Associations
provided by BioImages, the virtual fieldguide, UK
Foodplant / false gall
Adelges piceae causes swelling of live, sometimes swollen branch of Abies procera
In Great Britain and/or Ireland:
Foodplant / pathogen
Armillaria mellea s.l. infects and damages Abies procera
Foodplant / parasite
stromatic, clustered pseudothecium of Curreya pityophila parasitises twig of poorly developed tree of Abies procera
Foodplant / pathogen
hypophyllous perithecium of Sydowia polyspora infects and damages red-brown, then darkening, shrivelled, attached leaf (young) of Abies procera
Comments
provided by eFloras
See discussion under Abies magnifica.
- license
- cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
- copyright
- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Description
provided by eFloras
Trees to 80m; trunk to 2.2m diam.; crown spirelike. Bark grayish brown, in age becoming thick and deeply furrowed (furrows and ridges about same width) and reddish brown (especially reddish when plates flake off). Branches diverging from trunk at right angles, stiff; twigs reddish brown, finely pubescent for several years. Buds hidden by leaves, tan, ovoid, small, not resinous, apex rounded; basal scales short, broad, equilaterally triangular, pubescent centrally, not resinous, margins entire to crenate, apex sharp-pointed. Leaves 1--3(--3.5)cm ´ 1.5--2mm, 1-ranked, flexible, proximal portion often appressed to twig for 2--3mm (best seen on abaxial surface of twig), distal portion divergent; cross section flat, with prominent raised midrib abaxially, with or without groove adaxially, or cross section 4-sided on fertile branches; odor pungent, faintly turpentinelike; abaxial surface with 2--4 glaucous bands, each band with (4--)6--7 stomatal rows; adaxial surface bluish green, with 0--2 glaucous bands, each band with 0--7 stomatal rows at midleaf; apex rounded to notched; leaves on fertile branches 4-sided with 4 bands of stomates below; resin canals small, near margins and abaxial epidermal layer. Pollen cones at pollination ± purple, ± red, or reddish brown. Seed cones oblong-cylindric, 10--15 ´ 5--6.5cm, green, red, or purple, overlaid with green bracts, at maturity brown (bracts light-colored and scales dark), sessile, apex rounded; scales ca. 2.5 ´ 3cm, pubescent; bracts exserted and reflexed over scales. Seeds 12 ´ 6mm, body reddish brown; wing slightly longer than body, light brown to straw; cotyledons (4--)5--6(--7). 2 n =24.
- license
- cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
- copyright
- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Habitat & Distribution
provided by eFloras
Mixed coniferous forests; 60--2700m; Calif., Oreg., Wash.
- license
- cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
- copyright
- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Synonym
provided by eFloras
Abies nobilis (Douglas ex D. Don) Lindley 1833, not A.Dietrich 1824
- license
- cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
- copyright
- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Brief Summary
provided by EOL authors
Abies procera, noble fir, is a large, evergreen, coniferous tree in the Pinaceae (pine) family, native to the Pacific Northwest region of the U.S. Also known as red fir or white fir, it is an impressive true fir limited to the Cascade Range and Coast Ranges of the Pacific Northwest. Noble fir attains the largest dimensions of any of the true fir species, reaching heights of up to 85 meters (278 feet) and diameters of nearly 3 meters (9 feet). At maturity, it typically has a clean, columnar bole and short, rounded crown. (Pseudotsuga menziesii, Douglas-fir, also occurs in the Pacific Northwest but is not a true fir.) Noble fir is found in the mountains of northern Oregon and Washington between the McKenzie River and Stevens Pass or latitudes 44° and 48° N. Most of its distribution is within the Cascade Range, particularly on the western slopes and along the crest. Isolated populations are found on peaks in the Oregon Coast Ranges and in the Willapa Hills of southwestern Washington. The wood of noble fir has always been valued over that of other true firs because of its greater strength. Loggers called it larch to avoid the prejudice against the wood of true fir; the two Larch Mountains opposite one another across the Columbia River near Portland, OR, were named for the noble fir that grows on their summits. Because of its high strength-to-weight ratio, it has been used for specialty products, such as stock for ladder rails and construction of airplanes. In 1979, noble fir constituted about 12 percent of the Christmas tree production in the Pacific Northwest and was priced (wholesale) 35 to 40 percent higher than Douglas-firs. As of 2009, it was the third most popular Christmas tree species in the U.S. (AGRMC 2011). Noble fir greenery is also in considerable demand and can provide high financial returns in young stands. Like most true firs, noble fir is an attractive tree for ornamental planting and landscaping. (Excerpted and edited from Franklin 1990.)
- bibliographic citation
- Franklin, Jerry E. 1990. Abies procera; Rehd. Noble Fir. In Burns, R. M., and B. H. Honkala, tech. coords. Silvics of North America. Vol 1. Conifers. Agriculture Handbook 654. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Washington, DC.
- author
- Jacqueline Courteau (Jacqueline Courteau)
Common Names
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
noble fir
red fir
white fir
larch
- bibliographic citation
- Cope, Amy B. 1993. Abies procera. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Description
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
Noble fir is a native, long-lived conifer [
1,
17,
46]. It usually lives
up to 400 years, with a maximum of 600 to 700 years [
1,
15,
19]. Mature
noble fir can reach 230 feet (70 m) in height and 45 to 60 inches
(114-152 cm) in d.b.h. [
15,
18,
19,
31].
The trunk is self-pruning and pillarlike [
1]. The crown is often open
and dome-shaped with short, horizontal branches [
1]. The bark of young
noble fir is thin but becomes thick with age [
22,
31]. Cones are erect
and generally 11 to 18 inches long [
1,
22,
31].
- bibliographic citation
- Cope, Amy B. 1993. Abies procera. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Distribution
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
Noble fir occurs in the Cascade Range from Stevens Pass, Washington,
south to southern Oregon and the Klamath Mountains in northern Calfornia
[
17,
18,
22,
31,
34]. Scattered populations occur on isolated peaks in the
northern Coast Ranges of Oregon and in the Willapa Hills of southwestern
Washington [
17,
18,
34]. A few sources indicate that noble fir does not
occur in the Olympic Mountains [
17,
22]. It is cultivated in Hawaii [
50].
- bibliographic citation
- Cope, Amy B. 1993. Abies procera. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Fire Ecology
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
fire regime,
forest,
fuelThe bark of young noble fir is relatively thin [
35]. Fire resistance of
larger, thicker barked trees is reported to be low [
6,
35] to moderate
[
6,
25,
49]. The foliage of noble fir is moderately to highly flammable
[
35].
Noble fir prunes well in closed, dense stands [
1,
18]. Stands dominated
by noble fir have the smallest quantites of forest floor material
(compared with stands dominated by other western conifers that occur in
its range), and accumulation of fuel is low [
9,
47].
After stand-destroying fires, noble fir and Douglas-fir are initial
colonizers [
43].
FIRE REGIMES : Find fire regime information for the plant communities in which this
species may occur by entering the species name in the
FEIS home page under
"Find FIRE REGIMES".
- bibliographic citation
- Cope, Amy B. 1993. Abies procera. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Growth Form (according to Raunkiær Life-form classification)
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. More info for the term:
phanerophytePhanerophyte
- bibliographic citation
- Cope, Amy B. 1993. Abies procera. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Habitat characteristics
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
vineNoble fir occurs in a maritime climate with cool summers and mild, wet
winters [
17,
18,
25]. Annual precipitation is between 72 and 106 inches
(1,960-2,650 mm) [
18,
25]. Most of the precipitation occurs between
October and March, resulting in snowpacks of 3 to 10 feet (1-3 m)
[
17,
18]. The growing season in the Pacific silver fir zone averages 40
to 50 days [
26].
Noble fir grows well on a variety of sites. It occurs on steep slopes
but grows best on gentle slopes and warm southern aspects [
17,
18,
25].
Shallow or moderately deep loams support good growth [
28]. Inceptisols
and Spodosols are common. Soils are typically developed in volcanic
parent materials [
18,
25,
47]. Water supply is apparently more important
than soil quality [
17,
18,
24].
In the northern Cascades, noble fir is most common between 3,000 and
5,500 feet (900-1,650 m) in elevation. It can occur below 2,500 feet
(706 m) but is sparse [
12,
17,
36]. Farther south near Crater Lake
National Park, Oregon, noble fir occurs from 5,500 to 8,000 feet
(1,670-2,425 m) [
1].
Canopy associates not listed in Distribution and Occurrence are western
larch (Larix occidentalis), Brewer spruce (Picea breweriana), and
Alaska-cedar (Chamaecyparis nootkatensis) [
2,
9,
18,
20,
39]. Understory
associates include huckleberries (Vaccinium spp.), vine maple (Acer
circinatum), devil's club (Oplopanax horridum), beargrass (Xerophyllum
tenax), dogwood bunchberry (Cornus canadensis), coolwort foamflower
(Tiarella unifoliata), vanillaleaf (Achlys triphylla), queencup beadlily
(Clintonia uniflora), and fairybells (Disporum hookeri) [
4,
9,
20,
28,
47].
- bibliographic citation
- Cope, Amy B. 1993. Abies procera. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Habitat: Cover Types
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. This species is known to occur in association with the following cover types (as classified by the Society of American Foresters):
205 Mountain hemlock
206 Engelmann spruce - subalpine fir
224 Western hemlock
226 Coastal true fir - hemlock
227 Western redcedar - western hemlock
229 Pacific Douglas-fir
230 Douglas-fir - western hemlock
- bibliographic citation
- Cope, Amy B. 1993. Abies procera. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Habitat: Ecosystem
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. This species is known to occur in the following ecosystem types (as named by the U.S. Forest Service in their Forest and Range Ecosystem [FRES] Type classification):
FRES20 Douglas-fir
FRES23 Fir - spruce
FRES24 Hemlock - Sitka spruce
- bibliographic citation
- Cope, Amy B. 1993. Abies procera. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Habitat: Plant Associations
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. This species is known to occur in association with the following plant community types (as classified by Küchler 1964):
More info for the term:
forestK001 Spruce - cedar - hemlock forest
K002 Cedar - hemlock - Douglas-fir forest
K003 Silver fir - Douglas-fir forest
K004 Fir - hemlock forest
- bibliographic citation
- Cope, Amy B. 1993. Abies procera. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Immediate Effect of Fire
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
Specific information regarding fire-related mortality is lacking.
Because of its thin bark, however, it is assumed that young and immature
noble fir would likely be killed by moderate to severe fire.
- bibliographic citation
- Cope, Amy B. 1993. Abies procera. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Importance to Livestock and Wildlife
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
coverNoble fir provides cover and thermal protection for wildlife [
18].
- bibliographic citation
- Cope, Amy B. 1993. Abies procera. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Key Plant Community Associations
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
association,
forest,
naturalNoble fir is often dominant in young, mixed stands [
21]. It occurs
primarily in the Pacific silver fir (Abies amabilis) zone [
15,
17] and
less frequently in the western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) and mountain
hemlock (T. mertensiana) zones [
17,
19]. Noble fir occurs with
Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and replaces it in the upper half of
the Pacific silver fir zone [
15]. Occasionally, noble fir occurs in
small pure stands [
17].
Noble fir is listed as a minor or associated species in the publications
listed below:
Plant association and management guide for the Pacific silver fir zone,
Gifford Pinchot National Forest [
4]
Natural vegetation of Oregon and Washington [
15]
The forest communities of Mount Rainier National Park [
20]
Plant association and management guide for the Pacific silver fir zone,
Mt. Hood and Willamette National Forests [
28]
Plant association and management guide, Suislaw National forest [
29]
Terrestrial natural communities of California [
32]
Montane and subalpine vegetation of the Klamath Mountains [
39]
- bibliographic citation
- Cope, Amy B. 1993. Abies procera. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Life Form
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
treeTree
- bibliographic citation
- Cope, Amy B. 1993. Abies procera. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Management considerations
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
treeNoble fir is a preferred species for planting or seeding within its
range [
37]. Based on 10-year performance, noble fir is acceptable for
reforestation of high-elevation stock in British Columbia with variable
results in productivity [
40]. In the Pacific silver fir zone, noble fir
maintains good growth in dense stands and is appropriate where summer
frost is likely to occur but should not be planted in severe frost
pockets of clearcuts [
26]. Noble fir is not recommended for planting on
sites with a slope of less than 15 degrees [
4,
26].
Noble fir roots deeply making it resistant to wind damage [
1,
6]. It has
a high frost tolerance and low drought tolerance [
12,
17].
Generally, noble fir does not suffer major losses from pests [
13,
16,
17].
Noble fir bark beetle (Pseudohylesinus nobilis) is often associated with
root-diseased trees and can kill the tree [
12,
16]. Dwarf mistletoe may
be a problem requiring management action in some areas [
11,
12,
16,
17,
41].
- bibliographic citation
- Cope, Amy B. 1993. Abies procera. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Occurrence in North America
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
CA HI OR WA
- bibliographic citation
- Cope, Amy B. 1993. Abies procera. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Other uses and values
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
treeNoble fir brings a substantial price as a Christmas tree [
1,
16,
22].
It is also utilized as ornamental greenery [
16,
18].
Noble fir is also important in watershed protection [
18,
22].
- bibliographic citation
- Cope, Amy B. 1993. Abies procera. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Phenology
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. More info for the terms:
cone,
seedMale and female bud burst occurs in May and early June, and is followed
by pollen shed in June and early July [
14,
18,
21,
45]. Pollen shedding
and female receptivity are well synchronized in noble fir [
21,
45].
Cones ripen in mid- to late September, and seed dispersal begins in
early October [
14,
21,
45]. Seed dissemination requires wind action or
other branch movement to disturb the cone [
7,
21]. Height growth is
greatest in July [
27].
- bibliographic citation
- Cope, Amy B. 1993. Abies procera. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Plant Response to Fire
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
densityAfter a clearcut, seedling density was greater on unburned or
low-intensity burned areas compared to areas that burned at moderate to
severe intensity [
27].
- bibliographic citation
- Cope, Amy B. 1993. Abies procera. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Post-fire Regeneration
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
root crown,
secondary colonizer,
seedTree without adventitious-bud root crown
Secondary colonizer - off-site seed
Initial-offsite colonizer (off-site, initial community)
- bibliographic citation
- Cope, Amy B. 1993. Abies procera. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Regeneration Processes
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
cone,
seed,
treeNoble fir begins producing seed at 25 to 30 years of age, but
large-volume crops are not produced until age 35 to 50 [
14,
17,
45]. Good
seed crops are produced at 3- to 6-year intervals [
7,
14,
17,
45].
Seed quality is often poor [
18]. Cone crops need to be medium size or
better for sound seed to exceed 10 percent [
17]. Cone and seed
collection, drying, and storage techniques are discussed in the
literature [
7]. Insects that cause some losses are also discussed [
45].
Seeds are disseminated by wind. Seeds can be dispersed up to 2,000 feet
(367 m) from the source, but most fall within one or two tree height of
the parent [
7,
17].
Seeds usually germinate in the spring after they are shed [
1,
19]. Seeds
remain viable for only 1 year. A mineral seedbed in relatively open
areas is favorable for seedling establishment and growth [
22].
Competing vegetation and frosts deter regeneration of noble fir [
18].
As with other firs, initial juvenile growth is slow [
16,
17,
27]. Noble
fir requires 5 to 12 years to reach breast height, depending on site
condition [
16,
18,
27]. Growth from a sapling stage to maturity is rapid,
allowing noble fir to attain site dominance [
27,
43]. As the tree ages,
growth slows [
27]. Where they occur together, noble fir growth exceeds
Douglas-fir after 100 years [
24].
Noble fir does not reproduce vegetatively [
18].
