentimeter lang und weist auf jeder Blatthälfte vier bis fünf Blattlappen auf, die durch bis zu 5 Zentimeter tiefe Buchten abgeteilt sind. Die Enden der Blattlappen laufen spitz zu. Der frische Blattaustrieb ist in den ersten drei Wochen gelb; danach sind die Laubblätter grün. Sie werden im Herbst kräftig leuchtend rot bis orange, an älteren Exemplaren teilweise auch gelb bis braun.

Generative Merkmale

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Frucht und Cupula

Die Blütezeit liegt in Mitteleuropa im Mai. Die männlichen Blütenstände hängen locker herab und sind gelblich-grün. Die weiblichen Blüten sitzen einzeln oder paarweise.

Die Eicheln reifen erst im zweiten Jahr. Der Fruchtbecher befindet sich an einem dicken, etwa 1 Zentimeter langen Stiel. Jede Nussfrucht ist von einem flachen Fruchtbecher (Cupula) umgeben. Die Eicheln sind bei einer Länge von etwa 2 Zentimetern sowie einem Durchmesser von etwa 2 Zentimetern breit-eiförmig.

Die Chromosomenzahl beträgt 2n = 24.[2]

Standort

Die Roteiche erbringt ihre besten Wuchsleistungen an warmen Standorten ohne Spätfröste auf gut basen-versorgten, tiefgründigen Böden, kann aber auch auf sehr nährstoffarmen Sandböden wachsen. Sie meidet kühlfeuchte, staunasse, überflutete oder extrem flachgründige Standorte sowie Höhenlagen. Auf stark kalkhaltigen und wechseltrockenen Standorten wird die Roteiche bevorzugt von der Wurzelfäule befallen, die zu Zuwachsverlusten, Kronenverlichtung und Wurzelbrüchen führen kann.[3] Bei karbonathaltigen Oberböden kommt es zu Entwicklungsstörungen.[4]

Vorkommen

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Roteiche in Herbstfärbung

Natürliche Verbreitung

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Ursprüngliche Verbreitung von Quercus rubra

Das ursprüngliche Verbreitungsgebiet von Quercus rubra liegt im östlichen Nordamerika und reicht dort von Kanada (südliches Ontario) südwärts in den USA bis nach Texas, Georgia, Missouri, Arkansas und Oklahoma. In den Appalachen kommt sie bis in Höhenlagen von über 1600 Meter vor.

Verwendung in Europa

In Mitteleuropa wird die Roteiche seit Anfang des 18. Jahrhunderts – aufgrund ihrer attraktiven Blattform und ihrer schönen Herbstfärbung – häufig als Park- und Alleebaum angepflanzt. Als Datum der Ersteinführung werden 1691 oder 1724 genannt.[5] Im Stadtklima ist sie ebenso erfolgreich wie die Stieleiche. Sie eignet sich allerdings nicht als Straßen- oder Platzbaum, da ihre Wurzeln bei verdichteten Böden Asphalt- und Plattenbeläge anheben.

Im Vergleich zu den in Mitteleuropa heimischen Eichenarten ist die Roteiche resistenter gegen Schädlinge, schattenverträglicher und zuwachsstärker. Sie wird daher in weiten Teilen Europas als fremdländische Baumart (in Rein- oder Mischbeständen mit Buche) auch forstwirtschaftlich genutzt. Bereits zu Anfang des 20. Jahrhunderts wurde die Roteiche als Ersatz für die einheimischen Eichen-Arten angepflanzt, die durch Fraßschäden sehr dezimiert wurden. In den deutschen Wäldern nimmt die Roteiche nach den Ergebnissen der Dritten Bundeswaldinventur (2012) mit 55.000 Hektar in der Hauptbestockung einen Flächenanteil von 0,5 Prozent ein. In der Jungbestockung kommt sie mit einer Gesamtfläche von 11.000 Hektar vor.[6]

Die Roteiche ist in den gemäßigten Gebieten eine relativ durchsetzungsstarke fremde Pflanzenart (Neophyt). Ihr ökologisches Potenzial als nachteilige invasive Art aber auch als möglicherweise vorteilhafte Art im Rahmen des forstwirtschaftlichen Leitbildes Klimaplastischer Wald ist jedoch nicht abschließend geklärt:[7]

Verwilderte, selbstverjüngende Bestände der Roteiche, die eine Tendenz zur Einbürgerung zeigen, gibt es in Mitteleuropa auf sauren, flachgründigen Böden, insbesondere felsigen Standorten. Sie bildet hier eine Konkurrenz zur heimischen Traubeneiche (Quercus petraea), während sie gegenüber der Buche (Fagus sylvatica) auf besseren Böden nicht bestehen kann. Auffallend sind verwilderte Roteichen beispielsweise im Elbsandsteingebirge, wo die Roteiche auf Felsen weitab eines forstlichen Anbaus wächst und sicher eingebürgert ist.[8] Der Aufwand ihrer Beseitigung wird jedoch als überschaubar eingeschätzt und aufgrund bislang nur punktueller Konflikte mit Biotopschutzzielen wird sie von Naturschützern in Deutschland teilweise nur als potenziell invasiv eingestuft. In Belgien und den Niederlagen wird eine Zunahme der Naturverjüngung festgestellt, in Tschechien und Polen gilt sie als (zu bekämpfende) invasive Art. In manchen anderen mitteleuropäischen Staaten wird die Roteiche nicht als invasiv angesehen.[9] Die Freisetzung sollte jedoch überall nicht bedenkenlos und großflächig vorgenommen werden.

Demgegenüber wurde festgestellt, dass an Quercus rubra mehr Käfer- und Wanzenarten vorkommen als beispielsweise an der einheimischen Buche und dass eine ganze Reihe von Arten die Roteiche als Lebensraum nutzen und für ihre Einbindung in die Stoffkreisläufe sorgen. Vor diesem Hintergrund und im Hinblick auf die globale Erwärmung fordern Forstwissenschaftler daher eine naturschutzfachliche Neubewertung dieser Eichenart in Europa.

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Illustration aus Histoire des arbres forestiers de l'Amérique septentrionale, 1812, Tafel 26

Systematik

Die Erstveröffentlichung von Quercus rubra erfolgte 1753 durch Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum, 2, Seite 996.[10] Synonyme für Quercus rubra L. sind: Quercus acerifolia G.Kirchn., Quercus ambigua F.Michx. nom. illeg., Quercus angulizana Raf., Quercus borealis F.Michx., Quercus cuneata Dippel nom. illeg., Quercus maxima (Marshall) Ashe, Quercus sada Mast., Quercus coccinea var. ambigua (F.Michx.) A.Gray, Quercus rubra var. ambigua (F.Michx.) Fernald, Quercus rubra var. borealis (F.Michx.) Farw., Quercus rubra var. hispanica Castigl., Quercus rubra var. latepinnatifida Kuntze, Quercus rubra var. latifolia Aiton, Quercus rubra var. pendula de Vos, Quercus rubra var. maxima Marshall, Quercus rubra var. ramosissima Marshall, Quercus rubra var. subserrata Lam.[11][12][13] Von Quercus rubra relativ viele Varietäten beschrieben, sie gelten oft als Synonyme von Quercus rubra.[11][12][13]

Nutzung und Forstbau

Zierpflanze

Die Roteiche wird als Zierpflanze in Parkanlagen verwendet.

Zuchtformen:

  • ‚Aurea‘: Diese Form trägt intensiv goldgelbe Laubblätter, die allerdings im Lauf des Sommers etwas nachgrünen.
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Stammquerschnitt

Holz

Die Roteiche ist ein Kernholzbaum mit dünnem hellen Splint und rotbraunem Kern. Ihr Holz besitzt eine mittlere Rohdichte von 0,65 g/cm³. Das Holz der Roteiche kann ähnlich wie das Holz der in Mitteleuropa heimischen Stieleiche und Traubeneiche verwendet werden, ist aber insgesamt weniger wertvoll. So sind Furniere der Roteiche unregelmäßiger strukturiert. Das grobporige Holz besitzt sehr weitlumige Gefäße. Diese bleiben auch nach der Verkernung unverthyllt, so dass sich Roteichenholz nicht für die Fassherstellung eignet,[14] denn in Faserrichtung ist der Transport von Flüssigkeiten und Gasen durch das Holz hindurch möglich.[12]

Das Holz der Roteiche hat nur eine geringe natürliche Dauerhaftigkeit gegenüber pilzlichen Holzschädlingen, was beispielsweise im Hinblick auf die Verwendung als Bauholz einen Nachteil gegenüber dem Holz von Stiel- oder Traubeneichen darstellt. Auch ist sie im Gegensatz zur Weiß-Eiche, zur Stieleiche und zur Traubeneiche nicht für den Schiffbau geeignet.

Waldbrandschutz

Als Brandschutzriegel wird die Amerikanische Roteiche in Nadelwäldern angepflanzt, da ihre säurehaltigen und schlecht zersetzbaren Laubblätter weitere Vegetation behindern und somit ein eventuelles Feuer gebremst werden kann.

Literatur

Einzelnachweise

  1. Quercus rubra L., Rot-Eiche. FloraWeb.de
  2. Quercus rubra bei Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis.
  3. www.waldwissen.net: Befallsbedingungen für Wurzelfäule bei Roteiche.
  4. Informationen aus der Wissenschaft/ aus LWF-aktuell, Nr. 20 der Bayerischen Landesanstalt für Wald und Forstwissenschaft, 1999, S. 21. PDF.
  5. Mirko Liesebach, Volker Schneck: Entwicklung von amerikanischen und europäischen Herkünften der Roteiche in Deutschland. forstarchiv 82, 125–133 (2011). PDF (0,7 MB). doi:10.4432/0300-4112-82-125
  6. F. Kroiher, A. Bolte: Naturschutz und Biodiversität im Spiegel der BWI 2012. In: AFZ-Der Wald. 21/2015.
  7. Torsten Vor, Hermann Spellmann, Andreas Bolte, Christian Ammer (Hrsg.): Potenziale und Risiken eingeführter Baumarten Baumartenportraits mit naturschutzfachlicher Bewertung, „Göttinger Forstwissenschaften“, Band 7, Universitätsverlag, Göttingen 2015, ISBN 978-3-86395-240-2, PDF, abgerufen am 10. März 2022. S. 244, 249–250.
  8. R. Dressel, E. J. Jäger: Beiträge zur Biologie der Gefäßpflanzen des herzynischen Raumes. 5. Quercus rubra L. (Roteiche): Lebensgeschichte und agriophytische Ausbreitung im Nationalpark Sächsische Schweiz. In: Hercynia N.F. Band 35, 2002, S. 37–64.
  9. Katharina Burkardt: Kurzportrait Roteiche (Quercus rubra L.), In: waldwissen.net, 12. Februar 2018, abgerufen am 2. August 2019.
  10. Quercus rubra bei Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis Abgerufen am 2. August 2019.
  11. a b R. Govaerts, D. G. Frodin, 1998: World Checklist and Bibliography of Fagales: 1-408. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. In: Rafaël Govaerts (Hrsg.): Quercus rubra. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) – The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, abgerufen am 3. August 2019.
  12. a b c Datenblatt Quercus rubra bei Plants of the World von Kew Royal Botanic Gardens, London, GB. (englisch), letzter Zugriff am 2. August 2019.
  13. a b Quercus rubra im Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Abgerufen am 3. August 2019.
  14. Gerhard Stinglwagner, Ilse Haseder, Reinhold Erlbeck: Das Kosmos Wald- und Forstlexikon. 6. Auflage. Kosmos, 2016, ISBN 978-3-440-15219-5, S. 216–217 (Quercus rubra auf S. 216–217 in der Google-Buchsuche).
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Roteiche: Brief Summary ( الألمانية )

المقدمة من wikipedia DE

Die Roteiche (Quercus rubra), in fachsprachlicher Rechtschreibung Rot-Eiche geschrieben, auch Amerikanische Spitzeiche genannt, ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung der Eichen (Quercus) innerhalb der Familie der Buchengewächse (Fagaceae). Sie ist in Nordamerika verbreitet. Sie ist der offizielle Staatsbaum des US-Bundesstaates New Jersey.

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Cerwjeny dub ( اللغة الصوربية السفلى )

المقدمة من wikipedia emerging languages

Cerwjeny dub (Quercus rubra) jo bom ze swójźby bukowych rostlinow (Fagaceae), z roda dubow.

Wopis

Cerwjeny dub jo spěšnje rosćecy a w lěśe zeleny bom, kótaryž dośěgnjo wusokosć wót 10 až 25 (27) m. Wón jo zymokruty.

Škóra jo šera a płonobrozdata, kótaraž se pó chyli śamnobrunje wubarwi.

Łopjena

Łopjena maju 2-6 wótšych lapow a su w nazymje swětło-oranžowe až šarlachcerwjene. Wóni dośěgnu dłujkosć wót až do (20) 24 cm. Cypliški lapow su dłujko wuśěgnjone.

Pśi sorśe 'Aurea' młoda łopjena su swěśece žołte.

Kwiśonki

Kwiśo wót apryla až do maja. Kwiśonki se z listom jawje.

Płody

Žołźe su kulojte až jajojte, w płonym kelušku sejźe a dośěgnu dłujkosć wót 3 cm.

Stojnišćo

Rostlina jo lěsniski a parkowy lěs. Ma lubjej stojnišća w słyńcu abo w połchłodku.

Rozšyrjenje

Bom jo w pódzajtšu pódpołnocneje Ameriki domacny.

Wužywanje

Nožki

  1. Starosta: Dolnoserbsko-nimski słownik, Niedersorbisch-deutsches Wörterbuch, Bautzen 1999, ISBN 3-7420-1096-4, bok 124
  2. W internetowem słowniku: Eiche

Žrědła

  • Botanica, Bäume und Sträucher, Über 2000 Pflanzenporträts, ISBN 978-3-8331-4467-7, bok 709 (nim.)
  • Spohn, Aichele, Golte-Bechtle, Spohn: Was blüht denn da? Kosmos Naturführer (2008), ISBN 978-3-440-11379-0, bok 398 (nim.)

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Cerwjeny dub: Brief Summary ( اللغة الصوربية السفلى )

المقدمة من wikipedia emerging languages

Cerwjeny dub (Quercus rubra) jo bom ze swójźby bukowych rostlinow (Fagaceae), z roda dubow.

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Za čas nazymy

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Łopjenka

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Routeech ( اللوكسمبورغية )

المقدمة من wikipedia emerging languages

D'Routeech, Quercus rubra, ass e Bam aus der Gattung vun den Eechen (Quercus), dee vun Natur aus am ëstlechen Nordamerika vun der Ostküst bis un de Rand vun der Prärie virkënnt.

