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Slo.: visoka pleivka, visoka pranica - syn: Clavatia saccata (Vahl ex SCHurn.) Morgan, Calvatia excipuliformis, Hankea excipuliformis - Habitat: edge of light mixed wood, Fagus sylvatica, Picea abies, Ostrya carpinifolia dominant trees; moderately inclined mountain slope, south aspect; skeletal, colluvial, calcareous ground; quite sunny place; relatively warm and dry place; exposed to direct rain; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevation 555 m (1.820 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: soil. Comments: Lycoperdon excipuliforme is easy to recognize when old by the fact that its characteristically spongy stem remains standing long after all the rest decays and disappears. Fig. 28 shows what remained of the fruitbody after two days of heavy rain (360 mm of rain in less than 48 hours!). Growing solitary; diameter of the 'head' 4.5 cm; stipe 8 cm long and 3 cm in diameter; smell indistinctive when young, when old unpleasantly stinking, also when dry; SP brown, oac638. Spores warty. Dimensions: 4,7 [5,2 ; 5,3] 5,7 x 4,5 [4,9 ; 5,1] 5,6 microns; Q = [1 ; 1,06] 1,1; N = 40; C = 95%; Me = 5,2 x 5 microns; Qe = 1. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil, fresh material, in water. AmScope MA500 digital camera. Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJF Ref.: (1) S.Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 434. (2) G.J.Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Bade-Wrttembergs, Band 2, Ulmer (2000), p 136. (3) M.Bon, Parey's Buch der Pilze, Kosmos (2005), p 304. (4) R.Phillips, Mushrooms, Macmillan (2006), p 328. (5 J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.2. Verlag Mykologia (1986), p 388.
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Slo.: visoka pleivka, visoka pranica - syn: Clavatia saccata (Vahl ex SCHurn.) Morgan, Calvatia excipuliformis, Hankea excipuliformis - Habitat: edge of light mixed wood, Fagus sylvatica, Picea abies, Ostrya carpinifolia dominant trees; moderately inclined mountain slope, south aspect; skeletal, colluvial, calcareous ground; quite sunny place; relatively warm and dry place; exposed to direct rain; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevation 555 m (1.820 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: soil. Comments: Lycoperdon excipuliforme is easy to recognize when old by the fact that its characteristically spongy stem remains standing long after all the rest decays and disappears. Fig. 28 shows what remained of the fruitbody after two days of heavy rain (360 mm of rain in less than 48 hours!). Growing solitary; diameter of the 'head' 4.5 cm; stipe 8 cm long and 3 cm in diameter; smell indistinctive when young, when old unpleasantly stinking, also when dry; SP brown, oac638. Spores warty. Dimensions: 4,7 [5,2 ; 5,3] 5,7 x 4,5 [4,9 ; 5,1] 5,6 microns; Q = [1 ; 1,06] 1,1; N = 40; C = 95%; Me = 5,2 x 5 microns; Qe = 1. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil, fresh material, in water. AmScope MA500 digital camera. Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJF Ref.: (1) S.Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 434. (2) G.J.Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Bade-Wrttembergs, Band 2, Ulmer (2000), p 136. (3) M.Bon, Parey's Buch der Pilze, Kosmos (2005), p 304. (4) R.Phillips, Mushrooms, Macmillan (2006), p 328. (5 J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.2. Verlag Mykologia (1986), p 388.
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Slo.: visoka pleivka, visoka pranica - syn: Clavatia saccata (Vahl ex SCHurn.) Morgan, Calvatia excipuliformis, Hankea excipuliformis - Habitat: edge of light mixed wood, Fagus sylvatica, Picea abies, Ostrya carpinifolia dominant trees; moderately inclined mountain slope, south aspect; skeletal, colluvial, calcareous ground; quite sunny place; relatively warm and dry place; exposed to direct rain; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevation 555 m (1.820 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: soil. Comments: Lycoperdon excipuliforme is easy to recognize when old by the fact that its characteristically spongy stem remains standing long after all the rest decays and disappears. Fig. 28 shows what remained of the fruitbody after two days of heavy rain (360 mm of rain in less than 48 hours!). Growing solitary; diameter of the 'head' 4.5 cm; stipe 8 cm long and 3 cm in diameter; smell indistinctive when young, when old unpleasantly stinking, also when dry; SP brown, oac638. Spores warty. Dimensions: 4,7 [5,2 ; 5,3] 5,7 x 4,5 [4,9 ; 5,1] 5,6 microns; Q = [1 ; 1,06] 1,1; N = 40; C = 95%; Me = 5,2 x 5 microns; Qe = 1. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil, fresh material, in water. AmScope MA500 digital camera. Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJF Ref.: (1) S.Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 434. (2) G.J.Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Bade-Wrttembergs, Band 2, Ulmer (2000), p 136. (3) M.Bon, Parey's Buch der Pilze, Kosmos (2005), p 304. (4) R.Phillips, Mushrooms, Macmillan (2006), p 328. (5 J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.2. Verlag Mykologia (1986), p 388.
