dcsimg

Associations ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

The diet of Darwin's foxes includes a large portion of seeds. It has been suggested that these foxes may be seed dispersers for several plant species.

Ecosystem Impact: disperses seeds

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Fortner, C. 2007. "Lycalopex fulvipes" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Lycalopex_fulvipes.html
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Charlene Fortner, University of Alaska Fairbanks
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Link Olson, University of Alaska Fairbanks
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Benefits ( Inglês )

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No economic importance is proposed for this species. Trapping for fur is not reported. The uniqueness of these foxes may make them an ecotourism attraction.

Positive Impacts: ecotourism

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Fortner, C. 2007. "Lycalopex fulvipes" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Lycalopex_fulvipes.html
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Charlene Fortner, University of Alaska Fairbanks
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Link Olson, University of Alaska Fairbanks
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Sem título ( Inglês )

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Charles Darwin collected the first specimen in 1834. He wrote, “he was so intently absorbed in watching the work of the officers, that I was able, by quietly walking up behind, to knock him on the head with my geological hammer” (Darwin, 1962, p. 281).

Lycalopex fulvipes was originally placed in the genus Vulpes by Martin in 1837. It was also placed in the genus Dusicyon. Until the discovery of the continental population, Darwin’s foxes were considered an island population of South American gray foxes (Pseudalopex griseus). Further study of the continental population revealed that Darwin's foxes lived in sympatry with South American gray foxes, leading to the elevation of Darwin’s foxes to its own species. A study based on mtDNA supported the separation from South American gray foxes (Yahnke, et al. 1996). The results also suggested that current populations are descended from a population that had a broad range in southern Chile before the split of Chiloe Island from the mainland in the late Pleistocene. It is thought that degradation of forest habitats has slowly limited the distribution of these foxes. A study by C. Vila et al. (2004) attempted to assess the possibility of other small populations in the forest areas between Naheulbuta National Park and Chiloe Island but no conclusive evidence was found to support this.

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Fortner, C. 2007. "Lycalopex fulvipes" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Lycalopex_fulvipes.html
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Charlene Fortner, University of Alaska Fairbanks
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Link Olson, University of Alaska Fairbanks
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Behavior ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

No information on communication within this species has been published. Like other canids, however, they are likely to use olfactory cues, vocalizations, and postural communication extensively. Canids in general have keen senses of smell, hearing, and touch.

Communication Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical

Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical

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Fortner, C. 2007. "Lycalopex fulvipes" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Lycalopex_fulvipes.html
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Charlene Fortner, University of Alaska Fairbanks
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Link Olson, University of Alaska Fairbanks
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Conservation Status ( Inglês )

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Most recent estimates place total population sizes at less than 100 individuals in the mainland population and approximately 500 individuals in the island population (Jimenez and McMahon, 2004). The size of the mainland population has been estimated to be on the rise, possibly due to a decrease in number of South American gray foxes (Lycalopex griseus) in the area (Jaksic et al., 1990). A study done by Jimenez (cited by Jimenez and McMahon, 2004) calculated the ecological density of a coastal population on Chiloe Island to be 0.92 foxes km2. This high density was attributed to the large overlap in the territories of these foxes. Agriculture plays a role in limiting the range of Darwin’s foxes in the island and mainland populations. Deforestation rates are limiting the range of these foxes, especially on the mainland where Nahuelbuta National Park is surrounded by agriculture and degraded habitat. On the island these foxes show little to no fear of humans and reports of foxes getting into houses to search for food are not uncommon. Domestic dogs may also present a problem in spreading disease to fox populations (Jimenez and McMahon, 2004).

US Federal List: no special status

CITES: no special status

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: critically endangered

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Fortner, C. 2007. "Lycalopex fulvipes" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Lycalopex_fulvipes.html
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Charlene Fortner, University of Alaska Fairbanks
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Link Olson, University of Alaska Fairbanks
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Benefits ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

There are no known adverse effects of the Darwin's foxes on humans. They exhibit a lack of fear for humans in urban areas. On the island they inhabit these foxes have been accused of killing poultry .

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Fortner, C. 2007. "Lycalopex fulvipes" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Lycalopex_fulvipes.html
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Charlene Fortner, University of Alaska Fairbanks
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Link Olson, University of Alaska Fairbanks
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Trophic Strategy ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

Darwin’s foxes are omnivorous and opportunistic. Their diet varies seasonally with food availability. Their diet contains a variety of food items including small mammals, birds, reptiles, insects, fruits, and seeds. Data from scat analysis show that insects are the most abundant food item but that small mammals make up the largest amount of biomass in the diet. Although Darwin’s foxes may congregate at the site of a carcass, they are mainly solitary hunters. In areas where South American gray foxes (Lycalopex griseus) are present, Darwin’s foxes are more active at night, when South American gray foxes are less active.

Animal Foods: birds; mammals; amphibians; insects; aquatic crustaceans

Plant Foods: seeds, grains, and nuts; fruit

Primary Diet: omnivore

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Fortner, C. 2007. "Lycalopex fulvipes" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Lycalopex_fulvipes.html
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Charlene Fortner, University of Alaska Fairbanks
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Link Olson, University of Alaska Fairbanks
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Distribution ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

Darwin's foxes, Lycalopex fulvipes, are endemic to Chile and were once thought only to inhabit Chiloe Island, which is located off the southern coast. The island is over 200 km long and about 30 km west of Chile. Darwin’s foxes are found on most of the island, except in areas to the north where the island is populated by humans. In the 1970’s a mainland population was discovered at Nahuelbuta National Park in Chile (Medel et al., 1990). The park is about 600 km north of Chiloe Island.

Biogeographic Regions: neotropical (Native )

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Fortner, C. 2007. "Lycalopex fulvipes" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Lycalopex_fulvipes.html
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Charlene Fortner, University of Alaska Fairbanks
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Link Olson, University of Alaska Fairbanks
editor
Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Habitat ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

Darwin’s foxes prefer secondary forest to old growth in areas typical to temperate rainforest vegetation. On Chiloe Island the forest is of Valdivian type. It contains conifer species, a few evergreen species, and fruit-bearing trees. The northern and eastern areas of the island are inhabited by humans and agriculture has had some impact on the landscape. On the west coast of the island, the fox actively uses an evergreen forest habitat fragmented by sand dunes. The mainland population is found in dense forest containing monkey-puzzle trees (Araucaria araucaria) and five species of beech (Jimenez and McMahon, 2004).

In Nahuelbuta National Park elevation ranges from 950 to 1462 meters (Jaksic et al., 1990).

Habitat Regions: temperate ; terrestrial

Terrestrial Biomes: forest ; rainforest

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Fortner, C. 2007. "Lycalopex fulvipes" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Lycalopex_fulvipes.html
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Charlene Fortner, University of Alaska Fairbanks
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Link Olson, University of Alaska Fairbanks
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Life Expectancy ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

Several individuals monitored in ongoing research have estimated ages up to seven years.

Range lifespan
Status: wild:
7 (high) years.

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Fortner, C. 2007. "Lycalopex fulvipes" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Lycalopex_fulvipes.html
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Charlene Fortner, University of Alaska Fairbanks
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Link Olson, University of Alaska Fairbanks
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Morphology ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

Darwin’s foxes are characterized by their short legs, elongated body, and short and bushy tails. Their pelage is a mixture of black and grey hair with rufescent markings on the ears and along the lower portion of the legs. White or light markings can be found under the chin and along the underbelly. There are no significant data supporting sexual dimorphism. However, in a comparison done by Jimenez (2006), males did have a larger separation between the upper canines leading to the appearance of a broader muzzle. Dental formula is 3/3-1/1-4/4-2/3 = 42 (Jimenez and McMahon, 2004).

The following average measurements are from unpublished data from J. E. Jimenez of Chiloe Island and C. McMahon of Nahuelbuta National Park and Chiloe Island that were provided in their report for the IUCN/SSC Canid Specialist Group (2004):

Head and Body Length: 528 mm Tail Length: 221 mm Hind Foot: 106 mm Ear Length: 260 mm Mass: 2.72 kg

Average mass: 2.72 kg.

Average length: 528 mm.

Other Physical Features: endothermic ; homoiothermic; bilateral symmetry

Sexual Dimorphism: sexes alike

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Fortner, C. 2007. "Lycalopex fulvipes" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Lycalopex_fulvipes.html
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Charlene Fortner, University of Alaska Fairbanks
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Link Olson, University of Alaska Fairbanks
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Associations ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

Possible predators of the mainland population of Darwin foxes are pumas (Puma concolor). Large raptors may also prey on these foxes, especially young foxes. However, predation on Darwin foxes has not been described in the literature.

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citação bibliográfica
Fortner, C. 2007. "Lycalopex fulvipes" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Lycalopex_fulvipes.html
autor
Charlene Fortner, University of Alaska Fairbanks
editor
Link Olson, University of Alaska Fairbanks
editor
Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Reproduction ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

Some evidence suggests that Darwin's foxes are monogamous (Jimenez, 2006). Not much is known about the mating behaviors of this species.

Mating System: monogamous

Breeding season begins in October and pups have been documented leaving the den in December. Based on observations of dens, estimated litter size is 2 to 3 individuals (Jimenez and McMahon, 2004). Weaning takes place in February. Most inferences concerning breeding time come from observations on lactating females caught during trapping of island and mainland populations.

Breeding interval: Darwin's foxes breed once yearly.

Breeding season: Breeding occurs in the austral spring.

Range number of offspring: 2 to 3.

Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; fertilization (Internal ); viviparous

Darwin's foxes show biparental care and the offspring share their parent’s home range for an undetermined amount of time. Parents share their ranges with offspring from previous litters but no observations so far suggest that these offspring contribute as helpers.

Parental Investment: altricial ; pre-fertilization (Provisioning, Protecting: Female); pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Male, Female); pre-independence (Provisioning: Male, Female, Protecting: Male, Female)

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citação bibliográfica
Fortner, C. 2007. "Lycalopex fulvipes" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Lycalopex_fulvipes.html
autor
Charlene Fortner, University of Alaska Fairbanks
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Link Olson, University of Alaska Fairbanks
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Louarn Darwin ( Bretã )

fornecido por wikipedia BR

Louarn Darwin (Pseudalopex fulvipes) a zo ur bronneg kigdebrer bihan eus ar genad Pseudalopex.

Dizoloet e voe en Enez Chiloé war aodoù Chili gant Charles Darwin e 1834. Da gentañ e kredjod ne oa anezho nemet en enezenn-se met ur boblañs vihan a voe dizoloet e 1990[1] e Park Broadel Nahuelbuta ha studioù genel o deus diskouezet eo al louarn-se ur spesad distag[2].


Rummatadur

Pseudalopex zo ur genad er c'herentiad Canidae. Liammet a-bell eo ouzh ar bleizi ha distag diouzh al lern zo izili eus ar genad Vulpes. Pa dapas Darwin unan e 1834 e verzas e oa disheñvel diouzh ar spesadoù kavet war ar c'hevandir (P. culpaeus ha P. griseus)[3] ha ne c'helle ket gouennañ gant spesadoù all ar genad Pseudalopex.

E-pad ar pleistosen e oa staget enez Chiloe ouzh an douar-bras gant ur pont douar. Beuzet e voe hemañ 15.000 bloaz 'zo e fin ar maread-skorn diwezhañ[4]. Div boblañs distag a lern Darwin a voe krouet gant an darvoud-se.

Deskrivadur

Ur vlevenn gell-du pe du gant brizhelloù ruzart war e zremm en deus louarn Darwin. Bihanoc'h eo eget spesadoù ar c'hevandir ha berroc'h eo e bavioù. Etre 2 ha 4 kg eo e bouez.

Annez

Er c'hoadegoù klouar hepken e kaver louarn Darwin[5].. Un aneval oberiant da serr-noz eo dreist-holl.

Liammoù diavaez

Louarn Darwin


Wikispecies-logo.svg
War Wikispecies e vo kavet ditouroù ouzhpenn diwar-benn:

Commons
Muioc'h a restroù diwar-benn

a vo kavet e Wikimedia Commons.

Daveoù

  1. Medel, R.G. et al. 1990. Discovery of a continental population of the rare Darwin Fox, Dusicyon fulvipes (Martin, 1839) in Chile. Biological Conservation 51:71-77
  2. Yahnke, C.J. et al. 1996. Darwin's Fox: A Distinct Endangered Species in a Vanishing Habitat. Conservation Biology 10:366-375
  3. Darwin, C. 1839. Journal of researches into the geology and natural history of the various countries visited by H.M.S. Beagle, under the command of Captain Fitzroy, R.N. from 1832–1836. London: Henry Colburn.
  4. Villagrán, C. 1988. Late Quaternary vegetation of Southern Isla Grande de Chiloë, Chile. Quaternary Research 29: 294–306
  5. Jiménez, J.E., Lucherini, M. & Novaro, A.J. 2004. Pseudalopex fulvipes. In: IUCN 2004. 2004 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
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Louarn Darwin: Brief Summary ( Bretã )

fornecido por wikipedia BR

Louarn Darwin (Pseudalopex fulvipes) a zo ur bronneg kigdebrer bihan eus ar genad Pseudalopex.

Dizoloet e voe en Enez Chiloé war aodoù Chili gant Charles Darwin e 1834. Da gentañ e kredjod ne oa anezho nemet en enezenn-se met ur boblañs vihan a voe dizoloet e 1990 e Park Broadel Nahuelbuta ha studioù genel o deus diskouezet eo al louarn-se ur spesad distag.


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Guineu grisa de Darwin ( Catalão; Valenciano )

fornecido por wikipedia CA

La guineu grisa de Darwin (Lycalopex fulvipes) és un petit cànid amenaçat del gènere Lycalopex. La guineu de Darwin fou capturada per primera vegada a l'illa Chiloé (davant la costa de Xile) el 1834 pel naturalista Charles Darwin. Durant molt de temps se la considerà una subespècie de la guineu grisa argentina (Lycalopex griseus), però el descobriment d'una petita població de guineus de Darwin a terra ferma, al Parc Nacional de Nahuelbuta, el 1990, i les posteriors anàlisis genètiques esclariren d'una vegada per totes l'estatus d'aquesa guineu com a espècie pròpia.

Referències

 src= A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Guineu grisa de Darwin Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata


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Guineu grisa de Darwin: Brief Summary ( Catalão; Valenciano )

fornecido por wikipedia CA

La guineu grisa de Darwin (Lycalopex fulvipes) és un petit cànid amenaçat del gènere Lycalopex. La guineu de Darwin fou capturada per primera vegada a l'illa Chiloé (davant la costa de Xile) el 1834 pel naturalista Charles Darwin. Durant molt de temps se la considerà una subespècie de la guineu grisa argentina (Lycalopex griseus), però el descobriment d'una petita població de guineus de Darwin a terra ferma, al Parc Nacional de Nahuelbuta, el 1990, i les posteriors anàlisis genètiques esclariren d'una vegada per totes l'estatus d'aquesa guineu com a espècie pròpia.

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Pes Darwinův ( Checo )

fornecido por wikipedia CZ

Pes Darwinův (Lycalopex fulvipes) je psovitá šelma z rodu Lycalopex, který tvoří s dalšími 5 druhy. Jako první psa odchytil Charles Darwin v roce 1834 na jihovýchodní části ostrova Chiloé, v roce 1943 ho chytil Wilfred Hudson Osgood v ústí řeky Inio.[2] Druh popsal William Charles Linnaeus Martin roku 1837 a je pojmenován po Darwinovi.[3] Vyskytuje se pouze v Chile a na ostrově Chiloé, dle Mezinárodního svazu ochrany přírody je od roku 2016 ohrožený (do té doby byl veden jako kriticky ohrožený). Ve volné přírodě žije méně než 2500 jedinců.