Et ass e Bam dee méi séier wéi déi europäesch Eeche wiisst, a gëtt zanter 1840 mat Erfolleg an Europa ugeplanzt.

Quercus borealis var. maxima

De Quercus borealis var. maxima Marsh. ass eng Varietéit vun der Routeech aus dem Süde vun den USA. Si ënnerscheet sech doduerch dat hir Blieder hänken a méi déif ageschnidde sinn, op all Säit 6 Läppercher hunn, a méi grouss Eechelen droen.

Zuuchtformen

Eng bekannt Zuuuchtform ass de Quercus rubra forma aurea, där hir jonk Blieder intensiv goldgiel sinn. Am Laf vum Summer verblatzen se e bësselchen a kënne gréng Faarftéin kréien.

Aarten déi der Routeech gläichen

Zu den Aarten déi der Routeech gläichen[1] gehéieren d'Suppeneech (Quercus palustris), d'Fierwereech (Quercus velutina) an d'Scharlacheech (Quercus coccinea).

Routeechen zu Lëtzebuerg

Déi bekanntst Routeechen zu Lëtzebuerg sinn déi sechs Prinzessinnen-Eechen am Gréngewald.

Referenzen

  1. Alan Mitchel. Die Wald- und Parkbäume Europas. Paul Parey Verlag. Säit 243.

Um Spaweck

Commons: Quercus rubra – Biller, Videoen oder Audiodateien
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Routeech: Brief Summary ( اللوكسمبورغية )

المقدمة من wikipedia emerging languages

D'Routeech, Quercus rubra, ass e Bam aus der Gattung vun den Eechen (Quercus), dee vun Natur aus am ëstlechen Nordamerika vun der Ostküst bis un de Rand vun der Prärie virkënnt.

Et ass e Bam dee méi séier wéi déi europäesch Eeche wiisst, a gëtt zanter 1840 mat Erfolleg an Europa ugeplanzt.

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Oó'omêše

المقدمة من wikipedia emerging_languages

Oó'omêše (Quercus rubra) hoohtseto-éve.

Quercus rubra autumn selection.jpg
Image Northen Red Oak Dresden06.JPG
Amerikaanse eik eikels Quercus rubra acorns.jpg
Quercus rubra IP0905004.jpg
Quercus rubra Blüte.jpg
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Quercus rubra ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من wikipedia EN

Quercus rubra, the northern red oak, is an oak tree in the red oak group (Quercus section Lobatae). It is a native of North America, in the eastern and central United States and southeast and south-central Canada. It has been introduced to small areas in Western Europe, where it can frequently be seen cultivated in gardens and parks. It prefers good soil that is slightly acidic. Often simply called red oak, northern red oak is so named to distinguish it from southern red oak (Q. falcata), also known as the Spanish oak. Northern Red Oak is sometimes called champion oak.

Description

In many forests, Quercus rubra grows straight and tall, to 28 metres (92 feet), exceptionally to 43 m (141 ft) tall, with a trunk of up to 50–100 centimetres (20–39 inches) in diameter. Open-grown trees do not get as tall, but can develop a stouter trunk, up to 2 m (6+12 ft) in diameter. It has stout branches growing at right angles to the stem, forming a narrow round-topped head.[3]

Under optimal conditions and full sun, northern red oak is fast growing and a 10-year-old tree can be 5–6 m (16–20 ft) tall.[4] Trees may live up to 400 years;[5] a living example of 326 years was noted in 2001.[6][7]

Northern red oak is easy to recognize by its bark, which features ridges that appear to have shiny stripes down the center. A few other oaks have bark with this kind of appearance in the upper tree, but the northern red oak is the only tree with the striping all the way down the trunk.[6]

As with most other deciduous oaks, leafout takes place in spring when day length has reached 13 hours—it is tied entirely to photoperiod and will take place regardless of air temperature. As a consequence (see below), in cooler regions, northern red oaks often lose their flowers to late spring frosts, resulting in no seed crop for the year. The catkins and leaves emerge at the same time. The acorns develop on the tree for two growing seasons and are released from the tree in early October, and leaf drop begins when day length falls under 11 hours. The timing of leafout and leaf drop can vary by as much as three weeks in the northern and southern US. Seedlings emerge in spring when soil temperatures reach 21 °C (70 °F).

  • Bark: Dark reddish gray brown, with broad, thin, rounded ridges, scaly. On young trees and large stems, smooth and light gray. Rich in tannin. Branchlets slender, at first bright green, shining, then dark red, finally dark brown. Bark is brownish gray, becoming dark brown on old trees.
  • Wood: Pale reddish brown, sapwood darker, heavy, hard, strong, coarse-grained. Cracks in drying, but when carefully treated could be successfully used for furniture. Also used in construction and for interior finish of houses. Sp. gr., 0.6621; weight of cu. ft., 41.25 lbs.
  • Winter buds: Dark chestnut brown (reddish brown), ovate, acute, generally 6 mm (14 in) long[6]
  • Leaves and acorns: Alternate, seven to nine-lobed, oblong-ovate to oblong, five to ten inches long, four to six inches broad; seven to eleven lobes tapering gradually from broad bases, acute, and usually repandly dentate and terminating with long bristle-pointed teeth; the second pair of lobes from apex are largest; midrib and primary veins conspicuous. Lobes are often less deeply cut than most other oaks of the red oak group. Leaves emerge from the bud convolute, pink, covered with soft silky down above, coated with thick white tomentum below. When full grown are dark green and smooth, sometimes shining above, yellow green, smooth or hairy on the axils of the veins below. In autumn they turn a rich red, sometimes brown. Often the petiole and midvein are a rich red color in midsummer and early autumn, though this is not true of all red oaks. The acorns mature in about 18 months after pollination; solitary or in pairs, sessile or stalked; nut oblong-ovoid with broad flat base, full, with acute apex, one half to one and one-fourth of an inch long, first green, maturing nut-brown; cup, saucer-shaped and shallow, 2 cm (34 in) wide, usually covering only the base, sometimes one-fourth of the nut, thick, shallow, reddish brown, somewhat downy within, covered with thin imbricated reddish brown scales. Its kernel is white and very bitter.[3]

Red oak acorns, unlike the white oak group, display epigeal dormancy and will not germinate without a minimum of three months' exposure to temperatures below 4 °C (40 °F). They also take two years of growing on the tree before development is completed.[6]

Distribution and habitat

The species grows from the north end of the Great Lakes, east to Nova Scotia, south as far as Georgia, Mississippi, Alabama, and Louisiana, and west to Oklahoma, Kansas, Nebraska, and Minnesota.[8]

It grows rapidly and is tolerant of many soils and varied situations, although it prefers the glacial drift and well-drained borders of streams.[3] In the southeastern United States, it is frequently a part of the canopy in an oak-heath forest, but generally not as important as some other oaks.[9][10][6]

Northern red oak is the most common species of oak in the northeastern US after the closely related pin oak (Q. palustris). The red oak group as a whole are more abundant today than they were when European settlement of North America began as forest clearing and exploitation for lumber much reduced the population of the formerly dominant white oaks.

Ecology

Mossy trunk of a large, old-growth individual surrounded by hemlocks within the Jakey Hollow Natural Area of Weiser State Forest in Columbia County, Pennsylvania

Over the last few decades, the northern red oak has dealt with several environmental factors, mainly disease, predation by insects, and limited opportunities for dispersal. These stresses have impacted the species' ability to proliferate in both the Northeast and Europe.[11] The various environmental responses observed in Quercus rubra across several temperate environmental conditions have allowed for it to serve as a model organism for studying symbiotic relationships, dispersal, and habituation between tree species.

Pests and diseases

Canker pathogen, Diplodia corticola, has become a major pathogen to the species over the last decade, causing leaf browning, bark cracking and bleeding, and high rates of tree mortality across the northeastern United States.[12] The northern red oak is also characterized as one of the most susceptible species to plant fungi Phytophthora cinnamomi and Phytophthora ramorum, which have caused severe, red-black cankers in the trunk region of the species.[13][14][15] Both P. cinnamomi and P. ramorum grow under warmer temperature conditions; as a result, northern red oak trees found in California, France, and northern Spain all have a higher incidence of fungal infection.[15][16] Oak Wilt caused by the fungus Ceratocystis fagacearum is a major pathogen found in eastern North America that can kill trees quickly.[17]

Abiotic stresses

Northern red oak seedlings have been known to have a high mortality rate in northeast regions prone to spring freeze, particularly in Massachusetts. Acorns produced by oaks in this region are typically smaller in size as an adaptation to frost produced in high latitudes; however, the resulting smaller seedlings have produced limited opportunities for animal consumption and dispersal.[18] Flooding along the continental United States has been shown to be a major issue for the northern red oak, in which decreased phloem transport and photosynthetic activity has been observed, but only after multiple days of flooding, indicating that the northern red oak has adapted moderate resistance to excess water exposure.[19] The northern red oak has also developed tolerance mechanisms for heat stress, particularly observed in deciduous forests in the Southeastern United States, where, during summer heat waves, temperatures can exceed 40 °C (104 °F). The leaves of the northern red oak have been observed to have an acclimation to Rubisco activase activity that is directly correlated to acclimations with repeated exposure to heat waves. Consistent photosynthetic activity in the red oak has also been observed in the presence of high carbon dioxide levels that often occur as a result of elevated temperatures.[20][21]

Animals

Northern red oak kernels have highly concentrated amounts of bitter-tasting tannin, a biochemical classified as a predator deterrent, which has limited appeal for consumption among animals. Despite this, the acorns are eaten by deer, squirrels and birds.[6] In Europe, the acorns are consumed by several moth species, particularly Cydia fagiglandana and Cydia splendana, which increases their niche breadths and reduces their competition with Curculio weevils.[22] Due to this, germination rates among the northern red oak acorns have decreased significantly and resulted in less seed dispersal by animals within Poland. In addition, limited opportunities for dispersal have become costly for the northern red oak in Europe. European animals known for dispersing tendencies, such as the European jay and wood mouse, have been found to be more attracted to local oak species.[23]

Fungi

Quercus rubra has effective ectomycorrhizal relationships that have been correlated with increased growth rates. Northern red oak trees have been shown to increase growth in the presence of various ascomycetes that coil at the base of the oak trunk. The fungi, which eventually proliferate at the stumps of deciduous trees, have been found to be host-specific to both Quercus rubra and Quercus montana[24] and primarily promote growth upon infection.[24]

Invasiveness in Europe

It was introduced to Europe in the 1700s and has naturalized throughout most of western and central Europe.[25] Across western and central Europe, the northern red oak has become the fourth-most significant invasive species, colonizing several regions across Belgium, Germany, Northern Italy, Lithuania, Poland, Ukraine, European Russia,[26] the Urals and Western Siberia). The northern red oak is primarily found on the edges of woodland reserves in Europe, where light availability, tannin concentration, and animal dispersal are the most necessary component for the species' longevity and survival.[27] The high influx of the species in Europe is primarily based on its economic productivity as a fast-growing source of timber; however, it has been linked to lower percentages of trace elements and minerals found in the surrounding soil and reduced richness among native oak species such as Quercus robur.[28][27][29]

Uses

Wood; from Romeyn Beck Hough's fourteen-volume work The American Woods

The northern red oak is one of the most important oaks for timber production in North America. Quality red oak is of high value as lumber and veneer, while defective logs are used as firewood. Other related oaks are also cut and marketed as red oak, although their wood is not always of as high a quality. These include eastern black oak, scarlet oak, pin oak, Shumard oak, southern red oak and other species in the red oak group. Construction uses include flooring, veneer, interior trim, and furniture. It is also used for lumber, railroad ties, and fence posts.

Red oak wood grain is so open that smoke can be blown through it from end-grain to end-grain on a flat-sawn board. For this reason, it is subject to moisture infiltration and is unsuitable for outdoor uses such as boatbuilding or exterior trim.

The acorns can be collected in autumn, shelled, tied up in a cloth, and leached to remove bitterness. They can then be eaten whole or ground into meal.[30]

Ornamental use

Quercus rubra is grown in parks and large gardens as a specimen tree.[31] It is not planted as often as the closely related pin oak as it develops a taproot and quickly becomes difficult to transplant, however modern growing pots have made starting seedlings with taproots easier than in the past.

Culture

It is the state tree of New Jersey and the provincial tree of Prince Edward Island.