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Slo.: visoka pleivka, visoka pranica - syn: Clavatia saccata (Vahl ex SCHurn.) Morgan, Calvatia excipuliformis, Hankea excipuliformis - Habitat: edge of light mixed wood, Fagus sylvatica, Picea abies, Ostrya carpinifolia dominant trees; moderately inclined mountain slope, south aspect; skeletal, colluvial, calcareous ground; quite sunny place; relatively warm and dry place; exposed to direct rain; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevation 555 m (1.820 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: soil. Comments: Lycoperdon excipuliforme is easy to recognize when old by the fact that its characteristically spongy stem remains standing long after all the rest decays and disappears. Fig. 28 shows what remained of the fruitbody after two days of heavy rain (360 mm of rain in less than 48 hours!). Growing solitary; diameter of the 'head' 4.5 cm; stipe 8 cm long and 3 cm in diameter; smell indistinctive when young, when old unpleasantly stinking, also when dry; SP brown, oac638. Spores warty. Dimensions: 4,7 [5,2 ; 5,3] 5,7 x 4,5 [4,9 ; 5,1] 5,6 microns; Q = [1 ; 1,06] 1,1; N = 40; C = 95%; Me = 5,2 x 5 microns; Qe = 1. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil, fresh material, in water. AmScope MA500 digital camera. Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJF Ref.: (1) S.Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 434. (2) G.J.Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Bade-Wrttembergs, Band 2, Ulmer (2000), p 136. (3) M.Bon, Parey's Buch der Pilze, Kosmos (2005), p 304. (4) R.Phillips, Mushrooms, Macmillan (2006), p 328. (5 J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.2. Verlag Mykologia (1986), p 388.
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Slo.: visoka pleivka, visoka pranica - syn: Clavatia saccata (Vahl ex SCHurn.) Morgan, Calvatia excipuliformis, Hankea excipuliformis - Habitat: edge of light mixed wood, Fagus sylvatica, Picea abies, Ostrya carpinifolia dominant trees; moderately inclined mountain slope, south aspect; skeletal, colluvial, calcareous ground; quite sunny place; relatively warm and dry place; exposed to direct rain; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevation 555 m (1.820 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: soil. Comments: Lycoperdon excipuliforme is easy to recognize when old by the fact that its characteristically spongy stem remains standing long after all the rest decays and disappears. Fig. 28 shows what remained of the fruitbody after two days of heavy rain (360 mm of rain in less than 48 hours!). Growing solitary; diameter of the 'head' 4.5 cm; stipe 8 cm long and 3 cm in diameter; smell indistinctive when young, when old unpleasantly stinking, also when dry; SP brown, oac638. Spores warty. Dimensions: 4,7 [5,2 ; 5,3] 5,7 x 4,5 [4,9 ; 5,1] 5,6 microns; Q = [1 ; 1,06] 1,1; N = 40; C = 95%; Me = 5,2 x 5 microns; Qe = 1. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil, fresh material, in water. AmScope MA500 digital camera. Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJF Ref.: (1) S.Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 434. (2) G.J.Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Bade-Wrttembergs, Band 2, Ulmer (2000), p 136. (3) M.Bon, Parey's Buch der Pilze, Kosmos (2005), p 304. (4) R.Phillips, Mushrooms, Macmillan (2006), p 328. (5 J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.2. Verlag Mykologia (1986), p 388.
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Slo.: visoka pleivka, visoka pranica - syn: Clavatia saccata (Vahl ex SCHurn.) Morgan, Calvatia excipuliformis, Hankea excipuliformis - Habitat: edge of light mixed wood, Fagus sylvatica, Picea abies, Ostrya carpinifolia dominant trees; moderately inclined mountain slope, south aspect; skeletal, colluvial, calcareous ground; quite sunny place; relatively warm and dry place; exposed to direct rain; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevation 555 m (1.820 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: soil. Comments: Lycoperdon excipuliforme is easy to recognize when old by the fact that its characteristically spongy stem remains standing long after all the rest decays and disappears. Fig. 28 shows what remained of the fruitbody after two days of heavy rain (360 mm of rain in less than 48 hours!). Growing solitary; diameter of the 'head' 4.5 cm; stipe 8 cm long and 3 cm in diameter; smell indistinctive when young, when old unpleasantly stinking, also when dry; SP brown, oac638. Spores warty. Dimensions: 4,7 [5,2 ; 5,3] 5,7 x 4,5 [4,9 ; 5,1] 5,6 microns; Q = [1 ; 1,06] 1,1; N = 40; C = 95%; Me = 5,2 x 5 microns; Qe = 1. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil, fresh material, in water. AmScope MA500 digital camera. Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJF Ref.: (1) S.Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 434. (2) G.J.Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Bade-Wrttembergs, Band 2, Ulmer (2000), p 136. (3) M.Bon, Parey's Buch der Pilze, Kosmos (2005), p 304. (4) R.Phillips, Mushrooms, Macmillan (2006), p 328. (5 J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.2. Verlag Mykologia (1986), p 388.