- bibliographic citation
- Cope, Amy B. 1993. Abies procera. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Regional Distribution in the Western United States
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. This species can be found in the following regions of the western United States (according to the Bureau of Land Management classification of Physiographic Regions of the western United States):
1 Northern Pacific Border
2 Cascade Mountains
- bibliographic citation
- Cope, Amy B. 1993. Abies procera. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Successional Status
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. More info for the terms:
forest,
wildfireFacultative Seral Species
Noble fir is a seral or pioneer species [
18]. It is the most shade
intolerant of the American true firs [
18] and cannot regenerate under a
closed forest canopy [
1,
17,
18]. Noble fir often establishes with
Douglas-fir [
4,
9,
15,
17,
19]. It establishes after disturbances such as
wildfire that create major stand openings [
17,
22]. Even-aged stands are
common [
13,
43]. Noble fir is classified as intermediate in shade
tolerance. Overtopped seedlings of noble fir occasionally persist, and
in the Oregon Coast Ranges, seedlings sometimes establish in partial
shade [
18]. Noble fir is eventually replaced by shade-tolerant species
such as Pacific silver fir and western hemlock [
9,
17,
22].
- bibliographic citation
- Cope, Amy B. 1993. Abies procera. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Synonyms
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
Abies nobilis (Dougl.) Lindl.
- bibliographic citation
- Cope, Amy B. 1993. Abies procera. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Taxonomy
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
The currently accepted scientific name of noble fir is Abies procera
Rehd. [
31,
34]. There are no recognized varieties or subspecies.
Noble fir hybridizes readily with California red fir (Abies magnifica)
[
22,
34]. Populations in southern Oregon and northwestern California may
represent hybrid swarms between these two species [
22]. Noble fir
occurring south of the McKenzie River is not genetically pure [
17].
- bibliographic citation
- Cope, Amy B. 1993. Abies procera. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Value for rehabilitation of disturbed sites
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
On sizeable clearcuts or burned areas, noble fir can quickly establish;
however, actual data varies with site [
1,
18].
- bibliographic citation
- Cope, Amy B. 1993. Abies procera. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Wood Products Value
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
The soft wood of noble fir is lightweight and has good form
[
1,
16,
18,
22]. It is the strongest wood of the true firs [
14,
17]. The
wood is suitable for light construction and pulping [
16]. High-quality
noble fir wood is used for moldings, sash and door stock, venetian
blinds, and veneer [
42]. The wood of noble fir is also a specialty wood
used for ladder rails and airplane construction because of its high
strength to weight ratio [
1,
16,
17,
18]. Noble fir wood is exported to
Japan for home building [
16].
- bibliographic citation
- Cope, Amy B. 1993. Abies procera. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Distribution
(
Spanish; Castilian
)
provided by IABIN
Chile Central
Associated Forest Cover
provided by Silvics of North America
Noble fir is associated with most other Pacific Northwest conifers at
some point in its range. Most commonly these are Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga
menziesii), Pacific silver fir (Abies amabilis), western and
mountain hemlocks (Tsuga heterophylla and T. mertensiana),
western white and lodgepole pines (Pinus monticola and P.
contorta), western redcedar (Thuja plicata), and
Alaska-cedar (Chamaecyparis nootkatensis). It is also found
growing with grand and subalpine firs (Abies grandis and A.
lasiocarpa), Engelmann and Sitka spruces (Picea engelmannii and
P. sitchensis), western larch (Larix occidentalis), and
whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis).
Noble fir is a component of five forest cover types (4): Mountain
Hemlock (Society of American Foresters Type 205), Western Hemlock (Type
224), Coastal True Fir-Hemlock (Type 226), Pacific Douglas-Fir (Type 229),
and Douglas-Fir-Western Hemlock (Type 230). It is a significant component
only in Type 226, where noble fir stands are recognized as a major
variant.
Most noble fir is found primarily within the Abies amabilis zone
(10) with lesser amounts in the Tsuga mertensiana (particularly in
Oregon) and Tsuga heterophylla (particularly in Washington) zones.
It is a component of many recognized plant community and habitat types
within these zones (3,7,9). Noble fir presence by habitat type in southern
Washington (9) is typical of the general pattern. Noble fir is poorly
represented on colder sites in the Tsuga mertensiana zone and is
scarce in the very widespread and environmentally moderate Abies
amabilis/Vaccinium alaskaense habitat type. It is abundant in the
relatively warm, well-watered Abies amabilis / Tiarella unifoliata
habitat type and in the Abies amabilis/Xerophyllum tenax habitat
type. Noble fir attains best development on sites characterized by rich
herbaceous understories.
Understory plants associated with noble fir typically include an array
of ericaceous shrubs and evergreen herbs. Shrubs (10) include rustyleaf
menziesia (Menziesia ferruginea), Alaska huckleberry (Vaccinium
alaskaense), big huckleberry (V. membranaceum), red
huckleberry (V. parvifolium), ovalleaf huckleberry (V.
ovalifolium), Cascades azalea (Rhododendron albiflorum), Pacific
rhododendron (R. macrophyllum), and various currants (Ribes
spp.). Common herbs include beargrass (Xerophyllum tenax),
two trailing blackberries (Rubus lasiococcus and R.
pedatus), avalanche fawnlily (Erythronium montanum), queenscup
(Clintonia uniflora), purple twistedstalk (Streptopus roseus),
slim Solomon's seal (Smilacina sessilifolia), coolwort
foamflower (Tiarella unifoliata), and white inside-out-flower (Vancouveria
hexandra).
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Climate
provided by Silvics of North America
Noble fir lies entirely within a moist, maritime climatic region. Since
it grows primarily at higher elevations-within the Abies amabilis zone
(10) high precipitation and relatively cool temperatures are
characteristic. Five climatic stations within the range of noble fir
provide representative data. Annual temperatures average 4.4° to 7.2°
C (39.9° to 45.0° F). The mean temperature in January ranges
from -4.4° to -1.1° C (24.1° to 30.0° F) and in July,
from 13.3° to 16.1° C (55.9° to 60.9° F). Annual
precipitation averages 1960 to 2410 mm (77.2 to 94.9 in). About
three-fourths of this precipitation occurs between October and March, and
much of it accumulates as snowpacks with maximum depths of 1 to 3 m (3 to
10 ft).
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Damaging Agents
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Insects can be common in cones and seeds. In a
study of two locales in a modest seed year, 36 per cent of noble fir seeds
were affected by insects (26). The fir seed chalcid (Megastigmus
pinus) was found in 21 percent of the seeds; not all these seeds would
necessarily have been filled, however, as the chalcid can develop in
unfertilized seeds. Fir cone maggots (Earomyia barbara and E.
longistylata) affected 12 percent and a cone moth (Eucosma
siskiyouana) 6 percent of the seeds. Other cone insects have been
identified by Scurlock (26). One of these, Dioryctria abietivorella,
can mine buds, shoots, and trunks, as well as cones.
Insects reported as attacking noble fir include two bark beetles (Pseudohylesinus
nobilis and P. dispar (15); a weevil, Pissodes dubious,
sometimes in association with the fir root bark beetle, Pseudohylesinus
granulatus; and a large root aphid, Prociphilus americanus. The
balsam woolly adelgid (Adelges piceae) does not infest noble fir
to a significant degree (15), despite earlier reports of susceptibility
(6). Adelges nusslini does infest ornamental noble firs in Canada.
Mature noble firs are relatively free of serious pathogens. Gray-mold
blight (Botrytis cinerea) and brown felt mold (Herpotrichia
nigra) cause some damage and loss of seedlings. Numerous foliage
diseases-needle cast fungi and rusts-attack noble fir, but none are
considered serious threats except on Christmas trees.
Butt and root rots currently known to infect noble fir are Phaeolus
schweinitzii, Inonotus tomentosus, Poria subacida, and possibly Stereum
chaillettii. Hepting (19) identifies no major root diseases that kill
noble fir, although such pathogens may exist.
Trunk rots are occasionally important, generally only in over-mature
timber. The principal trunk rot is Indian paint fungus (Echinodontium
tinctorium). Others include Phellinus pini, Fomes nobilissimus, F.
robustus, Fomitopsis officinalis, F. pinicola, and Polyporus
abietinus.
Noble fir in the extreme southern part of its range is attacked by dwarf
mistletoe, but this is apparently Arceuthobium tsugense and not
A. abietinum (5). Mistletoe infections have been associated with
extensive mortality of branches (5).
Bark is occasionally stripped from the lower boles of pole-size noble
firs by black bear. In one 70-year-old stand, more than half the noble
firs had large basal scars from such attacks.
Climatic damage to noble fir includes occasional snow breakage of tops
and leaders (especially in sapling and pole-size stands) and windbreak and
windthrow of mature boles. The species is very tolerant of exposed sites,
such as are found along the Columbia River Gorge between Oregon and
Washington.
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Flowering and Fruiting
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Like other true firs, noble fir is
monoecious and produces female strobili high in the crown and clusters of
male strobili in a zone below. Female strobili are borne singly or in
groups of two, or rarely, up to five, on the upper side of 1-year-old
twigs. Male strobili are borne in clusters of up to 30 or more on the
undersides of branchlets.
Phenological data for noble fir at three locales and over 3 years show
the following ranges in timespans (12):
Male bud burst
May 7 to June 2
Female bud burst
May 11 to June 4
Vegetative bud burst
May 21 to July 5
Pollen shedding
June 1 to July 5
Period of female receptivity
May 25 to July 6
Initiation of seed dispersal
Sept. 27 to Oct. 7
Slightly earlier dates have been recorded for some events (6). Timing of
phenological events has varied as much as 2 weeks in 3 years at the same
site (12). Events are typically delayed by 1 or 2 days for each 30 m (100
ft) rise in elevation.
Seven developmental stages have been identified for female strobili
(12), beginning with bud swelling and ending with cone shattering. A
period of early rapid growth coincides with pollen receptivity; this
growth period does not appear to be as sensitive to temperature as earlier
growth periods. Cone growth is generally completed by mid-August of the
same year.
Development of male strobili appears to be sensitive to temperature and
humidity; pollen shedding requires warm, dry weather.
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Genetics
provided by Silvics of North America
Noble fir has a high self-fertility (27). Selfing produced 69 percent of
the sound seeds produced by outcross pollination; there was no difference
between selfed and outcrossed progeny in weight and germination of seeds
or in survival after 3 years. The number of cotyledons was greater for
selfed individuals, but 3- and 10-year height growth was less. Survival of
outplanted outcross trees did not differ after 10 years from that of
wind-pollinated and selfed trees.
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Growth and Yield
provided by Silvics of North America
Initial growth of noble fir is typically
slower than that of associated species. Noble firs averaged 7.3 years to
breast height (1.37 m or 4.5 ft) against 6.9 for Douglas-fir in one study
(31). Significantly slower growth (for example, 11 years to breast height)
is suggested by others (16,28).
The height growth patterns of noble fir have been described for young
stands (17,23), for British plantations (2), and for trees up to 300 years
(20). Young trees on good sites are capable of height increments of nearly
1.2 m (4 ft). Height-growth curves (fig. 1) show the ability of undamaged
trees to maintain height growth to very advanced ages (200 to 250 years).
Maximum heights are greater than 79 m (260 ft) on the best sites, and
heights at age 100 (determined at breast height) range from 18 to 49 m (60
to 160 ft).
Figure 1-Height-growth patterns of natural free-grown
noble
fir over the general range of site qualities (adapted from 20).
The largest known noble fir is 274 cm (108 in) in d.b.h., 84.7 m (278
ft) tall, and has a crown spread of 14.3 m (47 ft). Mature specimens are
commonly 114 to 152 cm (45 to 60 in) in d.b.h. and 40 to 53 m (132 to 175
ft) tall.
Noble fir grows most frequently in mixed stands with other species, such
as Douglas-fir, western hemlock, and Pacific silver fir. It has a greater
volume for a given diameter and height than any of its associates and
dominates such stands, contributing volume out of proportion to the number
of trees. It does grow in nearly pure stands, however, and is capable of
producing high standing volumes and good growth over a wide range of ages
and site qualities (7,14). Sustained height growth, high stand densities,
a high form factor, and thin bark all contribute to the development of
large volumes of trees and stands. Volumes of about 1400 m³/ha
(100,000 fbm/acre) are indicated at culmination of mean annual increment
on site class II lands (for example, site index 36 m or 119 ft at 100
years). In the grove at Goat Marsh Research Natural Area on the
southwestern slopes of Mount St. Helens in Washington, the gross volume of
the best contiguous 1-ha (2.47acre) block is 5752 m³/ha (82,200 ft³/acre
or 407,950 fbm/acre); this value significantly exceeds the best gross
volume for an acre of Douglas-fir. British yield tables for noble fir
plantations indicate that yields from managed stands should also be high
(2).
The high form class (small amount of taper) of noble fir has been noted
by many foresters and scientists (2).
Culmination of mean annual increment (MAI) appears to be relatively late
in normally stocked stands of noble fir. Volume and, to a lesser extent,
MAI increase rapidly in stands from ages 70 to 100 years. The approximate
culmination of MAI for site class 11 (site index of 36 m or 119 ft) seems
to be between 115 and 130 years.
Various comparisons of growth have been made between noble fir and
Douglas-fir (7,17,23). Site index at 100 years for noble fir is almost
always higher than for Douglas-fir on upper-slope habitat types. Despite
the slower initial start, noble fir overtops the associated Douglas-firs.
Yields of noble fir stands at various ages are 10 to 51 percent higher in
board-foot volume and 56 to 114 percent higher in cubic-foot volume than
shown in the normal yield tables for Douglas-fir stands of comparable site
indexes.
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Reaction to Competition
provided by Silvics of North America
Noble fir has the most intolerance for
shade of American true firs. Regeneration cannot be established under a
closed forest canopy. Consequently, noble fir is considered a seral or
pioneer species subject to replacement by its very tolerant associates,
Pacific silver fir and western hemlock. It is classed as having
intermediate tolerance to shade. Overtopped noble fir saplings and poles
may occasionally persist. Seedlings became established in partial shade in
the Oregon Coast Ranges (8) and should, therefore, be able to establish
themselves successfully under all but the densest shelterwoods. This
ability, along with the heavy seed, indicates that shelterwoods or small
clearcuts should be the preferred cutting method for natural regeneration
of noble fir.
Noble fir prunes itself well in closed stands and develops a short,
rounded crown. This short crown, along with an apparent inability to form
epicormic or adventitious sprouts, may be a factor in the decline and
death of mature noble firs exposed to major stresses, such as along a
clearcut boundary. The crown may be unable to sustain the tree when
altered temperature or moisture conditions cause higher physiological
demands.
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Rooting Habit
provided by Silvics of North America
The main root of noble fir is slow growing,
whereas lateral roots develop rapidly and have few branches (30). Root
systems of typical 1- to 3-year-old seedlings do not appear fibrous, and
there is no well-developed taproot. The absence of an early taproot may
explain why seedlings survive only in moist soils.
Little is known about the rooting habit of noble fir trees beyond the
seedling stage. Noble fir appears to be at least moderately windfirm,
certainly superior to western hemlock and Engelmann spruce.
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Seed Production and Dissemination
provided by Silvics of North America
Trees may begin bearing cones
at 20 years of age, although commercial seed bearing is generally
considered to begin at about 50 years. Older trees can produce large
quantities of seeds. The current record is an estimated 3,000 cones,
potentially yielding more than 1,500,000 seeds, produced by one tree in a
single year. In studies extending over the Pacific Northwest Region, noble
fir produced a medium or better crop (median cone count of at least 10
cones per tree) 42 percent of the time (7,13). Cone production at
particular locations was much poorer, however, especially in the high
Cascades and along the eastern margin of the range of noble fir.
Individual stands had intervals of as long as 6 years between medium cone
crops.
Seed quality is typically poor. Collections from seed traps in natural
stands (equivalent to 54 seed years) had a maximum of 49 percent sound
seeds; the overall average was about 10 percent. Seed quality is strongly
correlated with the cone crop, which must be at least medium size before
sound seeds exceed 10 percent (7). Most unsound seeds collected in seed
traps consist of round but unfilled seeds, relatively small amounts being
damaged by insects.