Famous specimens

The Shera-Blair red oak
  • Ashford Oak – A very large Northern Red Oak in Ashford, Connecticut. The tree has suffered falling limbs because of its great age. However, this tree is still a sight to behold; the trunk is 8 m (26 ft) in circumference and the root-knees are also particularly impressive. The oak is located on Giant Oak Lane off U.S. Highway 44. There are several other large oaks in the area.[32]
  • Chase Creek Red Oak – This forest tree is located on a very rich steep slope in Anne Arundel County, Maryland. It is a high-stump coppice with three leads. It was the state champion oak in Maryland in 2002. The circumference at breast height is 6.7 m (22 ft 0 in), the height 41.5 m (136 ft 2 in) and the spread 29.9 m (98 ft 1 in)[32]
  • Shera-Blair Red Oak – This majestic red oak tree is located on Shelby Street in the South Frankfort neighborhood in Franklin County, Kentucky, and is the largest red oak tree in the oldest neighborhood in Frankfort, Kentucky. It is in the backyard of a house built in 1914 by architect Arthur Raymond Smith, who at one time worked for D.X. Murphy & Bros., famed architects that designed the twin spires at Churchill Downs. The circumference at breast height is 6.4 m (21 ft 0 in), with the trunk reaching higher than 12 m (40 ft) before the branches begin and an estimated height of 40 m (130 ft).
  • Zhelevo – At over 250 years old, this tree is among the oldest in Toronto. The trunk has a circumference of 4.95 m (16 ft 3 in) and the canopy is over 24 m (79 ft) tall. The lot where the tree stands has been purchased by the City of Toronto to be turned into a public park. [33]

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Quercus rubra.
  1. ^ Wenzell , K.; Kenny, L. (2015). "Quercus rubra". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T194226A2305058. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T194226A2305058.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ^ "NatureServe Explorer". Retrieved 2021-05-06.
  3. ^ a b c Keeler, Harriet L. (1900). Our Native Trees and How to Identify Them. New Roak: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 349–354.
  4. ^ Arbor Day Foundation, Northern Red Oak
  5. ^ United States Department of Agriculture Plant Guide
  6. ^ a b c d e f Nixon, Kevin C. (1997). "Quercus rubra". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). Vol. 3. New York and Oxford – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
  7. ^ Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory and Columbia University, Eastern US oldlist
  8. ^ "Quercus rubra". County-level distribution map from the North American Plant Atlas (NAPA). Biota of North America Program (BONAP). 2014.
  9. ^ The Natural Communities of Virginia Classification of Ecological Community Groups (Version 2.3), Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation, 2010 Archived January 5, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
  10. ^ Schafale, M. P. and A. S. Weakley. 1990. Classification of the natural communities of North Carolina: third approximation. North Carolina Natural Heritage Program, North Carolina Division of Parks and Recreation.
  11. ^ Smith, Sally E.; Read, David J. (2010-07-26). Mycorrhizal Symbiosis. Academic Press. ISBN 9780080559346.
  12. ^ Top, Sara M.; Preston, Caroline M.; Dukes, Jeffrey S.; Tharayil, Nishanth (2017). "Climate Influences the Content and Chemical Composition of Foliar Tannins in Green and Senesced Tissues of Quercus rubra". Frontiers in Plant Science. 8: 423. doi:10.3389/fpls.2017.00423. ISSN 1664-462X. PMC 5432568. PMID 28559896.
  13. ^ Marĉais, B.; Dupuis, F.; Desprez-Loustau, M. L. (1996-06-01). "Susceptibility of the Quercus rubra root system to Phytophthora cinnamomi; comparison with chestnut and other oak species" (PDF). European Journal of Forest Pathology. 26 (3): 133–143. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0329.1996.tb00718.x. ISSN 1439-0329. S2CID 83704321.
  14. ^ Bergot, Magali (2004). "Simulation of potential range expansion of oak disease caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi under climate change" (PDF). Global Change Biology. 10 (9): 1539–1552. Bibcode:2004GCBio..10.1539B. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2004.00824.x. S2CID 85844009.
  15. ^ a b Davidson, J. M.; Werres, S.; Garbelotto, M.; Hansen, E. M.; Rizzo, D. M. (2003). "Sudden Oak Death and Associated Diseases Caused by Phytophthora ramorum". Plant Health Progress. 4: 12. doi:10.1094/php-2003-0707-01-dg.
  16. ^ Marcais, B (June 1995). "Modelling the influence of winter frosts on the development of the stem canker of red oak, caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi" (PDF). Annales des Sciences Forestières. 53 (2–3): 369–382. doi:10.1051/forest:19960219.
  17. ^ Sudden Oak Death. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, State and Private Forestry, Northeastern Area. 2002. pp. 2–.
  18. ^ Aizen, Marcelo (1996). "Effects of acorn size on seedling survival and growth in Quercus rubra following simulated sporing freeze" (PDF). Canadian Journal of Botany. 74 (2): 308–314. doi:10.1139/b96-037.
  19. ^ Sloan, Joshua L.; Islam, M. Anisul; Jacobs, Douglass F. (2016-01-01). "Reduced translocation of current photosynthate precedes changes in gas exchange forQuercus rubraseedlings under flooding stress". Tree Physiology. 36 (1): 54–62. doi:10.1093/treephys/tpv122. ISSN 0829-318X. PMID 26655380.
  20. ^ Bauweraerts, Ingvar; Ameye, Maarten; Wertin, Timothy M.; McGuire, Mary Anne; Teskey, Robert O.; Steppe, Kathy (2014-07-01). "Acclimation effects of heat waves and elevated [CO2] on gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence of northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) seedlings". Plant Ecology. 215 (7): 733–746. doi:10.1007/s11258-014-0352-9. ISSN 1385-0237. S2CID 14230195.
  21. ^ Cavender-Bares, J.; Potts, M.; Zacharias, E.; Bazzaz, F. A. (2000-12-01). "Consequences of CO2 and light interactions for leaf phenology, growth, and senescence in Quercus rubra". Global Change Biology. 6 (8): 877–887. Bibcode:2000GCBio...6..877C. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.337.1253. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2486.2000.00361.x. ISSN 1365-2486. S2CID 15753586.
  22. ^ Myczko, Łukasz; Dylewski, Łukasz; Chrzanowski, Artur; Sparks, Tim H. (2017-08-01). "Acorns of invasive Northern Red Oak (Quercus rubra) in Europe are larval hosts of moths and beetles". Biological Invasions. 19 (8): 2419–2425. doi:10.1007/s10530-017-1452-y. ISSN 1387-3547. S2CID 9609205.
  23. ^ Merceron, Natalie (2017). "Removal of acorns of the alien oak Quercus rubra on the ground by scatter-hoarding animals in Belgian forests". Biotechnology, Agronomy, Society, and Environment. 21: 127–130. doi:10.25518/1780-4507.13613. S2CID 90139551.
  24. ^ a b Dickie, Ian A.; Koide, Roger T.; Steiner, Kim C. (2002). "Influences of Established Trees on Mycorrhizas, Nutrition, and Growth of Quercus rubra Seedlings". Ecological Monographs. 72 (4): 505–521. doi:10.2307/3100054. JSTOR 3100054.
  25. ^ Quercus rubra - European Forest Genetic Resources Programme
  26. ^ "Figure 1. The distribution of Q. Rubra in Europe (Based on NOBANIS data".
  27. ^ a b Wagner, Viktoria; Chytrý, Milan; Jiménez-Alfaro, Borja; Pergl, Jan; Hennekens, Stephan; Biurrun, Idoia; Knollová, Ilona; Berg, Christian; Vassilev, Kiril (2017-09-01). "Alien plant invasions in European woodlands". Diversity and Distributions. 23 (9): 969–981. doi:10.1111/ddi.12592. ISSN 1472-4642.
  28. ^ Riepas, Edvardas (2008). "Invasiveness and ecological effects of red oak (Quercus rubra) in Lithuanian forests" (PDF). Baltic Forestry. 14: 122–130.
  29. ^ Woziwoda, Beata; Kopeć, Dominik; Witkowski, Janusz (2014-03-18). "The negative impact of intentionally introduced Quercus rubra L. on a forest community". Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae. 83 (1): 39–49. doi:10.5586/asbp.2013.035. ISSN 2083-9480.
  30. ^ Elias, Thomas S.; Dykeman, Peter A. (2009) [1982]. Edible Wild Plants: A North American Field Guide to Over 200 Natural Foods. New York: Sterling. p. 233. ISBN 978-1-4027-6715-9. OCLC 244766414.
  31. ^ "Quercus rubra". RHS Gardening. Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 27 June 2013.
  32. ^ a b Rucker, Colby B. (February 2004), Great Eastern Trees, Past and Present, retrieved 2007-05-05
  33. ^ Cotterill, Madigan (3 December 2020). "Toronto city council votes to save historic red oak". Canadian Geographic. Retrieved 18 May 2021.
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Quercus rubra: Brief Summary ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من wikipedia EN

Quercus rubra, the northern red oak, is an oak tree in the red oak group (Quercus section Lobatae). It is a native of North America, in the eastern and central United States and southeast and south-central Canada. It has been introduced to small areas in Western Europe, where it can frequently be seen cultivated in gardens and parks. It prefers good soil that is slightly acidic. Often simply called red oak, northern red oak is so named to distinguish it from southern red oak (Q. falcata), also known as the Spanish oak. Northern Red Oak is sometimes called champion oak.

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Ruĝa kverko ( إسبرانتو )

المقدمة من wikipedia EO

La ruĝa kverko[2] (Quercus rubra) estas kverko en la ruĝkverko-grupo (Quercus sekcio Lobatae). Ĝi estas indiĝena en nordorienta Usono kaj sudorienta Kanado kaj vegetas ekde la norda finaĵo de Grandaj Lagoj, oriente ĝis Nova Skotujo, sude ĝis Georgio kaj la subŝtatoj kun bona grundo kiu estas iomete acida.

Priskribo

 src=
Ŝelo de relative juna ruĝa kverko.

En arbaroj, la ruĝa kverko kreskas rekta kaj alta, ĝis 28 m, escepte ĝis 43 m, kun trunkodiametro ĝis 50-100 cm. Malfermece kreskantaj arboj ne tiel estas altaj, sed ili povas disvolvi pli fortan trunkodiametron, ĝis 2 m. Ĝi havas dikajn branĉojn elkreskanta rektangule al la tigo, formante mallarĝan pintitan kapon.

 src=
Ŝelo de matura ruĝa kverko.

Ĝi kreskas rapide kaj estas tolerema por multaj grundoj kaj diversaj situacioj, kvankam ĝi preferas la morenojn kaj bon-drenitajn ĉeriverajn areojn [3]. Ĝi ofte estas parto de la kanopeo en kverk-erikeja arbaro, sed ĝenerale ne tiel gravas kiel iuj aliaj kverkoj [4][5]. Sub optimumaj kondiĉoj, ruĝa kverko rapide kreskas kaj 10-jaraĝa arbo povas esti 5-6 m alta. [6]. Arboj povas vivi ĝis 500 jarojn laŭ la USDA ( Usona Agentejo pri Agrikulturo ) [7], kaj vivanta ekzemplero de 326 jaroj estis registrita en 2001 fare de Orwig et al. [8].

Maturaj ruĝaj kverkoj estas facile rekoneblaj per sia ŝelo, kiu prezentas ŝelokrestojn kun brilaj strioj. Kelkaj aliaj kverkoj havas ŝelon kun tiu speco de apero en la supra arbo, sed ruĝa kverko estas la nura arbo kun la striado ĉie laŭlonge de la trunko.

  • Arboŝelo : Malhele ruĝeta-griz-bruno, kun largaĵ, maldikaj, rondetaj skvamecaj krestoj. Sur junaj arboj kaj grandaj branĉoj, la ŝelo estas glata kaj lume griza. La ŝelo estas riĉa je tanino. Branĉetaj maldikaj, komence estas klarverdaj, brilaj, tiam malhelruĝaj, finfine mallume brunaj. La ŝelo estas bruneta griza, iĝante mallume bruna sur maljunaj arboj.
  • Ligno : Pale ruĝet-bruna, alburno pli malluma, peza, malmola, forta, dikgrajna. Fendiĝas en sekigado, sed kiam singarde manipulite povus esti sukcese uzita por meblaro. Ankaŭ uzita en konstruo kaj por interna finaĵo de domoj.
  • Vintro-burĝonoj: Mallume kaŝtanbrunaj (ruĝete brunaj), ovalaj, akutaj, ĝenerale 6 mm longaj.
  • Folioj: Alternaj, kun sep al naŭ loboj, longform-ovalaj al longformaj, 12 cm al 25 centimetrojn longaj, 10 cm 15 centimetrojn larĝaj; sep ĝis dek unu loboj pintigante iom post iom ekde larĝaj bazoj, akutaj, kaj kutime disvastigit-dentaj kaj finiĝante kun longaj hareg-pintaj dentoj; la dua paro de loboj de la apekso estas la plej granda; mezripo kaj primaraj vejnoj okulfrapaj. Loboj estas malpli profunde entranĉitaj ol ĉe la plej multaj aliaj kverkoj de la ruĝkverkogrupo ( krom por nigra kverko kiu povas esti simila ). Ekverdiĝo el la burĝono prezentas rozkolorajn foliojn, kovritaj supre silkemole, sube dik-blanke triĥome (plant-elkreskaĵe). Kiam tute plenkreskaj, la folioj estas malhelverdaj kaj glataj, foje supre brilaj, flav-verdaj; ili estas glataj aŭ harkovritaj en la akseloj de la vejnoj malsupre. En aŭtuno ili montriĝas riĉe ruĝaj, foje brunaj. Ofte la petiolo kaj mezvejno estas riĉe ruĝa mezsomere kaj fru-aŭtune, kvankam tiu estas ne vera de ĉiuj ruĝaj kverkoj.
 src=
Fruktoj
  • Fruktoj maturiĝas, proksimume 18 monatojn post polenado; izolaj aŭ en paroj, sesilaj aŭ tigaj; la nuksoj estas longform-ovformaj kun larĝa plata bazo, plenaj, kun akutaj apeksoj, 1,25 ĝis 1,50 cm longaj, komence verdaj, maturiĝante nuksbrunaj; la kupuloj estas subtas-formaj kaj malprofundaj, 2 cm larĝaj, kutime kovrante nur la bazon, foje unu-kvaronon de la nukso, dikaj, malprofundaj, ruĝete brunaj, iom lanugaj ene, kovritaj per maldikaj ruĝet-brunaj skvamoj. La fruktokernoj estas blankaj kaj tre amaraj [3]. Malgraŭ tiu amareco, ili estas manĝitaj per cervoj, sciuroj kaj birdoj.

Uzado

 src=
Somera folio.

La ruĝa kverko estas unu el la plej gravaj kverkoj por lignoproduktado en Nordameriko. La ligno estas alt-valora. Aliaj parencaj kverkoj ankaŭ estas faligataj kaj surmerkatigataj sub la nomo de "ruĝa kverko", kvankam sia ligno estas ne ĉiam de tiel alta kvalito. Tiuj inkludas la nigran kverkon (Q.velutina), la skarlatan kverkon (Q.coccinea), la marĉan kverkon (Q.palustris), la Ŝumard-kverkon (Q.shumardi), la sudan ruĝan kverkon (Q.falcata) kaj aliajn speciojn en la ruĝkverka grupo.

La ligno estas uzata por plankoj, furniroligno, interndoma konstruligno, kaj mebloj.

La lignoteksturo de ruĝa kverko estas tiel malferma ke eblas blovi fumon tra ĝi de flanko al flanko de plat-segita tabulo. Pro tio, ĝi trapasas humido-enfiltriĝon kaj ne taŭgas por uzadoj kiaj ŝipkonstruado aŭ eksterdoma konstruado.

Tiu nearktisa specio estas hejmigita kaj vaste plantata en Mezeŭropo.

Famaj ekzempleroj

  • Ashford-kverko - tre granda ruĝa kverko en Ashford (Konektikuto). La arbo suferis de falintaj partoj pro sia granda aĝo. Tamen, tiu arbo daŭre estas spektaklo por konservi; la trunkocirkonferenco estas 8 m kaj la ŝvelintaj radikbazoj estas ankaŭ speciale imponaj. La kverko estas situanta laŭlonge de Giant Oak Lane de Usona Federacia Ŝoseo 44. Ekzistas pluraj aliaj grandaj kverkoj en la areo [9].
  • Ruĝa kverko de Chase Creek - Tiu forstarbo estas situanta sur riĉega kruta deklivo en Distrikto Anne Arundel (Marilando). Ĝi estas alt-kreskanta kopsarbo kun tri tigoj. Ĝi estis la subŝtata ĉampionokverko en Marilando en 2002. La cirkonferenco ĉe brustalteco estas 6,7 m, la alteco 41,5 m kaj la larĝeco de la arbokrono 29,9 m [9].