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2001 California Academy of Sciences
CalPhotos
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Slo.: betiasta pranica - Habitat: Right on the path between two village houses; surrounded with abandoned pastures and mixed wood; almost flat, semiruderal, calcareous terrain; in shade, relatively moist place; exposed to direct rain; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevation 595 m (1.950 feet), alpine phytogeographical region.Substratum: rather skeletal soil with raw humus (mostly rotten leaves of Fagus sylvatica)Comments: Lycoperdon perlatum is our most common puffball, growing in very wide range of habitats and on all kind of soils. Yet it is very beautiful (if not too mature). It is easy to recognize it by its interesting fruitbody surface, which is covered by 1 to 2 mm high, conical (or sometimes of quite funny shape) warts, which are surrounded by a ring of lower warts around them. With time the large warts fall off and the lower ones appear like a kind of delicate. regular 'net' on the surface of the fruit bodies, which is typical for the species. Photographed fungi were growing in a group of more than ten fruit bodies growing right in the middle of a mountain path.Spores warty. Dimensions: 3,5 [3,8 ; 3,9] 4,2 x 3,3 [3,6 ; 3,8] 4,1 microns; Q = 1 [1,0] 1,1; N = 40; C = 95%; Me = 3,8 x 3,7 microns; Qe = 1. Capillitium hyphae diameter about 4-5 microns; not septated, very sparsely branched. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil, in water; in vivo. AmScope MA500 digital camera.Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJFPicture captions:Pic. 3M - Most of the spores observed were grouped in strange clumps. I do not know why and what this means.Pic. 4M - Capillitium hyphae not septated, very sparsely branched.Ref.:(1) S. Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 432. (2) R.M. Daehncke, 1200 Pilze in Farbfotos, AT Verlag (2009), p 1089. (3) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.2., Verlag Mykologia (1986), p 399. (4) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 2., Ulmer (2000), p 151. (5) R. Phillips, Mushrooms, Macmillan (2006), p 330. Nikon D700/Nikkor Micro 105mm/f2.8
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Slo.: betiasta pranica - Habitat: Right on the path between two village houses; surrounded with abandoned pastures and mixed wood; almost flat, semiruderal, calcareous terrain; in shade, relatively moist place; exposed to direct rain; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevation 595 m (1.950 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: rather skeletal soil with raw humus (mostly rotten leaves of Fagus sylvatica) Comments: Lycoperdon perlatum is our most common puffball, growing in very wide range of habitats and on all kind of soils. Yet it is very beautiful (if not too mature). It is easy to recognize it by its interesting fruitbody surface, which is covered by 1 to 2 mm high, conical (or sometimes of quite funny shape) warts, which are surrounded by a ring of lower warts around them. With time the large warts fall off and the lower ones appear like a kind of delicate. regular 'net' on the surface of the fruit bodies, which is typical for the species. Photographed fungi were growing in a group of more than ten fruit bodies growing right in the middle of a mountain path. Spores warty. Dimensions: 3,5 [3,8 ; 3,9] 4,2 x 3,3 [3,6 ; 3,8] 4,1 microns; Q = 1 [1,0] 1,1; N = 40; C = 95%; Me = 3,8 x 3,7 microns; Qe = 1. Capillitium hyphae diameter about 4-5 microns; not septated, very sparsely branched. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil, in water; in vivo. AmScope MA500 digital camera. Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJF Picture captions: Pic. 3M - Most of the spores observed were grouped in strange clumps. I do not know why and what this means. Pic. 4M - Capillitium hyphae not septated, very sparsely branched. Ref.: (1) S. Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 432. (2) R.M. Daehncke, 1200 Pilze in Farbfotos, AT Verlag (2009), p 1089. (3) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.2., Verlag Mykologia (1986), p 399. (4) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 2., Ulmer (2000), p 151. (5) R. Phillips, Mushrooms, Macmillan (2006), p 330. Nikon D700/Nikkor Micro 105mm/f2.8
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Slo.: betiasta pranica - Habitat: Right on the path between two village houses; surrounded with abandoned pastures and mixed wood; almost flat, semiruderal, calcareous terrain; in shade, relatively moist place; exposed to direct rain; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevation 595 m (1.950 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: rather skeletal soil with raw humus (mostly rotten leaves of Fagus sylvatica) Comments: Lycoperdon perlatum is our most common puffball, growing in very wide range of habitats and on all kind of soils. Yet it is very beautiful (if not too mature). It is easy to recognize it by its interesting fruitbody surface, which is covered by 1 to 2 mm high, conical (or sometimes of quite funny shape) warts, which are surrounded by a ring of lower warts around them. With time the large warts fall off and the lower ones appear like a kind of delicate. regular 'net' on the surface of the fruit bodies, which is typical for the species. Photographed fungi were growing in a group of more than ten fruit bodies growing right in the middle of a mountain path. Spores warty. Dimensions: 3,5 [3,8 ; 3,9] 4,2 x 3,3 [3,6 ; 3,8] 4,1 microns; Q = 1 [1,0] 1,1; N = 40; C = 95%; Me = 3,8 x 3,7 microns; Qe = 1. Capillitium hyphae diameter about 4-5 microns; not septated, very sparsely branched. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil, in water; in vivo. AmScope MA500 digital camera. Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJF Picture captions: Pic. 3M - Most of the spores observed were grouped in strange clumps. I do not know why and what this means. Pic. 4M - Capillitium hyphae not septated, very sparsely branched. Ref.: (1) S. Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 432. (2) R.M. Daehncke, 1200 Pilze in Farbfotos, AT Verlag (2009), p 1089. (3) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.2., Verlag Mykologia (1986), p 399. (4) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 2., Ulmer (2000), p 151. (5) R. Phillips, Mushrooms, Macmillan (2006), p 330. Nikon D700/Nikkor Micro 105mm/f2.8
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Slo.: betiasta pranica - Habitat: Right on the path between two village houses; surrounded with abandoned pastures and mixed wood; almost flat, semiruderal, calcareous terrain; in shade, relatively moist place; exposed to direct rain; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevation 595 m (1.950 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: rather skeletal soil with raw humus (mostly rotten leaves of Fagus sylvatica) Comments: Lycoperdon perlatum is our most common puffball, growing in very wide range of habitats and on all kind of soils. Yet it is very beautiful (if not too mature). It is easy to recognize it by its interesting fruitbody surface, which is covered by 1 to 2 mm high, conical (or sometimes of quite funny shape) warts, which are surrounded by a ring of lower warts around them. With time the large warts fall off and the lower ones appear like a kind of delicate. regular 'net' on the surface of the fruit bodies, which is typical for the species. Photographed fungi were growing in a group of more than ten fruit bodies growing right in the middle of a mountain path. Spores warty. Dimensions: 3,5 [3,8 ; 3,9] 4,2 x 3,3 [3,6 ; 3,8] 4,1 microns; Q = 1 [1,0] 1,1; N = 40; C = 95%; Me = 3,8 x 3,7 microns; Qe = 1. Capillitium hyphae diameter about 4-5 microns; not septated, very sparsely branched. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil, in water; in vivo. AmScope MA500 digital camera. Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJF Picture captions: Pic. 3M - Most of the spores observed were grouped in strange clumps. I do not know why and what this means. Pic. 4M - Capillitium hyphae not septated, very sparsely branched. Ref.: (1) S. Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 432. (2) R.M. Daehncke, 1200 Pilze in Farbfotos, AT Verlag (2009), p 1089. (3) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.2., Verlag Mykologia (1986), p 399. (4) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 2., Ulmer (2000), p 151. (5) R. Phillips, Mushrooms, Macmillan (2006), p 330. Nikon D700/Nikkor Micro 105mm/f2.8
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Slo.: betiasta pranica - Habitat: Right on the path between two village houses; surrounded with abandoned pastures and mixed wood; almost flat, semiruderal, calcareous terrain; in shade, relatively moist place; exposed to direct rain; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevation 595 m (1.950 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: rather skeletal soil with raw humus (mostly rotten leaves of Fagus sylvatica) Comments: Lycoperdon perlatum is our most common puffball, growing in very wide range of habitats and on all kind of soils. Yet it is very beautiful (if not too mature). It is easy to recognize it by its interesting fruitbody surface, which is covered by 1 to 2 mm high, conical (or sometimes of quite funny shape) warts, which are surrounded by a ring of lower warts around them. With time the large warts fall off and the lower ones appear like a kind of delicate. regular 'net' on the surface of the fruit bodies, which is typical for the species. Photographed fungi were growing in a group of more than ten fruit bodies growing right in the middle of a mountain path. Spores warty. Dimensions: 3,5 [3,8 ; 3,9] 4,2 x 3,3 [3,6 ; 3,8] 4,1 microns; Q = 1 [1,0] 1,1; N = 40; C = 95%; Me = 3,8 x 3,7 microns; Qe = 1. Capillitium hyphae diameter about 4-5 microns; not septated, very sparsely branched. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil, in water; in vivo. AmScope MA500 digital camera. Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJF Picture captions: Pic. 3M - Most of the spores observed were grouped in strange clumps. I do not know why and what this means. Pic. 4M - Capillitium hyphae not septated, very sparsely branched. Ref.: (1) S. Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 432. (2) R.M. Daehncke, 1200 Pilze in Farbfotos, AT Verlag (2009), p 1089. (3) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.2., Verlag Mykologia (1986), p 399. (4) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 2., Ulmer (2000), p 151. (5) R. Phillips, Mushrooms, Macmillan (2006), p 330. Nikon D700/Nikkor Micro 105mm/f2.8