Possible explanations for the poor seed quality include inadequate
pollen (especially in young stands and poor seed years), poor synchrony
between female receptivity and pollen shedding (12), selfing, insects, and
meiotic irregularities in developing pollen. The most important factors
may be similar to those suggested for Pacific silver fir (24). Firs have
unspecialized pollen mechanisms, long periods of pollen dormancy, a short
time after germination when pollen tubes must develop and penetrate the
long nucellar tip, and archegonia that abort quickly if unfertilized.
These traits, plus a low number of archegonia, may cause the low
percentage of viable seeds.
Noble fir seeds are not widely dispersed because of their weight, which
averages 29,750 seeds per kilogram (13,500/lb) (25). Wind is the major
agent of dispersal. Although the seeds can fly over 600 m (2,000 ft)
(22), most actually fall within one or two tree heights of the seed trees
(1). Thornburgh (29) thought that the local distributional pattern of
noble fir was mainly controlled by limited seed dispersal capabilities
coupled with low resistance to fire. Most noble firs in his study area
were in bums that were narrow in one dimension. In one large burn that was
wider than the others, noble fir grew mostly along the edges.
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Seedling Development
provided by Silvics of North America
Noble fir seeds are of transient viability
under natural conditions, and most germinate in the first growing season
after dispersal. They remain viable for only one season in the forest
floor. Germination is epigeal. Noble fir seeds germinate freely, and
seedlings grow well in the open or in moderate shade on any moist humus or
mineral soil. Initial development of seedlings is typically slow. Total
height of 1-year-old seedlings is 2 to 5 cm (0.8 to 2.0 in), of which 1 to
3 cm (0.4 to 1.1 in) is growth above the whorl of four to seven
cotyledons. Seedlings typically require 3 to 5 years to reach a height of
0.3 m (1 ft).
Seed dispersed after snow covers the ground may germinate in and on the
snowbanks the next spring, with essentially no chance for survival of such
germinants.
Natural regeneration of noble fir appears to have variable success. In
one early study, it was so rapid and abundant that it was used to support
the hypothesis of reproduction from seed stored in the duff (21). Noble
fir was disproportionately successful at regenerating in some small burns
at high elevations, but it also failed to regenerate in one small burn
where it consisted of 25 percent of the potential seed source (29).
Competing vegetation may deter regeneration of noble fir on some sites
(6).
Little information is available on regeneration of noble fir after
clearcutting. On some clearcuts, regeneration is successful; on others, it
can be sparse despite an available seed source. Stocking was found to be
superior to that of Douglas-fir on three of five upper-slope habitat types
in the central Willamette National Forest in Oregon (28). The 15- to
17-year-old clearcuts had 282 to 1,779 noble fir seedlings per hectare
(114 to 720/acre), depending on habitat type. Growth was slow; noble fir
reached heights of 30 to 51 cm (12 to 20 in) at 7 years. In summary,
although development of good natural noble fir regeneration is possible,
it is not yet predictable.
Early growth of planted seedlings is variable, depending on site
conditions and stock. In one study, growth was slow; noble fir seedlings
were only 8.4 cm (3.3 in) tall at the end of the first growing season in
the field, half the height of Douglas-fir seedlings planted at the same
time. Damage from browsing was much less on noble fir than on Douglas-fir,
however. In a test of containerized noble fir seedlings, survival averaged
77 and 60 percent for containerized and bare-root stock, respectively,
after 7 years. Total height after 7 years averaged 56 and 46 cm (22 and 18
in) for containerized and bare-root stock, significantly less than for
Douglas-fir. Other plantings of noble fir have shown substantially better
early growth than these two examples.
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Soils and Topography
provided by Silvics of North America
Noble fir inhabits rugged, mountainous regions, so steep slopes are
typical. It grows on all landforms, from valley bottom to ridgetop.
Positions on a slope are perhaps most typical, although the best stands
are generally on gentle topography. In the northern half of its range,
noble fir shows a preference for warm, moist exposures.
Noble fir can grow on a wide range of soils if ample moisture is
available; water supply appears to be of more critical importance than
soil quality. Spodosols and Inceptisols are most common. In one study of
soils under seven upper-slope forest types, soils under noble fir stands
had the smallest weight of forest floor (perhaps reflecting favorable
decomposition conditions) and the highest levels of exchangeable calcium.
Soils are typically developed in volcanic parent materials; volcanic
tephra (ash and pumice) and colluvium, often including aerially deposited
ejecta, are the most common materials. Profiles with multiple parent
materials are often found because of multiple deposits of tephra. In the
Coast Ranges, noble fir occurs on both volcanic and sedimentary bedrock.
Noble fir is generally found at elevations between 1070 and 1680 m
(3,500 and 5,500 ft) in the Cascade Range in Oregon and 910 and 1520 m
(3,000 and 5,000 ft) in the Cascade Range in central Washington. In the
Coast Ranges of Oregon, it generally grows above 910 m (3,000 ft). It is
occasionally found at much lower elevations, however, and shows excellent
growth on such sites.
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Special Uses
provided by Silvics of North America
The wood of noble fir has always been valued over that of other true
firs because of its greater strength. Loggers called it larch to avoid the
prejudice against the wood of true fir; the two Larch Mountains opposite
one another across the Columbia River near Portland, OR, were named for
the noble fir that grows on their summits. Because of its high
strength-to-weight ratio, it has been used for specialty products, such as
stock for ladder rails and construction of airplanes.
In 1979, noble fir constituted about 12 percent of the Christmas tree
production in the Pacific Northwest and was priced (wholesale) 35 to 40
percent higher than Douglas-firs. Noble fir greenery is also in
considerable demand and can provide high financial returns in young
stands.
Like most true firs, noble fir is an attractive tree for ornamental
planting and landscaping.
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Vegetative Reproduction
provided by Silvics of North America
Noble fir is not known to reproduce
vegetatively.
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Brief Summary
provided by Silvics of North America
Pinaceae -- Pine family
Jerry F. Franklin
Noble fir (Abies procera), also known as red fir and white fir,
is an impressive true fir limited to the Cascade Range and Coast Ranges of
the Pacific Northwest. At maturity, it typically has a clean, columnar
bole and short, rounded crown. Noble fir attains the largest dimensions of
any of the true fir species.
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Distribution
provided by Silvics of North America
Noble fir is found in the mountains of northern Oregon and Washington
between the McKenzie River and Stevens Pass or latitudes 44° and 48°
N. Most of its distribution is within the Cascade Range, particularly on
the western slopes and along the crest. Isolated populations are found on
peaks in the Oregon Coast Ranges and in the Willapa Hills of southwestern
Washington.
Trees with needle and cone characteristics of noble fir have frequently
been reported in mixture with California and Shasta red firs (Abies
magnifica var. magnifica and var. shastensis) from
northern California north to the central Cascade Range in Oregon. Studies
of weight of seeds, number of cotyledons, and chemistry of terpenes
strongly suggest that the populations north of the McKenzie River differ
from the remainder of the fir complex and lack the apparent latitudinal
clines in these characteristics found in the populations to the south. In
any case, the ecological behavior of the populations from central Oregon
south resembles that of California and Shasta red firs much more closely
than that of noble fir.
The northern limits of the range of noble fir have also been a source of
confusion. Early reports placed noble fir on Mount Baker, in the Olympic
Mountains, and at other locations in the northern Cascades. Subsequent
investigators have not found noble fir at these Washington sites.
- The native range of noble fir.
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Physical Description
provided by USDA PLANTS text
Tree, Evergreen, Monoecious, Habit erect, Trees without or rarely having knees, Primary plant stem smooth, Tree with bark smooth, Tree with bark rough or scaly, Young shoots 3-dimensional, Buds not resinous, Leaves needle-like, Leaves alternate, Needle-like leaf margins entire (use magnification), Leaf apex obtuse, Leaf apex mucronulate, Leaves < 5 cm long, Leaves < 10 cm long, Leaves blue-green, Leaves white-striped, Needle-like leaves flat, Needle-like leaves not twisted, Needle-like leaf habit erect, Needle-like leaf habit drooping, Needle-like leaves per fascicle mostly 1, Needle-like leaf sheath early deciduous, Needle-like leaf sheath persistent, Twigs glabrous, Twigs not viscid, Twigs without peg-like projections or large fascicles after needles fall, Berry-like cones orange, Woody seed cones > 5 cm long, Bracts of seed cone exerted, Seeds tan, Seeds brown, Seeds winged, Seeds unequally winged, Seed wings prominent, Seed wings equal to or broader than body.
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- Stephen C. Meyers
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- Steffi Ickert-Bond
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- Damon Little
Abies procera
(
Catalan; Valencian
)
provided by wikipedia CA
Abies procera, o avet noble, en anglès: noble fir,[2] també anomenat red fir[2] i Christmastree,[2] és una espècie d'avet de l'oest dels Estats Units: Cascade Range i Coast Range muntanyes de l'extrem nord-oest de Califòrnia Oregon occidental i Washington. És un arbre típic de grans altituds però només rarament arriba al límit arbori
Abies procera fa de 40 a 70 m d'alt.[3] Les seves pinyes són erectes.
Abies procera està estretament emparentat amb Abies magnifica (avet vermell). La varietat Abies magnifica var. shastensis es considera de vegades un híbrid entre l'avet noble i l'avet vermell.
Uos
És un arbre de Nadal popular (als Estats Units), la seva fusta, que és força tova com la de tots els avets, serveix també per a fer paper
Referències
Further reading
Enllaços externs
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A
Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a:
Abies procera 
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Abies procera: Brief Summary
(
Catalan; Valencian
)
provided by wikipedia CA
Abies procera, o avet noble, en anglès: noble fir, també anomenat red fir i Christmastree, és una espècie d'avet de l'oest dels Estats Units: Cascade Range i Coast Range muntanyes de l'extrem nord-oest de Califòrnia Oregon occidental i Washington. És un arbre típic de grans altituds però només rarament arriba al límit arbori
Abies procera fa de 40 a 70 m d'alt. Les seves pinyes són erectes.
Abies procera està estretament emparentat amb Abies magnifica (avet vermell). La varietat Abies magnifica var. shastensis es considera de vegades un híbrid entre l'avet noble i l'avet vermell.
![src=]()
Pinya
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Ffynidwydden urddasol
(
Welsh
)
provided by wikipedia CY
Coeden fytholwyrdd sydd i'w chanfod yn Hemisffer y Gogledd yw Ffynidwydden urddasol sy'n enw benywaidd. Mae'n perthyn i'r teulu Pinaceae. Yr enw gwyddonol (Lladin) yw Abies procera a'r enw Saesneg yw Noble fir.[1] Ceir enwau Cymraeg eraill ar y planhigyn hwn gan gynnwys Ffynidwydden Urddasol.
Yn yr un teulu ceir y Sbriwsen, y binwydden, y llarwydden, cegid (hemlog) a'r gedrwydden. Mae'r dail (y nodwyddau) wedi'u gosod mewn sbeiral ac yn hir a phigog. Oddi fewn i'r moch coed benywaidd ceir hadau, ac maent yn eitha coediog ac yn fwy na'r rhai gwryw, sydd yn cwympo bron yn syth wedi'r peillio.
Gweler hefyd
Cyfeiriadau
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Ffynidwydden urddasol: Brief Summary
(
Welsh
)
provided by wikipedia CY
Coeden fytholwyrdd sydd i'w chanfod yn Hemisffer y Gogledd yw Ffynidwydden urddasol sy'n enw benywaidd. Mae'n perthyn i'r teulu Pinaceae. Yr enw gwyddonol (Lladin) yw Abies procera a'r enw Saesneg yw Noble fir. Ceir enwau Cymraeg eraill ar y planhigyn hwn gan gynnwys Ffynidwydden Urddasol.
Yn yr un teulu ceir y Sbriwsen, y binwydden, y llarwydden, cegid (hemlog) a'r gedrwydden. Mae'r dail (y nodwyddau) wedi'u gosod mewn sbeiral ac yn hir a phigog. Oddi fewn i'r moch coed benywaidd ceir hadau, ac maent yn eitha coediog ac yn fwy na'r rhai gwryw, sydd yn cwympo bron yn syth wedi'r peillio.
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Jedle vznešená
(
Czech
)
provided by wikipedia CZ
Jedle vznešená (Abies procera) je stálezelený, dlouhověký, velmi vysoký jehličnatý strom, rostoucí v severozápadní části USA.
Synonymum
Popis
Stálezelený, jehličnatý strom, dorůstající do výšky okolo 80 m a dožívající se až 700 let. Rychlost růstu je proměnlivá, semenáče rostou ze začátku pomalu, později velmi rychle až do dospělosti, a potom, jak strom stárne, se jeho růst zpomaluje. Kmen je sloupovitý a dosahuje průměru 2,2 m. Větve jsou tuhé a vyrůstají z kmene v pravých úhlech. Koruna je v mládí kuželovitá, zavětvená až k zemi, v dospělosti krátká a zakulacená. Borka je u mladých stromů šedozelenohnědá, tenká a s puchýři, u starších purpurovošedočervenohnědá, tlustá, trochu šupinovitá a hluboce rozbrázděná do úzkých rýh, rozdělených na obdélníkové bloky, rýhy i hřebeny jsou přibližně stejně široké. Letorosty jsou červenohnědé a po několik let chlupaté. Pupeny jsou skryté pod jehlicemi, hnědé, malé, vejčité, bez pryskyřice a se zaobleným vrcholem; základnové pupenové šupiny jsou krátké, široké, ve tvaru rovnostranného trojúhelníka, na středech chlupaté, bez pryskyřice, s celými až vroubkovanými okraji a ostrým vrcholem; vrcholové pupeny se obvykle vyskytují po 3 a více.
Jehlice jsou jednořadé, ohebné, většinou srpovitě zahnuté vzhůru, husté, u základu často přiléhavé k letorostu, na okrajových částech rozbíhavé, na průřezu ploché s vespod vystupující středovou žílou, seshora s nebo bez rýhy, či na plodících větvích s čtyřstranným průřezem; 1-3,5 cm dlouhé a 1,5-2 mm široké, na špičce zaoblené či vroubkované; jehlice na plodících větvích jsou čtyřstranné a se 4 proužky průduchů na spodních površích; na horních površích jsou modrozelené, s 0-2 stříbrnošedomodrozelenými proužky, každý proužek má 0-7 řad průduchů ve středu jehlice; na spodních površích s 2-4 stříbrnošedomodrozelenými proužky, na každém proužku se 4-7 řadami průduchů; pryskyřičné kanálky jsou malé, blízko okrajů a spodních epidermálních vrstev jehlic; jehlice pronikavě voní, podobně jako terpentýn.
Samčí šištice jsou v průběhu opylování purpurovočervenohnědé a rostou ve shlucích pod jehlicemi. Samičí šištice - šišky jsou obdélníkově válcovité, přirostlé, se zaobleným vrcholem, rostoucí jednotlivě až po 5 blízko vrcholu koruny na horních stranách jednoletých letorostů, zelené, purpurové či červené, ve zralosti žlutozelenohnědé, překryté zelenými, vyčnívajícími a zpět zahnutými podpůrnými šupinami, ve zralosti zesvětlenými; a s tmavými, 2,5 cm dlouhými a 3 cm širokými a chlupatými semennými šupinami; šišky jsou 10-15 cm dlouhé a 5-6,5 cm široké. Semena jsou červenohnědá, 12 mm dlouhá 6 mm široká. Křídla semen jsou světle hnědá a o trochu delší než semeno. Děložních lístků je kolem 4-7 . Strom kvete v květnu a červnu, šišky dozrávají v září a k rozšiřování semen dochází v říjnu.
Výskyt
Severozápad USA (státy Kalifornie, Oregon a Washington).