Vidu ankaŭ

Referencoj

  1. NatureServe (2006), "Quercus rubra", NatureServe Explorer: An online encyclopedia of life, Version 6.1., Arlington, http://www.natureserve.org/explorer/servlet/NatureServe?searchName=Quercus+rubra+, retrieved 2007-06-13
  2. Pilger W.F. 1982 : Komunlingvaj nomoj de plantoj de nord-okcidenta eŭropo, Vulpo, 72 p., p.4
  3. 3,0 3,1 Keeler, Harriet L.. (1900) Our Native Trees and How to Identify Them. New Roak: Charles Scriber's Sons, p. 349–354. angle
  4. The Natural Communities of Virginia Classification of Ecological Community Groups (Version 2.3), Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation, 2010 angle
  5. Schafale, M. P. and A. S. Weakley. 1990. Classification of the natural communities of North Carolina: third approximation. North Carolina Natural Heritage Program, North Carolina Division of Parks and Recreation. angle
  6. http://www.arborday.org/trees/treeGuide/TreeDetail.cfm?id=20>
  7. http://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/cs_quru.pdf
  8. Eastern US oldlist
  9. 9,0 9,1 Rucker, Colby B. (February), Great Eastern Trees, Past and Present, http://www.nativetreesociety.org/bigtree/great_eastern_trees.htm, retrieved 2007-05-05

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wikipedia EO

Ruĝa kverko: Brief Summary ( إسبرانتو )

المقدمة من wikipedia EO

La ruĝa kverko (Quercus rubra) estas kverko en la ruĝkverko-grupo (Quercus sekcio Lobatae). Ĝi estas indiĝena en nordorienta Usono kaj sudorienta Kanado kaj vegetas ekde la norda finaĵo de Grandaj Lagoj, oriente ĝis Nova Skotujo, sude ĝis Georgio kaj la subŝtatoj kun bona grundo kiu estas iomete acida.

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Quercus rubra ( الإسبانية، القشتالية )

المقدمة من wikipedia ES

Quercus rubra, el roble rojo americano,[2]roble boreal rojo americano o roble rojo del norte, es una especie arbórea perteneciente a la familia de las fagáceas oriunda del centro y este de América del Norte, aunque se han encontrado ejemplares en el noreste y centro de México, (el norte de la Sierra Madre Oriental). Está clasificada en la sección Lobatae; del roble rojo de América del Norte, Centroamérica y el norte de América del Sur que tienen los estilos largos, las bellotas maduran en 18 meses y un sabor muy amargo. Las hojas suelen tener lóbulos terminados en un número variable de puntas agudas (flexibles, no hirientes).

Distribución

Es originario de América del Norte, en el noreste de Estados Unidos, sureste de Canadá y el noreste de México. Crece desde el extremo norte de los Grandes Lagos, al este de Nueva Escocia, en el sur en lo que respecta a Georgia y en los estados con un buen suelo ligeramente ácido. A menudo llamado simplemente "Roble rojo", en el norte es oficialmente llamado así para distinguirlo del roble rojo del sur (Quercus falcata), también conocido como el "roble español".

En Europa el roble rojo americano se cultiva tanto para su explotación como especie forestal, como para fines ornamentales, aunque en la actualidad se considera una especie invasora en el centro del subcontinente.[3]

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Hojas.
 src=
Ilustración

Descripción

Es un árbol que crece recto y alto, alcanzando los 35 m de altura, con carácter excepcional llega a los 43 m de altura, con un tronco de hasta 1 m de diámetro; pero puede desarrollar un tronco de hasta 2 m de diámetro. Tiene ramas cada vez más sólidas en ángulo recto a la raíz, formando un estrecho remate de cabeza redonda. Crece rápidamente y es tolerante a los suelos de muchas y variadas situaciones, aunque prefiere la deriva glacial y bien drenado, en las cercanías de los arroyos.[4]

Este roble es fácil de reconocer por su corteza, que tiene crestas que parecen rayas brillantes en el centro. Algunos otros robles tienen la corteza con este tipo de aparición en la parte superior del árbol, pero este es el único árbol con las rayas por todo el tronco.

La madera es de color marrón rojizo pálido, albura más oscura, pesada, dura, fuerte, de grano grueso. Hay que controlarla en el secado, pero cuando se trata con cuidado puede ser utilizada con éxito para el mobiliario. También se utiliza en la construcción y acabado de interiores de casas.

Sus grandes hojas alcanzan de 12 a 22 cm por término medio, distintas de las del roble europeo por 4 a 5 lóbulos angulares extremo más o menos espinosos. En otoño, las hojas tornan de color rojo y permanecen en el árbol hasta bien entrado el invierno.

Florece en primavera (abril-mayo) en los brotes jóvenes del año. Las flores femeninas, están agrupadas en pares, son pequeñas (2 mm), ovoides, de color rojo y pedunculadas.

Los frutos son bellotas de color rojo-marrón de unos 2 cm, cúpula muy amplia y plana con escamas que cubren solo la base de la glándula . Maduran en el árbol durante dos años para llegar a la madurez.

Taxonomía

Quercus rubra fue descrita por Carlos Linneo y publicado en Species Plantarum 2: 996. 1753.[5]

Etimología

Quercus: nombre genérico del latín que designaba igualmente al roble y a la encina.

rubra: epíteto latín que significa "rojo.[6]

Sinonimia
  • Erythrobalanus rubra (L.) O.Schwarz (1936).
  • Quercus ambigua F.Michx. (1811), nom. illeg.
  • Quercus borealis F.Michx. (1817).
  • Quercus angulizana Raf. (1838).
  • Quercus acerifolia Petz. & G.Kirchn. (1864), pro syn.
  • Quercus coccinea var. ambigua (F.Michx.) A.Gray (1867).
  • Quercus sada Mast. (1875).
  • Quercus borealis var. maxima (Marshall) Sargent (1916).
  • Quercus maxima (Marshall) Ashe (1916).
  • Quercus borealis var. flabellata Croizat (1936).
  • Quercus borealis f. flabellata (Croizat) Rehder 1949[7]

Referencias

  1. Wenzell , K. & Kenny, L. (215). «Quercus rubra». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2016.1 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 21 de agosto de 2016.
  2. Nombre vulgar preferido en castellano, en Árboles: guía de campo; Johnson, Owen y More, David; traductor: Pijoan Rotger, Manuel, ed. Omega, 2006. ISBN 978-84-282-1400-1. Versión en español de la Collins Tree Guide.
  3. [1]
  4. Keeler, Harriet L. (1900). Our Native Trees and How to Identify Them. New Roak: Charles Scriber's Sons. pp. 349-354.
  5. «Quercus rubra». Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. Consultado el 18 de diciembre de 2013.
  6. En Epítetos Botánicos
  7. Sinónimos en Kew

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Quercus rubra: Brief Summary ( الإسبانية، القشتالية )

المقدمة من wikipedia ES

Quercus rubra, el roble rojo americano,​ roble boreal rojo americano o roble rojo del norte, es una especie arbórea perteneciente a la familia de las fagáceas oriunda del centro y este de América del Norte, aunque se han encontrado ejemplares en el noreste y centro de México, (el norte de la Sierra Madre Oriental). Está clasificada en la sección Lobatae; del roble rojo de América del Norte, Centroamérica y el norte de América del Sur que tienen los estilos largos, las bellotas maduran en 18 meses y un sabor muy amargo. Las hojas suelen tener lóbulos terminados en un número variable de puntas agudas (flexibles, no hirientes).

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Punane tamm ( الإستونية )

المقدمة من wikipedia ET
 src=
Punane tamm
 src=
Punase tamme leht

Punane tamm (Quercus rubra, varem ka põhjatamm) on liik tamme perekonnast.

Eestisse on see sisse toodud võõrpuuliigina ilmselt üle Euroopa Põhja-Ameerikast, täpsemalt Kanadast 18. sajandil. Oma nimed on ta saanud sügiseks erkpunaseks värvuvatest lehtedest ja põhjapoolkera levilast.

Tõrudel ja puudel palju vaenlasi: pasknäärid, hiired, mügrid, jänesed, metssead, mägrad, metskitsed ja põdrad.

2007. aasta aprillis Marek Vahula eestvõttel alanud projekt "Punase tamme otsijad" selgitab meie punaste tammede levikut ja arvukust ning eesmärgiks on välja anda teos "Punase tamme sõbrad".

Teda on hajusalt üle Eesti ja puude arv pidevalt kasvab. Teda on nii aedades, alleedel, parkides kui haljasaladel, Eestis kokku umbes 2000 puud. Suurim (300 puuline) selle liigi salu Eestis asub Neeruti maastikukaitsealal. Selle istutas mais 1918. aastal Neeruti mõisa viimane parun.

Kirjandus

  • Ivar Etverk. Punane tamm ja selle kasvatamine Rakvere metsamajandis. Diplomitöö, Tartu, 1955.
  • Ain Alvela. Neeruti mõisnik tõi sajandi eest meile punase tamme. Maaleht 44/1412, 30.oktoober, 2014.
  • Marek Vahula. Punase Tamme Otsijad . Voldik-ühe kampaania kokkuvõte. Tallinn, 2015.

Välislingid

 src= Punane tamm – pildid, videod ja helifailid Wikimedia Commonsis
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Punane tamm: Brief Summary ( الإستونية )

المقدمة من wikipedia ET
 src= Punane tamm  src= Punase tamme leht

Punane tamm (Quercus rubra, varem ka põhjatamm) on liik tamme perekonnast.

Eestisse on see sisse toodud võõrpuuliigina ilmselt üle Euroopa Põhja-Ameerikast, täpsemalt Kanadast 18. sajandil. Oma nimed on ta saanud sügiseks erkpunaseks värvuvatest lehtedest ja põhjapoolkera levilast.

Tõrudel ja puudel palju vaenlasi: pasknäärid, hiired, mügrid, jänesed, metssead, mägrad, metskitsed ja põdrad.

2007. aasta aprillis Marek Vahula eestvõttel alanud projekt "Punase tamme otsijad" selgitab meie punaste tammede levikut ja arvukust ning eesmärgiks on välja anda teos "Punase tamme sõbrad".

Teda on hajusalt üle Eesti ja puude arv pidevalt kasvab. Teda on nii aedades, alleedel, parkides kui haljasaladel, Eestis kokku umbes 2000 puud. Suurim (300 puuline) selle liigi salu Eestis asub Neeruti maastikukaitsealal. Selle istutas mais 1918. aastal Neeruti mõisa viimane parun.

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Haritz gorri ( الباسكية )

المقدمة من wikipedia EU

Haritz gorria, amerikar haritza edo ipar haritza (Quercus rubra edo, batzuetan Quercus borealis) Quercus generoko zuhaitz espeziea da. Jatorria Ipar Amerikan du (hortik izena), Ameriketako Estatu Batuen ipar-ekialdean eta Kanada hego-ekialdean. Europan XVIII. mendean barneratu zen eta egun herri atlantikoetan dago hedatua, Euskal Herria barne.

Ezaugarriak

Hostoek lobulu sakonak dituzte, punta-estuak. Udazkenean kolore gorria hartzen dute.

Azal leun eta argia du, pagoaren azalaren antzekoa; zuhaitz lirain eta garaia da (25-50 m garai) eta enborra lodia eta zuzena du. Zura haritz arruntarena baino kalitate txikiagokoa da; batez ere, ardoa eta beste pattar batzuk (brandya) zahartzeko upelak egiteko erabiltzen da.

Erreferentziak



Biologia Artikulu hau biologiari buruzko zirriborroa da. Wikipedia lagun dezakezu edukia osatuz.
(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Haritz gorri: Brief Summary ( الباسكية )

المقدمة من wikipedia EU

Haritz gorria, amerikar haritza edo ipar haritza (Quercus rubra edo, batzuetan Quercus borealis) Quercus generoko zuhaitz espeziea da. Jatorria Ipar Amerikan du (hortik izena), Ameriketako Estatu Batuen ipar-ekialdean eta Kanada hego-ekialdean. Europan XVIII. mendean barneratu zen eta egun herri atlantikoetan dago hedatua, Euskal Herria barne.

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Punatammi ( الفنلندية )

المقدمة من wikipedia FI

Punatammi (Quercus rubra) on tammien (Quercus) sukuun kuuluva puu, jonka luontaiseen esiintymisalueeseen kuuluu Pohjois-Amerikassa Yhdysvaltain koillisosat ja Kanadan kaakkoisosat.[3][4][5]

Kuvaus

 src=
Punatammen kaarnaa.

Punatammi voi saavuttaa jopa 43 metrin pituuden, mutta kasvaa yleensä noin 25–28 metriä korkeaksi.[4] Hyvällä kasvupaikalla se kasvaa nopasti. Rungon halkaisija on 50–100 senttimetriä. Lehdet ovat pituudeltaan 12–20 senttimetriä ja teräväliuskaisia. Lehdet saavat parhaimmillaan punaisen syysvärityksen. Tammenterhot kypsyvät kahdessa vuodessa.[4] Punatammi voi elää jopa 500-vuotiaaksi.[5]

Käyttö

 src=
Punatammen terhoja.

Punatammi on Pohjois-Amerikassa tärkeimpiä puutavaraksi kasvatettavia puita. Sitä käytetään myös laajalti koristekasvina ja se on levinnyt paikoin luontoon normaalin levinneisyysalueensa ulkopuolella.[5] Suomessa se menestyy piha- ja puistopuuna maan eteläosissa.[4]

Lähteet

  1. Kenny, L. & Wenzell , K.: Quercus rubra IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2016.2. 2015. International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN, Iucnredlist.org. Viitattu 2.10.2016. (englanniksi)
  2. ITIS: Quercus rubra (englanniksi)
  3. Northern red oak United States Department of Agriculture. Viitattu 15.3.2019. (englanniksi)
  4. a b c d Coombes, Allen: Puut, s. 142. Suomentanut Jani Kaaro. WSOY, 2005. ISBN 951-0-30137-x.
  5. a b c Northern Red Oak augustaga.gov. Viitattu 15.3.2019. (englanniksi)
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Punatammi: Brief Summary ( الفنلندية )

المقدمة من wikipedia FI

Punatammi (Quercus rubra) on tammien (Quercus) sukuun kuuluva puu, jonka luontaiseen esiintymisalueeseen kuuluu Pohjois-Amerikassa Yhdysvaltain koillisosat ja Kanadan kaakkoisosat.