Výskyt

Psi Darwinovi se vyskytují pouze ve dvou oblastech, a to na ostrově Chiloé a částečně i v pevninské Jižní Americe. Ostrov je vzdálený zhruba 30 km od pobřeží Chile, je zhruba 200 km dlouhý a 64 km široký a psi ho obývají téměř celý až na obydlené části na severu ostrova. Od roku 1970 jsou pozorováni také v NP Nahuelbuta na území Chile vzdáleném asi 600 km od populace na ostrově. K životu dávají přednost lesům. Na ostrově jsou lesy složeny z jehličnatých, stálezelených a ovocných stromů, zatímco v NP Nahuelbuta z blahočetů (Araucaria) a buků. Psi se zde vyskytují v nadmořské výšce od 950 do 1462 m.[4]

Popis

Pes Darwinův měří 48 až 59 cm, hmotnost se pohybuje mezi 1,8−4 kg. Uši měří zhruba 6 až 7 cm, ocas je dlouhý cca 22 cm a mohutně osrstěný.[5][6] Tělo je dlouhé, nohy naopak krátké. Srst má černošedé zbarvení, na bradě a podbřišku je bílá. U tohoto druhu není vyvinut zřetelný pohlavní dimorfismus, ale samci mají horní špičáky umístěny dál od sebe, což vytváří širší tlamu. Psi Darwinovi mají celkem 42 zubů. Celkový vzorec zubů je 3/3-1/1-4/4-2/3.[4]

Chování

Psi Darwinovi žijí většinou samotářsky a setkávají se pouze v období rozmnožování, nicméně jejich teritoria se mohou překrývat. Je běžné, že rodiče sdílí jedno teritorium se svými potomky. Nejsou známy žádné informace o komunikaci mezi jedinci stejného druhu, nicméně pravděpodobně používají různé čichové vjemy a hlasové projevy.[4] Rozmnožování začíná v říjnu a po období gravidity se samici narodí 2−3 mláďata, která vyvede z doupěte zhruba v prosinci. V únoru jsou pak odstavena od mateřského mléka. Existují důkazy, že tento druh může být monogamní, nicméně zatím neexistuje příliš mnoho informací o reprodukci tohoto druhu.[4] Psi se živí různorodou potravou, například malými savci, plazy nebo ptáky, ale také brouky a dalšími bezobratlými, nebo také ovocem a semeny. Složení potravy se mění v závislosti na ročním období. Na ostrově Chiloé psi loví také drůbež a vybírají skládky, při hledání potravy někdy vniknou i do domů.[5][7]

Ohrožení

Na světě žije méně než 2500 psů Darwinových, 90 % populace se nachází na ostrově Chiloé. Lidmi jsou loveni coby škodlivá zvířata zabíjející jim například drůbež nebo pro kožešinu. Nebezpečí pro psy Darwinovy představují také psi domácí, kteří je napadají či na ně přenášejí choroby. Některé populace jsou ohroženy ztrátou přirozeného prostředí. Potenciální stavba mostu mající spojovat ostrov s pevninou, by pak mohla způsobit introdukci nových predátorů na ostrov.[2]

Dle mezinárodního svazu ochrany přírody je druh ohrožený a jeho populace klesá. Je zapsán na seznam CITES II a od roku 1929 chráněn chilskými zákony. Vyskytuje se v národním parku Nahuelbuta a v národním parku Chiloé, jediné známé exempláře v zajetí jsou chování ve Fauna Andina blízko Villarricy.[2]

Synonyma

  • Canis fulvipes
  • Dusicyon fulvipes
  • Pseudalopex fulvipes
  • Pseudalopex griseus fulvipes
  • Pseudalopex gymnocercus fulvipes[3]

Odkazy

Reference

  1. Červený seznam IUCN 2018.1. 5. července 2018. Dostupné online. [cit. 2018-08-10]
  2. a b c Pseudalopex fulvipes [online]. Iucn Red List of Threatened Species [cit. 2016-02-14]. Dostupné online. (anglicky)
  3. a b pes Darwinův [online]. biolib.cz [cit. 2016-02-14]. Dostupné online.
  4. a b c d FORTNERA, Charlene. Lycalopex fulvipes [online]. Animal Diversity Web, 2007 [cit. 2016-02-14]. Dostupné online. (anglicky)
  5. a b HOFFMAN, Michael, a kol. Canids : foxes, wolves, jackals and dogs : status survey and conservation action plan. Gland: IUCN, 2004. S. 50-55.
  6. Darwin's Fox [online]. theanimalfiles.com [cit. 2016-02-14]. Dostupné online. (anglicky)
  7. Lycalopex fulvipes [online]. Encyklopedia of Life [cit. 2016-02-14]. Dostupné online. (anglicky)

Externí odkazy

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Pes Darwinův: Brief Summary ( Checo )

fornecido por wikipedia CZ

Pes Darwinův (Lycalopex fulvipes) je psovitá šelma z rodu Lycalopex, který tvoří s dalšími 5 druhy. Jako první psa odchytil Charles Darwin v roce 1834 na jihovýchodní části ostrova Chiloé, v roce 1943 ho chytil Wilfred Hudson Osgood v ústí řeky Inio. Druh popsal William Charles Linnaeus Martin roku 1837 a je pojmenován po Darwinovi. Vyskytuje se pouze v Chile a na ostrově Chiloé, dle Mezinárodního svazu ochrany přírody je od roku 2016 ohrožený (do té doby byl veden jako kriticky ohrožený). Ve volné přírodě žije méně než 2500 jedinců.

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Darwin-Fuchs ( Alemão )

fornecido por wikipedia DE

Der Darwin-Fuchs (Lycalopex fulvipes, Syn.: Pseudalopex fulvipes) ist eine kleine, stark gefährdete Art der Echten Hunde. Entdeckt wurde er im Jahr 1834 von dem berühmten Naturforscher Charles Darwin auf einer Nebeninsel des Chiloé-Archipels in Chile. Lange Zeit wurde er als chilotische Inselform des Argentinischen Kampfuchses (Lycalopex griseus) betrachtet, doch mit der Entdeckung einer kleinen Population auf dem südamerikanischen Festland im Nahuelbuta-Nationalpark im Jahr 1990[1] und nachfolgenden genetischen Analysen wurde klar, dass der Artstatus gerechtfertigt ist.[2]

Entdeckung

Am 6. Dezember 1834 erlegte Charles Darwin während seiner Reise mit der Beagle auf der Insel San Pedro südlich von Quellón auf Chiloé einen Fuchs mit seinem Geologenhammer. Er beschrieb ihn als selten, für die Insel Chiloé typisch und von einer noch nicht beschriebenen Art. Man bezeichnete ihn zunächst als (Dusicyon fulvipes), ordnete ihn später jedoch dem Argentinischen Kampfuchs zu, da es keine morphologischen Grundmerkmale gab, die ihn deutlich von diesem unterschieden. Sein Vorkommen auf einer Insel schien die Vermutung zu bestätigen, dass es sich lediglich um eine Inselvariante des Argentinischen Graufuchses handelt. Als man in den 1960er-Jahren Darwin-Füchse im 600 Kilometer weiter nördlich liegenden Nahuelbuta-Nationalpark auf dem südamerikanischen Festland entdeckte, wurde der Unterart-Status jedoch wieder in Frage gestellt. Genetische Analysen der Mitochondrien-DNS ergaben nun zweifelsfrei, dass es sich beim Darwin-Fuchs um eine eigenständige Art handelt und Darwin letztendlich recht hatte.

Merkmale

Der Darwin-Fuchs hat ein dunkelbraunes Fell mit rötlichen Bereichen am Kopf und im Gesicht. Er paart sich nicht mit anderen Lycalopex-Arten und ist kleiner und dunkler gefärbt als diese. Auch sind seine Beine kürzer als die der Arten vom Festland. Mit nur 2–4 Kilogramm ist er wesentlich kleiner als ein Argentinischer Kampfuchs (Lycalopex griseus), der 5–10 Kilogramm[2] auf die Waage bringt.

Verbreitung

Im späten Pleistozän war die Insel Chiloé über eine Landbrücke mit dem südamerikanischen Kontinent verbunden. Dichte Wälder bedeckten die Insel und angrenzenden Teile des Südens von Südamerika. Diese bewohnte der Darwin-Fuchs, der sich schon früh von einem gemeinsamen Vorfahren des Argentinischen Kampfuchses (Lycalopex griseus) und des Andenschakals (Lycalopex culpaeus) abgespalten hatte. Vor etwa 15.000 Jahren versank diese Landbrücke im Meer, da der Meeresspiegel durch das Abschmelzen der eiszeitlichen Gletschermassen anstieg.[3] Dadurch entstanden zwei getrennte Populationen des Darwinfuchses, eine auf der Insel, die andere auf dem Festland. Dort findet man sie noch heute, allerdings ist das Verbreitungsgebiet auf dem Festland durch klimatische Ursachen und menschliche Aktivitäten stark zusammengeschmolzen und heute auf ein kleines Gebiet um den Nahuelbuta-Nationalpark beschränkt.

Lebensweise

Der Darwin-Fuchs ist anscheinend ein typisches Waldtier, der die südlichen, gemäßigten Regenwälder bewohnt.[4] Er ist vor allem in der Dämmerung und vor Sonnenaufgang aktiv.

Ernährung und Jagdverhalten

Der Darwin-Fuchs ist ein Allesfresser, der sich leicht an die jeweiligen Gegebenheiten anpasst. Seine Nahrung besteht zu größeren Teilen aus Insekten sowie aus kleineren Säugetieren (Nagetiere, Hasen und Pudus), Vögeln, Lurchen und Reptilien. In manchen Monaten steigt der Anteil von Früchten und Beeren in der Nahrung auf 20 Prozent. Für die Festlandpopulation sind auch Pflanzensamen von Bedeutung. In seltenen Fällen frisst der Darwin-Fuchs Aas von mittelgroßen Haustieren. Auf Chiloé jagt jeder Fuchs normalerweise allein, obwohl schon mehrere Tiere an einem Kadaver gesichtet wurden.[5]

Sozialverhalten und Fortpflanzung

Studien mit Kamerafallen lassen vermuten das Darwin-Füchse auf Chiloé außerhalb der Paarungszeit einsam leben. Jedes Tier hat ein etwa 1,5 km² großes Revier, das es mit mehreren anderen Männchen und Weibchen teilt. Für die Paarung lebt das Männchen wenige Tage mit einem Weibchen zusammen und verlässt es dann wieder, so dass Jungtiere der Inselpopulation nur von ihren Müttern betreut werden. Paarung und Jungtieraufzucht erfolgen zwischen Oktober und Januar. Vor der Geburt sucht das Weibchen ein natürliches Versteck, wie etwa Felsspalten, auf.[5]

Auf dem Festland halten die monogamen Paare länger und hier bewacht das Männchen die Jungtiere, wenn das Weibchen auf Nahrungssuche ist. Im Normalfall werden zwei bis drei Jungtiere geboren. Säugende Weibchen konnten im Nationalpark zwischen Oktober und Februar beobachtet werden. Mit Radiosendern ausgestattete Exemplare wurden etwa sieben Jahre alt.[5]

Bestand

Man geht von nur etwa 250 Tieren auf Chiloé und von weniger als 70 auf dem Festland aus. Von der IUCN wird die Art als vom Aussterben bedroht eingestuft. Die Zerstörung der Wälder um den Nationalpark und Hunde, die Seuchen einschleppen und die Füchse attackieren sind die Hauptursachen für die niedrigen Populationsdichten.

Einzelnachweise

  1. Rodrigo G. Medel u. a.: Discovery of a continental population of the rare Darwin Fox, 'Dusicyon fulvipes' (Martin, 1839) in Chile. In: Biological Conservation. 51, 1990, S. 71–77
  2. a b Christopher J. Yahnke u. a.: Darwin's Fox: A Distinct Endangered Species in a Vanishing Habitat. In: Conservation Biology. 10, 1996, S. 366–375
  3. C. Villagrán: Late Quaternary vegetation of Southern Isla Grande de Chiloë, Chile. In: Quaternary Research. 29, 1988, S. 294–306
  4. Lycalopex fulvipes in der Roten Liste gefährdeter Arten der IUCN 2008. Eingestellt von: J. E. Jiménez, M. Lucherini, A. J. Novaro, 2008. Abgerufen am 13. Mai 2009.
  5. a b c Claudio Sillero-Zubiri, Michael Hoffmann, David Whyte Macdonald: Canids: Foxes, Wolves, Jackals and Dogs. (PDF; 9,9 MB) IUCN, 2004, S. 50–55, abgerufen am 8. Februar 2012.
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Darwin-Fuchs: Brief Summary ( Alemão )

fornecido por wikipedia DE

Der Darwin-Fuchs (Lycalopex fulvipes, Syn.: Pseudalopex fulvipes) ist eine kleine, stark gefährdete Art der Echten Hunde. Entdeckt wurde er im Jahr 1834 von dem berühmten Naturforscher Charles Darwin auf einer Nebeninsel des Chiloé-Archipels in Chile. Lange Zeit wurde er als chilotische Inselform des Argentinischen Kampfuchses (Lycalopex griseus) betrachtet, doch mit der Entdeckung einer kleinen Population auf dem südamerikanischen Festland im Nahuelbuta-Nationalpark im Jahr 1990 und nachfolgenden genetischen Analysen wurde klar, dass der Artstatus gerechtfertigt ist.

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Lycalopex fulvipes ( Bielorrussa )

fornecido por wikipedia emerging languages

Lycalopex fulvipes — від клясы сысуноў атрада драпежных сямейства сабачых.

Зьнешні выгляд

Даўжыня цела 48—60 см, даўжыня хваста 17—26 см; маса дарослых 1,9—3,95 кг[2]. Ногі кароткія. Хвост кароткі, пушысты. Мех цёмна-шэры.

Крыніцы

  1. ^ Jiménez, J.E., Lucherini, M. & Novaro, A.J. 2008. Pseudalopex fulvipes. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.3. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 21 December 2014.
  2. ^ Lycalopex fulvipes | ARKive (анг.)

Вонкавыя спасылкі

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Lycalopex fulvipes ( Interlingua (Associação Internacional de Línguas Auxiliares) )

fornecido por wikipedia emerging languages

Lycalopex fulvipes es un specie de Lycalopex.

Nota
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Lycalopex fulvipes: Brief Summary ( Bielorrussa )

fornecido por wikipedia emerging languages

Lycalopex fulvipes — від клясы сысуноў атрада драпежных сямейства сабачых.

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Αλεπού του Δαρβίνου ( Grego, Moderno (1453-) )

fornecido por wikipedia emerging languages
Pseudalopex fulvipes.jpg

Η αλεπού του Δαρβίνου (Lycalopex fulvipes) είναι ένα απειλούμενο κυνοειδές από το γένος Λυκαλώπηξ. Είναι γνωστό ως zorro chilote ή zorro de Darwin[1] στα ισπανικά και ζει στο Εθνικό Πάρκο Ναγουελβούτα (Περιοχή Αρακουανία), η Παράκτια Οροσειρά της Βαλδίβια (Περιοχή Λος Ρίος) στην ηπειρωτική Χιλή και τη Νήσο Τσιλοέ.[2] Αυτό το μικρό, σκουρόχρωμο κυνοειδές ζυγίζει 1,8 έως 3,95 κιλά, έχει μήκος κεφαλής και σώματος 48 έως 59 εκατοστών και ουρά που είναι 17,5 έως 25,5 εκατοστά.[3]

Η αλεπού του Δαρβίνου συλλέχθηκε για πρώτη φορά από το νησί Σαν Πέδρο στα ανοικτά των ακτών της Χιλής από τον φυσιοδίφη Κάρολο Δαρβίνο το 1834. Για καιρό θεωρούταν ότι η αλεπού του Δαρβίνου ήταν υποείδος της νοτιοαμερικανικής γκρίζας αλεπούς (L. griseus)· ωστόσο, η ανακάλυψη ενός μικρού πληθυσμού αλεπούδων του Δαρβίνου στην ηπειρωτική χώρα στο Εθνικό Πάρκο Ναγουελβούτα το 1990[4] και η επακόλουθη γενετική ανάλυση διευκρίνισαν την ιδιότητα της αλεπούς ως ένα μοναδικό είδος.[5] Το 2012 και το 2013 επιβεβαιώθηκε η παρουσία της αλεπούς του Δαρβίνου στο Πάρκο Όνκολ, στο Εθνικό Πάρκο Αλέρσε Κοστέρο και στην Παράκτια Προστατευόμενη Περιοχή της Βαλδίβια μέσω καμερών-παγίδων.[2]

Παραπομπές

  1. Silva-Rodríguez, E; Farias, A.; Moreira-Arce, D.; Cabello, J.; Hidalgo-Hermoso, E.; Lucherini, M.; Jiménez, J. (2016). «Lycalopex fulvipes». IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (IUCN) 2016: e.T41586A85370871. Αρχειοθετήθηκε από το πρωτότυπο στις 2019-05-17. https://web.archive.org/web/20190517151022/http://oldredlist.iucnredlist.org/details/41586/0. Ανακτήθηκε στις 1 July 2016.
  2. 2,0 2,1 Farías, A.A., M.A. Sepúlveda, E.A. Silva-Rodríguez, A. Eguren, D. González, N.I. Jordán, E. Ovando, P. Stowhas. 2014. A new population of Darwin’s fox (Lycalopex fulvipes) in the Valdivian Coastal Range. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 87:3.
  3. Jiménez, J.E. & McMahon, E. Canids: Foxes, Wolves, Jackals and Dogs. Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan (PDF). International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources/Species Survival Commission Canid Specialist Group. σελίδες 50–55. Αρχειοθετήθηκε από το πρωτότυπο (PDF) στις 1 Ιουλίου 2013.
  4. Medel, R.G. et al. 1990. Discovery of a continental population of the rare Darwin fox, Dusicyon fulvipes (Martin, 1839) in Chile. Biological Conservation 51:71-77
  5. Yahnke, C.J. et al. 1996. Darwin's Fox: A Distinct Endangered Species in a Vanishing Habitat. Conservation Biology 10:366-375
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Αλεπού του Δαρβίνου: Brief Summary ( Grego, Moderno (1453-) )

fornecido por wikipedia emerging languages
Pseudalopex fulvipes.jpg

Η αλεπού του Δαρβίνου (Lycalopex fulvipes) είναι ένα απειλούμενο κυνοειδές από το γένος Λυκαλώπηξ. Είναι γνωστό ως zorro chilote ή zorro de Darwin στα ισπανικά και ζει στο Εθνικό Πάρκο Ναγουελβούτα (Περιοχή Αρακουανία), η Παράκτια Οροσειρά της Βαλδίβια (Περιοχή Λος Ρίος) στην ηπειρωτική Χιλή και τη Νήσο Τσιλοέ. Αυτό το μικρό, σκουρόχρωμο κυνοειδές ζυγίζει 1,8 έως 3,95 κιλά, έχει μήκος κεφαλής και σώματος 48 έως 59 εκατοστών και ουρά που είναι 17,5 έως 25,5 εκατοστά.

Η αλεπού του Δαρβίνου συλλέχθηκε για πρώτη φορά από το νησί Σαν Πέδρο στα ανοικτά των ακτών της Χιλής από τον φυσιοδίφη Κάρολο Δαρβίνο το 1834. Για καιρό θεωρούταν ότι η αλεπού του Δαρβίνου ήταν υποείδος της νοτιοαμερικανικής γκρίζας αλεπούς (L. griseus)· ωστόσο, η ανακάλυψη ενός μικρού πληθυσμού αλεπούδων του Δαρβίνου στην ηπειρωτική χώρα στο Εθνικό Πάρκο Ναγουελβούτα το 1990 και η επακόλουθη γενετική ανάλυση διευκρίνισαν την ιδιότητα της αλεπούς ως ένα μοναδικό είδος. Το 2012 και το 2013 επιβεβαιώθηκε η παρουσία της αλεπούς του Δαρβίνου στο Πάρκο Όνκολ, στο Εθνικό Πάρκο Αλέρσε Κοστέρο και στην Παράκτια Προστατευόμενη Περιοχή της Βαλδίβια μέσω καμερών-παγίδων.