Ekologie
Jedle vznešená roste od podhůří v západním Washingtonu až po vysokohorské polohy v Oregonu, v rozsahu nadmořských výšek 60-2700 m; nejhojněji se strom vyskytuje v horách Kaskádového pohoří, na horských půdách rozmanitého vulkanického původu, nejlépe roste v mělkých až mírně hlubokých půdách s velkým množstvím vlhkosti, které jsou dobře pro vodu propustné a s kyselým až neutrálním pH; stín snáší strom středně dobře, mezi ostatními americkými jedlemi je ale nejméně ke stínu snášenlivý a nejlépe roste na plném slunci. Klima je zde mírné, chladné a pobřežní, s krátkými léty a zimami s velkým množstvím sněhu, roční srážkové úhrny se zde pohybují mezi 1750-2600 mm, z velké části ve formě sněhu. Jedle vznešená je velmi odolná vůči větru, neboť hluboce koření, také je odolná vůči nemocem a nepřátelům, miluje chladný a vlhký vzduch, nesnáší znečištění ovzduší a je mrazuvzdorná do –28 °C, není nicméně příliš odolná vůči suchu ani vůči lesním požárům, především pro nepříliš silnou borku a značně hořlavé jehličí. [2]
Jedle vznešená občas tvoří samostatné jednodruhové porosty, mnohem častěji ale roste ve smíšených lesích ve společnosti jiných druhů rostlin: z jedlí například s jedlí líbeznou, jedlí plstnatoplodou, jedlí obrovskou, ze smrků s smrkem Brewerovým, smrkem Engelmannovým, smrkem sitkou, z borovic například s borovicí bělokmennou, borovicí pokroucenou, borovicí pohorskou, také s douglaskou tisolistou, jedlovcem Mertensovým (Tsuga mertensiana), jedlovcem západním, modřínem západoamerickým (Larix occidentalis), zeravem obrovským, z bylinného patra například s keři: brusnice Vaccinium alaskaense, menziesie rzivá (Menziesia ferruginea), pěnišník Rhododendron albiflorum, z bylin například s kandíkem Erythronium montanum, klintonkou Clintonia uniflora, suchobýlem Xerophyllum tenax a dalšími.
Nepřátelé a nemoci
Občas je strom napadán zavíječem Dioryctria abietivorella, jehož larvy vrtají a žerou šišky, jehlice, letorosty a krmí se pod borkou a dalšími. Kořeny stromu v některých případech poškozuje hnědák Schweinitzův. Příležitostně je nějaký semenáč poškozen až zlikvidován plísní šedou. Strom nesnáší sucho, při nedostatku srážek často dochází k praskání borky, proto není vhodný pro pěstování v oblastech se suchými léty a nepravidelnými a/nebo nedostatečnými dešti. [3]
Využití člověkem
Pro vysoce kvalitní dřevo v kombinaci s velkým přímým kmenem je strom často používán jako zdroj řeziva. Dřevo jedle vznešené patří mezi nejkvalitnější z amerických jedlí, je lehké, odolné a velmi ohebné, pro tyto vlastnosti bylo dříve často používáno pro konstrukci vrtulí letadel a žebříků, v současnosti je většinou v těchto případech nahrazováno použitím různých kovů. Dřevo stromu je často též používáno ve stavebnictví a tesařství a na výrobu krabic. Mladé stromky jsou využívány též jako vánoční stromek. Jedle vznešená je též často pěstována jako okrasný strom a používána v hortikultuře, kde je známo několik kultivarů.
Ohrožení
Podle organizace IUCN není jedle vznešená ohrožena a tendence její populace je stabilní. V minulosti byl strom značně kácen pro dřevo, v současné době roste jedle vznešená v několika chráněných oblastech zahrnujících též několik národních parků, ve kterých je jakékoliv kácení zakázáno. [3]
Největší exempláře
- Jedle na Yellowjacket Creek v Gifford Pinchot National Forest (Washington) – výška: 72,6 metrů, průměr kmene: 275 cm, průměr koruny: 12,5 m, objem kmene: 174,3 m³ (1988)
- Jedle v Goat Marsh Research Natural Area v Mt. St. Helens National Monument (Washington) – výška: 89,9 m, průměr kmene: 192 cm, průměr koruny: 13 m, objem kmene: 87,7 m³ (1989)
Galerie
Jedle vznešená, strom. Vlevo nahoře jedlovec západní.
Jedle vznešená, detail jehlic.
Odkazy
Reference
-
↑ Červený seznam IUCN 2018.1. 5. července 2018. Dostupné online. [cit. 2018-08-09]
-
↑ http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/abipro/all.html
-
↑ a b https://web.archive.org/web/http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/42296/0
Externí odkazy
Rod jedle (Abies) Evropa
Afrika
Asie
Amerika
Jedle vznešená: Brief Summary
(
Czech
)
provided by wikipedia CZ
Jedle vznešená (Abies procera) je stálezelený, dlouhověký, velmi vysoký jehličnatý strom, rostoucí v severozápadní části USA.
Sølvgran
(
Danish
)
provided by wikipedia DA
Sølvgran (Abies procera) eller nobilis er et op til 40 m højt, stedsegrønt nåletræ med en smalt kegleformet vækst. Den er almindelig plantet i Danmark.
Beskrivelse
Stammen er ret og gennemgående til toppen, på gamle træer dog ofte opsplittet i flere topskud. Hovedgrenene er vandrette og sidder i tydelige kranse. Barken er først rødbrun og næsten skjult under nålene. Senere bliver den glat og gråviolet med små harpiksblærer. Gammel stammebark er opsprækkende med uregelmæssige furer og revner. Knopperne er ægformede og brune. Nålene er smalle og furede, grågrønne med to hvidlige striber på undersiden. Alt i alt ser nålene blågrå ud. De sidder fremadrettet og bøjer op fra undersiden af skuddet.
Hanlige blomsterstande er brunlige eller senere: grønlige. De hunlige blomsterstande er rød-violette og bliver til store, tøndeformede, oprette kogler. Når de bliver modne, falder koglerne fra hinanden. Frøene modner godt og spirer villigt.
Rodnettet består af dybtgående, tæt forgrenede hovedrødder og forholdsvis få, grove siderødder. Sølvgran er den samme plante som den, skovfolk kalder "Nobilis". (Planten hed tidligere Abies nobilis.)
Højde x bredde og årlig tilvækst: 20 x 4 m (25 x 10 cm/år, men hovedskuddet på unge træer når ofte op på 60-70 cm tilvækst pr. år).
Hjemsted
Sølvgran er hjemmehørende på bjergskråningerne (700-2100 m.o.h.) i det vestlige Rocky Mountains.
Ved Mount Rainier er denne art skovdannende sammen med bl.a. bjerghemlock, californisk weymouthfyr, douglasgran, engelmannngran, hvidstammet fyr, klippeædelgran, klitfyr, kæmpegran, kæmpethuja, nutkacypres, purpurædelgran og vestamerikansk hemlock[1]
Note
Kilder/Eksterne henvisninger
- Signe Frederiksen et al., Dansk flora, 2. udgave, Gyldendal 2012. ISBN 8702112191.
- license
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- copyright
- Wikipedia-forfattere og redaktører
Sølvgran: Brief Summary
(
Danish
)
provided by wikipedia DA
Sølvgran (Abies procera) eller nobilis er et op til 40 m højt, stedsegrønt nåletræ med en smalt kegleformet vækst. Den er almindelig plantet i Danmark.
- license
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- copyright
- Wikipedia-forfattere og redaktører
Edel-Tanne
(
German
)
provided by wikipedia DE
Der Titel dieses Artikels ist mehrdeutig. Unter dem Namen Edeltanne ist auch die
Weiß-Tanne bekannt.
Die Edel-Tanne (Abies procera, Syn.: Abies nobilis), standardsprachlich Edeltanne, auch Pazifische Edel-Tanne und Silbertanne genannt, ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung der Tannen (Abies) in der Familie der Kieferngewächse (Pinaceae) aus höheren Lagen des Kaskadengebirges im Westen der USA.[1] Als größte aller Tannen besitzt sie unter den pazifischen Tannen Nordamerikas dennoch das kleinste Areal und ist auch die lichtbedürftigste neuweltliche Tanne.[2] Nachdem im Frühjahr 1942 durch das Lend-Lease System die Produktion von Sitka-Fichtenholz nicht die Nachfrage der US-amerikanischen und britischen Flugzeugindustrie im Zweiten Weltkrieg decken konnte, fanden sich im Holz der Edel-Tanne sowie der Westlichen Hemlock die einzigen Baumarten, die eine Neukonstruktion im Flugzeugdesign nicht erforderten. Damit gewann die Edel-Tanne im Sommer 1942 als Substitut der Sitka-Fichte große wirtschaftliche und kriegstechnische Bedeutung, die 1943 zur maximalen Ressourcen-Nutzung der Edel-Tannen in Bergwäldern des Pazifischen Nordwestens führte.[3][4]
Etymologie
Die Art wurde am 7. September 1825 von David Douglas am Columbia River (Columbia gorge) unweit der Grand Rapids im heutigen Oregon zusammen mit der Purpur-Tanne (Abies amabilis) entdeckt.[5] Er nannte sie zuerst Pinus nobilis – noble Tanne (Pinus war im 19. Jahrhundert noch regelmäßig Gattungsbegriff der Tanne). Ihr taxonomisch heute richtiges Artepitheton procera stammt vom lateinischen procerus ab und bedeutet „hoch“. Für David Douglas war die Edel-Tanne der eindrucksvollste Baum den er auf seinen Expeditionen im Westen der heutigen USA entdeckt hatte. 1830 schrieb er: „Ich verbrachte drei Wochen in einem Wald, bestehend aus dieser Baumart, und Tag für Tag konnte ich nicht aufhören, ihn zu bewundern; meine Worte sind nur eintönige Ausdrücke von diesem Gefühl“.[6] Dieser besondere Eindruck natürlicher Edel-Tannenwälder entsteht durch deren hohen säulenfömigen Schäfte, die in der Regel auch zu zwei Drittel astfrei bleiben. Hieraus zählen sie ebenfalls zu den besten Lieferanten für Konstruktionshölzer unter den Weichholzbäumen der westlichen USA.
Die Schreibweise mit Bindestrich ist in der deutschen botanischen Fachliteratur gebräuchlich. Umgangssprachlich wird auch die in Europa heimische Weiß-Tanne (Abies alba Mill.) auch als „Edeltanne“ oder „Silbertanne“ bezeichnet.
Beschreibung
Habitus
![src=]()
Abies procera, als Pionier-Pflanze nach der Eruption am Mt. Saint Helens
Die Edel-Tanne ist ein immergrüner Baum, der die größten Wuchshöhen unter den Tannen erreicht, es werden Wuchshöhen über 80 Meter und Stammdurchmesser (BHD) über 2 Meter erreicht. Sie hat auffallend gerade, säulenförmige Stämme. Die Baumkrone ist symmetrisch kegelförmig. Sie ist nicht so dicht wie bei anderen Tannenarten und erscheint deshalb häufig durchsichtig. Im Gipfel sterben häufig Leittriebe ab; im Alter überragen die Seitenäste den Gipfeltrieb, und es bildet sich die sogenannte „Storchennest-Krone“. Die Zweige stehen meist im rechten Winkel vom Stamm ab, können aber im unteren Teil der Krone auch hängen. Die schlanken Zweige sind rötlich-braun gefärbt und behaart. Die Zweigoberseite ist meistens durch die dicht anliegenden Nadeln nicht zu erkennen. Die Edel-Tanne kann bis zu 800 Jahre alt werden und erreicht damit das höchste Alter aller Tannenarten.
Knospen und Nadeln
![src=]()
Bürstenförmige nach oben gedrehte Nadeln sind unverkennbare Merkmale. Die männlichen Blüten erscheinen im Mai.
Die runden Knospen sind sehr klein und mit rotbraunen Schuppen versehen. Sie werden häufig von den Nadeln verdeckt. Die blaugrünen schimmernden, dichtstehenden Nadeln haben eine Lebensdauer bis zwölf Jahre. Die, im Querschnitt viereckigen, Nadeln sind 25 bis 35 Millimeter lang und oberseits rinnig vertieft. Sowohl auf der Ober- wie auch auf der Unterseite befinden sich Stomabänder. Nadeln an lichtexponierten Stellen sind meist blaugrün gefärbt und stehen aufwärts gerichtet spiralig um den Zweig. Schattennadeln sind meist dunkelgrün gefärbt und stehen gescheitelt an den Zweigunterseiten. Die Nadeln liegen im ersten Viertel dem Zweig an und krümmen sich auf.
Blüten, Zapfen und Samen
Die Edel-Tanne ist einhäusig getrenntgeschlechtig (monözisch). Sie wird mit 20 bis 30 Jahren mannbar, die volle Samenproduktion setzt allerdings erst mit 50 bis 60 Jahren ein. Die männlichen Blütenzapfen sind dunkelrot gefärbt und sitzen in Gruppen von bis zu 30 Blütenzapfen auf der Zweigunterseite. Die unscheinbaren weiblichen Blütenzapfen sind gelblich gefärbt mit einem schwach rötlichen Ton und stehen meist einzeln, aber auch zu zweit, selten zu fünft auf der Oberseite vorjähriger Triebe.
Die Zapfen weisen eine Länge von 10 bis 24 Zentimeter und einen Durchmesser von 5 bis 7 Zentimeter auf. Sie sind damit die größten Zapfen aller bekannten Tannenarten. Schon an jungen Bäumen von nur 2 bis 3 Meter Wuchshöhe werden Zapfen angesetzt. Die reifen Zapfen sind blass purpurbraun, wirken aber blassgrün, da sie überwiegend durch die grünlichen Deckschuppen überdeckt werden. Die Samenschuppen sind etwa 2,5 Zentimeter × 3 Zentimeter groß. Der rötlich-braune Same weist eine Größe von 13 Millimeter × 6 Millimeter auf und besitzt einen hellbraunen bis strohfarbenen Flügel, der nur wenig länger ist als das Samenkorn. Das Tausendkorngewicht beträgt rund 30 Gramm und die Keimfähigkeit liegt bei 30 bis 70 %. Die Keimlinge besitzen meist fünf bis sechs (vier bis sieben) Keimblätter (Kotyledonen).
Rinde
Die Rinde von jungen Bäumen ist glatt und gräulich bis leicht rötlich gefärbt. Die Borke der älteren Bäume ist grau, teilweise mit einem lilafarbenen Ton, und bricht in rechteckige Platten auf. Sie ist mit 2 bis 5 Zentimeter relativ dünn, weshalb die Bäume durch Waldbrände gefährdet sind. Die Rinde der Zweige ist rötlichbraun und feinbehaart.
Wurzeln
Es ist nur sehr wenig über die Wurzeltracht der Edel-Tanne bekannt. Man weiß, dass sie keine Pfahlwurzel ausbildet und deshalb auf Windwurf anfällig ist.
Holz
Das weiche, weißliche, elastische Holz der Edel-Tanne gilt als das qualitativ hochwertigste aller nordamerikanischen Tannenarten und insgesamt auch innerhalb der Gattung. Es besitzt ein sehr gutes Steifigkeits-/Gewichtsverhältnis das mit den besten Weichhölzern wie denen von Sitka-Fichte sowie der in ihrem natürlichen Areal sympatrisch vorkommenden Westamerikanischen Hemlocktanne konkurrieren kann.[7] Von der Qualität wird es unter den Koniferen-Hölzern nur vom schwereren Holz der Douglasie übertroffen.
Eigenschaften Wert Einheit Rohdichte 0,436 g/cm³ Biegefestigkeit 81,1 N/mm² Stat. Biege-E-Modul 10.773 N/mm² Dynam. Biege-E-Modul 12.160 N/mm² Druckfestigkeit parallel zur Faser 40,8 N/mm² Längszugfestigkeit 106,8 N/mm² Bruchschlagarbeit 37,0 KJ/m²
Große Einzelexemplare
![src=]()
Stamm einer alten Edeltanne
- Tanne am Yellowjacket Creek im Gifford Pinchot National Forest (Washington) – Höhe: 72,6 Meter, Stammdurchmesser: 275 Zentimeter, Kronendurchmesser: 12,5 Meter, Stammvolumen: 174,3 Kubikmeter (1988)
- Tanne in der Goat Marsh Research Natural Area im Mt. St. Helens National Monument (Washington) – Höhe: 89,9 Meter, Stammdurchmesser: 192 Zentimeter, Kronendurchmesser: 13 Meter, Stammvolumen: 87,7 Kubikmeter (1989)
Verbreitung und Ökologie
![src=]()
Verbreitungsgebiet der Edel-Tanne
![src=]()
Mutmaßliche Sätzlinge der Edel-Tanne (hier als
Abies amabilis angegeben) die nach dem Vulkanausbruch am Mt. Saint Helens als Pionierpflanzen aufkommen.