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Chêne rouge d'Amérique ( الفرنسية )

المقدمة من wikipedia FR

Quercus rubra

 src=
Glands.

Le chêne rouge d'Amérique (Quercus rubra L., syn. Quercus borealis Duroi) est un arbre appartenant à la section des chênes rouges (Lobatae) du genre Quercus de la famille des Fagacées[1]. Il s'agit de l'arbre symbole de l'État du New Jersey et de l’Île-du-Prince-Édouard.

L’espèce est sans doute apparue il y a 7 millions d'années, mais les plus anciennes traces certaines datent d'il y a 7,5 millions d'années.

Description

 src=
Aspect général.

Le chêne rouge est un arbre caduc monoïque à croissance rapide d'une hauteur moyenne de 20 à 30 m[1], et dont les meilleurs sujets peuvent atteindre 50 m. Il a une longévité d’environ 200 ans[1] voire 500 ans dans des conditions optimales.

Le tronc est lisse et gris argenté jusqu’à 20-30 ans puis se fissure[1], les rameaux sont brun rougeâtre. Ses grandes feuilles atteignent de 12 à 22 cm en moyenne[1], se distinguant de celles des chênes caducs européens par leurs 4 à 5 lobes anguleux à extrémité plus ou moins épineuse. En automne, les feuilles virent au rouge, et se maintiennent sur l'arbre une bonne partie de l'hiver (marcescence).

Il fleurit au printemps (avril-mai) sur les jeunes rameaux de l'année. Les fleurs mâles forment d'assez longs chatons pendants. Les fleurs femelles, groupées par deux, sont petites (2 mm), ovoïdes, rouges et pédonculées.

Les fruits sont des glands brun-rouge d'environ 2 cm à cupule mince et plate très écailleuse ne recouvrant que la base du gland dont la paroi est recouverte d'un fin duvet[1],[2]. Ils mûrissent sur l'arbre pendant deux ans avant d'arriver à maturité[1],[2]. C'est pourquoi il est possible de voir en même temps, en été ou en début d'automne, des petites fleurs fermées sur les nouvelles pousses de l'année et des fruits mieux développés sur la tige de l'année précédente[2].

Habitat

 src=
Le chêne rouge avec ses couleurs d'automne.

L’arbre est originaire de l’est de l’Amérique du Nord entre la latitude de 34° nord et le sud du Canada[1].

Il pousse avec d’autres feuillus comme les frênes, les tilleuls ainsi que d’autres espèces de chênes. Il a besoin de sols profonds. Il a été introduit en Europe dès 1724 et on le trouve aujourd’hui jusqu’au sud de la Scandinavie[1]. En France des spécimens ont été plantés à la fin du XIXe siècle dans l'Arboretum de La Hutte (Vallée de l'Ourche - Vosges) ou à l'arboretum de l'école Du Breuil à Paris. Il en existe également un exemplaire à l'arboretum Georges Martel à Collobrières 83610 (France)

Culture

 src=
Feuille et glands de chêne rouge.

Le chêne rouge est une essence à croissance rapide (environ 1 m par an les dix premières années en conditions idéales) qui pousse bien même sur terrains siliceux ou venteux. Le chêne rouge préfère les sols légers, même très acides et craint les sols superficiels. Il se développe particulièrement bien dans les zones les plus humides sauf celles présentant des traces d’hydromorphie en surface. Il ne supporte pas le calcaire actif. Le système racinaire du chêne rouge se caractérise par un grand pivot et un chevelu racinaire peu abondant, ce qui explique les difficultés de reprise parfois constatées.

Il supporte bien la mi-ombre les premières années mais apprécie ensuite un bon ensoleillement.

Il résiste mieux que les chênes européens aux grands froids et aux gelées tardives. Il supporte assez bien la pollution atmosphérique[1] et la sécheresse.

Le chêne rouge est très apprécié par les cervidés (abroutissement et frottis).

En sylviculture, on pratique un élagage à intervalles réguliers notamment lors des premières années car le chêne rouge a tendance à produire des fourches qu'il faut supprimer le plus tôt possible.

On exploite le chêne rouge vers 60 ans pour éviter les risques de pourriture du cœur et les dépérissements qui apparaissent fréquemment vers 80 ans. Son accroissement est souvent supérieur à 8 m3/ha/an.

C’est une essence généralement traitée en futaie régulière. Le sous-bois est presque inexistant, soit étouffé par les rejets de souche de cet arbre vigoureux, soit gêné par le tapis formé par ses feuilles dont la décomposition est très lente.

Le chêne rouge d'Amérique produit une glandée importante et peut donc devenir une espèce envahissante qui présente peu d'intérêt pour la faune européenne. En revanche, c'est un arbre de grand intérêt paysager et d'ornement, avec ses feuilles rouges à l'automne.

Matériaux : sables, limons, argiles de décarbonatation (sans calcaire actif).

Espèce mésoxérophile à mésophile, supportant mal l'hydromorphie[3].

Pathologie

Le chêne rouge est peu touché par l'oïdium, mais est sensible aux polypores, à l'armillaire et à la collybie. Il est concerné par la maladie de l'encre (phytophthora cambivora et phytophthora cinnamomi), ainsi que par la flétrissure du chêne (Ceratocystis fagacearum). Il peut être sensible aux gélivures par très grand froid (mais moins que le chêne pédonculé). Attention aux blessures car le chêne rouge cicatrise difficilement. Certaines plantes herbacées, comme la molinie, émettent des toxines qui bloquent la croissance des plants de chêne rouge. Un traitement avant plantation peut être conseillé en cas d'envahissement.

Utilisation

 src=
Sylviculture de Quercus rubra en Gironde.

Introduit en Europe dès 1724, il est à l'époque planté pour ses qualités ornementales, en particulier son feuillage automnal[1]. De nos jours, il est de plus en plus utilisé pour le reboisement (car il grandit plus vite que les chênes européens). À la fin des années 80, 8 à 10 % des plantations de feuillus en France utilisaient le chêne rouge[4].

Toutefois, son utilisation en forêt est de plus en plus déconseillée en Europe, car il produit de nombreux glands dès l'âge de 20 ans et peut se montrer envahissant et se substituer aux chênes autochtones.

Le bois, lourd, à grain serré (moins que les chênes européens cependant), de couleur brun rougeâtre, est utilisé pour les charpentes, la tonnellerie, ainsi qu'en menuiserie et en ébénisterie. Il n'est cependant pas imperméable et ne peut être utilisé que pour la tonnellerie de denrées sèches (thylles peu abondantes ou absentes). L'écorce a longtemps servi au tannage des cuirs.

Il est déconseillé de planter un chêne rouge près des habitations car ses racines très puissantes peuvent soulever des revêtements assez épais. Il est toutefois assez utilisé comme arbre d'alignement.

Sur sol hydromorphe, il est préférable de planter le chêne des marais qui lui ressemble et supporte mieux une plus grande humidité[5].

Variétés

  • Quercus rubra L. var. ambigua (Gray) Fern.
  • Quercus rubra L. var. borealis (Michaux f.) Farwell
  • Quercus rubra L. var. rubra

Synonyme : Quercus borealis Michx

Notes et références

  1. a b c d e f g h i j et k Jaromir Pokorny, Arbres, Éditions Gründ, 1987, (ISBN 2-7000-1818-4), p. 204
  2. a b et c Luc Brodeur, « Les chênes : une production en moins de huit ans », Aventure Chasse & Pêche, vol. 17, no 14,‎ hiver 2009, p. 12-14 (ISSN ).
  3. J.C. Rameau, D. Mansion, G. Dumé, Flore Forestière Française : guide écologique illustré, Paris, Institut pour le Développement Forestier, 1994, 1785 p. (ISBN 2-904740-16-3), p. 573
  4. « Le chêne rouge d'Amérique » par Jean Timbal - INRA - 1994
  5. Croissance comparée du Chêne rouge et du Chêne des marais sur un sol agricole de Chalosse (Landes) - Jean Timbal - 2002

Annexes

Article connexe

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Chêne rouge d'Amérique: Brief Summary ( الفرنسية )

المقدمة من wikipedia FR

Quercus rubra

 src= Glands.

Le chêne rouge d'Amérique (Quercus rubra L., syn. Quercus borealis Duroi) est un arbre appartenant à la section des chênes rouges (Lobatae) du genre Quercus de la famille des Fagacées. Il s'agit de l'arbre symbole de l'État du New Jersey et de l’Île-du-Prince-Édouard.

L’espèce est sans doute apparue il y a 7 millions d'années, mais les plus anciennes traces certaines datent d'il y a 7,5 millions d'années.

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Carballo americano ( الجاليكية )

المقدمة من wikipedia gl Galician

O carballo americano[1] (Quercus rubra), tamén chamado carballo rubio americano (sin. Quercus borealis), é un carballo dos chamados carballos vermellos ou rubios, nativo de América do Norte. Introducido en Europa, plántase en Galicia dende hai uns anos con fins forestais e ornamentais.

Distribución

 src=
Aspecto xeral

É nativo do norte de América, especialmente no nordés dos Estados Unidos e sueste do Canadá. Medra bravo dende o norte dos Grandes Lagos, o leste de Nova Escocia, até o sur de Xeorxia, en xeral en zonas con bos solos, lixeiramente acedos. Nos Estados Unidos adóitaselle chamar carballo rubio do norte, para distinguilo do carballo rubio do sur: o Quercus falcata, ao que tamén lle chaman carballo hispano. Introduciuse no centro de Europa hai máis de dous séculos con fins ornamentais. No norte de España é unha especie cada vez máis empregada en reforestación. As repoboacións de maior idade e extensión áchanse no País Vasco, Navarra e Cantabria. Adáptase igualmente moi ben ás condicións climáticas de Galicia, pólo que, nos últimos anos, estase plantando a eito, tanto como ornamental póla beleza da súa follaxe outonal encarnada, como en usos forestais pola calidade da súa madeira e crecemento máis rápido en comparación co carballo bravo (Quercus robur). En condicións óptimas, medra axiña, e sos 10 anos pode acadar os 5–6 m de alto.[2]

Hábitat

Desenvólvese sobre solos de natureza silícea ou calcaria, sempre que estean descarbonatados pola abundancia de choivas polo menos até os 30–40 cm de profundidade. Considérase menos esixente en nutrientes ca os carballos autóctonos. Os solos óptimos para o seu desenvolvemento son os profundos, con máis de 70 cm dispoñíbeis para o desenvolvemento das raíces, frescos e ben drenados (texturas franco-areosas), aínda que tolera solos areentos moi drenados. Os solos hidromorfos ou compactos non lle conveñen, xa que é sensíbel á falta de osixenación das raíces. Atura os solos acedos mellor ca os carballos do país, porén, desde logo, non tanto como o bidueiro. Considerado de media sombra, tolera unha certa cuberta nos primeiros anos, mais require progresivamente máis luz ao aumentar a súa idade, facéndose marcadamente fototrópico, o que orixina pólas grosas orientadas cara aos ocos na cuberta de copas.

Descrición

 src=
Follas rubias do carballo americano no outono

Árbore caducifolia que acada os 28 m, e excepcionalmente os 43 m de altura, e con diámetros de toro tamén salientábeis que van até os 2 m. A copa é inicialmente coniforme, tornándose ampla e arredondada cos anos; as pólas son rectas, con tendencia a presentar fustes de má conformación cando non se practicaron os coidados silvícolas necesarios, aínda que con menos tendencia que o carballo bravo. O sistema radical é forte e profundo. É menos lonxevo ca os carballos autóctonos, pero pode chegar aos 500 anos,[3] de feito atopouse un exemplar vivo de 326 anos de idade en 2001 por Orwig et al.[4]

Recoñécese ben pola súa casca, que conta con cristas que semellan ter raias brillantes no centro.

  • Cortiza: avermellada-cinsenta chegando a parda escura nos exemplares vellos, con amplas en finas fendas e escamas. Lisa e clara nas árbores novas. Rica en ácido tánico. Poliñas magras de cor verde brillante, virándose encarnadas e finalmente pardas co tempo.
  • Madeira: parda arrubiada pálida, o sámago máis escuro, pesado, duro e forte, de gran groso. Prodúcense fendas no secado, aínda que ben tratada ten un grande potencia para carpintaría.

As follas son alternas, cun pedúnculo de 2 a 5 cm de longo; lámina foliar de perfil elíptico, de 10–25 cm de longo, 5–15 cm de ancho, base redonda, bordo sinuoso, con 7 ou 9 lóbulos, con dentes con arestas (a diferenza dos carballos galegos), aguzados e irregulares; seos redondos, que case nunca chegan en profundidade ata o nervio da folla, cara verde escura mate, revés máis claro; toman unha intensa cor vermella antes de caer.

As flores áchanse distribuídas monoicamente. As masculinas atópanse en amentos longos, soltos, de cor verde amarela. As femininas aparecen individuais ou en parellas, sésiles ou de pedúnculo moi curto, pequenas e insignificantes.

 src=
Landras de carballo americano.

O froito é unha landra ovada e achatadas, de até 2,5 cm de longo, soas ou de dúas en dúas, sésiles ou cun pedúnculo curto e vigoroso; cúpula (cascabullo) plana que rodea pouco menos da terceira parte da landra de cor parda avermellada. No primeiro ano, o froito soamente ten o tamaño dun chícharo e madura no outono do segundo ano (aos 18 meses da polinización). Como os demais carballos, non frutifica até idades algo avanzadas (uns 30 anos). A landra é moi acre.[5] A pesar de ser displicente, adóitana comer cervos, esquíos e algunhas aves.

Usos

O carballo americano é un dos carballos máis apreciados para a produción de madeira nos Estados Unidos, aínda que tamén se está a usar en Europa. A Madeira ten un gran valor. Ás veces véndese madeira de inferior calidade doutros carballos vermellos facéndoa pasar pola do carballo americano. Estes son principalmente o carballo negro americano do leste (Quercus velutina), o carballo escarlata (Quercus coccinea), o carballo palustre Americano ou carballo dos pantanos (Quercus palustris), o carballo rubio dos pantanos (Quercus shumardii), o carballo rubio do sur ou carballo hispano (Quercus falcata). Os usos na construción inclúen chans, chapas, molduras interiores e mobles. A madeira non é valida para usos exteriores ou construción de barcos, xa que o gran é tan aberto que a auga pode penetrar a fibra.

Silvicultura

 src=
Carballo americano coas cores do outono.