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Darwin's fox ( Inglês )

fornecido por wikipedia EN

Darwin's fox or Darwin's zorro (Lycalopex fulvipes) is an endangered canid from the genus Lycalopex. It is also known as the zorro chilote or zorro de Darwin[2] in Spanish and lives on Nahuelbuta National Park, the Cordillera de Oncol, Cordillera Pelada in mainland Chile and Chiloé Island.[4] This small, dark canine weighs 1.8 to 3.95 kg (4.0 to 8.7 lb), has a head-and-body length of 48 to 59 cm (19 to 23 in) and a tail that is 17.5 to 25.5 cm (7 to 10 in).[5] Darwin's fox displays no key differences between male and female other than the fact that the male has a broader muzzle.[6] Males display no territorial behavior and aren't aggressive towards other males roaming around their territory.[6]

Darwin's fox was first collected from San Pedro Island off the coast of Chile by the naturalist Charles Darwin in 1834. It was long held that Darwin's fox was a subspecies of the South American gray fox (L. griseus); however, the discovery of a small population of Darwin's fox on the mainland in Nahuelbuta National Park in 1990[7] and subsequent genetic analysis has clarified the fox's status as a unique species.[8] In 2012 and 2013 the presence of the Darwin's fox at Oncol Park, Alerce Costero National Park and the Valdivian Coastal Reserve was confirmed through camera trapping.[4]

Taxonomy and evolution

Lycalopex is a South American genus of canine distantly related to wolves and is technically not a fox. When Charles Darwin collected a specimen from San Pedro Island in Chiloé Archipelago in December 1834 during the Beagle survey expedition, he observed that this "fox (of Chiloe, a rare animal) sat on the point & was so absorbed in watching [survey work], that he allowed me to walk behind him & actually kill him with my geological hammer".[9] In the 1839 publication of his Journal and Remarks, Darwin said "This fox, more curious or more scientific, but less wise, than the generality of his brethren, is now mounted in the museum of the Zoological Society." He said it was "an undescribed species",[10] indicating that it was distinct from the species (L. culpaeus and L. griseus) that occur on the mainland. Later, Darwin's fox was classified as a subspecies (Lycalopex griseus fulvipes) of the latter.

Darwin's fox does not interbreed with the other Lycalopex species, only lives in forests, and is smaller and darker-colored than the other species. In 1990 a small population of Darwin's fox was found on the mainland in the forested Nahuelbuta National Park, indicating that the fox was not endemic to the island. According to Yahnke et al., in their 1996 article published in the Journal of the Society for Conservation Biology, analysis of mitochondrial DNA of Darwin's fox and the gray fox showed two patterns, indicating Darwin's fox was a new species, closely related to the Sechuran fox. Also according to Yahnke (1995; et al.1996) the present restricted range is a relic of a much wider former range. Zoologists noted the distinctiveness in the ecological niche, appearance, and behavior of this species. Darwin's fox is differentiated from the gray fox in being darker; having shorter legs; a broader, shorter skull; smaller auditory bullae; a more robust dentition; and a different jaw shape and style of premolar occlusion.

A male Darwin's fox in Ahuenco, Chiloé Island, Chile

In the late Pleistocene, Chiloé Island was connected to mainland Chile by a land bridge. The land bridge was severed about 15,000 years ago when the sea level rose following the last glaciation.[11] This created two isolated populations of Darwin's fox.

Diet

Darwin's fox has a vast diet. In dense forests, where it exists, the foxes hunt for mammals, reptiles, beetles, and invertebrates. Sometimes it selects fruits, berries, and seeds.[12] Birds and amphibians to a lesser degree are also consumed. It sometimes eats carrion, but it mostly eats live animals and fruit. This makes it mostly an omnivore, sometimes a scavenger.

Ecology

Darwin's fox is generally believed to be a forest obligate species found only in southern temperate rainforests.[2] They only occur in areas of primary forest on Chiloé and on the mainland. They are most active at twilight and before sunrise. In contrast to other Lycalopex species, Darwin's fox prefers open spaces. The population of Chiloé has about 200 individuals, and Nahuelbuta on the mainland contains about 50 individuals. The total population size is about 250 mature individuals with at least 90% of the population occurring in one subspopulation (Chiloé Island). Although the species is protected in Nahuelbuta National Park, substantial mortality sources exist when foxes move to lower, unprotected private areas in search of milder conditions during the winter.[13] The population was considered as critically endangered because its main population occurred in one island and their habitat was declining due to human impact.[14]

Conservation status

The species was previously classified as Critically Endangered by the IUCN, but in 2016 was downlisted to Endangered, as its area occurrences is apparently substantially larger than originally believed. Current estimates of the total population are still low, with an estimated minimum 227 individuals on the mainland and 412 on Chiloé Island. Fragmentation of forest adjacent to the national park and on the island is a concern for their conservation, and feral dogs may pose the greatest threat to their survival by spreading disease or directly attacking. Persecution by people who think that the foxes attack domestic fowls, though they pose little threat, is also a potential problem.[2]

Diseases

The species is often plagued by Mycoplasma haemocanis. The already endangered fox is prone to this infection because the infection's bacteria attach themselves to surface red blood cells of many mammals, and although the species is believed to be no major threat to human life it can spread to humans, dogs, cats, and other wildlife species. The bacteria also seem to spike when located close to any major habitat inhabited by humans as well as where there is a large population of wild dogs present near the species. Researchers are testing RNA subunits of RNase P gene and out of 10 foxes, nine were infected. Even though they are considered "sick", they have no external symptoms (Cabello, 2013). Studies show that many foxes risk of catching the deadly bacteria inclines as they age leaving many older foxes vulnerable. Although the disease is prevalent in this species, little to nothing is known about this disease.[15]

References

Wikispecies has information related to Pseudalopex.
  1. ^ Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Order Carnivora". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  2. ^ a b c d Silva-Rodríguez, E.; Farias, A.; Moreira-Arce, D.; Cabello, J.; Hidalgo-Hermoso, E.; Lucherini, M. & Jiménez, J. (2016). "Lycalopex fulvipes". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T41586A85370871.
  3. ^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
  4. ^ a b Farías, A. A., M. A. Sepúlveda, E. A. Silva-Rodríguez, A. Eguren, D. González, N. I. Jordán, E. Ovando, P. Stowhas. 2014. A new population of Darwin's fox (Lycalopex fulvipes) in the Valdivian Coastal Range. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 87:3.
  5. ^ Jiménez, J. E. & McMahon, E. Canids: Foxes, Wolves, Jackals and Dogs. Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan (PDF). International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources/Species Survival Commission Canid Specialist Group. pp. 50–55. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 July 2013.
  6. ^ a b Jiménez, J. E. (2007). "Ecology of a coastal population of the critically endangered Darwin's fox (Pseudalopex fulvipes) on Chiloé Island, southern Chile". Journal of Zoology. 271: 63–77. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00218.x.
  7. ^ Medel, R. G. et al. 1990. Discovery of a continental population of the rare Darwin fox, Dusicyon fulvipes (Martin, 1839) in Chile. Biological Conservation 51:71–77
  8. ^ Yahnke, C.J. et al. 1996. "Darwin's Fox: A Distinct Endangered Species in a Vanishing Habitat". Conservation Biology 10:366–375
  9. ^ Keynes, R. D. ed. 2001. Charles Darwin's Beagle diary. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 272–273
  10. ^ Darwin, C. R. 1839. Narrative of the surveying voyages of His Majesty's Ships Adventure and Beagle between the years 1826 and 1836, Journal and Remarks 1832–1836. London: Henry Colburn. p. 341
  11. ^ Villagrán, C. 1988. Late Quaternary vegetation of Southern Isla Grande de Chiloë, Chile. Quaternary Research 29: 294–306
  12. ^ "Lycalopex fulvipes (Darwin's fox)". Animal Diversity Web.
  13. ^ Jiménez, J. E., Lucherini, M. & Novaro, A. J., 2004; IUCN & CSG 2004). On mainland Chile, Jaime Jiménez has observed a small population since 1975 in Nahuelbuta National Park; this population was first reported to science in the early 1990s (Medel et al. 1990; Jiménez, J. E., Lucherini, M. & Novaro, A. J., 2004; IUCN, 2004
  14. ^ Cabello, Javier E.; Dávila, José A. (September 2014). "Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci in Darwin's fox (Lycalopex fulvipes) and cross-amplification in other canid species". Conservation Genetics Resources. 6 (3): 759–761. doi:10.1007/s12686-014-0208-6. ISSN 1877-7252. S2CID 14224295.
  15. ^ Hidalgo-Hermoso, Ezequiel; et al. (2020). "Hemoplasmas are Endemic and Cause Asymptomatic Infection in the Endangered Darwin's Fox (Lycalopex fulvipes)". American Society for Microbiology. Washington. 86 (12). Bibcode:2020ApEnM..86E.779D. doi:10.1128/AEM.00779-20. PMC 7267207. PMID 32276983.
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Darwin's fox: Brief Summary ( Inglês )

fornecido por wikipedia EN

Darwin's fox or Darwin's zorro (Lycalopex fulvipes) is an endangered canid from the genus Lycalopex. It is also known as the zorro chilote or zorro de Darwin in Spanish and lives on Nahuelbuta National Park, the Cordillera de Oncol, Cordillera Pelada in mainland Chile and Chiloé Island. This small, dark canine weighs 1.8 to 3.95 kg (4.0 to 8.7 lb), has a head-and-body length of 48 to 59 cm (19 to 23 in) and a tail that is 17.5 to 25.5 cm (7 to 10 in). Darwin's fox displays no key differences between male and female other than the fact that the male has a broader muzzle. Males display no territorial behavior and aren't aggressive towards other males roaming around their territory.

Darwin's fox was first collected from San Pedro Island off the coast of Chile by the naturalist Charles Darwin in 1834. It was long held that Darwin's fox was a subspecies of the South American gray fox (L. griseus); however, the discovery of a small population of Darwin's fox on the mainland in Nahuelbuta National Park in 1990 and subsequent genetic analysis has clarified the fox's status as a unique species. In 2012 and 2013 the presence of the Darwin's fox at Oncol Park, Alerce Costero National Park and the Valdivian Coastal Reserve was confirmed through camera trapping.

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Lycalopex fulvipes ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

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El zorro chilote o zorro de Darwin (Lycalopex fulvipes) es un cánido endémico del sur de Chile. Fue descrito por primera vez en 1834 por Charles Darwin, quien lo clasificó erróneamente como una subespecie del zorro chilla (L. griseus). Se considera la especie de cánido en mayor riesgo de extinción en el mundo. No tiene subespecies.

Descripción

Es un animal pequeño, de entre 1,8 y 4 kg de peso, mide de largo entre 50 a 70 cm y 25 cm de altura.[2]

En una camada la hembra tiene entre 2 a 3 cachorros.[3]​ Su esperanza de vida ha sido descrita entre 3 a 4 años.[1]

Su cuerpo está cubierto de pelaje de color gris oscuro y negro, con manchas rojizas en la zona de las orejas y en sus patas. Su comportamiento es poco conocido, pero se sabe que prefiere las zonas cubiertas de vegetación antes que las zonas descubiertas, lo cual es un rasgo que lo distingue de las demás especies del género.

Conducta

Son activos principalmente en la noche y madrugada. Se ha hipotetizado que las poblaciones de esta especie conviven en grandes grupos. Cuando se siente amenazado este se torna muy agresivo.[2]

Su dieta se compone de insectos y pequeños mamíferos, aunque se ha descrito que también consumen aves, reptiles, anfibios y frutos locales.[3]​ Esta especie no se encuentra exenta de poseer parásitos gastrointestinales.[4][5]

Distribución y hábitat

 src=
Macho de zorro chilote (Pseudalopex fulvipes) en Ahuenco, costa occidental de Chiloé, Chile.

Habita en los bosques templados del sur de Chile, en dos subpoblaciones separadas por más de 500 km de distancia. La austral es la mayor, con cerca del 90 % del total, se encuentra en la parte occidental de isla Grande de Chiloé. La septentrional es la menor, se sitúa en una pequeña zona de la cordillera de Nahuelbuta, dentro del parque nacional Nahuelbuta y en sus alrededores.[2]

Gracias al uso de cámaras trampa, científicos de la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Universidad de Minnesota y Universidad Andrés Bello descubrieron una población del zorro de Darwin en el parque nacional Alerce Costero, la Reserva Costera Valdiviana y el Parque Oncol, en la Región de Los Ríos.[6]

“Este hallazgo es importantísimo para nuestra Reserva Costera Valdiviana, pues nos da más pruebas y argumentos sobre la importancia de seguir conservando esta área protegida que alberga especies importantísimas para nuestro país”, señaló Maryann Ramírez, gerente de Conservación de The Nature Conservancy, la ONG a cargo de la Reserva Costera Valdiviana. A su turno, Eduardo Silva, académico del Departamento de Ecología y Biodiversidad de la Universidad Andrés Bello, dijo que “este hallazgo era esperado hace bastante tiempo. Si bien existían muchos motivos para sospechar la presencia del zorro de Darwin en estos sitios, a la fecha esto no había podido ser demostrado, a pesar de haber llevado a cabo un trabajo bastante intenso en esta zona".

Estado de conservación

Esta especie es considerada como uno de los carnívoros más amenazados a nivel mundial;[4]​ esto se refleja en el hecho de que ha sido catalogada como en peligro de extinción a causa de la destrucción de su hábitat, de los ataques de perros y de la persecución de avicultores, que lo consideran una amenaza para sus gallinas. Además se han reportado casos de turistas en parques nacionales secuestrando y matando ejemplares.[3]​ La población total se estima que ronda entre los 650 y 2 500 ejemplares, manteniéndose en decrecimiento.[1]

En diciembre de 2011, se firmó el primer acuerdo institucional entre entidades públicas y privadas chilenas para la protección de esta especie.[7]​ A 2020 existen dos programas de conservación presentes dentro del Parque Tantauco.[3]

Esta especie se encuentra protegida, prohibiéndose la caza o captura en todo el territorio nacional, siendo además catalogada como una especie catalogada como beneficiosa para la actividad silvoagropecuaria y benéfica para la mantención del equilibrio de los ecosistemas naturales.[8]

De acuerdo a proyecciones de distribución de la especie, los efectos del cambio climático producirían un aumento en la superficie en la cual esta especie podría habitar.[9]

Taxonomía y etimología

Esta especie fue descrita originalmente por el naturalista Charles Darwin en 1834 durante el segundo viaje del HMS Beagle donde estuvo embarcado; es por esto que uno de los nombres comunes de este animal es Zorro de Darwin.[3]

Posteriormente fue descrito por Martin en 1837 como Vulpes fulvipes. Luego fue trasladado al género Lycalopex . A mediados de la década de 2010 se podía encontrar escrito como Pseudalopex fulvipes,[10][1]​ sinónimo del nombre aceptado.[11][12][13][14]

Referencias

  1. a b c d Silva-Rodríguez, E, Farias, A., Moreira-Arce, D., Cabello, J., Hidalgo-Hermoso, E., Lucherini, M. & Jiménez, J. (2016). «Lycalopex fulvipes». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2016.1 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 5 de agosto de 2016.
  2. a b c Iriarte Walton, Agustín (2008). Mamíferos de Chile. Lynx Edicions. p. 240-241. ISBN 978-84-96553-31-6. Consultado el 12 de octubre de 2020.
  3. a b c d e Ministerio del Medio Ambiente (s.i.). «Lycalopex fulvipes (Martin, 1837)». especies.mma.gob.cl. Consultado el 12 de octubre de 2020.
  4. a b Cabello, Javier; Altet, Laura; Napolitano, Constanza; Sastre, Natalia; Hidalgo, Ezequiel; Dávila, José Antonio; Millán, Javier (27 de diciembre de 2013). «Survey of infectious agents in the endangered Darwin's fox (Lycalopex fulvipes): High prevalence and diversity of hemotrophic mycoplasmas». Veterinary Microbiology (en inglés) 167 (3): 448-454. ISSN 0378-1135. doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.09.034. Consultado el 12 de octubre de 2020.
  5. Acosta-Jamett, Gerardo; Contreras, Sol; Muñoz, Pamela; Briceño, Cristóbal; Chirgwin, Catherine; Hernández, Felipe; Acosta-Jamett, Gerardo; Contreras, Sol et al. (2018-12). «Description of gastrointestinal parasitism through coprologic survey in Darwin’s fox, Lycalopex fulvipes (Martin 1837), and kodkod, Leopardus guigna (Molina 1782), in Chiloé island, Chile». Gayana (Concepción) 82 (2): 160-165. ISSN 0717-6538. doi:10.4067/S0717-65382018000200160. Consultado el 12 de octubre de 2020. Se sugiere usar |número-autores= (ayuda)
  6. Farias, Ariel A.; Sepúlveda, Maximiliano A.; Silva-Rodríguez, Eduardo A.; Eguren, Antonieta; González, Danilo; Jordán, Natalia I.; Ovando, Erwin; Stowhas, Paulina et al. (26 de marzo de 2014). «A new population of Darwin's fox (Lycalopex fulvipes) in the Valdivian Coastal Range». Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 87 (1): 3. ISSN 0717-6317. doi:10.1186/0717-6317-87-3. Consultado el 12 de octubre de 2020. Se sugiere usar |número-autores= (ayuda)
  7. Radio Biobío (14 de diciembre de 2011). «Firman acuerdo que protege al Zorro de Darwin en la cordillera de Nahuelbuta». Consultado el 15 de diciembre de 2011.
  8. Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional. «DECRETO 5 QUE APRUEBA REGLAMENTO DE LA LEY DE CAZA | MINISTERIO DE AGRICULTURA». www.bcn.cl/leychile (en inglés). Consultado el 12 de octubre de 2020.
  9. Molina, Camila; Castillo, Andrea; Samaniego, Horacio; Molina, Camila; Castillo, Andrea; Samaniego, Horacio (2018-06). «Evaluation of the environmental niche of Lycalopex fulvipes (Darwin’s fox) and the incidence of climate change on its geographic distribution». Gayana (Concepción) 82 (1): 65-78. ISSN 0717-6538. doi:10.4067/S0717-65382018000100065. Consultado el 12 de octubre de 2020.
  10. Sibero-Zubiri, C. (2009). «Family Canidae (dogs)». in: Wilson, D. E. & Mittermeier, R. A. eds (2009). Handbook of the Mammals of the World (en inglés). Vol I. Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx edicions. p. 429. ISBN 978-84-96553-49-1.
  11. Wang, X., R. H. Tedford, B. Van Valkenburg, y R. K. Wayne. 2004. Phylogeny, Classification, and Evolutionary Ecology of the Canidae. Pp. 8-20, en: Canids: Foxes, Wolves, Jackals, and Dogs. Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan (C. Sillero-Zubiri, M. Hoffman, y D. W. MacDonald, eds.). IUCN/SSC Canid Specialist Group, Gland, Switzerland, and Cambridge, 430 pp.
  12. Zunino, G.E., Vaccaro, O.B., Canevari, M. and Gardner, A.L. 1995. Taxonomy of the genus Lycalopex (Carnivora: Canidae) in Argentina. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 108: 729-747
  13. Tedford, R. H., Taylor, B. E., & Wang, X. (1995). Phylogeny of the Caninae (Carnivora, Canidae): the living taxa. American Museum novitates; no. 3146.
  14. Sistema Integrado de Información Taxonómica. «Lycalopex fulvipes (TSN 621777)» (en inglés).