Die Edel-Tanne kommt im humiden pazifischen Nordwesten der USA vor. Ihr Verbreitungsgebiet reicht von Washington über Oregon bis nach Nordwestkalifornien. Sie wächst im Küstengebirge und in der Kaskadenkette in Höhenlagen zwischen 650 und 1.680 Meter. Sie kommt meistens in Mischwäldern mit der Douglasie (Pseudotsuga menziesii), der Purpur-Tanne (Abies amabilis) und der Westamerikanischen Hemlocktanne (Tsuga heterophylla) vor, es werden aber auch Reinbestände gebildet.
Die Edel-Tanne bevorzugt kontinentales oder gemäßigtes Klima mit kühlen Sommern und hohen Niederschlägen (2000 bis 2500 Millimeter/Jahr). An den Boden stellt sie geringe Ansprüche, meidet aber Kalk. Gegen Winterkälte, Spätfröste, Schneedruck und Wind ist sie widerstandsfähig, verträgt aber als Lichtbaumart nur sehr wenig Schatten. Temperaturen von −20 °C und weniger übersteht sie problemlos. Im Jugendstadium reagiert sie allerdings auf Frosttrocknis sehr empfindlich. Sie meidet sehr trockene und staunasse Böden. Der pH-Wert sollte nicht hoch sein, optimal ist ein Wert von 5,5.
Im Unterschied zu den weiteren 8 Tannen der Amerikanischen Westküste ist Abies procera ähnlich wie die Douglasie eine auf Licht angewiesene Pionierpflanze. Ihre großen, wenig zahlreichen Zapfen, tragen demnach auch besonders große Samen, die einen Sämling bis zu einem Jahr mit Nährstoffen versorgen können, bis dieser sich am Standort etabliert.[8] Ein Vorteil gegenüber der Douglasie ergibt sich an schneereichen Lagen, wo die Sämlinge unter dem auf der winterlichen Schneedecke ansammelnden pflanzlichen Detritus verschüttet werden können. Während Douglasien sich auf solchen Standorten schlecht verjüngen, leiden Sämlinge und Jungbäume der Edel-Tanne wenig. Zudem sind ihre großen und schweren Samen an schneereiches Klima viel besser angepasst als die kleinen Samen der Douglasie – die Samen werden über Schnee weit transportiert. Nach Ausbruch des Mount Saint Helens im Jahr 1980 fanden sich am vom Vulkan verwüsteten Hängen bald Edel-Tannen ein – bis zu 5 km vom nächsten erwachsenen Baum entfernt. Auch nach Feuer regenerieren Edel-Tannen schnell. Sie werden daher heute oft auf Standorten, die für die Douglasie ungeeignet sind, gepflanzt.
Die Edel-Tanne ist im Urwald-Optimalstadium von bis zu 300 Jahre alten nemoralen Berg-Wäldern des Pazifiks eine dominante Klimaxart. Nach 300 Jahren beginnt ihr rapider Verfall. Während des Urwald-Zerfallstadiums sinkt ihr Prozentsatz. In bis zu 400 Jahre alten Beständen zeigen einzelne überlebende Edel-Tannen stark alterungsbedingte Zerfallsmerkmale.
Taxonomie
Synonyme für Abies procera Rehder sind: Pinus nobilis Douglas ex D.Don, Abies nobilis (Douglas ex D.Don) Lindl. nom. illeg., Picea nobilis (Douglas ex D.Don) Loudon und Pseudotsuga nobilis (Douglas ex D.Don) W.R.McNab.[9] Der Name Abies procera wurde 1940 von Alfred Rehder in „Rhodora“, Band 42, Seite 522 veröffentlicht.[9]
Entdeckungsgeschichte
Die Hudson Bay Company ermöglichte 1824 eine botanische Sammelreise im Pazifischen Nordwesten. Joseph Sabine übertrug David Douglas die Aufgabe. Es wurde Douglas bedeutendste Sammelreise für die Royal Horticultural Society, die nach der Umrundung des Kap Horn im April 1825 die Küste Oregons, am 10. April Cape Disappointment und einen Tag darauf Fort George sowie anschließend flussaufwärts des Columbia River Fort Vancouver erreichte. Er botanisierte bis 1827 im Einzugsgebiet des Columbia River. So befuhr er den Columbia River zumeist in Begleitung eines kanadischen Führers mittels eines Kanus, für das regelmäßig indigene Chinook als Paddler angeheuert wurden, bis in die Region der Columbia Rapids. Auf der Südseite des Flusses fand er während einer 15 stündigen Expedition auf einem der Berggipfel der Cascades neben Edel-Tanne auch die Purpur-Tanne.[10] Aufgrund Douglas mühsamer Reisen durch abgelegene Regionen der westlichen USA ging viel gesammeltes Material verloren. Jedoch gelang es ihm, einige der gefundenen Exemplare zu erhalten und nach London zu senden. Douglas selbst führte über seine Expedition 1823–1827 ein Reisejournal, in dem neben seinem Iterinar die Fundorte mit Datum der Neuentdeckungen verzeichnet sind. So ist bekannt, dass er zeitgleich Edel- und Purpur-Tanne am 7. September, jedoch in unterschiedlichen Höhen bei seiner Wanderung und in Begleitung seines Kanadischen Führers Chumtalia erstmals wissenschaftlich entdeckte. Hierbei versuchte er Samen und Zapfen aufzusammeln, konnte aber weder mit seiner Büchse einen Ast mit Zapfen treffen, noch auf eine der stattlichen Bäume bis in die Krone, wo Tannen ausschließlich ihre Zapfen tragen, klettern. Es gelang ihm daher auch erst später am Mt. Hood brauchbare Belege aufzusammeln.
Krankheiten und Schädlinge
In ihrem natürlichen Verbreitungsgebiet wird die Edel-Tanne weder durch Schadinsekten noch durch Schadpilze ernsthaft gefährdet. Sämlinge leiden manchmal unter der Grauschimmelfäule Botrytis cinerea sowie an dem Schneeschimmel Herpotrichia nigra. Rüsselkäfer fressen, insbesondere in neu angelegten Kulturen, an der Rinde. Alte Bäume werden häufig von Borkenkäfern befallen. Befälle mit Melampsorella caryophyllacearum, dem Erreger des Tannenkrebses, verlaufen meist ohne nennenswerte Folgen. Die Edel-Tanne erleidet häufig Rindenschäden durch Schwarzbären. In sehr kalten Wintern kann Frosttrocknis auftreten.
Nutzung
Holznutzung
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Produktion der de Havilland Mosquito 1943 in Hatfield. Ein Grund für die Nutzung von Fichten- und Tannen Holz für das Weltkriegs-Flugzeug war die große Verfügbarkeit sowie leichte Beschaff- und schnelle Verarbeitbarkeit von Holz.
Allgemein wird das Holz der Edel-Tanne mit vier weiteren Tannen der amerikanischen Pazifikküste (Pracht-Tanne, Küsten-Tanne, Felsengebirgs-Tanne und Purpur-Tanne) sowie der westamerikanischen Hemlocktanne zumeist als Hem-Fir vermarktet,[11] der geläufigen US-Abkürzung der Sägeholz-Produzenten „Western Forest Products“ und „Western Woods Product Association“. Dabei ist neben der Eignung als Konstruktionsholz Edel-Tanne ein bevorzugtes Material für Leitersprossen. Hierbei wird Holz das dichte Jahresringe aufweist und somit höhere Festigkeit aufweist bevorzugt. Das Weich-Holz der Edel-Tanne ist leicht und dabei trotzdem von hoher Steifigkeit, leicht zu bearbeiten und eignet sich allgemein sehr gut als Bau- und Konstruktionsholz. Es ist vor allem in Japan sehr begehrt.
Im Zweiten Weltkrieg spielte es eine Rolle im Flugzeugbau, wobei ursprünglich ausschließlich Sitka-Fichte in Frage kam. Aber deren ungenügende Verfügbarkeit machte die Suche nach geeigneten Substituten erforderlich. Nachdem die Vereinigten Staaten vier Arten zur Substitution zugelassen hatten, wurden als Resultat des „Forest Products Research Laboratory“ nur noch Edel-Tanne und Westliche Hemlock empfohlen.[12] Im Lend-Lease System wurden somit Edel-Tannenholz-Produkte an das Vereinigte Königreich sowie Kanada geliefert und dort besonders im Bau der de Havilland DH.98 Mosquito eingesetzt.
Gastbaumart
Die Edel-Tanne wird für forstliche Nutzung auch außerhalb ihres natürlichen Verbreitungsgebietes empfohlen. In Deutschland ist sie jedoch im Vergleich zu den hier etablierten Douglasien und Großen Küstentannen relativ selten. Forstliche Versuchsanbauten belegten, dass bei geeigneter Provenienzwahl gleichwertige oder höhere Zuwachsleistungen als bei Fichte und Douglasie möglich sind.[13] In Bayern wurden Herkünfte aus Nord-Oregon und Washington empfohlen.
Sonstige Nutzungsarten
Die Edel-Tanne wird weltweit als Ziergehölz und als Christbaum angebaut. Außerdem finden ihre Zweige Verwendung als Schmuckreisig.
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Blaue Edel-Tanne (
A. procera ‚Glauca‘)
Gartenformen (Auswahl)
-
Blaue Edel-Tanne (Abies procera 'Glauca'), auch „Blautanne“ genannt. Diese Sorte ist wegen ihrer blauen Benadelung sehr beliebt. Die meisten in Gärten und Parks zu sehenden Exemplare gehören zu dieser Sorte. Umgangssprachlich werden die beliebten blauen Sorten der Stech-Fichte (Picea pungens), in botanisch unzutreffender Sprachweise, häufig ebenfalls „Blautanne“ genannt.
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Plantage mit Edel-Tannen in Oregon
In Deutschland machten Edel-Tannen 2012 etwa 5 Prozent der 29,2 Millionen verkauften Weihnachtsbäume aus. Damit steht diese in den Absatzzahlen hinter der Nordmann-Tanne, für die ein Marktanteil von 75 Prozent angegeben wird, und der Blau-Fichte mit 20 Prozent Marktanteil insgesamt an dritter Stelle der beliebtesten Weihnachtsbäume in Deutschland.[14] In den Angaben des Landesverbandes Sachsen in der Schutzgemeinschaft Deutscher Wald entscheiden sich deutsche Haushalte zu 3 Prozent für die Edel-Tanne als Weihnachtsbaum, womit sie an vierter Stelle stehen würde.[15] In anderen europäischen Ländern ist die Edel-Tanne teilweise beliebter als die Nordmann-Tanne. So stellt sie etwa in Irland den beliebtesten Weihnachtsbaum dar.[16]
In den USA war die Edel-Tanne bis in die 1960er Jahre praktisch nur in den Staaten der Pazifischen Nordwestküste, insbesondere in Oregon, als Weihnachtsbaum von Bedeutung. Danach wurde diese in den westlichen USA immer populärer und stellt heute die wichtigste Weihnachtsbaumart in diesen Gebiet dar.[17] Durch ihre gute Fähigkeit, die Feuchtigkeit der Nadeln länger als andere Arten aufrechtzuerhalten, haben Edel-Tannen und Fraser-Tanne in den USA durch diese als wesentlich für die Posternte-Qualität erachtete Eigenschaft eine dominierende Position bei den Produzenten wie den Konsumenten erlangt. Die Edel-Tanne ist in ihrer Fähigkeit, Prozesse der Nadeltrocknis aufzuhalten, auch der Nordmann-Tanne überlegen.[18]
Aufgrund der langen Nadelhaltbarkeit und der silbergraublauen Farbe der Blätter ist sie für die Produktion von Schmuckreisig eine der interessantesten Baumarten. Größter Produzent in Europa ist Dänemark, hier wurden (2007) jährlich 35.000 Tonnen Schmuckreisig produziert,[19] 20.000 Tonnen des Europäischen Bedarfs an Schmuckreisig werden mit der Edeltanne gedeckt, was etwa 70 % des Bedarfs ausmachen.[20] Die Empfindlichkeit der Edel-Tanne gegenüber Kahlfrösten sowie ihre Neigung zu meist unregelmäßigen Wuchs sorgt dafür, dass sie am europäischen Markt nur eine eher untergeordnete Rolle spielt.[21] Ihre hohen Ansprüchen an Standort- und Bodenverhältnisse (wenig verdichtete Böden mit niedrigen pH-Werten, eine hohe Luftfeuchtigkeit sowie ausgeglichene Temperaturen) versucht man in der Weihnachtsbaum-Kultur mittels geeigneter Saatgutwahl entgegenzuwirken.[22]
Quellen
- Wolfhard R. Ruetz: Abies procera. In: Peter Schütt, Horst Weisgerber, Hans J. Schuck, Ulla Lang, Bernd Stimm, Andreas Roloff: Lexikon der Nadelbäume. Verbreitung – Beschreibung – Ökologie – Nutzung; die große Enzyklopädie. Nikol, Hamburg 2004, ISBN 3-933203-80-5, S. 77–84.
-
Christopher J. Earle: Abies procera. In: The Gymnosperm Database. 24. Februar 2011, abgerufen am 4. November 2011 (englisch).
Einzelnachweise
-
↑ Wolfhard Ruetz 2014: Abies procera. Enzyklopädie der Holzgewächse (PDF)
-
↑ Wolfhard Ruetz 2014: Abies procera
-
↑ Fred H. Brundage 1943: Northwest Woods have gone to war. Journal of Forestry 1943: 654–658. (PDF)@1@2Vorlage:Toter Link/watermark.silverchair.com (Seite nicht mehr abrufbar, Suche in Webarchiven)
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Info: Der Link wurde automatisch als defekt markiert. Bitte prüfe den Link gemäß Anleitung und entferne dann diesen Hinweis. -
↑ Eugene L. Parker 1961: A closer look at some alternatives to sitka spruce in aircraft construction. (PDF)
-
↑ U.S. Forest Service Research Paper PNW. pp 28
-
↑ Volfhard Ruetz 2014: Abies procera
-
↑ Wood-Database: Abies procera
-
↑ Washington State Department of Natural Resources: Nobel Fir (Abies procera) (PDF)
-
↑ a b Rafaël Govaerts (Hrsg.): Abies. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) – The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, abgerufen am 9. April 2019.