A densidade de plantación adoita ser baixa, duns 600 a 800 pés/ha; isto leva case sempre ao fracaso, ao non dispor logo dun número de pés de abondo para seleccionar os máis axeitados. En todo caso, se se opta por densidades baixas, resulta fundamental usar plantas de gran calidade, con posteriores tallas de formación moi frecuentes. As densidades elevadas –arredor de 1500 a 2000 pés/ha– semellan axeitadas para contar cunha maior base de selección. As plantas serán dun ou dous zumes, a raíz núa, repicadas e con sistema radical fasciculado. É un erro frecuente o uso de plantón de excesiva altura (2 metros) e con sistema radical moi reducido. A planta é bastante sensíbel a un manexo inadecuado e especialmente á plantación en solos lamentos. É moi sensíbel á competencia, sobre todo á herbácea, polo que son recomendábeis as rozas posteriores á plantación. A planta é moi atacada pola fauna brava, polo que require sempre algún xeito de protección. É unha especie sensíbel ás xeadas serodias, que lle provocan bifurcación, defecto que tamén pode derivar das características propias dos carballos, que adoitan presentar varias xemas no extremo do crecemento. Estas xemas adoitan dar lugar a forquillas ou pólas grosas con tendencia vertical. A dominancia apical é, polo xeral, pouco intensa. As tallas de formación serán moderadas e progresivas, por mor á falta de rixidez do talo das árbores novas, que fai que poida curvarse polo peso das follas. Normalmente o crecemento do ano recupera facilmente a rectitude, pero non a parte baixa do talo. Por outra banda, do mesmo xeito ca o resto dos carballos, o americano reacciona ante unha redución da altura da copa viva mediante a emisión de gomos chupóns, sendo necesario, polo menos, manter un 50% da altura total con folla.[6]

Notas

  1. "Carballo". DIGALEGO. Arquivado dende o orixinal o 19 de outubro de 2016. Consultado o 15 de outubro de 2016.
  2. "Northern Red Oak Tree on the Tree Guide at arborday.org". www.arborday.org. Consultado o 2020-01-31.
  3. http://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/cs_quru.pdf
  4. Eastern US oldlist
  5. Keeler, Harriet L. (1900). Our Native Trees and How to Identify Them. New Roak: Charles Scriber's Sons. pp. 349–354.
  6. [1][Ligazón morta]

Véxase tamén

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Carballo americano: Brief Summary ( الجاليكية )

المقدمة من wikipedia gl Galician

O carballo americano (Quercus rubra), tamén chamado carballo rubio americano (sin. Quercus borealis), é un carballo dos chamados carballos vermellos ou rubios, nativo de América do Norte. Introducido en Europa, plántase en Galicia dende hai uns anos con fins forestais e ornamentais.

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Čerwjeny dub ( اللغة الصربية العليا )

المقدمة من wikipedia HSB

Čerwjeny dub (Quercus rubra) je štom ze swójby bukowych rostlinow (Fagaceae), z roda dubow.

Wopis

Čerwjeny dub je spěšnje rosćacy a w lěće zeleny štom, kotryž docpěje wysokosć wot 10 hač 25 (27) m. Wón je zymokruty.

Skora je šěra a płonobrózdata, kotraž so po chwili ćmowobrunje zbarbi.

Łopjena

Łopjena maja 2-6 wótrych lapow a su w nazymje swětło-oranžowe hač šarlachčerwjene. Wone docpěja dołhosć wot hač do (20) 24 cm. Kónčki lapow su dołho wućehnjene.

Při sorće 'Aurea' młoda łopjena su swěćace žołte.

Kćenja

Kćěje wot apryla hač do meje. Kćenja so z lisćom jewja.

Płody

Žołdźe su kulojte hač jejkojte, w płonym kelušku sedźa a docpěwaja dołhosć wot 3 cm.

Stejnišćo

Rostlina je lěsniski a parkowy lěs. Preferuje stejnišća w słóncu abo w połsćinje.

Rozšěrjenje

Štom je we wuchodźe sewjerneje Ameriki domjacy.

Wužiwanje

Nóžki

  1. Pawoł Völkel: Prawopisny słownik hornjoserbskeje rěče. Hornjoserbsko-němski słownik. Ludowe nakładnistwo Domowina, Budyšin 2005, ISBN 3-7420-1920-1, str. 104.
  2. W internetowym słowniku: Eiche

Žórła

  • Botanica, Bäume und Sträucher, Über 2000 Pflanzenporträts, ISBN 978-3-8331-4467-7, strona 709 (němsce)
  • Spohn, Aichele, Golte-Bechtle, Spohn: Was blüht denn da? Kosmos Naturführer (2008), ISBN 978-3-440-11379-0, strona 398 (němsce)
  • Filip Rězak: Němsko-serbski wšowědny słownik hornjołužiskeje rěče. L. A. Donnerhak, Budyšin 1920 (digitalizat).
  • Jurij Kral: Serbsko-němski słownik hornjołužiskeje rěče. Maćica Serbska, Budyšin 1927.
  • Pawoł Völkel: Prawopisny słownik hornjoserbskeje rěče. Hornjoserbsko-němski słownik. Ludowe nakładnistwo Domowina, Budyšin 1981 (online).


Eksterne wotkazy

« Čerwjeny dub » w druhich wikimediskich projektach :

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Čerwjeny dub: Brief Summary ( اللغة الصربية العليا )

المقدمة من wikipedia HSB

Čerwjeny dub (Quercus rubra) je štom ze swójby bukowych rostlinow (Fagaceae), z roda dubow.

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Za čas nazymy

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Łopjenka

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Rauðeik ( الآيسلندية )

المقدمة من wikipedia IS

Rauðeik (fræðiheiti: Quercus rubra) er eikartegund sem er ættuð frá Norður-Ameríku, í austur- og miðhluta Bandaríkjanna og suðaustur- og miðsuðurhluta Kanada. Hún vex frá norðurhluta vatnanna miklu, austur til Nova Scotia, suður í Georgíu, Alabama, og Louisiana, og vestur til Oklahoma, Kansas, Nebraska og Minnesota.[2] Hún er ræktuð í litlum mæli í Vestur-Evrópu norður til Danmerkur og Svíþjóðar.

Myndir

Tilvísanir

  1. Quercus rubra NatureServe Explorer: An online encyclopedia of life, Version 6.1.
  2. Quercus rubra County-level distribution map from the North American Plant Atlas (NAPA). Biota of North America Program (BONAP). 2014.
  • Signe Frederiksen et al., Dansk flora, 2. udgave, Gyldendal 2012. ISBN 8702112191.
  • Sten Porse: Plantebeskrivelser, DCJ 2003 (CD-Rom).

Ytri tenglar

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Rauðeik: Brief Summary ( الآيسلندية )

المقدمة من wikipedia IS

Rauðeik (fræðiheiti: Quercus rubra) er eikartegund sem er ættuð frá Norður-Ameríku, í austur- og miðhluta Bandaríkjanna og suðaustur- og miðsuðurhluta Kanada. Hún vex frá norðurhluta vatnanna miklu, austur til Nova Scotia, suður í Georgíu, Alabama, og Louisiana, og vestur til Oklahoma, Kansas, Nebraska og Minnesota. Hún er ræktuð í litlum mæli í Vestur-Evrópu norður til Danmerkur og Svíþjóðar.

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Quercus rubra ( الإيطالية )

المقدمة من wikipedia IT

La quercia rossa (Quercus rubra L., 1753) è un albero della famiglia Fagacee[2], originario della regione floristica nordamericana atlantica, cioè degli stati orientali degli U.S.A. e del Canada intorno ai Grandi Laghi. Coltivata ad uso selvicolturale per la sua rapida crescita e a scopo ornamentale per il bell'aspetto del fogliame, rosso in autunno, è divenuta talora invadente nei boschi di farnia (Quercus robur) dell'Europa centro-settentrionale e dell'Italia settentrionale, specie in Lombardia, Piemonte e Veneto, dove ne è vietata la piantumazione e la coltivazione per tutelare la biodiversità locale.

Descrizione

Portamento

Alto fino a 25-30 metri, con tronco diritto quasi colonnare nei giovani esemplari per poi diventare globoso e chioma ampia e cima arrotondata. Il portamento può comunque differenziarsi in base all'altitudine, essendo questa una specie caratterizzata da un certo polimorfismo: la chioma, infatti, può assumere una forma più espansa alle quote alpine più basse, mentre tende a divenire più stretta a quote maggiori (per contenere i danni provocati dalla neve).

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Foglie

Corteccia

La corteccia è sottile, grigia e liscia, con l'età diviene solcata e reticolata.

Foglie

Caduche, semplici, alterne obovate, lunghe circa 10-30 centimetri e larghe 10-20 centimetri, con lobi profondi al massimo fino a metà del lembo. I lobi sono profondi al dentato-mucronati. Sono glabre, lucide, di colore verde intenso prima, mentre in autunno assumono un colore rosso intenso nelle piante giovani fino a divenire giallo-bruno in quelle adulte e vecchie. Danno il nome alla pianta.

Fiori

Infiorescenze unisessuali (pianta monoica), i maschili sono raccolti in lunghi amenti penduli, poco vistosi e verdognoli. I fiori femminili, anch'essi poco evidenti, sono situati all'attaccatura (o ascella) delle foglie. Fioritura all'inizio di maggio.

Frutti

Ghiande ovali lunghe 2–3 cm, con cupola piatta o poco avvolgente, portate da corti peduncoli, maturano in due anni.

habitat

Semina

I semi di Q. rubra appaiono come ghiande di colore scuro al momento della raccolta, per poi screziarsi di una colorazione giallo-bruna qualche mese dopo la 'messa a stratificazione'. Possiedono una dimensione di, approssimativamente, 1 cm di larghezza per 1,5 cm di altezza. Per la germinazione è necessario stratificare il seme, stratificazione che richiede un tempo non inferiore ai 3 mesi a freddo artificiale (frigorifero) o naturale (esterno). Allorquando il tegumento all'apice comincerà a fessurarsi in tre linee di rottura, la radichetta embrionale sarà in procinto di emergere. Una semina ottimale avverrà solo dopo l'emissione della radichetta.

Malattie e parassiti

Usi

Introdotta in Europa nell'XVII secolo per abbellire parchi e giardini, ha trovato impiego come specie forestale per la sua facilità di adattamento e crescita rapida. Viene usata non solo come pianta ornamentale, dato il suo gradevole aspetto, ma anche per la produzione di legname. È una specie rustica ed a crescita rapida, non mostra particolari problemi nei confronti della luce, non ama però i terreni calcarei e sviluppa bene in suoli fertili ed impermeabili. Può vivere fino a cent'anni.

Note

  1. ^ (EN) Wenzell, K. & Kenny, L., Quercus rubra, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020. URL consultato il 17 settembre 2019.
  2. ^ (EN) Quercus rubra L., su Plants of the World Online, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. URL consultato il 18 gennaio 2021.
  3. ^ (EN) Myzocallis walshii (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Aphididae), an exotic invasive aphid on Quercus rubra, the American red oak: Its bionomy in the Czech Republic, su eje.cz. URL consultato il 28 ottobre 2018.
  4. ^ (EN) Climate Influences the Content and Chemical Composition of Foliar Tannins in Green and Senesced Tissues of Quercus rubra, in Frontiers in Plant Science, 2017, ISSN 1664-462X, PMID 28559896. URL consultato il 7 febbraio 2019.

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Quercus rubra: Brief Summary ( الإيطالية )

المقدمة من wikipedia IT

La quercia rossa (Quercus rubra L., 1753) è un albero della famiglia Fagacee, originario della regione floristica nordamericana atlantica, cioè degli stati orientali degli U.S.A. e del Canada intorno ai Grandi Laghi. Coltivata ad uso selvicolturale per la sua rapida crescita e a scopo ornamentale per il bell'aspetto del fogliame, rosso in autunno, è divenuta talora invadente nei boschi di farnia (Quercus robur) dell'Europa centro-settentrionale e dell'Italia settentrionale, specie in Lombardia, Piemonte e Veneto, dove ne è vietata la piantumazione e la coltivazione per tutelare la biodiversità locale.

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Raudonasis ąžuolas ( اللتوانية )

المقدمة من wikipedia LT
Quercus rubra range map.svg

Raudonasis ąžuolas (lot. Quercus rubra, angl. Northern Red Oak) sin. Šiaurinis ąžuolas (lot. Quercus borealis) – bukinių (Fagaceae) šeimos, ąžuolų (Quercus) genties, lapus metanti plačialapių medžių rūšis.

Paplitimas

Paplitęs Šiaurės Amerikos vidutinių platumų juostoje (didesnioje JAV rytų dalyje ir Kanados Naujojo Bransviko, Naujosios Škotijos provincijose, Ontarijo provincijos pietryčiuose, Kvebeko provincijos pietų pakraštyje) pačiuose pietuose, šiaurės rytų JAV ir pietryčių Kanadoje. Pirmą kartą introdukuotas Europoje 1724 metais. Auga Vakarų ir Vidurio Europos dalyse, taip pat ir Lietuvoje, nors Lietuvoje apyretis.

Požymiai

Tai greitai augantys medžiai, esant geroms augimo sąlygoms 10-ies metų ąžuoliukas gali užaugti iki 5-6 metrų. Užaugusių aukštis 20-30 metrų, kartais iki 35 m., ar rečiau net iki 43-50 metrų aukščio, kamieno skersmuo 50-100 cm, kartais iki 2 metrų, bet į 2 metrų skersmens kamieno storį dažniausiai išauga atvirose vietose (tuomet neauga aukšti) augantys raudonieji ąžuolai. Žydi gegužę, tik ką sulapojęs. Kamienas sidabriškai tamsiai pilkšvas. Gyvena 200 metų, bet prie gerų augimo sąlygų gali išgyventi iki 400–500 metų amžiaus. Dabar yra žinomas 326 metų amžiaus ąžuolas (pagal 2001 metus). Auga miškuose, įvairiuose želdiniuose.

Galerija

Vikiteka

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Raudonasis ąžuolas: Brief Summary ( اللتوانية )

المقدمة من wikipedia LT

Raudonasis ąžuolas (lot. Quercus rubra, angl. Northern Red Oak) sin. Šiaurinis ąžuolas (lot. Quercus borealis) – bukinių (Fagaceae) šeimos, ąžuolų (Quercus) genties, lapus metanti plačialapių medžių rūšis.