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Slo.: betiasta pranica - Habitat: Right on the path between two village houses; surrounded with abandoned pastures and mixed wood; almost flat, semiruderal, calcareous terrain; in shade, relatively moist place; exposed to direct rain; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevation 595 m (1.950 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: rather skeletal soil with raw humus (mostly rotten leaves of Fagus sylvatica) Comments: Lycoperdon perlatum is our most common puffball, growing in very wide range of habitats and on all kind of soils. Yet it is very beautiful (if not too mature). It is easy to recognize it by its interesting fruitbody surface, which is covered by 1 to 2 mm high, conical (or sometimes of quite funny shape) warts, which are surrounded by a ring of lower warts around them. With time the large warts fall off and the lower ones appear like a kind of delicate. regular 'net' on the surface of the fruit bodies, which is typical for the species. Photographed fungi were growing in a group of more than ten fruit bodies growing right in the middle of a mountain path. Spores warty. Dimensions: 3,5 [3,8 ; 3,9] 4,2 x 3,3 [3,6 ; 3,8] 4,1 microns; Q = 1 [1,0] 1,1; N = 40; C = 95%; Me = 3,8 x 3,7 microns; Qe = 1. Capillitium hyphae diameter about 4-5 microns; not septated, very sparsely branched. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil, in water; in vivo. AmScope MA500 digital camera. Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJF Picture captions: Pic. 3M - Most of the spores observed were grouped in strange clumps. I do not know why and what this means. Pic. 4M - Capillitium hyphae not septated, very sparsely branched. Ref.: (1) S. Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 432. (2) R.M. Daehncke, 1200 Pilze in Farbfotos, AT Verlag (2009), p 1089. (3) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.2., Verlag Mykologia (1986), p 399. (4) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 2., Ulmer (2000), p 151. (5) R. Phillips, Mushrooms, Macmillan (2006), p 330. Nikon D700/Nikkor Micro 105mm/f2.8
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Slo.: betiasta pranica - Habitat: Right on the path between two village houses; surrounded with abandoned pastures and mixed wood; almost flat, semiruderal, calcareous terrain; in shade, relatively moist place; exposed to direct rain; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevation 595 m (1.950 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: rather skeletal soil with raw humus (mostly rotten leaves of Fagus sylvatica) Comments: Lycoperdon perlatum is our most common puffball, growing in very wide range of habitats and on all kind of soils. Yet it is very beautiful (if not too mature). It is easy to recognize it by its interesting fruitbody surface, which is covered by 1 to 2 mm high, conical (or sometimes of quite funny shape) warts, which are surrounded by a ring of lower warts around them. With time the large warts fall off and the lower ones appear like a kind of delicate. regular 'net' on the surface of the fruit bodies, which is typical for the species. Photographed fungi were growing in a group of more than ten fruit bodies growing right in the middle of a mountain path. Spores warty. Dimensions: 3,5 [3,8 ; 3,9] 4,2 x 3,3 [3,6 ; 3,8] 4,1 microns; Q = 1 [1,0] 1,1; N = 40; C = 95%; Me = 3,8 x 3,7 microns; Qe = 1. Capillitium hyphae diameter about 4-5 microns; not septated, very sparsely branched. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil, in water; in vivo. AmScope MA500 digital camera. Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJF Picture captions: Pic. 3M - Most of the spores observed were grouped in strange clumps. I do not know why and what this means. Pic. 4M - Capillitium hyphae not septated, very sparsely branched. Ref.: (1) S. Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 432. (2) R.M. Daehncke, 1200 Pilze in Farbfotos, AT Verlag (2009), p 1089. (3) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.2., Verlag Mykologia (1986), p 399. (4) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 2., Ulmer (2000), p 151. (5) R. Phillips, Mushrooms, Macmillan (2006), p 330. Nikon D700/Nikkor Micro 105mm/f2.8
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Slo.: betiasta pranica - Habitat: Right on the path between two village houses; surrounded with abandoned pastures and mixed wood; almost flat, semiruderal, calcareous terrain; in shade, relatively moist place; exposed to direct rain; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevation 595 m (1.950 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: rather skeletal soil with raw humus (mostly rotten leaves of Fagus sylvatica) Comments: Lycoperdon perlatum is our most common puffball, growing in very wide range of habitats and on all kind of soils. Yet it is very beautiful (if not too mature). It is easy to recognize it by its interesting fruitbody surface, which is covered by 1 to 2 mm high, conical (or sometimes of quite funny shape) warts, which are surrounded by a ring of lower warts around them. With time the large warts fall off and the lower ones appear like a kind of delicate. regular 'net' on the surface of the fruit bodies, which is typical for the species. Photographed fungi were growing in a group of more than ten fruit bodies growing right in the middle of a mountain path. Spores warty. Dimensions: 3,5 [3,8 ; 3,9] 4,2 x 3,3 [3,6 ; 3,8] 4,1 microns; Q = 1 [1,0] 1,1; N = 40; C = 95%; Me = 3,8 x 3,7 microns; Qe = 1. Capillitium hyphae diameter about 4-5 microns; not septated, very sparsely branched. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil, in water; in vivo. AmScope MA500 digital camera. Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJF Picture captions: Pic. 3M - Most of the spores observed were grouped in strange clumps. I do not know why and what this means. Pic. 4M - Capillitium hyphae not septated, very sparsely branched. Ref.: (1) S. Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 432. (2) R.M. Daehncke, 1200 Pilze in Farbfotos, AT Verlag (2009), p 1089. (3) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.2., Verlag Mykologia (1986), p 399. (4) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 2., Ulmer (2000), p 151. (5) R. Phillips, Mushrooms, Macmillan (2006), p 330. Nikon D700/Nikkor Micro 105mm/f2.8
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Slo.: betiasta pranica - Habitat: Right on the path between two village houses; surrounded with abandoned pastures and mixed wood; almost flat, semiruderal, calcareous terrain; in shade, relatively moist place; exposed to direct rain; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevation 595 m (1.950 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: rather skeletal soil with raw humus (mostly rotten leaves of Fagus sylvatica) Comments: Lycoperdon perlatum is our most common puffball, growing in very wide range of habitats and on all kind of soils. Yet it is very beautiful (if not too mature). It is easy to recognize it by its interesting fruitbody surface, which is covered by 1 to 2 mm high, conical (or sometimes of quite funny shape) warts, which are surrounded by a ring of lower warts around them. With time the large warts fall off and the lower ones appear like a kind of delicate. regular 'net' on the surface of the fruit bodies, which is typical for the species. Photographed fungi were growing in a group of more than ten fruit bodies growing right in the middle of a mountain path. Spores warty. Dimensions: 3,5 [3,8 ; 3,9] 4,2 x 3,3 [3,6 ; 3,8] 4,1 microns; Q = 1 [1,0] 1,1; N = 40; C = 95%; Me = 3,8 x 3,7 microns; Qe = 1. Capillitium hyphae diameter about 4-5 microns; not septated, very sparsely branched. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil, in water; in vivo. AmScope MA500 digital camera. Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJF Picture captions: Pic. 3M - Most of the spores observed were grouped in strange clumps. I do not know why and what this means. Pic. 4M - Capillitium hyphae not septated, very sparsely branched. Ref.: (1) S. Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 432. (2) R.M. Daehncke, 1200 Pilze in Farbfotos, AT Verlag (2009), p 1089. (3) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.2., Verlag Mykologia (1986), p 399. (4) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 2., Ulmer (2000), p 151. (5) R. Phillips, Mushrooms, Macmillan (2006), p 330. Nikon D700/Nikkor Micro 105mm/f2.8
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Slo.: betiasta pranica - Habitat: Right on the path between two village houses; surrounded with abandoned pastures and mixed wood; almost flat, semiruderal, calcareous terrain; in shade, relatively moist place; exposed to direct rain; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevation 595 m (1.950 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: rather skeletal soil with raw humus (mostly rotten leaves of Fagus sylvatica) Comments: Lycoperdon perlatum is our most common puffball, growing in very wide range of habitats and on all kind of soils. Yet it is very beautiful (if not too mature). It is easy to recognize it by its interesting fruitbody surface, which is covered by 1 to 2 mm high, conical (or sometimes of quite funny shape) warts, which are surrounded by a ring of lower warts around them. With time the large warts fall off and the lower ones appear like a kind of delicate. regular 'net' on the surface of the fruit bodies, which is typical for the species. Photographed fungi were growing in a group of more than ten fruit bodies growing right in the middle of a mountain path. Spores warty. Dimensions: 3,5 [3,8 ; 3,9] 4,2 x 3,3 [3,6 ; 3,8] 4,1 microns; Q = 1 [1,0] 1,1; N = 40; C = 95%; Me = 3,8 x 3,7 microns; Qe = 1. Capillitium hyphae diameter about 4-5 microns; not septated, very sparsely branched. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil, in water; in vivo. AmScope MA500 digital camera. Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJF Picture captions: Pic. 3M - Most of the spores observed were grouped in strange clumps. I do not know why and what this means. Pic. 4M - Capillitium hyphae not septated, very sparsely branched. Ref.: (1) S. Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 432. (2) R.M. Daehncke, 1200 Pilze in Farbfotos, AT Verlag (2009), p 1089. (3) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.2., Verlag Mykologia (1986), p 399. (4) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 2., Ulmer (2000), p 151. (5) R. Phillips, Mushrooms, Macmillan (2006), p 330. Nikon D700/Nikkor Micro 105mm/f2.8