-
↑ Journal kept by David Douglas during his travels in North America 1823-1827, together with a particular description of thirty-three species of American oaks and eighteen species of Pinus, with appendices containing a list of the plants introduced by Douglas and an account of his death in 1834. Published under the direction of the Royal Horticultural Society by Douglas, David, 1799-1834; Royal Horticultural Society (Great Britain) Seite 60(Englisch)
-
↑ Hem-Fir and White fir – Western Woods Product Association
-
↑ Report of the Forest Products Mission June 1944, 150: The Use of Wood for Aircraft in the United Kingdom. United States Department of agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory 1944. Hier S. 39
-
↑ Monika Konnert: Gastbaumarten im Klimawandel – die Herkunft im Blick [1]
-
↑ FOCUS online, 20. Dezember 2012 Holzindustrie meldet Rekordabsatz Weihnachtsbaum-Boom in deutschen Haushalten
-
↑ Schutzgemeinschaft Deutscher Wald, Landesverband Sachsen Weihnachtsbaum in Zahlen und Fakten
-
↑ Christmas tree production (Memento vom 5. Januar 2012 im Internet Archive) (PDF; 106 kB)
-
↑ Noble tree christmas tree information
-
↑ Gary A. Chastagner, Plant health Progress, 2000 The Christmas Tree: Traditions, Production, and Diseases (Memento vom 20. Juli 2014 im Internet Archive)
-
↑ Christmas trees in Denmark Kaj Østergaard and Claus Jerram Christensen (PDF)
-
↑ Ulrik Bräuner Nielsen 2008: Results from 15 years of breeding for improved quality of Christmas trees and greenery in Denmark (PDF)
-
↑ Gerhard Hösl, Landwirtschaft und Forsten aktuell, 55: 2006 Baumarten für Christbaumkulturen – Wissen, was der Kunde in zehn Jahren will. Baumart- und Standortwahl sind die wichtigsten Entscheidungen (Memento vom 17. November 2009 im Internet Archive) (PDF; 681 kB)
-
↑ Wolfgang Herzog, 2008: Christbaumanbau. Alternative Baumarten. Wald Holz 89, 4: 55–57. Online-Version: 24. August 2011 Christbaumanbau. Alternative Baumarten (Memento vom 2. November 2016 im Internet Archive) (PDF; 7,3 MB)
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Edel-Tanne: Brief Summary
(
German
)
provided by wikipedia DE
![src=]()
Der Titel dieses Artikels ist mehrdeutig. Unter dem Namen Edeltanne ist auch die
Weiß-Tanne bekannt.
Die Edel-Tanne (Abies procera, Syn.: Abies nobilis), standardsprachlich Edeltanne, auch Pazifische Edel-Tanne und Silbertanne genannt, ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung der Tannen (Abies) in der Familie der Kieferngewächse (Pinaceae) aus höheren Lagen des Kaskadengebirges im Westen der USA. Als größte aller Tannen besitzt sie unter den pazifischen Tannen Nordamerikas dennoch das kleinste Areal und ist auch die lichtbedürftigste neuweltliche Tanne. Nachdem im Frühjahr 1942 durch das Lend-Lease System die Produktion von Sitka-Fichtenholz nicht die Nachfrage der US-amerikanischen und britischen Flugzeugindustrie im Zweiten Weltkrieg decken konnte, fanden sich im Holz der Edel-Tanne sowie der Westlichen Hemlock die einzigen Baumarten, die eine Neukonstruktion im Flugzeugdesign nicht erforderten. Damit gewann die Edel-Tanne im Sommer 1942 als Substitut der Sitka-Fichte große wirtschaftliche und kriegstechnische Bedeutung, die 1943 zur maximalen Ressourcen-Nutzung der Edel-Tannen in Bergwäldern des Pazifischen Nordwestens führte.
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Abies procera
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Komi
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Благородной ньылпу
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Udmurt
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Abies procera
provided by wikipedia EN
Abies procera, the noble fir, also called red fir and Christmas tree,[3] is a species of fir native to the Cascade Range and Pacific Coast Ranges of the northwestern Pacific Coast of the United States. It occurs at altitudes of 300–1,500 meters (980–4,920 ft).
Description
A. procera is a large evergreen conifer with a narrow conic crown, growing up to 70 meters (230 ft) tall and 2 m (6 ft 7 in) in trunk diameter, rarely to 90 m (295 ft) tall and 2.7 m (8 ft 10 in) thick.[4] The bark on young trees is smooth and gray with resin blisters, becoming red-brown, rough and fissured on old trees, usually less than 5 centimeters (2 in) thick; the inner bark is reddish.[5] The leaves are needle-like, 1–3.5 cm (1⁄2–1+1⁄2 in) long, glaucous blue-green above and below with strong stomal bands, and a blunt to notched tip. They are arranged spirally on the shoot, but twisted slightly S-shaped to be upcurved above the shoot. The cones are erect, 11–22 cm (4+1⁄4–8+3⁄4 in) long and 6 cm (2+1⁄4 in) thick, with the purple scales almost completely hidden by the long exserted yellow-green bract scales;[5] they ripen brown and disintegrate to release the winged seeds in fall. Viable seeds are only produced every few years.[5]
The species can grow for up to 200 years.[5]
Taxonomy
David Douglas discovered the species in the Cascade Range in the early 19th century, calling it the "noble fir".[5]
The specific epithet procera means "tall".[6] It is the world's tallest true fir.[5]
Distribution
The species is native to the Cascade Range and Pacific Coast Ranges of western Washington and Oregon, as well as the extreme northwest of California. It is a high-altitude tree, typically occurring at altitudes of 300–1,500 m (980–4,920 ft), often above 600 m (2,000 ft),[5] and only rarely reaching the tree line.
Ecology
The species is very closely related to Abies magnifica (red fir), which replaces it farther southeast in southernmost Oregon and California, being best distinguished by the leaves having a groove along the midrib on the upper side; red fir does not show this. Red fir also tends to have the leaves less closely packed, with the shoot bark visible between the leaves, whereas the shoot is largely hidden in noble fir. Red fir cones also mostly have shorter bracts, except in A. magnifica var. shastensis (Shasta red fir); this variety hybridizes with noble fir[5] and may itself be a hybrid between noble fir and red fir. As opposed to Shasta red fir, noble fir is shade-intolerant, leaving its lower trunk branchless.[5]
Noble fir occurs with Douglas-fir and western hemlock at middle elevations, and with Pacific silver fir and mountain hemlock at higher elevations.[5] It occurs in cool, humid areas similar to those occupied by Pacific silver fir.[5] While it benefits from occasional disturbances (e.g. the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens), it is very susceptible to fire but is usually protected by its moist environment.[5] It is relatively resistant to damage from wind, insects or diseases.[5] Although the roots grow slowly, it can survive in very rocky soil as long as it is moist.[5]
Uses
The Paiute used the foliage to treat coughs and colds.[5]
The superior light and strong wood was recognized early by loggers, who called it "larch" to avoid conflating it with inferior firs.[5] The wood is used for specialized applications such as ladders,[5] general structural purposes and paper manufacture. It may have been used for the frames of the Royal Air Force's Mosquito bombers during World War II.[5]
David Douglas sent noble fir seeds to Britain in 1830, introducing it to horticulturalists.[5] It is a popular and favored Christmas tree.[5] The prostrate grey cultivar A. procera (Glauca Group) 'Glauca Prostrata' has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.[7][8]
References
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Abies procera: Brief Summary
provided by wikipedia EN
Abies procera, the noble fir, also called red fir and Christmas tree, is a species of fir native to the Cascade Range and Pacific Coast Ranges of the northwestern Pacific Coast of the United States. It occurs at altitudes of 300–1,500 meters (980–4,920 ft).
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Abies procera
(
Spanish; Castilian
)
provided by wikipedia ES
Abies procera, comúnmente llamado abeto noble, abeto prócer o abeto azul de Oregón,[2] es un abeto del oeste de Norteamérica, nativo de las montañas Cascade Range y Coast Range del extremo noroeste de California, oeste de Oregón y Washington en EE. UU.
Descripción
Es un gran árbol siempreverde de 40 a 70 m de altura y tronco de 2 m de diámetro, excepcionalmente de 89 m y 2,7 m de diámetro, con conos angostos y cónicos. La corteza en árboles jóvenes es gruesa, gris, con goteo de resina, volviéndose rojo pardo, rugoso y fisurado en los viejos. Las hojas son agujas, 1 a 3,5 cm de long., azul verdosas glaucas arriba y abajo con fuertes bandas de estomas. Se arreglan espiralmente. Los conos son erectos, de 11 a 22 cm de largo, con brácteas purpúreas; y pasan a pardas y se desintegran para expulsar las semillas aladas en otoño. Crece en altitudes de 900 a 2.700 msnm.
Está muy emparentada con Abies magnifica abeto rojo, que lo está reemplazando en Oregón y en California, siendo distinguido procera por las hojas con un surco a lo largo del nervio central; en cambio el abeto rojo no lo muestra. Y el rojo tiende a tener las agujas menos apretadas, sus conos con brácteas más cortas, excepto en Abies magnifica var. shastensis; esta variedad es considerada por algunos botánicos de ser un híbrido entre los abetos Noble y Rojo.
Usos
La madera es usada para estructuras generales y para manufactura de papel. Es popular como árbol de Navidad.
Taxonomía
Abies procera fue descrita por (Alfred Rehder y publicado en Rhodora 42(504): 522. 1940.[3]
- Etimología
Abies: nombre genérico que viene del nombre latino de Abies alba.[4]
procera: epíteto latino que significa "alta".[5]
- Sinonimia
-
Abies nobilis (Douglas ex D.Don) Lindl.
-
Abies nobilis var. argentea Freudenberg
-
Abies nobilis var. compacta Chitt.
-
Abies nobilis var. glauca (Ravenscr.) Carrière
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Abies nobilis var. glaucophylla Sudw.
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Abies nobilis var. prostrata Hornibr. ex Chitt.
-
Abies nobilis var. robusta Beissn.
-
Abies procera f. glauca (Ravenscr.) Rehder
-
Abies procera f. prostrata (Hornibr. ex Chitt.) Rehder
-
Picea nobilis (Douglas ex D.Don) Loudon
-
Picea nobilis var. glauca Ravenscr.
-
Pinus nobilis f. glauca (Ravenscr.) Voss
-
Pseudotsuga nobilis (Douglas ex D.Don) W.R.McNab[6][7][8]
Referencias
Bibliografía
- Bailey, L. H. & E. Z. Bailey. 1976. Hortus Third i–xiv, 1–1290. MacMillan, New York.
- Flora of North America Editorial Committee, e. 1993. Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms. 2: i–xvi, 1–475. In Fl. N. Amer.. Oxford University Press, New York.
- Hitchcock, C. H., A. J. Cronquist, F. M. Ownbey & J. W. Thompson. 1969. Vascular Cryptogams, Gymnosperms, and Monocotyledons. 1: 1–914. In Vasc. Pl. Pacif. N.W.. University of Washington Press, Seattle.
- Munz, P. A. & D. D. Keck. 1959. Cal. Fl. 1–1681. University of California Press, Berkeley.
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Abies procera: Brief Summary
(
Spanish; Castilian
)
provided by wikipedia ES
Abies procera, comúnmente llamado abeto noble, abeto prócer o abeto azul de Oregón, es un abeto del oeste de Norteamérica, nativo de las montañas Cascade Range y Coast Range del extremo noroeste de California, oeste de Oregón y Washington en EE. UU.
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Cono.
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Vista del árbol
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Hõbenulg
(
Estonian
)
provided by wikipedia ET
Hõbenulg ehk kaunis nulg (Abies procera) on igihaljas okaspuu nulu perekonnast. See on kõige suuremate mõõtmetega nulu perekonda kuuluv liik.
Hõbenulu levila paikneb Põhja-Ameerika lääneosas. Kasvukohtadeks on ebatasased mäepiirkonnad, tüüpiliselt aga järsud nõlvad.
Kirjeldus
Nulu perekonda kuuluvatest liikidest on hõbenulg kõige suuremate mõõtmetega. Puu kõrgus ulatub tavaliselt 70 m, harva kuni 90 m. Tüve läbimõõt on tavaliselt 1,14–1,52 m[3], kuid soodsates kasvutingimustes võib küündida kuni 2,75 m[4].
Hõbenulg on pikaealine okaspuu, mille eluiga on tavaliselt kuni 400, maksimaalselt 600–700 aastat.[3]
Võra on koonilise kujuga ning ulatub valgusküllases kasvukohas maapinnani. Puukoor on hallikaspruun, vananedes muutub paksuks, sügavrõmeliseks ja punakaspruuniks (eriti punane on koore kestendavates kohtades). Võrsed on punakaspruunid, esimestel aastatel karvadega kaetud.[4]
Hõbenulul on plastiline juurestik, mille peajuur kasvab küllaltki aeglaselt. Seetõttu suudavad välja arenemata peajuurega ühe kuni kolme aastased seemikud ellu jääda vaid piisavalt niiske pinnasega kasvukohtades. Vastupanuvõime tugevatele tuultele on hõbenulul keskpärane, ületades siiski kaaspuuliikide Engelmanni kuuse ja läänetsuuga tormikindlust.[5]
Isasõisikud on õitsemise ajal purpurjad, punased või punakaspruunid. Käbid on silindri kujulised, 10–15 cm pikkused ja läbimõõduga 5–6,5 cm, rohelised, punakad või purpurjad, valminult pruunikad. Seemned on 12 mm pikkused, punakaspruuni kestaga ja kestast veidi pikema helepruuni kuni kollaka tiivakesega. Idulehti on (4) 5–6.[4]
Levikuala ja ökoloogia
Hõbenulu levila paikneb Põhja-Ameerika lääneosas, ulatudes Kaskaadidest Washingtoni osariigis kuni Oregoni lõunaosani ja Klamathi mägedeni Põhja-Californias.[3]
Kasvukohad
Hõbenulu kasvukohtadeks on ebatasased mäepiirkonnad, tüüpiliselt aga järsud nõlvad. Teda esineb erinevates kasvupiirkondades, mäetippudest kuni orgudeni. Parimad hõbenuulikud esinevad väiksema kaldega nõlvadel. Levila põhjaosas eelistab ta niiskemaid ja soojemaid lõunanõlvasid. Kaskaadides kasvab hõbenulg 910–1680 m kõrgusel merepinnast, Oregoni rannikupiirkonnas üldjuhul üle 910 m, kuid kohati esineb ka oluliselt madalamal.[5] Ta talub halvasti põuda ning negatiivseid õhutemperatuure kannatab kuni –23...–29 °C.[6]
Kliima
Hõbenulu levilas domineerib niiske mereline kliima, millele on iseloomulikud pehmed ja sademeterohked talved ning soojad suved. Aasta keskmine õhutemperatuur on vahemikus 4,4...7,2 °C. Juulikuu keskmine õhutemperatuur tõuseb kuni 13,3...16,1 °C ja jaanuaris langeb –1,1...–4,4 °C. Sademeid esineb aastas keskmiselt 1960...2410 mm, millest 75% langeb perioodil oktoobrist märtsini. Suur osa talvistest sademetest akumuleerub 1–3 m paksuses lumekihis.[5]
Kasvupinnas
Hõbenulu levilas esineb palju erinevaid mullatüüpe, mille kvaliteedist on olulisem piisava niiskuse olemasolu. Mulla lähtekivimiteks on nii vulkaanilised kivimid kui ka settekivimid.[5]
Hõbenulu metsad
Hõbenulg moodustab harva puhaspuistuid ning kasvab enamasti okaspuu segametsades. Kõige levinumateks kaasliikideks on: harilik ebatsuuga (Pseudotsuga menziesii), õilis nulg (Abies amabilis), läänetsuuga (Tsuga heterophylla), Mertensi tsuuga (Tsuga mertensiana), läänemänd (Pinus monticola), keerdmänd (Pinus contorta), hiigel-elupuu (Thuja plicata) ja nutka ebaküpress (Chamaecyparis nootkatensis). Harvem esineb koos hõbenuluga hiigelnulg (Abies grandis), mäginulg (Abies lasiocarpa), Engelmanni kuusk (Picea engelmannii), sitka kuusk (Picea sitchensis), läänelehis (Larix occidentalis) ja valgetüveline seedermänd (Pinus albicaulis).[5]
Paljunemine
Hõbenulg on ühekojaline okaspuu ning paljuneb seemnete abil. Käbikandvus algab tavaliselt 25–30 aastastel puudel ning suureneb aastatega järk-järgult. Tolmlemine toimub mai lõpust juuli alguseni, sõltuvalt kasvukoha kõrgusest ja ilmastikutingimustest. Seemned valmivad sama aasta septembris-oktoobris. Väga soodsates kasvutingimustes võivad parimas eas puud kanda kuni 3000 käbi, milles on üle 1,5 miljoni seemne.[5]
Head seemneaastad korduvad 2–6 aasta järel. Käbide hulk on kesisem levila suurimatel kõrgustel Kaskaadidel. Seemnete idanevus on küllaltki vilets, ulatudes keskmiselt vaid 10% (maksimaalselt kuni 49%). Idanemisvõime säilib vaid ühe aasta jooksul. Ühe seemne mass on keskmiselt 33,6 mg. Kuigi seemned võivad tuulega kanduda kuni 600 m kaugusele, langevad nad enamasti kauguseni, mis on võrdne kahekordse puu pikkusega. Seemikud vajavad kasvuks niisket kasvupinnast ja kasvavad esimesel aastal 2 kuni 5 cm pikkuseks. 30 cm kõrguse saavutamiseks kulub tavaliselt 3–5 aastat.[5]
Kasutamine
Puidu tähtsamad füüsikalis-mehaanilised omadused
[7][8] Omadus Väärtus Ühik
Tihedus, õhukuiv puit* 437 kg/m
3 Erikaal, õhukuiv puit* 0,39 -
Kõvadus ristikiudu, õhukuiv puit* 1800 N
Elastsusmoodul, värske puit / õhukuiv puit* 9500 / 11 900 MPa
Paindetugevus, värske puit / õhukuiv puit* 43,0 / 74,0 MPa
Survetugevus, (õhukuiv puit*) pikikiudu / ristikiudu 42,1 / 3,6 MPa
Nihketugevus, (õhukuiv puit*) pikikiudu / ristikiudu 7,2 / 5,5 MPa
Ruumala kahanemine kuivamisel, ahjukuiv puit** 12,4 % * – niiskusesisaldus 12%; ** – niiskusesisaldus 0%.