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Sarkanais ozols ( اللاتفية )

المقدمة من wikipedia LV

Sarkanais ozols (latīņu: Quercus rubra) ir daudzgadīgs dižskābaržu dzimtas koks ar olveida vai ieapaļu vainagu. Sarkanais ozols savvaļā aug Ziemeļamerikā. Latvijā ozols tiek audzēts apstādījumos, ir ziemcietīgs visā Latvijas teritorijā. Latvijā ozols var izaugt līdz 25 m garš. Ziemeļamerikas mežos sasniedz pat 40 m garumu. Rudenī koka lapas nokrāsojas sarkanas.

Vikikrātuvē par šo tēmu ir pieejami multivides faili. Skatīt: Sarkanais ozols
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Amerikaanse eik ( البلجيكية الهولندية )

المقدمة من wikipedia NL

De Amerikaanse eik (Quercus rubra) is een snelgroeiende boom uit de napjesdragersfamilie (Fagaceae). De soort komt oorspronkelijk uit het oosten van Noord-Amerika, maar wordt in Europa aangeplant als sierboom.

In België is de Amerikaanse eik voor het eerst in 1803 aangeplant bij het kasteel "De Mick" in Brasschaat.[1] De soort is in Nederland in gebruik sinds 1825 en in het verleden ook in bossen op grote schaal aangeplant. Een nadeel van de soort is dat deze een brede en dichte kroon vormt en daardoor onder bosomstandigheden andere boomsoorten verdringt en geen ondergroei toelaat. Er zijn beheerders die vinden dat deze soort hier niet thuishoort en deze daarom willen kappen. De Amerikaanse eik kan 35 m hoog worden.

Kenmerken

De kroon is breed en koepelvormig. De boom heeft een korte, rechte stam; de takken vormen kransen. De glimmend roodbruine twijgen zijn kaal en wrattig en zijn op latere leeftijd dof glimmend en grijsachtig. De spitse knoppen zijn donkerrood tot bruinachtig.

De schors is glad en zilverkleurig grijs. Bij beschadiging van de bast kan gemakkelijk rot optreden. De stam wordt onder normale omstandigheden 60-90 cm dik, al zijn er uitzonderingen van 1,5 m bekend.

De bladeren zijn langwerpig en kunnen soms wel 20 cm lang worden. Ze hebben een wigvormige bladvoet en vier tot vijf spitse, getande lobben. De uiteinden lijken kleine kammetjes. De bladstelen zijn geel en 2-5 cm lang. De bladkleur wordt van bleekgeel tot donkergroen aan de bovenzijde en bleekgrijs aan de onderzijde. In de herfst zijn de bladeren dofrood of roodbruin.

In Nederland en België bloeit de boom in mei.

De Amerikaanse eik heeft donkere, roodbruine eikels met een scherpe punt en een afgeplatte voet; ze zitten in ondiepe napjes. De napjes zijn voorzien van schubben die aan de randen naar binnen gekromd zijn. De steeltjes zijn circa 1 cm lang. De eikels zijn pas in het tweede jaar na de bloei rijp en kiemen daarna na de winter als ze een koude periode achter de rug hebben.

De boom wordt veel minder oud dan de Europese eiken (winter of zomereik). Na 40 jaar zijn deze bomen niet meer geschikt langs lanen in verband met het gevaar van vallende takken[2]

Hout

Het hout is minder duurzaam en heeft een grovere structuur dan het hout van de zomereik (Quercus robur). Het harde en taaie kernhout heeft een roodbruine kleur. Het hout wordt gebruikt voor vloeren en meubels.

Groeiplaats

De Amerikaanse eik groeit zowel op rijke als arme en droge zandgronden, maar groeit niet of slecht op kleigronden en op gronden met een hoge pH (kalkrijke gronden).

In zijn oorspronkelijke verspreidingsgebied (noordoost-Amerika) komt hij voor van Nova Scotia en Maine, van Ontario en Minnesota zuidelijk via Iowa en Oklahoma tot Alabama en noordelijk Georgia.

Bedreiging

In Nederland worden al 200 jaar veel Amerikaanse eiken aangeplant, omdat die hier nauwelijks last had van schadelijke insecten en voor geen van deze was het de primaire voedselbron. De Amerikaanse ooglapmot (Bucculatrix ainsliella) wordt nu echter al enkele decennia in Nederland gesignaleerd.[3] De rupsen van deze mot voeden zich met de bladeren van de Amerikaanse eik. Ze eten alleen het groen en laten kale nerven achter. In Noord-Amerika is de mot soms plaagvormend en kan het kleine vlindertje hele stukken bos aantasten.

Ecologie

Door zijn grote kroon heeft de boom de neiging om andere boomsoorten te verdringen. Toch komt hij in zijn oorspronkelijke leefgebied vooral voor in gemengde bossen met Quercus alba, Ulmus americana, weymouthden (Pinus strobus), Carya ovata, suikeresdoorn (Acer saccharum), Fraxinus americana, amberboom (Liquidambar styraciflua) en (Amerikaanse) tulpenboom (Liriodendron tulipifera).

De eikels zijn een belangrijke voedingsbron voor verschillende soorten spechten, wilde kalkoenen, de Vlaamse gaai, mezen, kwartels, fazanten, kraaien, en korhoenders. Uitlopende jonge twijgen en bladeren worden graag gegeten door herten en muizen.

Park

Er zijn een aantal cultivars:

  • Quercus rubra 'Aurea' valt op door haar goudkleurige jonge bladeren.
  • Quercus rubra 'Schrefeldii' heeft zeer diep ingesneden bladeren waarvan de lobben elkaar overlappen.
  • Quercus rubra 'Splendens' heeft een felle rode herfstkleur.
Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
  1. natuurgids, geschiedenis
  2. http://www.wilhelminaparkzeist.nl/wp-content/stichting/boombeschrijvingen/Eiken.pdf website wilhelminapark in Zeist. Ook persoonlijke ervaring van de vroegere Mishagen en Guyotdreef in Brasschaat, de typische kasteeldreven naar het Kasteel Mishaegen die bezaaid waren met takken na elke storm.
  3. Erik J. van Nieukerken, Camiel Doorenweerd, Willem N. Ellis, K.J. (Hans) Huisman, J.C. (Sjaak) Koster, Wolfram Mey, Tymo S.T. Muus & Arnold Schreurs. Bucculatrix ainsliella Murtfeldt, a new North American invader already widespread on northern red oaks (Quercus rubra) in Western Europe (Bucculatricidae). Nota lepidopterologica, Volume 35, 2012 (Issue 2), Pp. 135–159.
Wikibooks Wikibooks heeft meer over dit onderwerp: Ecologisch tuinieren - Amerikaanse eik.
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Amerikaanse eik: Brief Summary ( البلجيكية الهولندية )

المقدمة من wikipedia NL

De Amerikaanse eik (Quercus rubra) is een snelgroeiende boom uit de napjesdragersfamilie (Fagaceae). De soort komt oorspronkelijk uit het oosten van Noord-Amerika, maar wordt in Europa aangeplant als sierboom.

In België is de Amerikaanse eik voor het eerst in 1803 aangeplant bij het kasteel "De Mick" in Brasschaat. De soort is in Nederland in gebruik sinds 1825 en in het verleden ook in bossen op grote schaal aangeplant. Een nadeel van de soort is dat deze een brede en dichte kroon vormt en daardoor onder bosomstandigheden andere boomsoorten verdringt en geen ondergroei toelaat. Er zijn beheerders die vinden dat deze soort hier niet thuishoort en deze daarom willen kappen. De Amerikaanse eik kan 35 m hoog worden.

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Rødeik ( النرويجية )

المقدمة من wikipedia NO

Rødeik (Quercus rubra) er en art av eiketrær i eikeslekten, som tilhører bøkefamilien. Det er stort, opp til 25 meter høyt, og har snaue, mørk røde kvister og smågrener. Den kommer opprinnelig fra Nord-Amerika.

Bladet er langskaftet, og skiller seg således fra vintereik og sommereik som har korte bladskaft (sommereik kortest). Fingerdelingen på bladene går halvveis inn til midtnerven, og hver lapp er litt spisset med tenner, helt ulikt de to andre utbredte eikeartene i Norge. Unge trær har en kjegleformet krone, mens eldre trær har en bred kuppelformet krone fra en kort, massiv stamme, som deler seg i et par meters høyde.

Den stiller ikke strenge krav til klima, jordsmonn og topografi. Rødeik danner skog sammen med papirbjørk, gulbjørk, virginiaeiner, virakfuru, weymouthfuru, canadahemlokk, rødlønn, sukkerlønn, romhegg, svartlind, amerikabøk, fargeeik, kviteik og borreeik. En kan også finne den sammen med mange andre treslag som kvitask, grønnask, amerikaosp, kvitalm, rødalm, svinehickory, bitterhickory, kvithickory, skihickory, skarlageneik og andre eikearter, østamerikansk tuja, gul hestekastanje, agurkmagnolia, amerikanesletre, smørvalnøtt, svartvalnøtt, sumptre og ambratre.

Blant mindre trær og busker kan nevnes blomsterkornell, syretre, amerikakristtorn, virginiahumlebøk, amerikaagnbøk, amerikajudastre, Asimina triloba, sassafras, Diospyros virginiana, Staphylea trifolia, tresøtmispel, bærlyng, virginiatrollhassel, nebbhassel og korsved. De vanligste klatreplantene er klatrevillvin, giftsumak, Smilax og vin.

Rødeik går lengst nord av de amerikanske eikeartene og finnes fra Cape Breton i Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick og Gaspéhalvøya i Québec til Ontario i Canada. I USA går vestgrensen for utbredelsen fra Minnesota sørover til østlige Nebraska og Oklahoma. Sørgrensen går østover gjennom sørlige Alabama, Georgia og Nord-Carolina. Isolerte bestander finnes i Louisiana og Mississippi.

Rødeik har stor betydning både i tømmerproduksjon og til planting i hager og parker. Åmene til den innførte sommerfuglen løvskognonne (Lymantria dispar) kan snauspise bladverket og har drept mye rødeik i nordøstre USA.

Arten er en del plantet i Norge nordover til Trøndelag, og flere trær er omkring 20 meter høye. Rødeik er funnet forvillet i Bergen og Oslo.

I perioden 1915–1950 ble det vitenskapelige navnet Quercus borealis brukt om rødeik.

Kilder

Eksterne lenker

 src=
Utvalg av blad og nøtter av rødeik.
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Rødeik: Brief Summary ( النرويجية )

المقدمة من wikipedia NO

Rødeik (Quercus rubra) er en art av eiketrær i eikeslekten, som tilhører bøkefamilien. Det er stort, opp til 25 meter høyt, og har snaue, mørk røde kvister og smågrener. Den kommer opprinnelig fra Nord-Amerika.

Bladet er langskaftet, og skiller seg således fra vintereik og sommereik som har korte bladskaft (sommereik kortest). Fingerdelingen på bladene går halvveis inn til midtnerven, og hver lapp er litt spisset med tenner, helt ulikt de to andre utbredte eikeartene i Norge. Unge trær har en kjegleformet krone, mens eldre trær har en bred kuppelformet krone fra en kort, massiv stamme, som deler seg i et par meters høyde.

Den stiller ikke strenge krav til klima, jordsmonn og topografi. Rødeik danner skog sammen med papirbjørk, gulbjørk, virginiaeiner, virakfuru, weymouthfuru, canadahemlokk, rødlønn, sukkerlønn, romhegg, svartlind, amerikabøk, fargeeik, kviteik og borreeik. En kan også finne den sammen med mange andre treslag som kvitask, grønnask, amerikaosp, kvitalm, rødalm, svinehickory, bitterhickory, kvithickory, skihickory, skarlageneik og andre eikearter, østamerikansk tuja, gul hestekastanje, agurkmagnolia, amerikanesletre, smørvalnøtt, svartvalnøtt, sumptre og ambratre.

Blant mindre trær og busker kan nevnes blomsterkornell, syretre, amerikakristtorn, virginiahumlebøk, amerikaagnbøk, amerikajudastre, Asimina triloba, sassafras, Diospyros virginiana, Staphylea trifolia, tresøtmispel, bærlyng, virginiatrollhassel, nebbhassel og korsved. De vanligste klatreplantene er klatrevillvin, giftsumak, Smilax og vin.

Rødeik går lengst nord av de amerikanske eikeartene og finnes fra Cape Breton i Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick og Gaspéhalvøya i Québec til Ontario i Canada. I USA går vestgrensen for utbredelsen fra Minnesota sørover til østlige Nebraska og Oklahoma. Sørgrensen går østover gjennom sørlige Alabama, Georgia og Nord-Carolina. Isolerte bestander finnes i Louisiana og Mississippi.

Rødeik har stor betydning både i tømmerproduksjon og til planting i hager og parker. Åmene til den innførte sommerfuglen løvskognonne (Lymantria dispar) kan snauspise bladverket og har drept mye rødeik i nordøstre USA.

Arten er en del plantet i Norge nordover til Trøndelag, og flere trær er omkring 20 meter høye. Rødeik er funnet forvillet i Bergen og Oslo.

I perioden 1915–1950 ble det vitenskapelige navnet Quercus borealis brukt om rødeik.

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Quercus rubra ( Pms )

المقدمة من wikipedia PMS
Drapò piemontèis.png Vos an lenga piemontèisa Për amprende a dovré 'l sistema dle parlà locaj ch'a varda sì.

Costo artìcol a l'é mach në sbòss. Da finì.

Distribussion

Da finì.

Neuve

Da finì.

Arferiment bibliogràfich për chi a veul fé dj'arserche pì ancreuse

  • Quercus rubra L.
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Quercus rubra: Brief Summary ( Pms )

المقدمة من wikipedia PMS

Costo artìcol a l'é mach në sbòss. Da finì.

Distribussion

Da finì.

Neuve

Da finì.

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Dąb czerwony ( البولندية )

المقدمة من wikipedia POL
Commons Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons

Dąb czerwony (Quercus rubra L.) – gatunek drzew z rodziny bukowatych (Fagaceae). Pochodzi ze wschodniej części Ameryki Północnej, w której jest najpospolitszym gatunkiem dębu. W Polsce jest gatunkiem introdukowanym, ok. XIX w. został sprowadzony przez leśników jako gatunek pielęgnacyjny i ochronny. Zaliczany jest do roślin inwazyjnych - niebezpiecznych dla rodzimej flory i jako taki powinien być usuwany z obszarów chronionych, a także z lasów podczas przebudowy drzewostanu[2]. Rozprzestrzenia się samorzutnie, obecnie występuje już na całym niżu i w niższych położeniach górskich. Wypiera rodzime gatunki dębów i inne drzewa. Status gatunku we florze Polski: kenofit, agriofit.