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Slo.: betiasta pranica - Habitat: Right on the path between two village houses; surrounded with abandoned pastures and mixed wood; almost flat, semiruderal, calcareous terrain; in shade, relatively moist place; exposed to direct rain; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevation 595 m (1.950 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: rather skeletal soil with raw humus (mostly rotten leaves of Fagus sylvatica) Comments: Lycoperdon perlatum is our most common puffball, growing in very wide range of habitats and on all kind of soils. Yet it is very beautiful (if not too mature). It is easy to recognize it by its interesting fruitbody surface, which is covered by 1 to 2 mm high, conical (or sometimes of quite funny shape) warts, which are surrounded by a ring of lower warts around them. With time the large warts fall off and the lower ones appear like a kind of delicate. regular 'net' on the surface of the fruit bodies, which is typical for the species. Photographed fungi were growing in a group of more than ten fruit bodies growing right in the middle of a mountain path. Spores warty. Dimensions: 3,5 [3,8 ; 3,9] 4,2 x 3,3 [3,6 ; 3,8] 4,1 microns; Q = 1 [1,0] 1,1; N = 40; C = 95%; Me = 3,8 x 3,7 microns; Qe = 1. Capillitium hyphae diameter about 4-5 microns; not septated, very sparsely branched. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil, in water; in vivo. AmScope MA500 digital camera. Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJF Picture captions: Pic. 3M - Most of the spores observed were grouped in strange clumps. I do not know why and what this means. Pic. 4M - Capillitium hyphae not septated, very sparsely branched. Ref.: (1) S. Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 432. (2) R.M. Daehncke, 1200 Pilze in Farbfotos, AT Verlag (2009), p 1089. (3) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.2., Verlag Mykologia (1986), p 399. (4) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 2., Ulmer (2000), p 151. (5) R. Phillips, Mushrooms, Macmillan (2006), p 330. Nikon D700/Nikkor Micro 105mm/f2.8
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Slo.: betiasta pranica - Habitat: Right on the path between two village houses; surrounded with abandoned pastures and mixed wood; almost flat, semiruderal, calcareous terrain; in shade, relatively moist place; exposed to direct rain; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevation 595 m (1.950 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: rather skeletal soil with raw humus (mostly rotten leaves of Fagus sylvatica) Comments: Lycoperdon perlatum is our most common puffball, growing in very wide range of habitats and on all kind of soils. Yet it is very beautiful (if not too mature). It is easy to recognize it by its interesting fruitbody surface, which is covered by 1 to 2 mm high, conical (or sometimes of quite funny shape) warts, which are surrounded by a ring of lower warts around them. With time the large warts fall off and the lower ones appear like a kind of delicate. regular 'net' on the surface of the fruit bodies, which is typical for the species. Photographed fungi were growing in a group of more than ten fruit bodies growing right in the middle of a mountain path. Spores warty. Dimensions: 3,5 [3,8 ; 3,9] 4,2 x 3,3 [3,6 ; 3,8] 4,1 microns; Q = 1 [1,0] 1,1; N = 40; C = 95%; Me = 3,8 x 3,7 microns; Qe = 1. Capillitium hyphae diameter about 4-5 microns; not septated, very sparsely branched. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil, in water; in vivo. AmScope MA500 digital camera. Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJF Picture captions: Pic. 3M - Most of the spores observed were grouped in strange clumps. I do not know why and what this means. Pic. 4M - Capillitium hyphae not septated, very sparsely branched. Ref.: (1) S. Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 432. (2) R.M. Daehncke, 1200 Pilze in Farbfotos, AT Verlag (2009), p 1089. (3) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.2., Verlag Mykologia (1986), p 399. (4) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 2., Ulmer (2000), p 151. (5) R. Phillips, Mushrooms, Macmillan (2006), p 330. Nikon D700/Nikkor Micro 105mm/f2.8
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Slo.: betiasta pranica - Habitat: Right on the path between two village houses; surrounded with abandoned pastures and mixed wood; almost flat, semiruderal, calcareous terrain; in shade, relatively moist place; exposed to direct rain; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevation 595 m (1.950 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: rather skeletal soil with raw humus (mostly rotten leaves of Fagus sylvatica) Comments: Lycoperdon perlatum is our most common puffball, growing in very wide range of habitats and on all kind of soils. Yet it is very beautiful (if not too mature). It is easy to recognize it by its interesting fruitbody surface, which is covered by 1 to 2 mm high, conical (or sometimes of quite funny shape) warts, which are surrounded by a ring of lower warts around them. With time the large warts fall off and the lower ones appear like a kind of delicate. regular 'net' on the surface of the fruit bodies, which is typical for the species. Photographed fungi were growing in a group of more than ten fruit bodies growing right in the middle of a mountain path. Spores warty. Dimensions: 3,5 [3,8 ; 3,9] 4,2 x 3,3 [3,6 ; 3,8] 4,1 microns; Q = 1 [1,0] 1,1; N = 40; C = 95%; Me = 3,8 x 3,7 microns; Qe = 1. Capillitium hyphae diameter about 4-5 microns; not septated, very sparsely branched. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil, in water; in vivo. AmScope MA500 digital camera. Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJF Picture captions: Pic. 3M - Most of the spores observed were grouped in strange clumps. I do not know why and what this means. Pic. 4M - Capillitium hyphae not septated, very sparsely branched. Ref.: (1) S. Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 432. (2) R.M. Daehncke, 1200 Pilze in Farbfotos, AT Verlag (2009), p 1089. (3) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.2., Verlag Mykologia (1986), p 399. (4) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 2., Ulmer (2000), p 151. (5) R. Phillips, Mushrooms, Macmillan (2006), p 330. Nikon D700/Nikkor Micro 105mm/f2.8