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Lycalopex fulvipes: Brief Summary ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

fornecido por wikipedia ES

El zorro chilote o zorro de Darwin (Lycalopex fulvipes) es un cánido endémico del sur de Chile. Fue descrito por primera vez en 1834 por Charles Darwin, quien lo clasificó erróneamente como una subespecie del zorro chilla (L. griseus). Se considera la especie de cánido en mayor riesgo de extinción en el mundo. No tiene subespecies.

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Lycalopex fulvipes ( Basco )

fornecido por wikipedia EU
(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Lycalopex fulvipes: Brief Summary ( Basco )

fornecido por wikipedia EU

Lycalopex fulvipes Lycalopex generoko eta Canidae familiako ugaztun haragijale bat da.

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Darwininkettu ( Finlandês )

fornecido por wikipedia FI

Darwininkettu[2] (Lycalopex fulvipes,[3] synonyymeja Pseudalopex griseus fulvipes, Pseudalopex fulvipes ja Dusicyon fulvipes) on Chilessä erittäin uhanalaisena elävä kotoperäinen koiraeläinlaji.[1] Laji on nimetty luonnontieteilijä Charles Darwinin mukaan. Sitä pidettiin vuoteen 1996 asti lintuketun (Lycalopex griseus) alalajina, mutta DNA-analyysit osoittivat sen olevan oma lajinsa.[3]

Esiintyminen ja eriytyminen osapopulaatioiksi

Darwininkettua esiintyy ainoastaan Chiloén saarella sekä pieni osapopulaatio mantereella Nahuelbutan kansallispuistossa. 2010-luvulla tehtyjen tutkimusten perusteella darwininkettuja on Chiloélla vähintään 412 ja mantereella 227 sukukypsää yksilöä. Aiemmin laji määriteltiin äärimmäisen uhanalaiseksi, sillä yksilöitä arvioitiin olevan maksimissaan 250.[1]Darwininkettu elää ainoastaan sademetsissä. Se on aktiivisimmillaan auringonlaskun aikaan.

Tutkiessaan darwininkettua Darwin huomasi siinä eroavaisuuksia mantereella eläviin sukulaislajeihin andienkettuun ja lintukettuun verrattuna. Se on väriltään tummempi, kooltaan pienempi ja lyhytjalkaisempi eikä risteydy sukulaislajiensa kanssa. Lajia pidettiin silti pitkään lintuketun (Pseudalopex griseus) alalajina (Pseudalopex griseus fulvipes). Geenitutkimuksissa laji osoittautui kuitenkin omakseen.

Myöhäisellä pleistoseenikaudella Chiloén saari oli yhteydessä mantereeseen. Maasilta katkesi noin 15 000 vuotta sitten merenpinnan kohoamisen takia ja aiheutti populaation jakautumisen kahdeksi eristetyksi osapopulaatioksi.

Uhat

Vaikka kanta onkin suhteellisen turvassa kansallispuistoissa, laji on kuitenkin vaarassa. Suurin uhka on elinympäristön eli trooppisten sademetsien hävittäminen. Muita mahdollisia uhkia ovat muun muassa koirat sekä koirien ja muiden eläimien levittämät loiset.[1] Chiloén saarella darwininkettuja on myös pidetty laittomasti lemmikkieläiminä.

Lähteet

  1. a b c d e Silva-Rodríguez, E, Farias, A., Moreira-Arce, D., Cabello, J., Hidalgo-Hermoso, E., Lucherini, M. & Jiménez, J.: Pseudalopex fulvipes IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2016.2. 2016. International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN, Iucnredlist.org. Viitattu 6.9.2016. (englanniksi)
  2. Kauhala, Kaarina: Koiran villit sukulaiset, s. 240–241, 243–245. Juva: WSOY, 2000. ISBN 951-0-23728-0.
  3. a b Wilson, Don E. & Reeder, DeeAnn M. (toim.): Lycalopex fulvipes Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed). 2005. Bucknell University. Viitattu 20.3.2011. (englanniksi)

Aiheesta muualla

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Darwininkettu: Brief Summary ( Finlandês )

fornecido por wikipedia FI

Darwininkettu (Lycalopex fulvipes, synonyymeja Pseudalopex griseus fulvipes, Pseudalopex fulvipes ja Dusicyon fulvipes) on Chilessä erittäin uhanalaisena elävä kotoperäinen koiraeläinlaji. Laji on nimetty luonnontieteilijä Charles Darwinin mukaan. Sitä pidettiin vuoteen 1996 asti lintuketun (Lycalopex griseus) alalajina, mutta DNA-analyysit osoittivat sen olevan oma lajinsa.

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Renard de Darwin ( Francês )

fornecido por wikipedia FR

Lycalopex fulvipes

Le Renard de Darwin (Lycalopex fulvipes, syn. Pseudalopex fulvipes ou Dusicyon fulvipes) est une petite espèce de canidé, actuellement menacée, du genre Lycalopex. Le Renard de Darwin a été découvert sur l'île de Chiloé, au large du Chili, par le naturaliste Charles Darwin en 1834. Une théorie fut longtemps maintenue, selon laquelle le Renard de Darwin était une sous-espèce du Renard gris d'Argentine (P. griseus) ; toutefois, la découverte en 1990 d'une petite population de Renards de Darwin, sur le continent, et plus précisément dans le parc national Nahuelbuta[1] et des analyses génétiques subséquentes ont établi le statut d'espèce unique du Renard de Darwin[2].

Taxinomie et évolution

Lycalopex est un genre sud-américain de canidé, et le Renard de Darwin, ayant une lointaine parenté avec les loups, n'est techniquement pas un renard. Quand Charles Darwin recueillit un spécimen de l'île de Chiloé, il observa qu'il était à distinguer des espèces P. culpaeus et P. griseus, qui se rencontrent sur le continent[3]. Le Renard de Darwin ne s'hybride pas avec les autres espèces du même genre; vivant uniquement dans les forêts, il est plus petit et de couleur plus sombre que les autres espèces. Il fallut attendre la découverte d'une petite population de Renards de Darwin, sur le continent, dans le parc national forestier de Nahuelbuta, ainsi que des analyses génétiques, pour confirmer que le Renard de Darwin constituait une espèce distincte.

À l'époque du Pléistocène tardif, l'île de Chiloé était reliée au Chili par un pont de terre. Ce dernier disparut il y a 15 000 ans, quand le niveau de la mer augmenta, à la suite de la dernière glaciation[4], ce qui conduisit à l'existence de deux populations isolées de Renards de Darwin.

Description physique

 src=
Un Renard de Darwin mâle sur l'île de Chiloé

Le Renard de Darwin a un pelage brun foncé, avec des zones rouges sur la tête et la face, et a des jambes plus courtes que celles des renards continentaux. Il pèse de deux à quatre kilos[2].

Régime alimentaire

Le Renard de Darwin a une alimentation diversifiée. Dans les forêts denses où il existe, les renards chassent des mammifères, des reptiles, des coccinelles et des invertébrés. Toutefois il peut aussi manger des fruits et des baies sur le sol ou des arbres a sa taille et parfois des oiseaux et des amphibiens. Il mange parfois des charognes, mais il se nourrit surtout d'animaux vivants et de fruits. Il est donc surtout un omnivore, parfois un charognard.

Habitat

On considère généralement que le Renard de Darwin est une espèce exclusivement forestière, habitant les forêts humides et tempérées du Sud[5]. On les rencontre seulement dans les zones boisées de Chiloé et du continent. Ils sont le plus actifs au crépuscule et avant le lever du soleil.

Statut de conservation

On pense qu'il ne subsiste plus que 250 Renards de Darwin sur l'île Chiloé, et environ 70 sur le continent ; ils sont par conséquent considérés comme très gravement menacés par l'UICN[5]. La fragmentation de la forêt adjacente aux parcs nationaux est un sujet d'inquiétude, tandis que les chiens présents dans les parcs, causes potentielles de décès par contamination ou d'attaques directes, sont probablement la plus grande menace pour la survie des renards. La persécution des gens qui pensent qu'ils attaquent leurs volailles, même s'ils présentent peu de danger, est également un problème potentiel.

Effort de conservation

Des actions sont menées afin d'aider ce petit canidé. En effet, des lois chiliennes ont été mises en place contre le braconnage depuis 1929. Aussi de nombreuses recherches sont effectuées sur le terrain car on estime que quelques endroits non visités pourraient être habités par quelques-uns de ces animaux. Certains zoos ont pris à leur charge des couples de renard afin de développer et de protéger l'espèce, notamment le parc zoologique Niri-Vilcún de Temuco, au Chili.

Références

  1. Medel, R.G. et al. 1990. Discovery of a continental population of the rare Darwin Fox, Dusicyon fulvipes (Martin, 1839) in Chile. Biological Conservation 51:71-77 (en)
  2. a et b Yahnke, C.J. et al. 1996. Darwin's Fox: A Distinct Endangered Species in a Vanishing Habitat. Conservation Biology 10:366-375 (en)
  3. Darwin, C. 1839. Journal of researches into the geology and natural history of the various countries visited by H.M.S. Beagle, under the command of Captain Fitzroy, R.N. from 1832–1836. London: Henry Colburn. (en)
  4. Villagrán, C. 1988. Late Quaternary vegetation of Southern Isla Grande de Chiloë, Chile. Quaternary Research 29: 294–306 (en)
  5. a et b Jiménez, J.E., Lucherini, M. & Novaro, A.J. 2004. Pseudalopex fulvipes. In: IUCN 2004. 2004 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. (en)

Voir aussi

Références taxonomiques

Bibliographie

  • (es) Charif Tala et all., Especies Amenazadas de Chile:Protejámoslas y evitemos su extinción, CONAMA, 2009, 122 p. (ISBN 978-956-7204-29-8, lire en ligne), p. 41, Zorro chilote
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Renard de Darwin: Brief Summary ( Francês )

fornecido por wikipedia FR

Lycalopex fulvipes

Le Renard de Darwin (Lycalopex fulvipes, syn. Pseudalopex fulvipes ou Dusicyon fulvipes) est une petite espèce de canidé, actuellement menacée, du genre Lycalopex. Le Renard de Darwin a été découvert sur l'île de Chiloé, au large du Chili, par le naturaliste Charles Darwin en 1834. Une théorie fut longtemps maintenue, selon laquelle le Renard de Darwin était une sous-espèce du Renard gris d'Argentine (P. griseus) ; toutefois, la découverte en 1990 d'une petite population de Renards de Darwin, sur le continent, et plus précisément dans le parc national Nahuelbuta et des analyses génétiques subséquentes ont établi le statut d'espèce unique du Renard de Darwin.

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Sionnach Darwin ( Irlandês )

fornecido por wikipedia GA

Is ainmhí é an sionnach Darwin. Mamach atá ann.


Ainmhí
Is síol ainmhí é an t-alt seo. Cuir leis, chun cuidiú leis an Vicipéid.
Má tá alt níos forbartha le fáil i dteanga eile, is féidir leat aistriúchán Gaeilge a dhéanamh.


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Lycalopex fulvipes ( Italiano )

fornecido por wikipedia IT

La pseudovolpe di Darwin (Lycalopex fulvipes Martin, 1837) è una piccola licalopecia gravemente minacciata. Nota anche come Zorro Chilote o Zorro de Darwin[2] in spagnolo, vive su Chiloé e nel Parco Nazionale di Nahuelbuta in Cile (Regione di Araucanía).

La prima pseudovolpe di Darwin nota alla scienza venne catturata nel 1834 sull'isola di San Pedro, al largo delle coste del Cile, dal naturalista Charles Darwin. È stata considerata per lungo tempo una sottospecie della chilla (L. griseus); tuttavia, la scoperta di una piccola popolazione sul continente, avvenuta nel Parco Nazionale di Nahuelbuta nel 1990[3], e le analisi genetiche effettuate in seguito hanno dimostrato senza ombra di dubbio che si tratta di una specie a tutti gli effetti[4].

Tassonomia

Il genere Lycalopex raggruppa sei specie sudamericane di Canidi imparentate alla lontana con i lupi, che, seppur chiamate comunemente «volpi», non hanno alcun legame di parentela con le vere volpi del genere Vulpes. Charles Darwin ricorda con queste parole la cattura di un esemplare di L. fulvipes sull'isola di San Pedro, nell'Arcipelago di Chiloé, nel dicembre del 1834, durante il viaggio del Beagle: «Un esemplare di volpe appartenente a una specie nuova e molto rara che pare esclusiva di quest'isola stava seduto su una roccia. Era così assorta a spiare il lavoro degli ufficiali che, muovendomi cautamente alle sue spalle, mi riuscì di raggiungerla e di abbatterla con un colpo del mio martello da geologo»[5]. Nel Viaggio di un naturalista intorno al mondo, pubblicato nel 1839, Darwin aggiunse: «Questa volpe, forse più curiosa, forse più dotata per la scienza, ma certamente meno saggia delle sue consorelle europee, si trova adesso impagliata nel museo della Zoological Society». Reputandola «appartenente a una specie nuova»[6], il celebre naturalista la considerava distinta dalle specie (P. culpaeus e P. griseus) esistenti sul continente. Successivamente, la pseudovolpe di Darwin venne classificata come una sottospecie (P. g. fulvipes) di quest'ultima.

 src=
Esemplare maschio ad Ahuenco, sull'isola di Chiloé (Cile).

La pseudovolpe di Darwin non si incrocia mai con le altre specie del genere Lycalopex, vive unicamente nelle foreste ed è più piccola e di colore più scuro delle altre specie. Nel 1990, quando una piccola popolazione di volpi di Darwin venne scoperta sul continente, nelle foreste del Parco Nazionale di Nahuelbuta, gli studiosi si resero conto che la volpe non era endemica dell'isola. In un articolo pubblicato nel 1996 sul Journal of the Society for Conservation Biology, Yahnke et al. scrissero che il DNA mitocondriale della volpe di Darwin era distinto da quello della volpe grigia sudamericana: P. fulvipes, quindi, era a tutti gli effetti una specie distinta, strettamente imparentata con la pseudovolpe di Sechura. Sempre secondo gli stessi autori (1995 e 1996), il ristretto areale della specie sarebbe solamente tutto ciò che resta di un'antica distribuzione più ampia. Gli zoologi resero inoltre note le differenze nella nicchia ecologica, nell'aspetto e nel comportamento di questa specie. La pseudovolpe di Darwin si differenzia dalla chilla per la colorazione più scura, le zampe più corte, il cranio più corto e largo, le bolle timpaniche più piccole, la dentatura più robusta e per alcuni aspetti della forma della mandibola e della modalità di occlusione dei premolari.

Nel Pleistocene superiore, Chiloé era unita al continente da un ponte di terra. Quest'ultimo scomparve circa 15.000 anni fa, quando, in seguito all'ultima glaciazione, il livello dei mari si alzò di nuovo[7]. Ciò portò alla creazione di due popolazioni isolate di volpe di Darwin.

Descrizione

Con una lunghezza testa-corpo di 48–60 cm, una coda di 17–26 cm e 1,9-3,95 kg di peso, quella di Darwin è una delle più piccole specie di pseudovolpe del mondo; ha struttura tarchiata, corpo allungato e zampe corte. Il muso è piccolo e sottile e si estende fino a una fronte piuttosto arrotondata, e la coda è relativamente breve e folta. La folta pelliccia varia nella colorazione dal grigio brizzolato scuro al quasi nero, con alcune zone di un caratteristico colore rosso-ruggine sulla parte inferiore delle zampe e attorno alle orecchie. L'addome, il petto, la parte inferiore del muso e l'interno delle orecchie sono di colore crema pallido o bianco, e la coda è grigio scura.

Distribuzione e habitat

Endemica del Cile, la pseudovolpe di Darwin occupa un areale disgiunto costituito da appena due popolazioni; la più piccola vive sul continente, nelle montagne costiere del Parco Nazionale di Nahuelbuta e nei suoi dintorni; la più grande è situata a circa 600 km di distanza, sull'isola di Chiloé, presso le coste meridionali del Paese[2].

Sulle coste rivolte al Pacifico di Chiloé, la pseudovolpe occupa un areale frammentato costituito da dune di sabbia miste a fitte foreste sempreverdi, mentre nella parte settentrionale dell'isola popola le foreste di latifoglie di pianura e i pascoli. Predilige le foreste primarie, sebbene viva anche in foreste secondarie e terreni più aperti.

Biologia

La pseudovolpe di Darwin è onnivora e la sua dieta è costituita da una vasta gamma di piccoli mammiferi, uccelli, rettili, anfibi, coleotteri, invertebrati, frutta, bacche e semi. Questa dieta varia è di fondamentale importanza per la sopravvivenza della volpe, dal momento che nel suo habitat la disponibilità di cibo varia a seconda delle stagioni. Sebbene cacci generalmente da sola, talvolta, attorno a una carogna, si possono radunare fino a quattro esemplari. A Chiloé, queste pseudovolpi a volte uccidono polli, effettuano scorrerie nelle discariche e addirittura penetrano all'interno delle abitazioni di notte, in cerca di cibo, apparentemente non intimorite dalle persone e dai cani che vi abitano.

Sebbene a Chiloé questa specie sia generalmente solitaria, tranne che nella stagione degli amori, quando si creano coppie temporanee, sul continente sembra che le pseudovolpi vivano in coppie per tutto l'anno[8]. Le coppie condividono il proprio territorio con i figli nati negli anni precedenti. Generalmente nascono due o tre piccoli.