Hõbenulu puit on kerge, hästi töödeldav, ilusa tekstuuri ning parimate tugevusomadustega Põhja-Ameerika nulgude seas.[3] Maltspuit on valkjas või pruunikas, lülipuit on tavaliselt kollakas, oranžikas, punakas või pruunikas. Puitu on väga kerge töödelda ja liimida ning lihtne värvida.[9]
Puitu kasutatakse vineeritööstuses, tselluloosi ja kergemate puitkonstruktsioonide valmistamisel, nt akna- ja ukseraamid, redelid, lennukite puitkonstruktsioonid (oluline on piisav tugevuse ja kaalu omavaheline suhe). Jaapanis kasutatakse hõbenulu puitu väikemajade ehitamisel.[3]
Hõbenulg on hinnatud jõulupuu ning teda kasvatatakse ka ilupuuna aedades ja haljastuses.[3]
Viited
-
↑ "Conifer database: "Abies procera".". Catalogue of Life: 2010 Annual Checklist. Vaadatud 01.06.2010. Inglise.
-
↑ Conifer Specialist Group (1998). Abies procera. IUCNi punase nimistu ohustatud liigid. IUCN 2010.
-
↑ 3,0 3,1 3,2 3,3 3,4 3,5 "Abies procera". www.fs.fed.us. Vaadatud 01.06.2010. Inglise.
-
↑ 4,0 4,1 4,2 "Abies procera". www.conifers.org. Vaadatud 01.06.2010. Inglise.
-
↑ 5,0 5,1 5,2 5,3 5,4 5,5 5,6 "Noble fir". www.na.fs.fed.us. Vaadatud 01.06.2010. Inglise.
-
↑ Francine J. Bigras ja Stephen J. Colombo. "Conifer Cold Hardiness", Holland: Kluwer Academic Pulishers, 2001. ISBN 0-7923-6636-0.
-
↑ Samuel V. Glass, Samuel L. Zelinka. "Wood Handbook, Chapter 04: Moisture Relations and Physical Properties of Wood". www.fpl.fs.fed.us, 2010. Forest Products Laboratory. Failitüüp: PDF. Vaadatud 13.12.2010. Inglise.
-
↑ David E. Kretschmann. "Wood Handbook, Chapter 05: Mechanical Properties of Wood". www.fpl.fs.fed.us, 2010. Forest Products Laboratory. Failitüüp: PDF. Vaadatud 13.12.2010. Inglise.
-
↑ "Abies procera".". www.thewoodexplorer.com. Vaadatud 14.12.2010. Inglise.
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Hõbenulg: Brief Summary
(
Estonian
)
provided by wikipedia ET
Hõbenulg ehk kaunis nulg (Abies procera) on igihaljas okaspuu nulu perekonnast. See on kõige suuremate mõõtmetega nulu perekonda kuuluv liik.
Hõbenulu levila paikneb Põhja-Ameerika lääneosas. Kasvukohtadeks on ebatasased mäepiirkonnad, tüüpiliselt aga järsud nõlvad.
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Aitopihta
(
Finnish
)
provided by wikipedia FI
Aitopihta (Abies procera) on sinivihreän sävyinen havupuu, joka luontainen levinneisyysalue on Pohjois-Amerikassa, USAn luoteisosan vuoristoissa. Sitä viljellään koristekasvina Keski- ja Länsi-Euroopassa, mutta Suomen ilmastossa se ei menesty. Aitopihtaa, samoin kuin muita pihtoja, on aiemmin kutsuttu jalokuuseksi.[2] Aitopihtaa käytetään koristevihreänä ja joulukuusina, sillä se kestää karisematta pitempään kuin metsäkuusi.[3] Irlannissa se on jo syrjäyttänyt perinteisen metsäkuusen joulukuusena juuri karisemattomuutensa takia.[4]
Aitopihta kasvaa tyypillisesti 40–70 m korkeaksi, ja rungon halkaisija voi olla kaksi metriä. Neulaset ovat 1–3 cm pitkät, päältä sinivihreät. Kävyt tököttävät oksasta ylöspäin, eivät roiku kuten metsäkuusella.
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Aitopihta: Brief Summary
(
Finnish
)
provided by wikipedia FI
Aitopihta (Abies procera) on sinivihreän sävyinen havupuu, joka luontainen levinneisyysalue on Pohjois-Amerikassa, USAn luoteisosan vuoristoissa. Sitä viljellään koristekasvina Keski- ja Länsi-Euroopassa, mutta Suomen ilmastossa se ei menesty. Aitopihtaa, samoin kuin muita pihtoja, on aiemmin kutsuttu jalokuuseksi. Aitopihtaa käytetään koristevihreänä ja joulukuusina, sillä se kestää karisematta pitempään kuin metsäkuusi. Irlannissa se on jo syrjäyttänyt perinteisen metsäkuusen joulukuusena juuri karisemattomuutensa takia.
Aitopihta kasvaa tyypillisesti 40–70 m korkeaksi, ja rungon halkaisija voi olla kaksi metriä. Neulaset ovat 1–3 cm pitkät, päältä sinivihreät. Kävyt tököttävät oksasta ylöspäin, eivät roiku kuten metsäkuusella.
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Sapin noble
(
French
)
provided by wikipedia FR
Abies procera
Le sapin noble ou sapin de l’Oregon (Abies procera) est une espèce de sapin de la famille des Pinaceae, originaire du nord-ouest de l'Amérique du Nord.
Description
C'est un grand arbre au feuillage persistant mesurant généralement de 40 à 70 m de hauteur et 2 m de diamètre, rarement 90 m de hauteur et 2,7 m diamètre[réf. nécessaire], avec une couronne conique étroite. L'écorce des jeunes arbres est lisse, grise avec des boules de résine, devenant rouge-brun, rugueuse et fissurée sur les vieux arbres. Les aiguilles, de 1 à 3,5 cm de long[réf. nécessaire], sont d'un bleu-vert glauque avec de fortes bandes de stomates et une pointe crantée mousse. Elles sont disposées en spirale sur la tige, mais légèrement tordues pour être au-dessus de la tige. Les cônes sont dressés, font 11 à 22 cm de long[réf. nécessaire], avec les écailles pourpres presque complètement cachées par les longues bractées jaune-vert; bruns à maturité, ils se désintégrent pour libérer leurs graines ailées à l'automne.
Répartition et habitat
Il est originaire des montagnes de la chaîne des Cascades et des chaînes côtières du Pacifique entre l'extrême nord-ouest de la Californie et l'ouest de l'Oregon et de l'État de Washington, aux États-Unis.
C'est un arbre d'altitude, poussant généralement de 300 à 1500 m d'altitude[réf. nécessaire], atteignant rarement la limite des arbres.
Utilisation
Le bois de l'arbre est utilisé en construction et en papeterie. On l'utilise aussi pour en faire des sapins de Noël.
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Sapin noble: Brief Summary
(
French
)
provided by wikipedia FR
Abies procera
Le sapin noble ou sapin de l’Oregon (Abies procera) est une espèce de sapin de la famille des Pinaceae, originaire du nord-ouest de l'Amérique du Nord.
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Eðalþinur
(
Icelandic
)
provided by wikipedia IS
Abies procera, Eðalþinur,[2] erlendis kallaður noble fir, red fir[2] og Christmastree,[2] er þinur ættaður úr vesturhluta Norður Ameríku, í Fossafjöll og Kyrrahafsstrandfjöllum lengst í norðvestur-Kalifornía og vestur-Oregon og Washington í Bandaríkin. Þetta er háfjallategund, kemur yfirleitt fyrir í 300 til 1500 metra hæð, einstöku sinnum upp í trjálínu.
Lýsing
Abies procera er stórt sígrænt tré, allt að 40 til 70 metra hátt og með stofnþvermál að 2 metrum, sjaldan 90 metra hátt og 2.7 í stofnþvermál,[3] með mjóa keilulaga krónu. Börkurinn á ungum trjám er sléttur og grár með kvoðublöðrum, og verður rauðbrúnn, hrjúfur og sprunginn á gömlum trjám. Barrið er nálarlaga, 1 til 3.5 sm langt, dökkblágrænt að ofan og að neðan með áberandi loftaugarákum, og með snubbóttum til sýlds enda. Það er í spíral eftir sprotanum, en undið lítillega (s-lögun) til að vera uppsveigt ofan við sprotann. Könglarnir eru uppréttir, 11 til 22 sm langir, með purpuralitað köngulhreistrið nær alveg falið á bak við langar, gulgrænar útstæðar hreisturblöðkurnar; verða brúnar við þroska og sundrast til að losa vængjuð fræin að hausti.
Abies procera er náskyldur Rauðþin (Abies magnifica), sem tekur við honum lengra suðaustur syðst í Oregon og Kaliforníu, eru þeir best greindir á því að barrið er með gróp eftir miðstrengnum ofan á; rauðþinur hefur þetta ekki. Rauðþinur hefur einnig tilhneigingu að vera með gisnara barr, með sprotann vel sýnilegan, þar sem sprotinn er að mestu falinn undir barrinu á eðalþini. Könglar rauðþins eru yfirleitt með styttri stoðblöðkur, nema hjá Abies magnifica var. shastensis; þetta afbrigði er talið af sumum grasafræðinigum vera blendingur milli tegundanna.
Nytjar
Eðalþinur er vinsælt jólatré. Viðurinn er notaður í byggingariðnaði og pappírsframleiðslu.
Tilvísanir
-
↑ Snið:IUCN2013.2
-
↑ 2,0 2,1 2,2 „USDA GRIN Taxonomy“.
-
↑ „Gymnosperm Database - Abies procera“. Sótt 6. september 2013.
Viðbótarlesning
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Eðalþinur: Brief Summary
(
Icelandic
)
provided by wikipedia IS
Abies procera, Eðalþinur, erlendis kallaður noble fir, red fir og Christmastree, er þinur ættaður úr vesturhluta Norður Ameríku, í Fossafjöll og Kyrrahafsstrandfjöllum lengst í norðvestur-Kalifornía og vestur-Oregon og Washington í Bandaríkin. Þetta er háfjallategund, kemur yfirleitt fyrir í 300 til 1500 metra hæð, einstöku sinnum upp í trjálínu.
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Abies procera
(
Italian
)
provided by wikipedia IT
L'abete nobile (Abies procera Rehder, 1940), chiamato anche dagli americani red fir[2], è una pianta della famiglia delle Pinaceae, nativa del Nord America occidentale.[1][3] È un albero di montagna, che cresce tipicamente tra i 300 e i 1500 m, ma solo raramente raggiunge la linea degli alberi. (Le quote estreme registrate sono 60 e 2700 m sul livello del mare.)[4]
Descrizione
Abies procera è un grande albero sempreverde che può raggiungere gli 80 m di altezza e i 2,2 m di diametro, dalla forma stretta e conica.[4][5]
La corteccia sui giovani alberi è liscia e grigia con vesciche resinose, crescendo diventa rosso-marrone, ruvida e screpolata sugli alberi più vecchi.
Le foglie sono aghiformi, lunghe 1-3,5 cm, a sezione piatta, glauche, blu-verde sopra e bande accentuate di sotto.
Le pigne sono oblungo-cilindriche, erette, lunghe 10-15 cm, inizialmente di colore verde, bruno-rossastre a maturità.
Il numero cromosomico di A. procera è 2n=24.
Distribuzione e habitat
La specie è endemica degli Stati Uniti d'America occidentali (California, Oregon e Washington).[1]
Cresce in foreste di conifere miste in associazione con Tsuga heterophylla, Picea sitchensis e Thuja plicata a bassa quota, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Abies grandis, Pinus spp., Abies lasiocarpa, Abies amabilis, Tsuga mertensiana, Picea engelmannii e Larix occidentalis a quote più elevate.
Usi
L'abete nobile è tipicamente utilizzato come albero di Natale.
Il legno è usato generalmente come materiale da costruzione e per produrre carta.
Note
-
^ a b c (EN) Farjon, A. 2013, Noble Fir Abies procera, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020.
-
^ Abies procera information, su ars-grin.gov. URL consultato il 5 settembre 2015 (archiviato dall'url originale il 24 settembre 2015).
-
^ (EN) Abies procera Rehder, in Plants of the World Online, Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. URL consultato il 29/4/2020.
-
^ a b Hunt Richard S, Abies procera, in Flora of North America, Vol. 2., Oxford University Press, 1993.
-
^ Abies procera, in The Gymnosperm Database. URL consultato il 6 settembre 2013.
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Abies procera: Brief Summary
(
Italian
)
provided by wikipedia IT
L'abete nobile (Abies procera Rehder, 1940), chiamato anche dagli americani red fir, è una pianta della famiglia delle Pinaceae, nativa del Nord America occidentale. È un albero di montagna, che cresce tipicamente tra i 300 e i 1500 m, ma solo raramente raggiunge la linea degli alberi. (Le quote estreme registrate sono 60 e 2700 m sul livello del mare.)
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Kvapusis kėnis
(
Lithuanian
)
provided by wikipedia LT
Binomas Abies procera 
Kvapusis kėnis (lot. Abies procera, angl. Noble Fir, vok. Edel-Tanne) – pušinių (Pinaceae) šeimos, kėnių (Abies) genties medis.
Paplitimas
Savaime paplitęs Šiaurės Amerikos žemyno vakarų pakrantėje. Tai JAV esančiose Vašingtono, Oregono valstijų vakarinėse dalyse ir Kalifornijos valstijos šiaurės vakarų pakraštyje. Paprastai auga JAV esančiuose Kaskadiniuose ir Ramiojo vandenyno pakrantės kalnuose 300–1500 metrų aukštyje virš jūros lygio ir retai kada aptinkami medžių augimo riboje.
Matmenys ir amžius
Savaiminio paplitimo areale paprastai užauga apie 40–80 m aukščio ir iki 220 cm, bet retai iki 2,7 m skersmens kamienu. Dabar auga aukščiausias 87,48 m aukščio. Praeityje buvo žinomas 99,06 m aukščio medis, kuri sunaikino 1980 m. gegužės 18 d. galingai išsiveržęs Šv. Elenos kalno ugnikalnis. Kitas, bet jau nudžiuvęs buvo 89,9 m aukščio, 192 cm kamieno skersmes, 87,7 m³ tūrio.
Kvapieji kėniai gyvena daugiau kaip 300 metų.
Požymiai
Medžio laja siaura, kūginio pavidalo. Jauno medžio žievė lygi, pilkšvai ruda, su sakingomis pūslelėmis. Subrendusių medžių žievė tampa rausvai ruda, stora ir giliai raižyta. Kankorėžiai yra patys didžiausi iš visų žinomų kėnių genties medžių, kurių ilgis 10-24 cm ir 5-7 cm skersmens. Sėklos 12 mm ilgio ir 6 mm pločio, rausvai rudos, o jų sparneliai truputį ilgesni nei pati sėkla ir šviesiai rudi.