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Slo.: betiasta pranica - Habitat: Right on the path between two village houses; surrounded with abandoned pastures and mixed wood; almost flat, semiruderal, calcareous terrain; in shade, relatively moist place; exposed to direct rain; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevation 595 m (1.950 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: rather skeletal soil with raw humus (mostly rotten leaves of Fagus sylvatica) Comments: Lycoperdon perlatum is our most common puffball, growing in very wide range of habitats and on all kind of soils. Yet it is very beautiful (if not too mature). It is easy to recognize it by its interesting fruitbody surface, which is covered by 1 to 2 mm high, conical (or sometimes of quite funny shape) warts, which are surrounded by a ring of lower warts around them. With time the large warts fall off and the lower ones appear like a kind of delicate. regular 'net' on the surface of the fruit bodies, which is typical for the species. Photographed fungi were growing in a group of more than ten fruit bodies growing right in the middle of a mountain path. Spores warty. Dimensions: 3,5 [3,8 ; 3,9] 4,2 x 3,3 [3,6 ; 3,8] 4,1 microns; Q = 1 [1,0] 1,1; N = 40; C = 95%; Me = 3,8 x 3,7 microns; Qe = 1. Capillitium hyphae diameter about 4-5 microns; not septated, very sparsely branched. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil, in water; in vivo. AmScope MA500 digital camera. Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJF Picture captions: Pic. 3M - Most of the spores observed were grouped in strange clumps. I do not know why and what this means. Pic. 4M - Capillitium hyphae not septated, very sparsely branched. Ref.: (1) S. Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 432. (2) R.M. Daehncke, 1200 Pilze in Farbfotos, AT Verlag (2009), p 1089. (3) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.2., Verlag Mykologia (1986), p 399. (4) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 2., Ulmer (2000), p 151. (5) R. Phillips, Mushrooms, Macmillan (2006), p 330. Nikon D700/Nikkor Micro 105mm/f2.8
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Slo.: betiasta pranica - Habitat: A small opening in a mixed wood (predominantly Fagus sylvatica and Picea abies), among grass and other herbs, flat calcareous ground, partly shady, exposed to direct rain, average precipitations ~3.000 mm/year, average temperature 6-8 deg C, elevation 720 m (2.350 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: soil, eventually buried rotten wood? - Comment: I am unable to decide between L. perlatum and L. nigrescens. Some characters speak in favor for the first, some for the second - Ref.: Personal communication Mr. Gregor Podgornik, NAC Tolmin. G. Pace, Vse o gobah (in Slovene), Mladinska Knjiga (1997), p 318. M.Bon, Pareys Buch der Pilze, Kosmos (2005), p 304. R.M.Daehncke, 1200 Pilze in Farbfotos, AT Verlag (2009), p 1089. R.Lueder, Grundkurs Pilzbestimmung, Quelle & Mayer (2008), p 326.
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Slo.: betiasta pranica - Habitat: A small opening in a mixed wood (predominantly Fagus sylvatica and Picea abies), among grass and other herbs, flat calcareous ground, partly shady, exposed to direct rain, average precipitations ~3.000 mm/year, average temperature 6-8 deg C, elevation 720 m (2.350 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: soil, eventually buried rotten wood? - Comment: I am unable to decide between L. perlatum and L. nigrescens. Some characters speak in favor for the first, some for the second - Ref.: Personal communication Mr. Gregor Podgornik, NAC Tolmin. G. Pace, Vse o gobah (in Slovene), Mladinska Knjiga (1997), p 318. M.Bon, Pareys Buch der Pilze, Kosmos (2005), p 304. R.M.Daehncke, 1200 Pilze in Farbfotos, AT Verlag (2009), p 1089. R.Lueder, Grundkurs Pilzbestimmung, Quelle & Mayer (2008), p 326.
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Slo.: betiasta pranica - Habitat: A small opening in a mixed wood (predominantly Fagus sylvatica and Picea abies), among grass and other herbs, flat calcareous ground, partly shady, exposed to direct rain, average precipitations ~3.000 mm/year, average temperature 6-8 deg C, elevation 720 m (2.350 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: soil, eventually buried rotten wood? - Comment: I am unable to decide between L. perlatum and L. nigrescens. Some characters speak in favor for the first, some for the second - Ref.: Personal communication Mr. Gregor Podgornik, NAC Tolmin. G. Pace, Vse o gobah (in Slovene), Mladinska Knjiga (1997), p 318. M.Bon, Pareys Buch der Pilze, Kosmos (2005), p 304. R.M.Daehncke, 1200 Pilze in Farbfotos, AT Verlag (2009), p 1089. R.Lueder, Grundkurs Pilzbestimmung, Quelle & Mayer (2008), p 326.