Conservazione

Si ritiene che esistano almeno 412 pseudovolpi di Darwin a Chiloé e vi siano circa 489 esemplari sul continente; per questo motivo la IUCN classifica la specie tra quelle in pericolo[2]. La distruzione delle foreste adiacenti al Parco Nazionale di Nahuelbuta e su Chiloé costituiscono una minaccia per la sopravvivenza della specie, così come i cani randagi, che possono diffondere malattie mortali o attaccare direttamente le pseudovolpi. Un altro problema è la persecuzione da parte degli allevatori, i quali ritengono la pseudovolpe nemica dei loro polli domestici; è vero che ogni tanto le volpi fanno irruzione nei pollai, ma questo accade solo di rado.

Note

  1. ^ (EN) D.E. Wilson e D.M. Reeder, Lycalopex fulvipes, in Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 3ª ed., Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005, ISBN 0-8018-8221-4.
  2. ^ a b c d (EN) Silva-Rodríguez, E, Farias, A., Moreira-Arce, D., Cabello, J., Hidalgo-Hermoso, E., Lucherini, M. & Jiménez, J. 2016, Lycalopex fulvipes, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020.
  3. ^ Medel, R.G. et al. 1990. Discovery of a continental population of the rare Darwin fox, Dusicyon fulvipes (Martin, 1839) in Chile. Biological Conservation 51:71-77
  4. ^ Yahnke, C.J. et al. 1996. Darwin's Fox: A Distinct Endangered Species in a Vanishing Habitat. Conservation Biology 10:366-375
  5. ^ Keynes, R. D. ed. 2001. Charles Darwin's Beagle diary. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 272–273
  6. ^ Darwin, C. R. 1839. Narrative of the surveying voyages of His Majesty's Ships Adventure and Beagle between the years 1826 and 1836, Journal and Remarks 1832–1836. London: Henry Colburn. p. 341
  7. ^ Villagrán, C. 1988. Late Quaternary vegetation of Southern Isla Grande de Chiloë, Chile. Quaternary Research 29: 294–306
  8. ^ Jiménez, J.E., Lucherini, M. & Novaro, A.J., 2004; IUCN & CSG 2004). On mainland Chile, Jaime Jiménez has observed a small population since 1975 in Nahuelbuta National Park; this population was first reported to science in the early 1990s (Medel et al. 1990; Jiménez, J.E., Lucherini, M. & Novaro, A.J., 2004; IUCN, 2004

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Lycalopex fulvipes: Brief Summary ( Italiano )

fornecido por wikipedia IT

La pseudovolpe di Darwin (Lycalopex fulvipes Martin, 1837) è una piccola licalopecia gravemente minacciata. Nota anche come Zorro Chilote o Zorro de Darwin in spagnolo, vive su Chiloé e nel Parco Nazionale di Nahuelbuta in Cile (Regione di Araucanía).

La prima pseudovolpe di Darwin nota alla scienza venne catturata nel 1834 sull'isola di San Pedro, al largo delle coste del Cile, dal naturalista Charles Darwin. È stata considerata per lungo tempo una sottospecie della chilla (L. griseus); tuttavia, la scoperta di una piccola popolazione sul continente, avvenuta nel Parco Nazionale di Nahuelbuta nel 1990, e le analisi genetiche effettuate in seguito hanno dimostrato senza ombra di dubbio che si tratta di una specie a tutti gli effetti.

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Darvino lapė ( Lituano )

fornecido por wikipedia LT
Binomas Lycalopex fulvipes
Paplitimo arealas

Darvino lapė (lot. Lycalopex fulvipes, angl. Darwin's fox, isp. zorro chilote, zorro de Darwin) – šuninių (Canidae) šeimos žinduolis. Gyvena Pietų Amerikos vakarinėje dalyje, žemyninės Čilės Nahuelbuta nacionaliniame parke (Araukanijos regionas), Valdivijos provincijos pakrantės kalnuose (Los Rioso regionas) bei Čilojės saloje.

 src=
Darvino lapė (patinas) Čilojės saloje, Čilėje

Darvino lapę Čilės pakrantės San Pedro saloje (Čilojės salynas) pirmą kartą 1834 m. aptiko gamtininkas Čarlzas Darvinas. Ilgai Darvino lapė buvo laikoma Pietų Amerikos pilkosios lapės (L. griseus) porūšiu. Tačiau nedidelės populiacijos suradimas Nahuelbutos nacionaliniame parke žemyninėje dalyje 1990 m. ir vėlesnė genetinė analizė leido patikslinti šios lapės statusą kaip unikalią rūšį. 2012 m. ir 2013 Darvino lapės gyvenamąsias vietas Oncol parke, Alerce Costero nacionaliniame parke ir Valdivijos pakrančių rezervate patvirtino slaptų kamerų įrašai.

Biologija

Tai yra tipiškas miško gyvūnas, gyvenantis pietinėse, nedaug drėgnose džiunglėse. Darvino lapė gyvena pavieniui, aktyvi visų pirma prietemoje ir prieš aušros valandas. Minta vabzdžiais, smulkiais žinduoliais, paukščiais, varliagyviais, uogomis, dvėseliena. Jos kailis tamsios spalvos su rausvomis dėmėmis ant galvos ir veido. Gyvūnas nesiporuoja su kitais Pseudalopex atstovais. Ji mažesnė pagal dydį ir tamsesiu kailiu. Jos kojos trumpesnės nei lapių, gyvenančių žemyne. Lapės svoris 2-4 kg, kuris yra žymiai mažesnis už Pietų Amerikos pilkosios lapės, sveriančios nuo 5 iki 10 kg.

Čilojės saloje gyvena 200, o žemyne - mažiau nei 50 individų. Ši rūšis priskiriama nykstančioms rūšims. Populiacijai pagrindinį pavojų kelia miškų plotų mažėjimas aplink nacionalinį parką, valkataujantys šunys, kurie užpuola lapes ir platina infekcines ligas.

Šaltiniai

Vikiteka

  1. „IUCN Red List - Lycalopex fulvipes“. IUCN Red list. Nuoroda tikrinta 2016-03-04.
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Darvino lapė: Brief Summary ( Lituano )

fornecido por wikipedia LT

Darvino lapė (lot. Lycalopex fulvipes, angl. Darwin's fox, isp. zorro chilote, zorro de Darwin) – šuninių (Canidae) šeimos žinduolis. Gyvena Pietų Amerikos vakarinėje dalyje, žemyninės Čilės Nahuelbuta nacionaliniame parke (Araukanijos regionas), Valdivijos provincijos pakrantės kalnuose (Los Rioso regionas) bei Čilojės saloje.

 src= Darvino lapė (patinas) Čilojės saloje, Čilėje

Darvino lapę Čilės pakrantės San Pedro saloje (Čilojės salynas) pirmą kartą 1834 m. aptiko gamtininkas Čarlzas Darvinas. Ilgai Darvino lapė buvo laikoma Pietų Amerikos pilkosios lapės (L. griseus) porūšiu. Tačiau nedidelės populiacijos suradimas Nahuelbutos nacionaliniame parke žemyninėje dalyje 1990 m. ir vėlesnė genetinė analizė leido patikslinti šios lapės statusą kaip unikalią rūšį. 2012 m. ir 2013 Darvino lapės gyvenamąsias vietas Oncol parke, Alerce Costero nacionaliniame parke ir Valdivijos pakrančių rezervate patvirtino slaptų kamerų įrašai.

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Darvina zorro ( Letão )

fornecido por wikipedia LV

Darvina zorro (Pseudalopex fulvipes) jeb Darvina lapsa ir suņu dzimtas (Canidae) zorro ģints (Pseudalopex) plēsējs.

Vārds "zorro" spāņu valodā nozīmē "lapsa". Lai arī šos dzīvniekus mēdz saukt par lapsām, tie pieder pie suņu cilts nevis lapsu cilts. Tādēļ tos sauc par neīstajām jeb pseidolapsām (Pseudalopex), bet lapsas no lapsu cilts par īstajām lapsām.

Darvina zorro sauc arī par Čilojes zorro, jo tas pamatā dzīvo Čilojes salā un nelielā daudzumā kontinentā Navelvutas Nacionālajā parkā Čīlē[1]. Tas ir vienīgais zorro, kas dzīvo lietus mežos atšķirībā no citiem zorro, kuriem patīk klajas vietas[1].

Darvina zorro izdzīvošana mūsdienās ir ļoti apdraudēta. Čilojes salā dzīvo apmēram 200 indivīdu, bet Navelvutas Nacionālajā parkā 50 zorro[1]. Lai arī parka robežās zorro ir aizsargāts, tas ziemas laikā mēdz pārvietoties, piemeklējot siltāku klimatu zemāk ielejā[2], tādējādi izejot ārpus parka teritorijas, kur to var nomedīt mājas suņi un arī cilvēki mēdz šaut zorro dēļ aizspriedumiem, domājot, ka zorro nāk medīt viņu mājputnus.

Vēsture

Pirmo reizi Darvina zorro atklāja Sanpedro salā pie Čīles krastiem 1834. gadā dabas pētnieks Čārlzs Darvins savā ceļojumā ar kuģi Bīgls. Kad Darvins pirmo reizi redzēja Darvina zorro Sanpedro salā, viņš uzreiz novērtēja to, ka salas zorro atšķiras no zorro, kas apdzīvo kontinentu[3]. Tomēr ilgu laiku Darvina zorro tika sistematizēts kā viena no pelēkā zorro pasugām. Viss mainījās, kad kontinentā 1990. gadā Nahelbutas Nacionālajā parkā atklāja nelielu Darvina zorro populāciju[4]. Zorro veica ģenētiskos pētījumus, un zinātnieki nonāca pie secinājuma, ka Darvina zorro ir patstāvīga, unikāla suga[5]. Darvina zorro vistuvākais radinieks ir Sečuras zorro. Tomēr Darvina zorro ir ļoti atšķirīgs no citiem zorro, tas augumā ir mazāks, ar īsākām kājām, tā kažoks ir tumšāks, galvaskauss platāks un īsāks, un apakšžokļa forma atšķirīga, tas nekad nekrustojas ar citiem zorro.

 src=
Darvina zorro Čilojes salā

Pleistocēna laikā Čilojes sala bija savienota ar kontinentu. Pirms 15 000 gadiem savienojums ar kontinentu tika pārrauts, ceļoties jūras līmenim[6]. Tādējādi radās divas izolētas Darvina zorro populācijas.

Izskats un ieradumi

Darvina zorro kažoka krāsa variē no tumši brūnas līdz violeti pelēkai, ar sarkanbrūnu nokrāsu uz sejas, ausīm un īsajām kājām. Tā pazode un pavēdere ir balta, bet to ir grūti ievērot, jo tumšā pakakle un krūtis piesedz balto vēderu. Darvina zorro ir mājas kaķa lielumā, tā ķermeņa garums ir 53 cm, astes garums 22 cm[7], svars ir 2 - 4 kg. Darvina zorro dzīvo apmēram 7 gadus.

Darvina zorro ir visēdājs. Biezajos mežos, ko apdzīvo zorro, tas medī sīkus zīdītājus, rāpuļus, vaboles un citus kukaiņus. Tas ēd arī augļus un ogas. Pie izdevības tiek nomedīti arī putni un abinieki. Medīt tie dodas pēc saulrieta un līdz saullēktam.

Atsauces

  1. 1,0 1,1 1,2 Pseudalopex fulvipes (Darwin's Fox)
  2. Jiménez, J.E., Lucherini, M. & Novaro, A.J., 2004; IUCN & CSG 2004). On mainland Chile, Jaime Jiménez has observed a small population since 1975 in Nahuelbuta National Park; this population was first reported to science in the early 1990s (Medel et al. 1990; Jiménez, J.E., Lucherini, M. & Novaro, A.J., 2004; IUCN, 2004
  3. Darwin, C. 1839. Journal of researches into the geology and natural history of the various countries visited by H.M.S. Beagle, under the command of Captain Fitzroy, R.N. from 1832–1836. London: Henry Colburn.
  4. Medel, R.G. et al. 1990. Discovery of a continental population of the rare Darwin Fox, Dusicyon fulvipes (Martin, 1839) in Chile. Biological Conservation 51:71-77
  5. Yahnke, C.J. et al. 1996. Darwin's Fox: A Distinct Endangered Species in a Vanishing Habitat. Conservation Biology 10:366-375
  6. Villagrán, C. 1988. Late Quaternary vegetation of Southern Isla Grande de Chiloë, Chile. Quaternary Research 29: 294–306
  7. Darwin's Fox: The Animal Files

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visite a fonte
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wikipedia LV

Darvina zorro: Brief Summary ( Letão )

fornecido por wikipedia LV

Darvina zorro (Pseudalopex fulvipes) jeb Darvina lapsa ir suņu dzimtas (Canidae) zorro ģints (Pseudalopex) plēsējs.

Vārds "zorro" spāņu valodā nozīmē "lapsa". Lai arī šos dzīvniekus mēdz saukt par lapsām, tie pieder pie suņu cilts nevis lapsu cilts. Tādēļ tos sauc par neīstajām jeb pseidolapsām (Pseudalopex), bet lapsas no lapsu cilts par īstajām lapsām.

Darvina zorro sauc arī par Čilojes zorro, jo tas pamatā dzīvo Čilojes salā un nelielā daudzumā kontinentā Navelvutas Nacionālajā parkā Čīlē. Tas ir vienīgais zorro, kas dzīvo lietus mežos atšķirībā no citiem zorro, kuriem patīk klajas vietas.

Darvina zorro izdzīvošana mūsdienās ir ļoti apdraudēta. Čilojes salā dzīvo apmēram 200 indivīdu, bet Navelvutas Nacionālajā parkā 50 zorro. Lai arī parka robežās zorro ir aizsargāts, tas ziemas laikā mēdz pārvietoties, piemeklējot siltāku klimatu zemāk ielejā, tādējādi izejot ārpus parka teritorijas, kur to var nomedīt mājas suņi un arī cilvēki mēdz šaut zorro dēļ aizspriedumiem, domājot, ka zorro nāk medīt viņu mājputnus.

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visite a fonte
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Rubah Darwin ( Malaio )

fornecido por wikipedia MS

Rubah Darwin (Lycalopex fulvipes) ialah satu kanin terancam genting kecil daripada genus Lycalopex. Ia juga dikenali sebagai rubah Chiloé[2] dan tinggal di Pulau Chiloé dan di Taman Negara Nahuelbuta di Chile tanah besar (Rantau Araucanía).

Rubah Darwin pertama kali dikumpulkan dari Pulau San Pedro di luar pinggir laut Chile oleh ahli alamiah Charles Darwin pada 1834. Rubah Darwin lama dipercayai merupakan subspesies rubah kelabu Amerika Selatan (L. griseus); walau bagaimanapun, penemuan populasi kecil rubah Darwin di tanah besar di Taman Negara Nahuelbuta pada 1990[3] dan analisis genetik ikutan telah menjelaskan status rubah ini sebagai satu spesies unik.[4] Pada 2013 kehadiran rubah Darwin di Taman Oncol dan di Tempat Perlindungan Pinggir Laut Valdivia secara rasminya disahkan.[5]

Rujukan

Wikispesies mempunyai maklumat berkaitan dengan Rubah Darwin Wikimedia Commons mempunyai media berkaitan Rubah Darwin
  1. ^ Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Order Carnivora". dalam Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. Mammal Species of the World (edisi 3rd). Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  2. ^ a b Jiménez et al. (2008). Pseudalopex fulvipes. Senarai Merah Spesies Terancam IUCN 2008. IUCN 2008. Dicapai pada 11 May 2006. Masukan pangkalan data termasuk justifikasi panjang bagi sebab spesies ini terancam genting
  3. ^ Medel, R.G. et al. 1990. Discovery of a continental population of the rare Darwin fox, Dusicyon fulvipes (Martin, 1839) in Chile. Biological Conservation 51:71-77
  4. ^ Yahnke, C.J. et al. 1996. Darwin's Fox: A Distinct Endangered Species in a Vanishing Habitat. Conservation Biology 10:366-375
  5. ^ "Detectan la presencia de zorro de Darwin en las reservas costeras valdivianas", El Mercurio, 15 Jun 2013 Parameter |month= tidak diketahui diabaikan (bantuan)Selenggaraan CS1: Tarikh dan tahun (link)
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Rubah Darwin: Brief Summary ( Malaio )

fornecido por wikipedia MS

Rubah Darwin (Lycalopex fulvipes) ialah satu kanin terancam genting kecil daripada genus Lycalopex. Ia juga dikenali sebagai rubah Chiloé dan tinggal di Pulau Chiloé dan di Taman Negara Nahuelbuta di Chile tanah besar (Rantau Araucanía).

Rubah Darwin pertama kali dikumpulkan dari Pulau San Pedro di luar pinggir laut Chile oleh ahli alamiah Charles Darwin pada 1834. Rubah Darwin lama dipercayai merupakan subspesies rubah kelabu Amerika Selatan (L. griseus); walau bagaimanapun, penemuan populasi kecil rubah Darwin di tanah besar di Taman Negara Nahuelbuta pada 1990 dan analisis genetik ikutan telah menjelaskan status rubah ini sebagai satu spesies unik. Pada 2013 kehadiran rubah Darwin di Taman Oncol dan di Tempat Perlindungan Pinggir Laut Valdivia secara rasminya disahkan.

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Darwins vos ( Neerlandês; Flamengo )

fornecido por wikipedia NL

Darwins vos (Lycalopex fulvipes syn. Pseudalopex fulvipes) is een hondachtige uit het geslacht Lycalopex.

Kenmerken

Darwins vos heeft een donkerbruine vacht met rode plekken op de kop en in het gezicht. De keel en de buik zijn meestal wit. De poten zijn korter dan die van de soorten die op het vasteland wonen en ze kunnen 2 tot 4 kg wegen; een stuk lichter dan de Patagonische vos die 5 tot 10 kg kan wegen.

Leefwijze

Het voedselpatroon bestaat voornamelijk uit kleine zoogdieren, reptielen, kevers en ongewervelden. Als er geen dieren in de buurt zijn, worden er ook wel vruchten en bessen gegeten. Heel soms eten ze ook vogels en amfibieën, maar het liefste eten ze die niet.