Morfologia

 src=
Liście
 src=
Żołędzie
 src=
Kora młodych drzew
Pokrój
Duże drzewo z grubym pniem i szeroko rozgałęzioną koroną. Wzrost w młodości bardzo szybki, później wolniejszy. W Europie osiąga wysokość do 40 m[3]. W swojej ojczyźnie osiąga nawet 47 metrów wysokości[4].
Pędy
Gałązki cienkie, nagie, błyszczące, ciemnoczerwone, lub brązowo-oliwkowe.
Pień
Masywny i gruby, ale dość nisko nad ziemią rozgałęziający się na grube konary. Kora ciemnoszara, do 40 lat gładka (czym różni się od krajowych gat. dębów), potem płytko spękana.
Liście
Ulistnienie skrętoległe. Liście duże, u podstawy szerokoklinowate, z obu stron po 4 pary prawie równoległych do siebie klap bocznych, grubo ząbkowanych, ostro zakończonych; z wierzchu ciemnozielone, od spodu jasnozielone, jesienią jaskrawoczerwone. Mają długość do 25 cm i szerokość do 15 cm. Dąb czerwony jest bardzo efektowny, gdy jego liście stają się jesienią pomarańczowe i czerwone. Bardzo trudno i powoli ulegają rozkładowi utrudniając wegetację roślinom runa leśnego.
Kwiaty
Kwiaty męskie są zebrane w kotki, kwiaty żeńskie wyrastają pojedynczo. Kwitnie pod koniec maja. Roślina jednopienna, wiatropylna.
Owoce
Żołędzie szerokojajowate, czerwonobrązowe, błyszczące, z widocznymi podłużnymi paskami, u podstawy płaskie. Miseczki nagie, z przylegającymi łuskami, na bardzo krótkiej szypułce. Miseczki żołędzi w pierwszym roku są wielkości ziaren grochu. Żołędzie dojrzewają dopiero na drugą jesień.
 src=
Dąb czerwony wiosną

Biologia i ekologia

Gatunek światłożądny, dobrze znoszący ocienienie boczne, szybkorosnący (rośnie w Polsce szybciej od rodzimych gatunków dębów).

Zmienność

Tworzy mieszańce z dębem błotnym i d. szkarłatnym (Q x benderi Baenitz)[5].

Zastosowanie

  • Drewno jest gorszej jakości od drewna dębów europejskich. Ma wąski biel i czerwonawobrązową twardziel. Jest twarde i ciężkie, posiada średnią wytrzymałość i sprężystość. Stosowane jest jako drewno budowlane, wykonuje się z niego meble, podłogi, elementy wyposażenia wnętrz, elementy stolarskie do użytku wewnątrz, drzwi, meble kuchenne, boazerie i trumny.
  • Roślina ozdobna: Sadzony w parkach i ogrodach.

Przypisy

  1. Stevens P.F.: Angiosperm Phylogeny Website (ang.). 2001–. [dostęp 2010-01-05].
  2. Gatunki obce w Polsce. [dostęp 2007-11-17].
  3. Northern red oak in park Sonsbeek - Zijpendaal - Gulden Bodem, Arnhem. www.monumentaltrees.com. [dostęp 2015-09-19].
  4. Najwyższy dąb czerwony w Stanach Zjednoczonych..
  5. Lucjan Rutkowski: Klucz do oznaczania roślin naczyniowych Polski niżowej. Warszawa: Wyd. Naukowe PWN, 2006. ISBN 83-01-14342-8.
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Dąb czerwony: Brief Summary ( البولندية )

المقدمة من wikipedia POL

Dąb czerwony (Quercus rubra L.) – gatunek drzew z rodziny bukowatych (Fagaceae). Pochodzi ze wschodniej części Ameryki Północnej, w której jest najpospolitszym gatunkiem dębu. W Polsce jest gatunkiem introdukowanym, ok. XIX w. został sprowadzony przez leśników jako gatunek pielęgnacyjny i ochronny. Zaliczany jest do roślin inwazyjnych - niebezpiecznych dla rodzimej flory i jako taki powinien być usuwany z obszarów chronionych, a także z lasów podczas przebudowy drzewostanu. Rozprzestrzenia się samorzutnie, obecnie występuje już na całym niżu i w niższych położeniach górskich. Wypiera rodzime gatunki dębów i inne drzewa. Status gatunku we florze Polski: kenofit, agriofit.

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Quercus rubra ( البرتغالية )

المقدمة من wikipedia PT

Quercus rubra é uma espécie de planta com flor pertencente à família Fagaceae.

A autoridade científica da espécie é L., tendo sido publicada em Species Plantarum 2: 996. 1753.

Portugal

Trata-se de uma espécie introduzida em Portugal, nomeadamente em Portugal Continental.

Protecção

Não se encontra protegida por legislação portuguesa ou da Comunidade Europeia.

Referências

 title=
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Quercus rubra: Brief Summary ( البرتغالية )

المقدمة من wikipedia PT

Quercus rubra é uma espécie de planta com flor pertencente à família Fagaceae.

A autoridade científica da espécie é L., tendo sido publicada em Species Plantarum 2: 996. 1753.

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Rödek ( السويدية )

المقدمة من wikipedia SV

Rödek (Quercus rubra) är en art i släktet ekar som är ursprunglig i Nordamerika.

Rödek liknar de andra ekarna men har ofta, men inte alltid, en rödtoning i sina blad. Bladen är uppbyggda på samma sätt med flikar som de övriga ekarna, men flikarna är mer spetsiga. Bladen blir kraftigt röda om hösten. Den växer odlad i Sverige.

Rödekens vetenskapliga artepitet, rubra, kommer av det latinska ordet för röd, ruber, och syftas på bladverkets fina skådespel då hösten faller in och den vackra röda färgen är en del av trädets karaktär.

Externa länkar

Rödklöver.png Denna växtartikel saknar väsentlig information. Du kan hjälpa till genom att tillföra sådan.
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Rödek: Brief Summary ( السويدية )

المقدمة من wikipedia SV

Rödek (Quercus rubra) är en art i släktet ekar som är ursprunglig i Nordamerika.

Rödek liknar de andra ekarna men har ofta, men inte alltid, en rödtoning i sina blad. Bladen är uppbyggda på samma sätt med flikar som de övriga ekarna, men flikarna är mer spetsiga. Bladen blir kraftigt röda om hösten. Den växer odlad i Sverige.

Rödekens vetenskapliga artepitet, rubra, kommer av det latinska ordet för röd, ruber, och syftas på bladverkets fina skådespel då hösten faller in och den vackra röda färgen är en del av trädets karaktär.

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Дуб червоний ( الأوكرانية )

المقدمة من wikipedia UK

Морфологічна характеристика

 src=
Гілочка дуба червоного з жолудями
 src=
Дерево в осінніх кольорах

Кора сіра, тонка, гладка. Молоді пагони голі, червоно-бурі, гладкі. Коренева система розвинена, коріння росте у глибину. Довжина кореня дорівнює висоті надземної частини дерева. Листки глибоковиємчасті, тонкі, блискучі, до 15-20 см, із 3-5 загостреними кінчиками з кожної сторони листа, при розпусканні червонуваті, влітку темно-зелені, світліші знизу, восени, перед опаданням, у молодих дерев — червонуваті, у старих — буровато-коричневі. Квітки одностатеві. Рослина однодомна. Цвіте одночасно з розпускання листя, в кінці травня — на початку червня.

Жолуді кулястої форми, до 2 см, червоно-коричневі, знизу обрубані, на відміну від дуба звичайного достигають восени наступного після цвітіння року. Плодоносить стабільно та достатньо з 15-20 років. В молодому віці росте швидше європейських дубів.

Поширення та екологічна приуроченість

Росте в лісах, на берегах річок, де немає застою води в ґрунті, на північ від 35 паралелі Північноамериканського материка, включно до Канади. Звичайне дерево широколистяних та змішаних лісів. Надає перевагу захищеним долинам та невисоким пагорбам, також росте на південних та східних схилах від дна долини середніх ярусів гір та плато.

Морозостійкий, світлолюбний, легко переносить бокове затінення, але потребує повного освітлення верхівки крони. Вітростійкий, не вибагливий до родючості ґрунту, витримує кислі ґрунти, але не переносить вапнякових та мокрих ґрунтів.

Стійкий до шкідників та хвороб, у тому числі й до борошнистої роси. Має великі фітонцидні властивості.

До Європи був завезений в XVII столітті. Кора дуба містить багато таніну. Завдяки великій декоративності, стійкості до агресивного навколишнього середовища, заслуговує найширшого використання в зеленому будівництві, для створення одиничних та групових насаджень, алей, масивів, обсадження доріг та вулиць.

За своїми декоративними та механічними властивостями деревина дуба червоного поціновується в деревообробній промисловості. За механічними властивостями значно поступається деревині дуба звичайного, у своєму складі має менше танінів, тому поступається стійкістю вітчизняному виду в сирих умовах використання.

Посилання

Див. також

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Quercus rubra ( الفيتنامية )

المقدمة من wikipedia VI

Quercus rubra là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Cử. Loài này được Carl von Linné miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1753.[2] Đây là loài bản địa Bắc Mỹ, ở miền đông và miền trung Hoa Kỳ và đông nam và nam trung Canada. Loài sồi này mọc từ cuối phía bắc của Ngũ Đại hồ, phía đông đến Nova Scotia, phía nam xa như Georgia, Alabama, và Louisiana, và phía tây đến Oklahoma, Kansas, Nebraska và Minnesota. Loài này được du nhập đến các khu vực nhỏ ở Tây Âu, nơi chúng thường xuyên có thể được nhìn thấy trồng trong khu vườn và công viên. Loài sồi này thích đất tốt có tính axit nhẹ. Thường được gọi là sồi đỏ, sồi đỏ phía bắc được đặt tên để phân biệt với gỗ sồi đỏ phía nam (Q. falcata), còn được gọi là sồi Tây Ban Nha. Nó cũng là cây tiểu bang của New Jersey và cây của tỉnh Prince Edward Island.

Hình ảnh

Chú thích

  1. ^ NatureServe (2006), “Quercus rubra”, NatureServe Explorer: An online encyclopedia of life, Version 6.1., Arlington, truy cập ngày 13 tháng 6 năm 2007
  2. ^ The Plant List (2010). Quercus rubra. Truy cập ngày 4 tháng 6 năm 2013.

Tham khảo


Bài viết Họ Cử này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
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Quercus rubra: Brief Summary ( الفيتنامية )

المقدمة من wikipedia VI

Quercus rubra là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Cử. Loài này được Carl von Linné miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1753. Đây là loài bản địa Bắc Mỹ, ở miền đông và miền trung Hoa Kỳ và đông nam và nam trung Canada. Loài sồi này mọc từ cuối phía bắc của Ngũ Đại hồ, phía đông đến Nova Scotia, phía nam xa như Georgia, Alabama, và Louisiana, và phía tây đến Oklahoma, Kansas, Nebraska và Minnesota. Loài này được du nhập đến các khu vực nhỏ ở Tây Âu, nơi chúng thường xuyên có thể được nhìn thấy trồng trong khu vườn và công viên. Loài sồi này thích đất tốt có tính axit nhẹ. Thường được gọi là sồi đỏ, sồi đỏ phía bắc được đặt tên để phân biệt với gỗ sồi đỏ phía nam (Q. falcata), còn được gọi là sồi Tây Ban Nha. Nó cũng là cây tiểu bang của New Jersey và cây của tỉnh Prince Edward Island.

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Дуб красный ( الروسية )

المقدمة من wikipedia русскую Википедию
 src=
Жёлуди

Морозоустойчив. Среднесветолюбив, легко переносит боковое затенение, но предпочитает полное освещение верхушки кроны. Ветроустойчив, не очень требователен к плодородию почвы, выдерживает даже кислую реакцию, однако не выносит известковых и влажных почв. Устойчив к вредителям и болезням, в том числе и к мучнистой росе. Подвержен минирующей мухе. Обладает высокими фитонцидными свойствами.

Древесина

Заболонь красного дуба варьируется от белого до светло-коричневого цвета, ядровая древесина имеет розоватый, красно-коричневый цвет. По внешнему виду красный дуб схож с дубом белым, разница заключается в не столь выраженных узорах по причине более коротких лучей. Древесина отличается прямым волокном и шероховатой структурой. Плотность древесины красного дуба в сухом состоянии составляет 790 кг/м³.

Древесина красного дуба поддается машинной обработке, хорошо полируется.

Применение

Изготовление пиломатериалов, шпона, в мебельном производстве, производстве напольных покрытий.

Northern Red Oak (Quercus rubra) bark detail.jpg
Quercus ambigua1.jpg
Quercus ambigua0.jpg
Quercus rubra crosssection.jpg
Слева направо: кора взрослого дерева; кора молодого дерева; листья; ствол в разрезе

См. также

Примечания

  1. Об условности указания класса двудольных в качестве вышестоящего таксона для описываемой в данной статье группы растений см. раздел «Системы APG» статьи «Двудольные».
  2. ПитерСад.ру Дуб красный
  3. 'Quercus rubra': информация о таксоне в проекте «Плантариум» (определителе растений и иллюстрированном атласе видов).
  4. ДУБ (Quercus) Архивная копия от 2 июня 2009 на Wayback Machine // Rodniki.bel.ru
  5. Фирсов, Г. А. Инвазионный потенциал Quercus rubra L. в Санкт-Петербурге : ст. / Г. А. Фирсов, К. Г. Ткаченко, Н. В. Лаврентьев // Вестник Удмуртского университета. Серия «Биология. Науки о Земле» : науч. журн.. — Ижевск : ФГБОУ ВПО "Удмуртский Государственный университет", 2017. — Т. 27, вып. 3, Ботанические исследования. — С. 297-305. — УДК 581.524.2 :582.632.2 (470.23-25)(G). — ISSN 2412-9518.
  6. Сериал BBC: Жизнь млекопитающих. 4-я серия. Грызуны (неопр.) (недоступная ссылка). Проверено 2 сентября 2012. Архивировано 3 августа 2012 года.
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Дуб красный: Brief Summary ( الروسية )

المقدمة من wikipedia русскую Википедию
 src= Жёлуди

Морозоустойчив. Среднесветолюбив, легко переносит боковое затенение, но предпочитает полное освещение верхушки кроны. Ветроустойчив, не очень требователен к плодородию почвы, выдерживает даже кислую реакцию, однако не выносит известковых и влажных почв. Устойчив к вредителям и болезням, в том числе и к мучнистой росе. Подвержен минирующей мухе. Обладает высокими фитонцидными свойствами.

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wikipedia русскую Википедию