Panaudojimas
Mediena lengva, kieta, stipri, tad dėl šių priežasčių praeityje buvo naudojama lėktuvų konstravime, darydavo iš medienos kopėčias. Dabar mediena naudojama popieriaus pramonėje. Pats medis puošiamas kaip kalėdinė eglutė.
Nuorodos
Galerija
Vikiteka
Dendrologija Botanika · Augalija · Flora · Augalai · Sumedėjęs augalas · Liana · Puskrūmis · Krūmokšnis · Krūmas · Krūmedis · Medis · Vaismedis Iliustruotas Lietuvos augalų genčių vardynas · Lietuvos vietinės medžių ir krūmų rūšys · Lietuvos išskirtiniai medžiai · Lietuvos svetimžemė dendroflora · Pasaulio išskirtiniai medžiai
Miškas · Miško skliautas · Lietuvos miškai · Pasaulio miškai (šalys pagal miškų plotą) · Miškų nykimas (neteisėtas miško kirtimas)
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Kvapusis kėnis: Brief Summary
(
Lithuanian
)
provided by wikipedia LT
Kvapusis kėnis (lot. Abies procera, angl. Noble Fir, vok. Edel-Tanne) – pušinių (Pinaceae) šeimos, kėnių (Abies) genties medis.
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Nobilis spar
(
Dutch; Flemish
)
provided by wikipedia NL
De nobilisspar of edele zilverspar[bron?] (Abies procera, synoniem: Abies nobilis) is een boom uit de dennenfamilie (Pinaceae). De soort komt van nature voor in het vochtige westen van Noord-Amerika. Het verspreidingsgebied loopt van Washington tot het noordwesten van Californië. De boom komt in de bergen voor op 1000-2000 m hoogte.
Het is een grote, 40-70 m hoge, altijd groene boom met een stamomtrek van ongeveer 2 m. In Nederland worden ze meestal niet hoger dan 20-30 m. De vorm van de boom is smal conisch. De schors van jonge bomen is glad en grijs met witte harsblaasjes. Bij oudere bomen wordt de schors rood-bruin, ruw en gegroefd. De bladeren zijn naaldvormig, 1-3,5 cm lang en glimmend blauw-groen aan de bovenkant. Ze kunnen tot wel twaalf jaar oud worden. Op de onderkant zijn de huidmondjes in twee blauw-witte lengtestrepen gerangschikt. De top van de naald is stomp tot ingekeept. De naalden staan omhoog gekromd.
De kegels zijn langwerpig, 11-22 cm lang en hebben paarsachtige schubben, die bijna geheel bedekt zijn door de lange geelgroene schutbladschubben. De rijpe kegels kleuren bruin en vallen bij rijpheid uit elkaar. Alleen de spil blijft aan de tak zitten. Het zaad is in de herfst rijp.
In de Verenigde Staten wordt het hout ('white fir') gebruikt als timmerhout en voor het fabriceren van papier. In Midden-Europa wordt de boom als parkboom aangeplant. De cultivar Abies procera 'Glauca' wordt als kerstboom gebruikt: deze verliest daarbij zijn naalden niet.
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Nobeledelgran
(
Norwegian
)
provided by wikipedia NO
Nobeledelgran eller nobelgran (Abies procera) er en art av bartrær i edelgranslekten innenfor furufamilien. Nålene til nobeledelgran har butt spiss, og har lyst bånd på undersiden.
Arten blir 40-70 meter høy og kan ha en diameter på 2 meter, i sjeldne tilfeller hnhv 90 meter og 2,7 meters diameter. Nålene er dekkende og tyktvoksende, greinene virker «lodne» av mørkegrønne barnåler. Kognlene er lysebrune eller mellombrune og står loddrett opp.
Den er innført til Norge gjennom dyrkning, og er et noe brukt hage- og parktre. Opprinnelig vokser den i det nordvestlige USA i høytliggende områder, fra det nordlige California til Washington State. Den vokser nær opp til området for den meget nære slektningen praktedelgran (Abies magnifica).
Litteratur
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Kongle og karakteristiske nålegreiner.
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Nobeledelgran: Brief Summary
(
Norwegian
)
provided by wikipedia NO
Nobeledelgran eller nobelgran (Abies procera) er en art av bartrær i edelgranslekten innenfor furufamilien. Nålene til nobeledelgran har butt spiss, og har lyst bånd på undersiden.
Arten blir 40-70 meter høy og kan ha en diameter på 2 meter, i sjeldne tilfeller hnhv 90 meter og 2,7 meters diameter. Nålene er dekkende og tyktvoksende, greinene virker «lodne» av mørkegrønne barnåler. Kognlene er lysebrune eller mellombrune og står loddrett opp.
Den er innført til Norge gjennom dyrkning, og er et noe brukt hage- og parktre. Opprinnelig vokser den i det nordvestlige USA i høytliggende områder, fra det nordlige California til Washington State. Den vokser nær opp til området for den meget nære slektningen praktedelgran (Abies magnifica).
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Abies procera
(
Pms
)
provided by wikipedia PMS
Costo artìcol a l'é mach në sbòss. Da finì.
Distribussion
Da finì.
Notissie
Da finì.
Arferiment bibliogràfich për chi a veul fé dj'arserche pì ancreuse
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Abies procera: Brief Summary
(
Pms
)
provided by wikipedia PMS
Costo artìcol a l'é mach në sbòss. Da finì.
Distribussion
Da finì.
Notissie
Da finì.
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Jodła szlachetna
(
Polish
)
provided by wikipedia POL
Zasięg występowania 
Systematyka w Wikispecies 
Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons Jodła szlachetna (Abies procera) – gatunek drzew z rodziny sosnowatych. Jodła szlachetna występuje w stanie dzikim w górach na zachodzie Ameryki Północnej, od Waszyngtonu do Północnej Kalifornii, w wilgotnych lasach na wysokości 900-1800 m n.p.m.[1] Rzadko jest sztucznie introdukowana w lasach Europy Środkowej, znacznie częściej występuje w parkach i ogrodach.
Morfologia
- Pokrój
- Zimozielone, żywiczne drzewa z koronami stożkowatymi lub walcowatymi. Drzewo osiągające wysokość do 80 m
- Pień
- Kora u młodych drzew gładka i srebnoszara, z wiekiem staje się popękana i szarobrązowa.
- Liście
- Igły zwykle 20-35 mm długości, tępo zakończone, osadzone gęsto, spiralnie, wygięte mocno do góry. Koloru od zielonoszarego do ciemnozielonego, posiadające z obu stron jasny, woskowy pasek.
- Kwiaty
- Kwiaty męskie bardzo liczne na dolnej stronie młodszych gałęzi, przede wszystkim w górnej strefie korony, początkowo mają jaskrawą barwę karminowoczerwoną, w trakcie pylenia stają się jasnożółte, kuliste o średnicy około 6 mm. Kwitnie od kwietnia do maja[2].
- Szyszki
- Koloru jasnobrązowego, o jasnych odstających, ostrych łuskach, duże, wzniesione pionowo. Poszczególne łuski posiadają specyficzne wyrostki.
![src=]()
Szyszka jodły szlachetnej
Biologia i ekologia
W przeciwieństwie do jej licznych północnoamerykańskich krewniaków - w Europie prawie nie bywa uprawiana w lasach, natomiast dość często sadzona jest w ogrodach i parkach. Najczęściej widuje się uprawną odmianę ze srebrzysto-niebieskozielonymi szpilkami, nazywaną przez ogrodników jodłą srebrną[2].
Przypisy
-
↑ a b Abies procera (ang.). W: Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) [on-line]. United States Department of Agriculture. [dostęp 2011-12-09].
-
↑ a b Bruno T. Kremer: Drzewa. Warszawa: Świat Książki, 1996, s. 22. ISBN 83-7129-141-8.
Bibliografia
- Rodzinny atlas przyrody. Wydawnictwo RM, 2008. ISBN 978-83-7243-606-1.
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Jodła szlachetna: Brief Summary
(
Polish
)
provided by wikipedia POL
Jodła szlachetna (Abies procera) – gatunek drzew z rodziny sosnowatych. Jodła szlachetna występuje w stanie dzikim w górach na zachodzie Ameryki Północnej, od Waszyngtonu do Północnej Kalifornii, w wilgotnych lasach na wysokości 900-1800 m n.p.m. Rzadko jest sztucznie introdukowana w lasach Europy Środkowej, znacznie częściej występuje w parkach i ogrodach.
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Srebrna jelka
(
Spanish; Castilian
)
provided by wikipedia SL
Srebrna jelka (znanstveno ime Abies procera) je iglasto drevo, ki je samoniklo na zahodni obali ZDA, od koder so ga kot okrasno drevo kasneje razširili po vsem svetu.
Opis
Srebrna jelka je visoko drevo, ki v višino doseže do 70, izjemoma celo do 90 m. Njeno deblo pa doseže do 2, izjemoma celo do 2,7 metra v premeru.[3] Krošnja je ozka in stožčasta, skorja pa je na mladih drevesih gladka in siva, kasneje postane razpokana in rdeče-rjava. Pri mladih drevesih se po steblu pojavljajo značilni smolnati žulji. Iglice so topo koničaste, dolge med 10 in 35 mm. Po zgornji strani so modro-zelene, po spodnji pa imajo srebrne in zelene črte. Na veje so nameščene spiralno. Plodovi so pokončno sedeči storži, sprva jekleno modre, ko dozorijo pa bronasto rjave barve.[4] V dolžino merijo med 11 in 22 cm. Iz dozorelih storžev v jeseni izpadejo krilata semena.
Pridevek procera v latinščini pomeni »visoka«.[5]
Razširjenost in uporabnost
V naravi srebrna jelka običajno raste na nadmorskih višinah med 300 in 1500 m, redkeje pa tudi do gozdne meje.
Srebrna jelka je priljubljeno božično drevo, sicer pa se njen les uporablja v gradbeništvu in za izdelavo papirja.
Reference
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Srebrna jelka: Brief Summary
(
Spanish; Castilian
)
provided by wikipedia SL
Srebrna jelka (znanstveno ime Abies procera) je iglasto drevo, ki je samoniklo na zahodni obali ZDA, od koder so ga kot okrasno drevo kasneje razširili po vsem svetu.
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Kaskadgran
(
Swedish
)
provided by wikipedia SV
![src=]()
Kaskadgran (
Abies procera)
Kaskadgran (Abies procera) är en art i ädelgranssläktet (Abies) hemmahörande i Nordamerika, längs västkusten från bergstrakter i norra Kalifornien och norrut mot Kanada. Den kan uppnå mot 90 meters höjd - eventuellt något mer vilket gör den till den högsta ädelgranen och ett av de högsta barrträden över huvud taget. Virket används i viss utsträckning som konstruktionsved och även för pappersmassetillverkning — ofta i blandningar med andra barrträd. Den är också populär som julgran.
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Kaskadgran: Brief Summary
(
Swedish
)
provided by wikipedia SV
![src=]()
Kaskadgran (Abies procera)
Kaskadgran (Abies procera) är en art i ädelgranssläktet (Abies) hemmahörande i Nordamerika, längs västkusten från bergstrakter i norra Kalifornien och norrut mot Kanada. Den kan uppnå mot 90 meters höjd - eventuellt något mer vilket gör den till den högsta ädelgranen och ett av de högsta barrträden över huvud taget. Virket används i viss utsträckning som konstruktionsved och även för pappersmassetillverkning — ofta i blandningar med andra barrträd. Den är också populär som julgran.
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Abies procera
(
Ukrainian
)
provided by wikipedia UK
Поширення, екологія
Країни поширення: США (Каліфорнія, Орегон, Вашингтон). Цей вид росте від передгір'їв гір у західному Вашингтоні до високих гірських схилів у штаті Орегон, між 60 м і 2700 м над рівнем моря. Вид найпоширеніший у Каскадних горах, на різних достатньо вологих гірських ґрунтах. Уникає дуже сухих і заболочених ґрунтів. Значення рН не повинно бути високим, в ідеалі — 5,5. Клімат прохолодно-помірний, з коротким літом і сніжною зимою, річна кількість опадів від 1750 мм до 2600 мм, більшість з яких, це сніг. Може бути пов'язаний з кількома іншими хвойними, наприклад, Tsuga heterophylla, Picea sitchensis і Thuja plicata недалеко від узбережжя, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Abies grandis, Pinus в більшій частині ареалу, та Abies lasiocarpa, Abies amabilis, Tsuga mertensiana, Picea engelmannii, Larix occidentalis на височинах. Основні чагарники: Rhododendron, Vaccinium, Ribes. A. procera може бути панівним видом, але рідко зустрічається в чистих популяціях.
Опис
Дерева до 80 м у висоту і 220 см діаметра на рівні грудей. Крона шпилевида. Кора сірувато-бура, з віком стає товстою і глибоко борозенчастою (борозни і гребені приблино однакової ширини) і червонувато-коричневою (особливо червонуватою, якщо пластини відшаровувалися). Гілки розходяться від стовбура під прямим кутом, жорсткі. Бруньки приховані листям, бурі, яйцевидні, невеликі, не смолисті, вершини округлі. Листки розміром 1 - 3 (3,5) см × 1,5-2 мм, гнучкі, запах гострий, верхня поверхня блакитно-зелена, вершина від округлої до зубчастої. Пилкові шишки при запиленні фіолетові, червоні або червонувато-коричневі. Насіннєві шишки довгасто-циліндричні, розміром 10-15 × 5-6.5 см, зелені, червоні, чи фіолетові, вкриті зеленими приквітками, після дозрівання коричневі (приквітки світлі і луски темні), сидячі, вершина округла. Насіння розміром 12 × 6 мм, тіло червонувато-коричневе; крила трохи довші тіла, від світло-коричневого до солом'яного кольору. 2n = 24. Вага зерна становить близько 30 грамів, а проростання становить від 30 до 70%.
Використання
Досягає великих розмірів і має надзвичайно прямий стовбур при сприятливих умовах. Майже чисті природні деревостани можуть дати великі обсяги деревини на гектар. Деревина має вищу якість, ніж в інших ялин у Північній Америці в зв'язку з більшою міцністю і завдяки розмірам. Без запаху, біла деревина чудово підходить для виготовлення коробок. Молоді дерева є привабливими з їх густими, загнутими вгору листками. В озелененні та садівництві цей вид є одним з найбільш популярних і широко використовуваних, відомі кілька сортів.
Загрози та охорона
Історично вирубка цієї цінної ялиці, безсумнівно, зробила негативний вплив на область поширення, де деревостани були згодом замінені іншими деревами або іншими формами землекористування. Кількісно оцінити цю втрату протягом більше 150 років або трьох поколінь дуже складно. Спад чисельності зараз практично припинився. Цей вид зустрічається у ряді охоронних територій у всьому ареалі, в тому числі у кількох національних парках, де будь-які рубки заборонені.
Посилання
Це незавершена стаття про родину Соснові.
Ви можете допомогти проекту, виправивши або дописавши її.
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Abies procera
(
Vietnamese
)
provided by wikipedia VI
Abies procera là một loài thực vật hạt trần trong họ Thông. Loài này được Rehder miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1940.[1]
Chú thích
Liên kết ngoài
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Abies procera: Brief Summary
(
Vietnamese
)
provided by wikipedia VI
Abies procera là một loài thực vật hạt trần trong họ Thông. Loài này được Rehder miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1940.
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Obrázky, zvuky či videa k tématu jedle vznešená ve Wikimedia Commons
02.JPG)
Mediabestanden die bij dit onderwerp horen, zijn te vinden op de pagina Abies nobilis op Wikimedia Commons. 
Denne botanikkrelaterte artikkelen er foreløpig kort eller mangelfull, og du kan hjelpe Wikipedia ved å utvide den. 
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Це незавершена стаття про родину Соснові.
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