Verspreiding

Hij komt voor op het eiland Chiloé en op het vasteland van Chili in het Nahuelbuta National Park dat in de regio Araucanía ligt.

Darwins vos werd voor het eerst gezien in 1834 op San Pedro Island, voor de kust van Chili, door Charles Darwin. Er werd lang beweerd dat Darwins vos een ondersoort was van de Patagonische vos (P. griseus), maar een genetische analyse heeft aangewezen dat Darwins vos een aparte soort is.[2]

 src=
Verspreidingsgebied van de Darwins vos
Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
  1. (en) Darwins vos op de IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  2. Yahnke, C.J. et al. 1996. Darwin's Fox: A Distinct Endangered Species in a Vanishing Habitat. Conservation Biology 10:366-375
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Darwins vos: Brief Summary ( Neerlandês; Flamengo )

fornecido por wikipedia NL

Darwins vos (Lycalopex fulvipes syn. Pseudalopex fulvipes) is een hondachtige uit het geslacht Lycalopex.

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Darwins rev ( Norueguês )

fornecido por wikipedia NO

Darwins rev (Lycalopex fulvipes) kalles også chiloerev og er monotypisk. Den tilhører slekten av søramerikanske rever, som består av 6 arter med små til mellomstore rovpattedyr som hører hjemme i hundefamilien. Arten ble ansett som kritisk truet fram til i 2016,[3] da den ble nedgradert til sterkt truet.[2]

Beskrivelse

Darwins rev ble ført oppdaget på øya Chiloé utenfor Chile av Charles Darwin i 1834. Helt fram til 1990 trodde man at darwins rev var samme art som argentinsk grårev (L. griseus), men da oppdaget man også en liten populasjon av arten på fastlandet, nærmere bestemt i Nahuelbuta nasjonalpark. Det ledet til en genetisk analyse, som i sin tur kunne fastslå at darwins rev var en egen art.

Darwins rev er en fysisk liten rev som gjerne veier omkring 2-4 kg og har en skulderhøyde på omkring 22,5-25 cm. Den har også forholdsvis kortere ben enn andre arter i slekten. Pelsen er mørk gråsprengt grå til nærmest sort i fargen. Baksiden og kantene av ørene, og nedover bena har den en rødmusset farge. På undersiden av kjeven, innsiden av ørene, i brystet og i buken har den kremhvit eller nærmest hvit farge.

Inndeling

Inndelingen av søramerikanske rever følger Tchaicka et al. (2016),[4] men rekkefølgen regnes ikke som endelig avklart. Perini, Russo & Schrago (2010) regner L. sechurae som basal i treet,[5] mens Tchaicka et al. (2016) har kommet fram til at L. vetulus er mest basal.[4]

Treliste

Fylogeni



kortøret hund




krabberev







sechurarev



culpeo





pampasrev



grå pampasrev





darwins rev




hoaryrev







mankeulv



bushhund




Referanser

  1. ^ Wozencraft, W.C. (2005). "Order Carnivora". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  2. ^ a b Silva-Rodríguez, E, Farias, A., Moreira-Arce, D., Cabello, J., Hidalgo-Hermoso, E., Lucherini, M. & Jiménez, J. 2016. Lycalopex fulvipes (errata version published in 2016). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T41586A107263066. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41586A85370871.en. Downloaded on 29 March 2018.
  3. ^ Jiménez, J.E., Lucherini, M. & Novaro, A.J. 2004. Pseudalopex fulvipes. In: IUCN 2006. «2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species». Status pr. 26. november 2006
  4. ^ a b Tchaicka, L., Freitas, T. R. O. D., Bager, A., Vidal, S. L., Lucherini, M., Iriarte, A., ... & Wayne, R. K. (2016). Molecular assessment of the phylogeny and biogeography of a recently diversified endemic group of South American canids (Mammalia: Carnivora: Canidae). Genetics and molecular biology, 39(3), 442-451. DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-GMB-2015-0189
  5. ^ Perini FA, Russo CAM and Schrago CG (2010) The evolution of South American endemic canids: A history of rapid diversification and morphological parallelism. J Evol Biol 23:311-322.

Eksterne lenker

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Darwins rev: Brief Summary ( Norueguês )

fornecido por wikipedia NO

Darwins rev (Lycalopex fulvipes) kalles også chiloerev og er monotypisk. Den tilhører slekten av søramerikanske rever, som består av 6 arter med små til mellomstore rovpattedyr som hører hjemme i hundefamilien. Arten ble ansett som kritisk truet fram til i 2016, da den ble nedgradert til sterkt truet.

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Wikipedia forfattere og redaktører
original
visite a fonte
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wikipedia NO

Nibylis Darwina ( Polonês )

fornecido por wikipedia POL
Commons Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons

Nibylis Darwina[3], lis Darwina (Lycalopex fulvipes) – gatunek drapieżnego ssaka z rodziny psowatych (Canidae). Najmniejszy przedstawiciel lisów zamieszkujących Amerykę Południową. Występuje w dwóch izolowanych populacjach − w Parku Narodowym Nahuelbuta (region Araukanii, na południu Chile) i na wyspie Chiloé. Początkowo lis Darwina był opisany tylko z wyspy Chiloé przez Karola Darwina w 1834 roku. Przez długi czas był uznawany za podgatunek argentyńskiego lisa szarego, dopiero w 1990 roku odkryto w chilijskim Parku Narodowym Nahuelbuta niewielką populację owego ssaka, a przeprowadzone badania genetyczne potwierdziły, że jest to odrębny gatunek z rodzaju Lycalopex[4].

Nazwa rodzajowa: gr. λυκος lukos „wilk”; αλωπηξ alōpēx, αλωπεκος alōpekos „lis”[5]. Epitet gatunkowy: łac. fulvus „brązowy, brunatny”; pes, pedis „stopa”, od gr. πους pous, ποδος podos „stopa”[6].

W Czerwonej księdze gatunków zagrożonych Międzynarodowej Unii Ochrony Przyrody i Jej Zasobów został początkowo zaliczony do kategorii CR (krytycznie zagrożony), a w 2016 roku jego status zmieniono na EN (zagrożony)[2].

Gatunek ten jest objęty konwencją waszyngtońską CITES (załącznik II)[7].

Przypisy

  1. Lycalopex fulvipes, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.).
  2. a b E. Silva-Rodríguez, A. Farias, D. Moreira-Arce, J. Cabello, E. Hidalgo-Hermoso, M. Lucherini & J. Jiménez, 2016: Lycalopex fulvipes (ang.). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, 2016. [dostęp 2019-01-17].
  3. W. Cichocki, A. Ważna, J. Cichocki, E. Rajska-Jurgiel, A. Jasiński & W. Bogdanowicz: Polskie nazewnictwo ssaków świata. Warszawa: Muzeum i Instytut Zoologii PAN, 2015, s. 149. ISBN 978-83-88147-15-9. (pol.ang.)
  4. Wilson Don E. & Reeder DeeAnn M. (red.) Lycalopex fulvipes. w: Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (Wyd. 3.) [on-line]. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005. (ang.) [dostęp 22 października 2009]
  5. T.S. Palmer. Index Generum Mammalium: a List of the Genera and Families of Mammals. „North American Fauna”. 23, s. 388, 1904 (ang.).
  6. J.A. Jobling: Key to Scientific Names in Ornithology. W: J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D.A. Christie & E. de Juana (red.): Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions, 2019. [dostęp 2019-01-17]. (ang.)
  7. Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, Appendices I, II and III (ang.). CITES. [dostęp 7 września 2009].
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Autorzy i redaktorzy Wikipedii
original
visite a fonte
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wikipedia POL

Nibylis Darwina: Brief Summary ( Polonês )

fornecido por wikipedia POL

Nibylis Darwina, lis Darwina (Lycalopex fulvipes) – gatunek drapieżnego ssaka z rodziny psowatych (Canidae). Najmniejszy przedstawiciel lisów zamieszkujących Amerykę Południową. Występuje w dwóch izolowanych populacjach − w Parku Narodowym Nahuelbuta (region Araukanii, na południu Chile) i na wyspie Chiloé. Początkowo lis Darwina był opisany tylko z wyspy Chiloé przez Karola Darwina w 1834 roku. Przez długi czas był uznawany za podgatunek argentyńskiego lisa szarego, dopiero w 1990 roku odkryto w chilijskim Parku Narodowym Nahuelbuta niewielką populację owego ssaka, a przeprowadzone badania genetyczne potwierdziły, że jest to odrębny gatunek z rodzaju Lycalopex.

Nazwa rodzajowa: gr. λυκος lukos „wilk”; αλωπηξ alōpēx, αλωπεκος alōpekos „lis”. Epitet gatunkowy: łac. fulvus „brązowy, brunatny”; pes, pedis „stopa”, od gr. πους pous, ποδος podos „stopa”.

W Czerwonej księdze gatunków zagrożonych Międzynarodowej Unii Ochrony Przyrody i Jej Zasobów został początkowo zaliczony do kategorii CR (krytycznie zagrożony), a w 2016 roku jego status zmieniono na EN (zagrożony).

Gatunek ten jest objęty konwencją waszyngtońską CITES (załącznik II).

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Autorzy i redaktorzy Wikipedii
original
visite a fonte
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wikipedia POL

Raposa-de-darwin ( Português )

fornecido por wikipedia PT

A raposa-de-darwin[3] (Lycalopex fulvipes) é um pequeno canídeo endêmico do Chile. É encontrado principalmente em duas populações distintas, a maior delas na Ilha Grande de Chiloé, e a menor no Parque Nacional Nahuelbuta (Região de Araucanía) e Cordilheira Costeira Valdiviana (Região de Los Ríos) no Chile continental.[4]

A raposa-de-darwin foi coletada pela primeira vez em Chiloé, na costa do Chile, pelo naturalista Charles Darwin, em 1834. Há muito tempo se sustentava que a raposa-de-darwin era uma subespécie da raposa-cinzenta-argentina (L. griseus); no entanto, a descoberta de uma pequena população de raposas-de-Darwin no Parque Nacional de Nahuelbuta em 1990[5] e análises genéticas subsequentes esclareceram o status da raposa como uma espécie única.[6] Em 2012 e 2013, a presença da raposa de Darwin no Parque Oncol, no Parque Nacional Alerce Costero e na Reserva Costeira Valdiviana foi confirmada por meio de armadilhas fotográficas.[4]

Até 2008 a espécie era classificada como criticamente em perigo de extinção, devido à baixa quantidade de indivíduos e à restrição de mais de 90% de sua população em uma região isolada. Porém, novas observações mostraram que sua extensão territorial é muito maior do que se pensava, tendo sido reclassificado em 2016 como em perigo, um nível a menos no grau de ameaça.[2]

Descrição

 src=
Macho de Lycalopex fulvipes na costa oeste de Chiloé.

As raposas-de-Darwin são caracterizadas por suas pernas curtas, corpo alongado e cauda curta e espessa. Sua pelagem é uma mistura de preto e cinza com marcas avermelhadas nas orelhas e ao longo da parte inferior das pernas. Manchas brancas ou claras podem ser encontradas sob o queixo e ao longo da barriga.[7] É um animal de pequeno porte, pesando entre 1,8 a 3,95 kg, tem um comprimento da cabeça e do corpo de 48 a 59 cm e uma cauda que é de 17,5 a 25,5 cm.[8]

Os indivíduos são ativos durante o dia e à noite, sem variação entre os sexos. Os indivíduos são solitários fora da época de reprodução. As raposas-de-Darwin parecem não ser territoriais.[7]

A raposa-de-darwin tem um comportamento alimentar generalista e oportunista, se alimentando de insetos, crustáceos, aves, anfíbios, répteis, pequenos mamíferos,[9] frutas e sementes. Às vezes, come carniça, mas come principalmente animais vivos e frutas. Embora as raposas-de-Darwin possam se reunir no local de uma carcaça, elas são principalmente caçadores solitários.[7]

Distribuição e habitat

A raposa-de-darwin é endêmica ao Chile, ocorrendo em toda a floresta costeira temperada em pelo menos três populações distintas: duas populações pequenas e isoladas localizadas no Parque Nacional Nahuelbuta (Região de Araucanía) e na Cordilheira Costeira Valdiviana (Região de Los Ríos), contendo cerca de 230 indivíduos maduros. A terceira metapopulação é localizada na Ilha de Chiloé, composta por cerca de 415 indivíduos maduros.[10][11]

Com o uso de armadilhas fotográficas, a presença de uma população de raposa-de-darwin foi confirmada no Parque Oncol, no Parque Nacional Alerce Costero e na Reserva Costeira Valdiviana, na região de Los Ríos.[4]

As primeiras pesquisas em Nahuelbuta sugeriram que as raposas-de-Darwin estavam associadas à floresta densa; dados mais recentes indicam que são encontradas com mais frequência na floresta densa de Araucaria-Nothofagus, floresta aberta de Nothofagus e ocasionalmente em pastagens abertas.[2] Em Chiloé, as raposas usam uma variedade de habitats, tanto florestas secundárias e cerrados de acordo com a disponibilidade, florestas antigas menos do que o esperado e que o uso das dunas variava entre os indivíduos.[2]

Conservação

Esta espécie é considerada um dos carnívoros mais ameaçados do mundo[10] devido à destruição de seu habitat, ataques de cães e do perseguição de avicultores, que a consideram uma ameaça às suas galinhas. Além disso, tem havido relatos de turistas em parques nacionais sequestrando e matando espécimes.[2]

A população total é estimada entre 650 e 2.500 espécimes, continuando a diminuir..[2] Esta espécie encontra-se protegida, proibindo a caça ou captura em todo o território nacional, sendo também classificada como uma espécie benéfica para a atividade silvoagropecuária e benéfica para a manutenção do equilíbrio dos ecossistemas naturais. De acordo com as projeções da distribuição da espécie, os efeitos das mudanças climáticas produziriam um aumento da área em que esta espécie poderia habitar.

A espécie foi anteriormente classificada como Criticamente Ameaçada pela IUCN, mas em 2016 foi rebaixada para Ameaçada, já que suas ocorrências de área são aparentemente substancialmente maiores do que originalmente se acreditava.[2] As estimativas atuais da população total ainda são baixas, com um mínimo estimado de 227 indivíduos no continente e 412 na Ilha de Chiloé. A fragmentação da floresta adjacente ao parque nacional e na ilha é uma preocupação para sua conservação, e os cães selvagens podem representar a maior ameaça à sua sobrevivência, espalhando doenças ou atacando diretamente. A perseguição por pessoas que pensam que as raposas atacam aves domésticas, embora representem pouca ameaça, também é um problema potencial.

Referências

  1. Wozencraft, W.C. (2005). Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. (eds.), ed. Mammal Species of the World 3 ed. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494 !CS1 manut: Nomes múltiplos: lista de editores (link)
  2. a b c d e f g Silva-Rodríguez, E, Farias, A., Moreira-Arce, D., Cabello, J., Hidalgo-Hermoso, E., Lucherini, M. & Jiménez, J. (2016). Lycalopex fulvipes (em inglês). IUCN 2016. Lista Vermelha de Espécies Ameaçadas da IUCN de 2016 . Página visitada em 2020-10-29..
  3. «raposa-de-darwin». Infopédia. Consultado em 21 de julho de 2021
  4. a b c Farías, A.A.; Sepúlveda, M.A.; Silva-Rodríguez, E.A.; Eguren, A.; González, D.; Jordán, N.I.; Ovando, E.; Stowhas, P.; Svensson, G.L. (2014). «A new population of Darwin's fox (Lycalopex fulvipes) in the Valdivian Coastal Range». Revista Chilena de Historia Natural. 87 (1). 3 páginas. ISSN 0716-078X. doi:10.1186/0717-6317-87-3
  5. Medel, R.C.; Jiménez, J.E.; Jaksic, F.; Yáñez, J.L.; Armesto, J. J. (1990). «Discovery of a continental population of the rare Darwin fox, Dusicyon fulvipes (Martin, 1839) in Chile». Biological Conservation. 51 (1): 71-77. doi:10.1016/0006-3207(90)90033-L
  6. Yahnke, C.J.; et al. (1996). «Darwin's Fox: A Distinct Endangered Species in a Vanishing Habitat». Conservation Biology. 10 (2): 366-375. JSTOR 2386853. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1996.10020366.x !CS1 manut: Uso explícito de et al. (link)
  7. a b c Charlene Fortner (2007). «Lycalopex fulvipes». Animal Diversity Web
  8. Jiménez, J.E. & McMahon, E. «Canids: Foxes, Wolves, Jackals and Dogs. Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan» (PDF). Cópia arquivada (PDF) em 1 de julho de 2013 !CS1 manut: Nomes múltiplos: lista de autores (link)
  9. Jiménez, J.E. (2007). «Ecology of a coastal population of the critically endangered Darwin's fox (Pseudalopex fulvipes) on Chiloé Island, southern Chile». Journal of Zoology. 271 (63-77). doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00218.x
  10. a b Hidalgo-Hermoso, E.; et al. (2020). «An Eight-Year Survey for Canine Distemper Virus Indicates Lack of Exposure in the Endangered Darwin's Fox (Lycalopex fulvipes)». Journal of Wildlife Diseases. 56 (2). doi:10.7589/2019-08-195 !CS1 manut: Uso explícito de et al. (link)
  11. Silva-Rodríguez, E.A.; Ovando, E.; González, D.; Zambrano, B.; Sepúlveda, M.A.; Svensson, G.L.; Cárdenas, R.; Contreras, P.; Farías, A.A. (1 de setembro de 2018). «Large-scale assessment of the presence of Darwin's fox across its newly discovered range». Mammalian Biology. 92: 45-53. ISSN 1616-5047. doi:10.1016/j.mambio.2018.04.003. Consultado em 28 de outubro de 2020 !CS1 manut: Nomes múltiplos: lista de autores (link)
 title=
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Autores e editores de Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
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wikipedia PT

Raposa-de-darwin: Brief Summary ( Português )

fornecido por wikipedia PT

A raposa-de-darwin (Lycalopex fulvipes) é um pequeno canídeo endêmico do Chile. É encontrado principalmente em duas populações distintas, a maior delas na Ilha Grande de Chiloé, e a menor no Parque Nacional Nahuelbuta (Região de Araucanía) e Cordilheira Costeira Valdiviana (Região de Los Ríos) no Chile continental.

