Demospongiae Sollas 1885

A species of Ocenebra crawling over the cobalt sponge Acanthancora cyanocrypta, formerly Hymenamphiastra cyanocrypta.From SIMoN photo librarySpecies:Mollusk (unidentified)Cobalt sponge (Acanthancora cyanocrypta)Orange cup coral (Balanophyllia elegans)Location (General):CarmelSite (Specific):Pescadero WashrockDate taken:May, 05 2006Photo credit:Steve Lonhart / NOAA MBNMSPhotographer's comments:REEF dive

Chondrocladia virgata, Wyville Thomson.

Coelosphaera tubifex, Wyville Thomson.

Hippospongia canaliculata, var. gossypina.

Hippospongia equina, var. meandriformis.

Reniera tubifera. Whole sponge.

[Sponges : Stylohalina conica].

Chalinopsilla arbuscula.

Figure 4.Cyamon amphipolyactinum sp. n., holotype ZMA Por. 22412, A shape (arrow) encrusting a fragment of sandstone (scale 1 cm) B long thin style B1 details of apices of long thin style C short thin style C1 details of apices of short thin style D short thick styles showing size variation D1 detail of head of short thick style E polyactines (three-, four-, five-, and seven-claded) and one amphipolyactine showing size differences E1 detail of bulbous end of lateral cladus F amphipolyactines full-grown and spined (left) next to incipient smooth spicule (right).

Figure 11Dysidea tupha. a specimen with typical cylindrical processes and finely, irregularly conulose surface; b, c views of the skeleton with fibres variably charged of mineral detritus (LM).

Figure 3.Placospongia anthosigma holotype (NSMT-Po R288) A type specimen (image taken from website database of the Museum of Nature and Science, Tokyo, Japan) B selenaster C large tylostyle (head and blunt end) D spheraster E spirasters referred to as ‘anthosigma’ by Tanita & Hoshino (1989).

Figure 4.Cliona burtoni. A–C Tylostyle heads D–L Spirasters of various shape and thickness.

Figure 8.Dercitus (Stoeba) senegalensis sp. n., holotype ZMA Por. 06721, Senegal, A habit (scale bar 1 cm) B calthrops including variations in shape and number of cladi C various sanidasters.

Giant barrel sponge (Xestospongia muta) exhibiting exposed tissue where portions of the barrels have been sheared off by stormFrom Wikimedia CommonsThe elkhorn coral colony at West Flower Garden Bank, located at approximately 27°54'33" N, 93°35'59" W, in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico, is situated behind the barrel sponge in this photo (October 2008) .

Cobalt blue sponge (Acanthancora cyanocrypta), surrounding the cucumber Psolus chitinoidesOnce its bright red tentacles have been withdrawn, the cucumber Psolus chitinoides is difficult to see. It is surrounded by the cobalt sponge Acanthancora cyanocrypta, formerly Hymenamphiastra cyanocrypta.

Tetilla longipilis Topsent.

Spongia oculata, showing the orifices and currents outwards.. 2. Anastomosing horny substance of Spongia communis.; 3. Siliceous spiculum of S. papillaris.

Euspongia officinalis, var. tuba.

Hippospongia equina, var. elastica.

Hircinia campana.

Chalinopsilla imitans.

Figure 5.Map showing locality off the Mauritanian coast, where Cyamon amphipolyactinum sp. n. and Cyamon arguinense sp. n. were collected during the Netherlands Mauritania II Expedition, June 1988.

Figure 12Euryspongia raouchensis. a underwater image of a living specimen b small conules (thin section by LM) with slightly protruding fibres at the sponge surface and skeletal network with cored ascending primaries and uncored secondaries. a, b modified from Vacelet et al. (2007).

Figure 4.Placospongia carinata slide of holotype (BMNH, R1228, 86g, Bk.1390; R1275, PE01, Bk1390). A large tylostyle (scale=200 μ m) B small tylostyle (scale=50 μ m) C selenaster (scale=50 μ m) D close up of large tylostyle (scale=50 μ m) E close up of small tylostyle F streptasters (scale=50 μ m) G acanthose microrhabds H original slide of thick section of holotype I original slide of spicules of holotype.