A raposa-de-darwin foi coletada pela primeira vez em Chiloé, na costa do Chile, pelo naturalista Charles Darwin, em 1834. Há muito tempo se sustentava que a raposa-de-darwin era uma subespécie da raposa-cinzenta-argentina (L. griseus); no entanto, a descoberta de uma pequena população de raposas-de-Darwin no Parque Nacional de Nahuelbuta em 1990 e análises genéticas subsequentes esclareceram o status da raposa como uma espécie única. Em 2012 e 2013, a presença da raposa de Darwin no Parque Oncol, no Parque Nacional Alerce Costero e na Reserva Costeira Valdiviana foi confirmada por meio de armadilhas fotográficas.

Até 2008 a espécie era classificada como criticamente em perigo de extinção, devido à baixa quantidade de indivíduos e à restrição de mais de 90% de sua população em uma região isolada. Porém, novas observações mostraram que sua extensão territorial é muito maior do que se pensava, tendo sido reclassificado em 2016 como em perigo, um nível a menos no grau de ameaça.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Autores e editores de Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia PT

Darwinräv ( Sueco )

fornecido por wikipedia SV

Darwinräv[2] (Lycalopex fulvipes, syn. Pseudalopex fulvipes) är ett rovdjur i familjen hunddjur. Arten upptäcktes 1831 av den brittiska naturforskaren Charles Darwin på den chilenska ön Chiloé. Tidigare betraktades djuret som underart till pampasräv (Lycalopex griseus) men den har idag artstatus. 1990 beskrevs en mindre population av Lycalopex fulvipes på det sydamerikanska fastlandet i nationalparken Nahuelbuta.[3] Populationen hade observerats sedan 1975.[4]

Utseende

Arten har en mörkbrun päls med rödaktiga områden vid huvudet. Den är mindre och mörkare än andra arter i släktet. Även extremiteterna är kortare än hos andra arter av Lycalopex. Med en vikt av 2 till 4 kilogram är den betydlig mindre än pampasräven (Lycalopex griseus) som väger mellan 5 och 10 kilogram.[5] Kroppslängden ligger vanligen mellan 48 och 56 cm och därtill kommer en 18 till 25 cm lång yvig svans.[4]

Upptäcktshistoria

1831 kom Charles Darwin med fartyget Beagle till ön Chiloé där han dödade en räv. Han beskrev djuret som sällsynt, typisk för ön och som dittills okänt art. Djuret fick i början namnet Dusicyon fulvipes men senare klassificerades den som underart till pampasräv då det inte fanns tydliga morfologiska skillnader mellan dessa djur. Under 1960-talet upptäcktes en population på fastlandet i nationalparken Nahuelbuta och djurets status som underart blev omstridd. Genetiska undersökningar av djurets DNA i mitokondrierna slog fast att darwinräven är en självständig art vad som bekräftade Darwins hypotes.[5]

Utbredning

Under pleistocen fanns en landbro mellan Chiloé och dagens fastland. Arten levde där i täta skogar. Redan tidigare skedde uppdelningen i darwinräv, pampasräv och magellanräv. För cirka 15 000 år blev landbron översvämmad i samband med ett stigande havsnivå på grund av smältande glaciärer.[6] På så sätt uppkom två från varandra skilda populationer. Utbredningsområdet på fastlandet minskade ytterligare orsakat av klimatiska förändringar och människans inflyttande.

Ekologi

Arten är ett typiskt skogsdjur som lever i tempererade regnskogar.[1] Den är främst aktiv vid skymningen och i gryningen.

Föda och jakt

Darwinräven är allätare och anpassar sig lätt till utbudet. Den äter i större mått insekter men även mindre ryggradsdjur som gnagare, fåglar, groddjur och ödlor. Under vissa årstider består födan till 20 procent av frukt och bär. På fastlandet spelar även frön en betydande roll som födokälla. I sällsynta fall äter darwinräven as av medelstora husdjur. Vid större kadaver iakttas ibland flera individer men vanligen jagar varje räv ensam.[4]

Socialt beteende och fortplantning

På grund av undersökningar med kamerafällor antas individerna på Chiloé leva ensamma utanför parningstiden. Reviret är ungefär 1,5 km² stort men reviren överlappar med flera andra darwinrävar av olika kön. Parningen och ungarnas uppfostring äger på ön rum mellan oktober och januari. Hannen lever bara några dagar ihop med honan och deltar inte i vården av ungarna. För att föda ungarna uppsöker honan ett naturligt gömställe, till exempel en bergsspricka.[4]

På fastlandet håller de monogama paren ihop längre än parningstiden och fadern är tillsammans med ungarna när honan jagar. Vanligen föds 2 till 3 ungar per kull och diande honor observerades mellan oktober och februari.[4]

Livslängden i naturen uppskattas med upp till sju år.[4]

Hot

Räven hotas främst av skogarnas förstöring i området kring nationalparken. Förvildade hundar överför sjukdomar som är en andra orsak för den ringa populationen. Av darwinrävar finns mindre än 250 könsmogna individer kvar som till övervägande del (cirka 90 procent) lever på Chiloé. IUCN listar arten som akut hotad (CR).[1]

Referenser

Den här artikeln är helt eller delvis baserad på material från tyskspråkiga Wikipedia, 13 maj 2009.

Tryckta källor

  • Ronald M. Nowak: Walker's Mammals of the World. 6. Auflage. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore 1999, ISBN 0-8018-5789-9.
  • David Macdonald: Die große Enzyklopädie der Säugetiere. Könemann in der Tandem-Verlags-GmbH, Königswinter 2004, ISBN 3-8331-1006-6.

Noter

  1. ^ [a b c] Jiménez, J.E., Lucherini, M. & Novaro, A.J. 2011 Pseudalopex fulvipes . Från: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. Läst 2012-02-07.
  2. ^ Kommissionens förordning (EU) 2017/160 om skyddet av vilda djur (PDF), Europeiska unionen, sid.13, läst 2018-09-01.
  3. ^ Rodrigo G. Medel u. a.: Discovery of a continental population of the rare Darwin Fox, 'Dusicyon fulvipes' (Martin, 1839) in Chile. In: Biological Conservation. 51, 1990, s. 71–77
  4. ^ [a b c d e f] Claudio Sillero-Zubiri, Michael Hoffmann, David Whyte Macdonald (27 april 2004). ”Canids: Foxes, Wolves, Jackals and Dogs”. IUCN. sid. s. 50-55. http://www.carnivoreconservation.org/files/actionplans/canids.pdf.
  5. ^ [a b] Christopher J. Yahnke u. a.: Darwin's Fox: A Distinct Endangered Species in a Vanishing Habitat. In: Conservation Biology. 10, 1996, s. 366–375
  6. ^ C. Villagrán: Late Quaternary vegetation of Southern Isla Grande de Chiloë, Chile. In: Quaternary Research. 29, 1988, s. 294–306
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Darwinräv: Brief Summary ( Sueco )

fornecido por wikipedia SV

Darwinräv (Lycalopex fulvipes, syn. Pseudalopex fulvipes) är ett rovdjur i familjen hunddjur. Arten upptäcktes 1831 av den brittiska naturforskaren Charles Darwin på den chilenska ön Chiloé. Tidigare betraktades djuret som underart till pampasräv (Lycalopex griseus) men den har idag artstatus. 1990 beskrevs en mindre population av Lycalopex fulvipes på det sydamerikanska fastlandet i nationalparken Nahuelbuta. Populationen hade observerats sedan 1975.

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Darwin tilkisi ( Turco )

fornecido por wikipedia TR

Darwin tilkisi (Pseudalopex fulvipes), köpekgiller (Canidae) familyasının, Canini oymağına ait bir tür. 1831 yılında ünlü İngiliz doğabilimci Charles Darwin tarafından Şili sahilinde bulunan Chiloé Adası'nda keşfedilir. Uzun süre Arjantin dövüş tilkisinin (Pseudalopex griseus) ada formu olarak dikkate alınır. Ancak 1990[1] yılında Nahuelbuta Millî Parkı'nda küçük bir popülasyonun keşfiyle ve bunu takip eden genetik incelemelerin neticesinde, bir tür statüsüne hakkı olduğu açıklığa kavuşur.[2]

Keşif

1831 yılında HMS Beagle ile seyahati esnasında Charles Darwin Chiloé Adası'nda bir tilki yakalar. Darwin bu hayvanı, ender olan, ama adanın tipik bir canlısı ve daha önce tanımlaması yapılmamış bir tür olarak tanımlar. Önceleri Dusicyon fulvipes olarak tanımlanır ama yine de daha sonra, morfolojik açıdan belirgin şekilde kendini Arjantin dövüş tilkisinden ayıran temel özellikleri olmadığından, Arjantin dövüş tilkisi türü olarak düzene konur. Popülasyonunun, bu görüşü tasdik edercesine bir ada üzerinde görünmesi, onun Arjantin dövüş tilkisinin ada değişkesi olduğu sonucunu söz konusu kılar. 1960'larda Darwin tilkileri, 600 km kuzeyde Nahuelbuta Milli Parkı'nda, karasal Güney Amerika'da keşfedilince, alt tür statüsü tekrar sorgulanır. Mitokondri-DNA'nın genetik analizleri, Darwin tilkisinin kendi başına tür olduğunu ve Darwin'in nihayetinde haklı olduğu sonucunu, şüphelere yer bırakmayacak şekilde ortaya koyar.[Özellikleri

Darwin tilkisinin, yüz, kulak kenarları, baş ve bacaklarında tarçıni kızıllıkları olan koyu güvez çakırlı boz postu vardır. Gerdan ve karınaltı beyaz olur; bazen gırtlak çizgisi üzerinde aklık görülür. Diğer Pseudalopex türleri ile çiftleşmez ve bunlardan daha küçük daha koyu renktedir. Bacakları da yine bu anakara türlerinden daha kısadır. 2–4 kg ağırlığı ile tartıda 5–10 kg [2] gelen bir Arjantin dövüş tilkisinden (Pseudalopex griseus) belirgin biçimde küçüktür.

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Chiloé Adası'nda erkek bir Darwin tilkisi

Dağılımı

Geç Pleistosen devirde Chiloé Adası bir kara köprüsü ile Güney Amerika Kıta'sına bağlıdır. Sık ormanlar, adayı ve Güney Amerika'nın güneyindeki sınır bölgesini kaplamaktadır. Burada Darwin tilksi daha çok erken zamanda, ortak bir ataları olan Arjantin dövüş tilkisinden (Pseudalopex griseus) ve And çakalından (Pseudalopex culpaeus) ayrılmış olarak yaşar. Yaklaşık 15.000 yıl önce, buz çağının buzul kütlelerinin erimesi sonucu deniz seviyesinin yükselmesiyle bu kara köprüsü denize gömülür.[3]. Bu şekilde Darwin tilkisinin birbirinden ayrılmış iki popülasyonu oluşur; biri adada diğeri ise kıtada. Bugün halen daha orada bulunsalar da şüphesiz kıtada bulunan dağılım alanı, iklimsel sebeblerden ve insani faaliyetlerden dolayı küçülmüş olup, Nahuelbuta Millî Parkı çevresindeki küçük bir bölgede sınırlı kalmıştır.

Yaşam tarzı

Darwin tilkisi görünüşe göre, güney ılıman yağmur ormanlarında yaşayan tipik bir orman hayvanıdır.[4]. Genellikle alacakaranlıkta ve gün doğumunda faal bir hayvandır.

Nüfus

Chiloé Adası'nda 250 kadar, anakarada ise 70'ten az birey olduğu tahmin edilir. IUCN listesinde, nesli tükenme tehditinde olarak sınıflanmıştır. Millî Park çevresindeki ormanların tahrip edilmesiyle salgın hastalık taşıyan ve tilkilere saldıran köpekler, düşük popülasyonun temel sebepleridir.

Kaynakça

  • Ronald M. Nowak: Walker's Mammals of the World. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999 ISBN 0-8018-5789-9
  • David Macdonald: Die große Enzyklopädie der Säugetiere. Deutsche Ausgabe: Könemann in der Tandem Verlag GmbH, 2004 ISBN 3-8331-1006-6
  1. ^ Medel, R.G. et al. 1990. Discovery of a continental population of the rare Darwin Fox, Dusicyon fulvipes (Martin, 1839) in Chile. Biological Conservation 51:71-77
  2. ^ a b Yahnke, C.J. et al. 1996. Darwin's Fox: A Distinct Endangered Species in a Vanishing Habitat. Conservation Biology 10:366-375
  3. ^ Villagrán, C. 1988. Late Quaternary vegetation of Southern Isla Grande de Chiloë, Chile. Quaternary Research 29: 294–306
  4. ^ Jiménez, J.E., Lucherini, M. & Novaro, A.J. 2004. Pseudalopex fulvipes. In: IUCN 2004. 2004 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

Dış bağlantılar

Familya: Köpekgiller (Canidae)

Bu şablon nesli tükenmiş türleri içermemektedir.

Oymak: Asıl tilkiler (Vulpini)
Kutup tilkisi Kutup tilkisi (A. lagopus) İri kulaklı tilki İri kulaklı tilki (O. megalotis) Urocyon Boz tilki (U. cinereoargenteus) • Ada boz tilkisi (U. littoralis) Vulpes Kızıl tilki (V. vulpes) • Bengal tilkisi (V. bengalensis) • Afgan tilkisi (V. cana) • Güney Afrika tilkisi (V. chama) • Karsak (V. corsac) • Tibet tilkisi (V. ferrilata) • Cüce tilki (V. macrotis) • Soluk tilki (V. pallida) • Kum tilkisi (V. rueppelli) • Ova tilkisi (V. velox) • Çöl tilkisi (V. zerda)
Oymak: Asıl köpekler (Canini)
Kısa kulaklı tilki Kısa kulaklı tilki (A. microtis) Canis Kurt (C. lupus) • Kızıl kurt (C. rufus) • Kır kurdu (C. latrans) • Altın çakal (C. aureus) • Kara sırtlı çakal (C. mesomelas) • Çizgili çakal (C. adustus) • Habeş kurdu (C. simensis) Yengeç yiyen tilki Yengeç yiyen tilki (C. thous) Yeleli kurt Yeleli kurt (C. brachyurus) Asya yaban köpeği Asya yaban köpeği (C. alpinus) Falkland tilkisi Falkland tilkisi (D. australis) Afrika yaban köpeği Afrika yaban köpeği (L. pictus) Rakun köpeği Rakun köpeği (N. procyonoides) Pseudalopex And tilkisi (P. culpaeus) • Arjantin gri tilkisi (P. griseus) • Darwin tilkisi (P. fulvipes) • Pampa tilkisi (P. gymnocercus) • Peru çöl tilkisi (P. sechurae) • Brezilya dövüş tilkisi (P. vetulus) Çalı köpeği Çalı köpeği (S. venaticus)

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Wikipedia yazarları ve editörleri
original
visite a fonte
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wikipedia TR

Darwin tilkisi: Brief Summary ( Turco )

fornecido por wikipedia TR

Darwin tilkisi (Pseudalopex fulvipes), köpekgiller (Canidae) familyasının, Canini oymağına ait bir tür. 1831 yılında ünlü İngiliz doğabilimci Charles Darwin tarafından Şili sahilinde bulunan Chiloé Adası'nda keşfedilir. Uzun süre Arjantin dövüş tilkisinin (Pseudalopex griseus) ada formu olarak dikkate alınır. Ancak 1990 yılında Nahuelbuta Millî Parkı'nda küçük bir popülasyonun keşfiyle ve bunu takip eden genetik incelemelerin neticesinde, bir tür statüsüne hakkı olduğu açıklığa kavuşur.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Wikipedia yazarları ve editörleri
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia TR

Lycalopex fulvipes ( Ucraniano )

fornecido por wikipedia UK

Поширення

Вид — ендемік Чилі. Має роз'єднаний розподіл з двома субпопуляціями: вид зустрічається на більшій частині острова Чілое (близько 200 км на 62 км), особливо там, де залишається ліс, за винятком найбільш густонаселених районів у східній і північно-східній частинах; на материку Чилі невелика субпопуляція спостерігається з 1975 року в Національному парку Науельбута (ісп. Nahuelbuta, 68,3 км²) та в природних лісах навколо парку. Перші зразки виду зібрав Чарльз Дарвін в 1834 році, на південно-східному краю острова Чілое[2].

Морфологія

Морфометрія. Довжина голови й тіла: 48 – 60 см, довжина хвоста: 17 - 26 см, вага: 1.9 – 3.95 кг[3].

Опис. Кремезний з подовженим тілом і короткими ногами. Товста шерсть темно-сіра, строката, черево від світло-сірого до кремового кольору з характерним іржаво-червоним кольором на нижніх ногах і навколо вух. Обличчя сірувате. Живіт, груди, нижня частина морди і внутрішня сторона вух від блідо кремового до білого кольору. Писок маленький і тонкий, і переходить в досить округлий лоб. Хвіст відносно короткий, темно-сірий, пухнастий[4],[3].

Поведінка

Солітарний. Полювання здійснюється в нічний час. Всеїдний: живляться комахами, дрібними ссавцями, птахами, амфібіями, рептиліями, жуками, безхребетними, ягодами і падлом[4]. Здається, не територіальні. Розмір території проживання широко варіюється з великим перекриттям[5].

У сезон розмноження утворюються тимчасові пари, які, здається, зберігаються протягом року на материку. Ці пари, відомо, ділилися своїм проживання з потомством від попередніх років. Народжується, за оцінками, в два-три цуценяти[3].

Загрози та охорона

Хоча вид охороняється в Національному парку Науельбута, істотна смертність існує, коли зорро переходять у нижчі, незахищені приватні райони в пошуках більш м'яких умов у зимовий період. Деякі зорро навіть розмножувалися в цих областях. Це одна з причин рекомендацій, щоб цей парк був розширений для забезпечення буферних зон для зорро, які використовують ці незахищені області. Присутність собак у парку може бути найбільшою загрозою, так як вони потенційні переносники хвороби або можуть здійснити прямий напад[2].

Виноски

  1. Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder Mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference, Vol. 1 — JHU Press, 2005, p. 580
  2. а б в Веб-сайт МСОП
  3. а б в Pseudalopex fulvipes | ARKive
  4. а б Sharon R. Chester A wildlife guide to Chile: continental Chile, Chilean Antarctica, Easter Island, Juan Fernández Archipelago — Princeton University Press, 2008, p. 299
  5. Fortner, C. 2007. "Lycalopex fulvipes" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web


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Cáo Darwin ( Vietnamita )

fornecido por wikipedia VI

Cáo Darwin hay sói nhỏ[2] (danh pháp hai phần: Lycalopex fulvipes) là một loài động vật thuộc họ Chó. Cáo Darwin lần đầu tiên được thu thập từ San Pedro đảo ngoài khơi bờ biển của Chile bởi các nhà tự nhiên học Charles Darwin vào năm 1834. Từ lâu người ta xem nó là một phân loài của cáo xám Nam Mỹ (L. griseus); Tuy nhiên, các phát hiện của 1 dân số nhỏ của con cáo Darwin trên lục địa ở vườn quốc gia Nahuelbuta vào năm 1990 và phân tích di truyền sau đó có làm rõ tình trạng của con cáo như là một loài độc nhất vô nhị. Cáo Darwin có một chế độ ăn uống đa dạng. Trong khu rừng rậm rạp, nơi mà nó tồn tại, cáo săn lùng các loài động vật có vú, bò sát, bọ cánh cứng, và động vật không xương sống. Đôi khi lựa chọn trái cây và quả mọng. Loài chim và động vật lưỡng cư ở một mức độ thấp hơn cũng được nó chọn ăn. Nó đôi khi ăn xác thối, nhưng nó chủ yếu ăn động vật sống và trái cây.

Hình ảnh

Tham khảo

  1. ^ Jiménez et al. (2008). Pseudalopex fulvipes. 2008 Sách đỏ IUCN. Liên minh Bảo tồn Thiên nhiên Quốc tế 2008. Truy cập ngày 11 tháng 5 năm 2006. Database entry includes a lengthy justification of why this species is critically endangered
  2. ^ “Thông tư Ban hành Danh mục các loài động vật, thực vật hoang dã thuộc quản lý của Công ước về buôn bán quốc tế các loài động vật, thực vật hoang dã nguy cấp”. Bộ Nông nghiệp và Phát triển nông thôn Việt Nam. Truy cập ngày 24 tháng 1 năm 2013.


Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết về các loài trong bộ thú ăn thịt này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
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direitos autorais
Wikipedia tác giả và biên tập viên
original
visite a fonte
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wikipedia VI

Cáo Darwin: Brief Summary ( Vietnamita )

fornecido por wikipedia VI

Cáo Darwin hay sói nhỏ (danh pháp hai phần: Lycalopex fulvipes) là một loài động vật thuộc họ Chó. Cáo Darwin lần đầu tiên được thu thập từ San Pedro đảo ngoài khơi bờ biển của Chile bởi các nhà tự nhiên học Charles Darwin vào năm 1834. Từ lâu người ta xem nó là một phân loài của cáo xám Nam Mỹ (L. griseus); Tuy nhiên, các phát hiện của 1 dân số nhỏ của con cáo Darwin trên lục địa ở vườn quốc gia Nahuelbuta vào năm 1990 và phân tích di truyền sau đó có làm rõ tình trạng của con cáo như là một loài độc nhất vô nhị. Cáo Darwin có một chế độ ăn uống đa dạng. Trong khu rừng rậm rạp, nơi mà nó tồn tại, cáo săn lùng các loài động vật có vú, bò sát, bọ cánh cứng, và động vật không xương sống. Đôi khi lựa chọn trái cây và quả mọng. Loài chim và động vật lưỡng cư ở một mức độ thấp hơn cũng được nó chọn ăn. Nó đôi khi ăn xác thối, nhưng nó chủ yếu ăn động vật sống và trái cây.

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Дарвиновская лисица ( Russo )

fornecido por wikipedia русскую Википедию
Научная классификация Царство: Животные Тип: Хордовые Класс: Млекопитающие Отряд: Хищные Семейство: Псовые Род: Южноамериканские лисицы Вид: Дарвиновская лисица Латинское название Pseudalopex fulvipes
(Martin, 1837)
Ареал
изображение

wikispecies:
Систематика
на Викивидах

commons:
Изображения
на Викискладе

ITIS 726271 NCBI 354191 Международная Красная книга
Status iucn3.1 EN ru.svg
Вымирающие виды
IUCN 3.1 Endangered: 41586

Дарвиновская лисица[1] (лат. Pseudalopex fulvipes) — находящийся под угрозой исчезновения вид семейства псовых. Он был открыт в 1831 году знаменитым натуралистом Чарльзом Дарвином на острове Чилоэ, расположенном недалеко от побережья Чили. Долгое время он рассматривался в качестве островной формы южноамериканской лисицы (Pseudalopex griseus), но открытие маленькой популяции на южноамериканском континенте в национальном парке Науэльбута в 1990 году[2] и последовавший за этим генетический анализ подтвердили видовой статус животного[3].

Открытие

В 1831 году Чарльз Дарвин во время экспедиции на «Бигле» при помощи своего геологического молотка убил лисицу на острове Чилоэ. Он описал её как редкий, типичный для этого острова и ещё не описанный вид. Сначала животное описали как Dusicyon fulvipes, однако позже его причислили к южноамериканской лисице, так как отсутствовали основные морфологические признаки, которые бы отчётливо отличали его от последней. Распространение на острове подтверждало предположение, что речь идёт лишь об островном варианте южноамериканской лисицы. Когда лисицу обнаружили на континенте в национальном парке Науэльбута, расположенном в 600-х км от острова, статус подвида снова был поставлен под сомнение. Генетические анализы митохондриальной ДНК точно показали, что речь идёт о самостоятельном виде и что Дарвин был прав.

Описание

У дарвиновской лисицы мех тёмно-серого цвета с красноватыми участками на голове и морде. Животное не спаривается с другими представителями рода Pseudalopex. Оно меньше по размеру и окрашено темнее. Его ноги короче, чем ноги континентальных видов. Вес лисицы 2-4 кг, что существенно меньше, чем вес южноамериканской лисицы, которая весит от 5 до 10 кг[3].

Распространение

В позднем плейстоцене остров Чилоэ был связан сухопутным мостом с южноамериканским континентом. Густые леса покрывали остров и приграничные районы юга Южной Америки. Здесь обитала дарвиновская лисица, рано отделившаяся от общего с южноамериканской и андской лисицами предка. Примерно 15 000 лет назад этот перешеек затонул в море, так как уровень моря поднялся из-за таяния ледниковых масс[4]. Вследствие этого возникли две разделённые популяции дарвиновской лисицы, одна на острове, другая на суше. Ареал на суше из-за климатических условий и человеческой деятельности сильно сократился и ограничен сегодня маленькой областью вокруг национального парка Науэльбута.

Образ жизни

Дарвиновская лисица — это типично лесное животное, обитающее в южных, умеренных влажных джунглях. Ведёт одиночный образ жизни. Активна, прежде всего, в сумерки и предрассветные часы. Питается насекомыми, мелкими млекопитающими, птицами, амфибиями, ягодами и падалью[5].

Природоохранный статус

На острове Чилоэ обитает 200, а на континенте менее 50 животных. Вид классифицируется МСОП как вымирающий. Разрушение лесов вокруг национального парка и собаки, которые переносят инфекции и нападают на лисиц — это главные причины низкой численности популяции.

Примечания

  1. Полная иллюстрированная энциклопедия. «Млекопитающие» Кн. 2 = The New Encyclopedia of Mammals / под ред. Д. Макдональда. — М.: Омега, 2007. — С. 466. — 3000 экз.ISBN 978-5-465-01346-8.
  2. Rodrigo G. Medel u. a.: Discovery of a continental population of the rare Darwin Fox, 'Dusicyon fulvipes' (Martin, 1839) in Chile. In: Biological Conservation. 51, 1990, S. 71–77
  3. 1 2 Christopher J. Yahnke u. a.: Darwin's Fox: A Distinct Endangered Species in a Vanishing Habitat. In: Conservation Biology. 10, 1996, S. 366–375
  4. C. Villagrán: Late Quaternary vegetation of Southern Isla Grande de Chiloë, Chile. In: Quaternary Research. 29, 1988, S. 294–306
  5. Sharon R. Chester A wildlife guide to Chile: continental Chile, Chilean Antarctica, Easter Island, Juan Fernández Archipelago — Princeton University Press, 2008, p. 299
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Дарвиновская лисица: Brief Summary ( Russo )

fornecido por wikipedia русскую Википедию

Дарвиновская лисица (лат. Pseudalopex fulvipes) — находящийся под угрозой исчезновения вид семейства псовых. Он был открыт в 1831 году знаменитым натуралистом Чарльзом Дарвином на острове Чилоэ, расположенном недалеко от побережья Чили. Долгое время он рассматривался в качестве островной формы южноамериканской лисицы (Pseudalopex griseus), но открытие маленькой популяции на южноамериканском континенте в национальном парке Науэльбута в 1990 году и последовавший за этим генетический анализ подтвердили видовой статус животного.

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ダーウィンギツネ ( Japonês )

fornecido por wikipedia 日本語

ダーウィンギツネ(学名:Lycalopex fulvipes)とは、イヌ科クルペオギツネ属の一種で絶滅危惧種である。

ダーウィンギツネ  Pseudalopex fulvipes.jpg 保全状況評価[1] ENDANGERED
(IUCN Red List Ver.3.1 (2001))
Status iucn3.1 EN.svg 分類 : 動物界 Animalia : 脊索動物門 Chordata 亜門 : 脊椎動物亜門 Vertebrata : 哺乳綱 Mammalia : ネコ目 Carnivora : イヌ科 Canidae : クルペオギツネ属Lycalopex : ダーウィンギツネ L. fulvipes 学名 Lycalopex fulvipes (Martin, 1837) 和名 ダーウィンギツネ 英名 w:Darwin's fox

Darwin's Fox area.png

分布[編集]

チリチロエ島ロス·リオス州バルディビア海岸山脈、ラ・アラウカニア州ナウェルブータ国立公園に棲息している。[2]

生態[編集]

雑食性で哺乳類爬虫類カブトムシなどの無脊椎動物や果物を食べる。時々、鳥類両生類、腐肉をも食べる。 夕暮れ時と日の出前が最も活発的に行動をし、他のクルペオギツネ属とは対照的に開けた土地を好む。

保全状況評価[編集]

国際自然保護連合(IUCN)のレッドリスト2004年・2008年版では絶滅寸前(CR)の評価とされていたが、2016年版では絶滅危惧(EN)へダウンリストされた。成体の推定個体数は659頭-2,499頭とされている[1]

脚注[編集]

  1. ^ a b Silva-Rodríguez, E, Farias, A., Moreira-Arce, D., Cabello, J., Hidalgo-Hermoso, E., Lucherini, M. & Jiménez, J. 2016. Lycalopex fulvipes. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T41586A85370871. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41586A85370871.en. Downloaded on 27 November 2016.
  2. ^ Farías, A.A., M.A. Sepúlveda, E.A. Silva-Rodríguez, A. Eguren, D. González, N.I. Jordán, E. Ovando, P. Stowhas. 2014. A new population of Darwin’s fox (Lycalopex fulvipes) in the Valdivian Coastal Range. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 87:3.
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다윈여우 ( Coreano )

fornecido por wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

다윈여우(Lycalopex fulvipes)는 개과 남아메리카여우속에 속하는 작은 포유류의 일종이다. 멸종위급종(CR, Critically endangered species)으로 칠레 대륙과 칠로에섬의 나우엘부타 국립공원(아라우카니아 주)과 발디비아 해안 지대(로스리오스 주)에서 서식한다.[3] 다윈여우는 1834년 박물학자 찰스 다윈이 칠레 연안의 산페드로 섬에서 처음 수집했다. 다윈여우는 오랫동안 남아메리카회색여우의 아종으로 간주되어 왔지만, 1990년 대륙의 나우엘부타 국립공원에서 작은 개체군이 발견되었고,[4] 이어지는 유전학적 분석 결과에 의해 별도의 종으로 승격하여 분류하고 있다.[5] 2012년과 2013년, 온콜 공원과 알레르세 코스테로 국립공원, 발디비아 해안 보전 지구에서 사진 촬영됨에 따라 그 존재가 확인되었다.[3]

계통 분류

다음은 개과의 계통 분류이다.[6][7][8]

개과 회색여우속

섬여우Vulpes littoralis white background.jpg

   

회색여우Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XX).jpg

         

큰귀여우Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes BHL19827472 white background.jpg

     

너구리Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XXXII).jpg

여우속    

검은꼬리모래여우

   

케이프여우Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XXXIII).jpg

         

페넥여우Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XXXVI).jpg

   

아프간여우Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XXXI).jpg

         

스위프트여우

     

키트여우Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XXV).jpg

   

북극여우Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XXVI).jpg

           

붉은여우Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XXII).jpg

   

흰꼬리모래여우Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XXXV).jpg

       

코사크여우Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XXVII).jpg

   

벵골여우

                   

덤불개Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XLIII).jpg

       

갈기늑대Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate VII).jpg

     

게잡이여우Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XV).jpg

     

작은귀개Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XVI).jpg

       

포클랜드늑대

   

티베트모래여우

    남아메리카여우속    

회백색여우Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XVIII).jpg

   

다윈여우

         

팜파스여우Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XVII).jpg

   

남아메리카회색여우

       

페루사막여우

   

안데스여우Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XIV).jpg

                     

가로줄무늬자칼Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XIII).jpg

   

검은등자칼Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XII).jpg

       

아프리카들개Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XLIV).jpg

     

승냥이Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XLI).jpg

     

황금자칼Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate X).jpg

     

에티오피아늑대Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate VI).jpg

     

아프리카황금늑대Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XI).jpg

     

코요테Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate IX).jpg

     

회색늑대Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate I).jpg

   

(회색늑대의 아종)Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XXXVII).jpg

     

붉은늑대(코요테와 회색늑대의 혼종?)

                       

각주

  1. Wozencraft, W.C. (2005). 〈Order Carnivora〉 [식육목]. Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. 《Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference》 (영어) 3판. 존스 홉킨스 대학교 출판사. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  2. “Pseudalopex fulvipes”. 《멸종 위기 종의 IUCN 적색 목록. 2008판》 (영어). 국제 자연 보전 연맹. 2008. 2006년 5월 11일에 확인함. Database entry includes a lengthy justification of why this species is critically endangered
  3. Farías, A.A., M.A. Sepúlveda, E.A. Silva-Rodríguez, A. Eguren, D. González, N.I. Jordán, E. Ovando, P. Stowhas. 2014. A new population of Darwin’s fox (Lycalopex fulvipes) in the Valdivian Coastal Range. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 87:3.
  4. Medel, R.G. et al. 1990. Discovery of a continental population of the rare Darwin fox, Dusicyon fulvipes (Martin, 1839) in Chile. Biological Conservation 51:71-77
  5. Yahnke, C.J. et al. 1996. Darwin's Fox: A Distinct Endangered Species in a Vanishing Habitat. Conservation Biology 10:366-375
  6. Lindblad-Toh, Kerstin; Wade, Claire M; Mikkelsen, Tarjei S.; Karlsson, Elinor K.; Jaffe, David B.; Kamal, Michael; Clamp, Michele; Chang, Jean L.; Kulbokas, Edward J.; Zody, Michael C.; Mauceli, Evan; Xie, Xiaohui; Breen, Matthew; Wayne, Robert K.; Ostrander, Elaine A.; Ponting, Chris P.; Galibert, Francis; Smith, Douglas R.; Dejong, Pieter J.; Kirkness, Ewen; Alvarez, Pablo; Biagi, Tara; Brockman, William; Butler, Jonathan; Chin, Chee-Wye; Cook, April; Cuff, James; Daly, Mark J.; Decaprio, David; 외. (2005). “Genome sequence, comparative analysis and haplotype structure of the domestic dog”. 《Nature》 438 (7069): 803 in 803–19. doi:10.1038/nature04338. PMID 16341006.
  7. Nyakatura, K.; 외. (2012). “Updating the evolutionary history of Carnivora (Mammalia): a new species-level supertree complete with divergence time estimates”. 《BMC Biology》 10 (12). doi:10.1186/1741-7007-10-12.
  8. Koepfli, Klaus-Peter; Pollinger, John; Godinho, Raquel; Robinson, Jacqueline; Lea, Amanda; Hendricks, Sarah; Schweizer, Rena M.; Thalmann, Olaf; Silva, Pedro; Fan, Zhenxin; Yurchenko, Andrey A.; Dobrynin, Pavel; Makunin, Alexey; Cahill, James A.; Shapiro, Beth; Álvares, Francisco; Brito, José C.; Geffen, Eli; Leonard, Jennifer A.; Helgen, Kristofer M.; Johnson, Warren E.; o'Brien, Stephen J.; Van Valkenburgh, Blaire; Wayne, Robert K. (2015). “Genome-wide Evidence Reveals that African and Eurasian Golden Jackals Are Distinct Species”. 《Current Biology》 25 (16): 2158–65. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.06.060. PMID 26234211.
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다윈여우: Brief Summary ( Coreano )

fornecido por wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

다윈여우(Lycalopex fulvipes)는 개과 남아메리카여우속에 속하는 작은 포유류의 일종이다. 멸종위급종(CR, Critically endangered species)으로 칠레 대륙과 칠로에섬의 나우엘부타 국립공원(아라우카니아 주)과 발디비아 해안 지대(로스리오스 주)에서 서식한다. 다윈여우는 1834년 박물학자 찰스 다윈이 칠레 연안의 산페드로 섬에서 처음 수집했다. 다윈여우는 오랫동안 남아메리카회색여우의 아종으로 간주되어 왔지만, 1990년 대륙의 나우엘부타 국립공원에서 작은 개체군이 발견되었고, 이어지는 유전학적 분석 결과에 의해 별도의 종으로 승격하여 분류하고 있다. 2012년과 2013년, 온콜 공원과 알레르세 코스테로 국립공원, 발디비아 해안 보전 지구에서 사진 촬영됨에 따라 그 존재가 확인되었다.

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