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Rooinekvalk ( Afrikaans )

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Die Rooinekvalk (Falco chicquera) is 'n gelokaliseerde algemene standvoël. Hulle leef gewoonlik in dorre savana en boomveld, dikwels naby Borassus-palms. Die voël is 30 – 36 cm groot, weeg 150 - 265 gram. In Engels staan die voël bekend as Red-necked Falcon.

Sien ook

Bron

Verwysings

  1. BirdLife International (2012). "Falco chicquera". IUCN Rooilys van Bedreigde Spesies. Weergawe 2012.1. Internasionale Unie vir die Bewaring van die Natuur. Besoek op 16 Julie 2012.

Eksterne skakel

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Rooinekvalk: Brief Summary ( Afrikaans )

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Die Rooinekvalk (Falco chicquera) is 'n gelokaliseerde algemene standvoël. Hulle leef gewoonlik in dorre savana en boomveld, dikwels naby Borassus-palms. Die voël is 30 – 36 cm groot, weeg 150 - 265 gram. In Engels staan die voël bekend as Red-necked Falcon.

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Falco chicquera ( Azerbaijani )

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Falco chicquera (lat. Falco chicquera) - qızılquş cinsinə aid heyvan növü.

Mənbə

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Falco chicquera: Brief Summary ( Azerbaijani )

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Falco chicquera (lat. Falco chicquera) - qızılquş cinsinə aid heyvan növü.

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Falc'hun penn ruz ( Breton )

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Ar Falc'hun penn ruz(Daveoù a vank) (liester : Falc'huned penn ruz) a zo ur spesad evned-preizh deiz, Falco chicquera eus e anv skiantel.

Doareoù pennañ

Boued

 src=
Falco chicquera,
tresadenn gant Reinhold (1799).


Annez hag isspesadoù

Ar spesad a gaver an tri isspesad anezhañ[1] :

Liammoù diavaez


Commons
Muioc'h a restroù diwar-benn

a vo kavet e Wikimedia Commons.

Wikispecies-logo.svg
War Wikispecies e vo kavet ditouroù ouzhpenn diwar-benn:

Notennoù ha daveennoù

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Falc'hun penn ruz: Brief Summary ( Breton )

provided by wikipedia BR

Ar Falc'hun penn ruz(Daveoù a vank) (liester : Falc'huned penn ruz) a zo ur spesad evned-preizh deiz, Falco chicquera eus e anv skiantel.

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Falcó cap-roig ( Catalan; Valencian )

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El falcó cap-roig (Falco chicquera) és una espècie d'ocell rapinyaire de la família dels falcònids (Falconidae) que habita sabanes i zones obertes de l'Àfrica Subsahariana i Àsia Meridional, des del sud-est de Mauritània cap a l'est fins a Etiòpia i cap al sud fins a Sud-àfrica, faltant de les zones boscoses de l'Àfrica Central i Oriental, i en Àsia des del sud-est d'Iran cap a l'est, a través de Pakistan, Nepal i l'Índia fins a Assam i Bangladesh.

Subespècies

Aquest xoriguer ha estat classificat en tres subespècies diferents:[1]

Referències

 src= A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Falcó cap-roig Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata
  1. Gill, F & D Donsker (Eds). 2017. IOC World Bird List (v 7.2). doi : 10.14344/IOC.ML.7.2.
  2. Josep del Hoyo i J. Nigel. Illustrated checklist of the birds of the world. Vol.1, Non passerines. Lynx Edicions, 2014. ISBN 978-84-96553-94-1


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Falcó cap-roig: Brief Summary ( Catalan; Valencian )

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El falcó cap-roig (Falco chicquera) és una espècie d'ocell rapinyaire de la família dels falcònids (Falconidae) que habita sabanes i zones obertes de l'Àfrica Subsahariana i Àsia Meridional, des del sud-est de Mauritània cap a l'est fins a Etiòpia i cap al sud fins a Sud-àfrica, faltant de les zones boscoses de l'Àfrica Central i Oriental, i en Àsia des del sud-est d'Iran cap a l'est, a través de Pakistan, Nepal i l'Índia fins a Assam i Bangladesh.

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Hebog gwargoch ( Welsh )

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Aderyn a rhywogaeth o adar yw Hebog gwargoch (sy'n enw gwrywaidd; enw lluosog: hebogiaid gwargoch) a adnabyddir hefyd gyda'i enw gwyddonol Falco chicquera; yr enw Saesneg arno yw Red-headed falcon. Mae'n perthyn i deulu'r Hebogiaid (Lladin: Falconidae) sydd yn urdd y Falconiformes.[1]

Talfyrir yr enw Lladin yn aml yn F. chicquera, sef enw'r rhywogaeth.[2]

Teulu

Mae'r hebog gwargoch yn perthyn i deulu'r Hebogiaid (Lladin: Falconidae). Dyma rai o aelodau eraill y teulu:

Rhestr Wicidata:

rhywogaeth enw tacson delwedd Caracara cyffredin Caracara plancus Caracara gyddf-felyn Daptrius ater
Black Caracara (5320732936).jpg
Caracara gyddfgoch Ibycter americanus
Ibycter americanus 2.jpg
Caracara penfelyn Milvago chimachima
Yellow-headed Caracara.jpg
Corhebog Borneo Microhierax latifrons
Microhieraxlatifrons.JPG
Corhebog brith Microhierax melanoleucos
Pied falconet, (Microhierax melanoleucos) from pakke tiger reserve JEG3641 (cropped).jpg
Corhebog clunddu Microhierax fringillarius
Microhierax fringillarius Museum de Genève.JPG
Corhebog torchog Microhierax caerulescens
Microhierax caerulescens Museum de Genève.JPG
Corhebog y Philipinau Microhierax erythrogenys
Philippine Falconet - Microhierax erythrogenys.jpg
Hebog chwerthinog Herpetotheres cachinnans
Lachfalke.jpg
Hebog yr Ehedydd Falco subbuteo
Eurasian Hobby (14574008925) (cropped).jpg
Tsimango Milvago chimango
Milvago chimango -Rio Grande, Rio Gande do Sul, Brazil-8.jpg
Diwedd y rhestr a gynhyrchwyd yn otomatig o Wicidata.

Gweler hefyd

Cyfeiriadau

  1. Gwefan Cymdeithas Edward Llwyd; adalwyd 30 Medi 2016.
  2. Gwefan Avibase; adalwyd 3 Hydref 2016.
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Hebog gwargoch: Brief Summary ( Welsh )

provided by wikipedia CY

Aderyn a rhywogaeth o adar yw Hebog gwargoch (sy'n enw gwrywaidd; enw lluosog: hebogiaid gwargoch) a adnabyddir hefyd gyda'i enw gwyddonol Falco chicquera; yr enw Saesneg arno yw Red-headed falcon. Mae'n perthyn i deulu'r Hebogiaid (Lladin: Falconidae) sydd yn urdd y Falconiformes.

Talfyrir yr enw Lladin yn aml yn F. chicquera, sef enw'r rhywogaeth.

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Rothalsfalke ( German )

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Der Rothalsfalke (Falco chicquera) ist eine mittelgroße Art aus der Gattung der Falken. Rothalsfalken erreichen eine Körperlänge von 30 bis 36 Zentimeter. Ihre Flügelspannweite beträgt 85 Zentimeter.

Sein großräumiges Verbreitungsgebiet reicht von Indien bis zur Sahara Afrikas. Er lebt in Halbwüsten, Savannen und anderen ariden Arealen, in denen sich zumindest einige Bäume befinden. Er ist jedoch auch in Wäldern in Flussnähe zu finden. Wie für Falken typisch nutzt er ehemalige Nester von Krähen als Nistgelegenheit oder baut sein Nest in den Kronen bestimmter afrikanischer Palmen.

Der Rothalsfalke jagt häufig von Warten aus. Zu seinen Beutetieren zählen andere Vogelarten, Fledertiere und große Insekten, die er in schnellem Flug erbeutet. Er ist am aktivsten in der Dämmerung und jagt bevorzugt unterhalb der Baumkronen.

Ausgewachsene Vögel der afrikanischen Unterart haben ein weiß gefiedertes Gesicht. Die Körperoberseite ist ein blasses Grau. Die Schwanzspitze und die Handschwingen sind schwarz. Die Körperunterseite ist weiß und an der Flügelunterseite, der unteren Brust, dem Bauch und der Schwanzunterseite dunkel bebändert. Beine und der Augenring sind gelb. Die indische Unterart unterscheidet sich von der afrikanischen vor allem durch eine geringer ausgeprägte Bebänderung.

Literatur

  • Clive Barlow, Tim Wacher: A Field Guide to Birds of the Gambia and Senegal. Pica Press, Mountfield 1997, ISBN 1-873403-32-1
  • Richard Grimmett, Carol Inskipp, Tim Inskipp: Birds of India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Sri Lanka and the Maldives. Christopher Helm, London 1998, ISBN 0-691-04910-6

Weblinks

 src=
– Album mit Bildern
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Rothalsfalke: Brief Summary ( German )

provided by wikipedia DE

Der Rothalsfalke (Falco chicquera) ist eine mittelgroße Art aus der Gattung der Falken. Rothalsfalken erreichen eine Körperlänge von 30 bis 36 Zentimeter. Ihre Flügelspannweite beträgt 85 Zentimeter.

Sein großräumiges Verbreitungsgebiet reicht von Indien bis zur Sahara Afrikas. Er lebt in Halbwüsten, Savannen und anderen ariden Arealen, in denen sich zumindest einige Bäume befinden. Er ist jedoch auch in Wäldern in Flussnähe zu finden. Wie für Falken typisch nutzt er ehemalige Nester von Krähen als Nistgelegenheit oder baut sein Nest in den Kronen bestimmter afrikanischer Palmen.

Der Rothalsfalke jagt häufig von Warten aus. Zu seinen Beutetieren zählen andere Vogelarten, Fledertiere und große Insekten, die er in schnellem Flug erbeutet. Er ist am aktivsten in der Dämmerung und jagt bevorzugt unterhalb der Baumkronen.

Ausgewachsene Vögel der afrikanischen Unterart haben ein weiß gefiedertes Gesicht. Die Körperoberseite ist ein blasses Grau. Die Schwanzspitze und die Handschwingen sind schwarz. Die Körperunterseite ist weiß und an der Flügelunterseite, der unteren Brust, dem Bauch und der Schwanzunterseite dunkel bebändert. Beine und der Augenring sind gelb. Die indische Unterart unterscheidet sich von der afrikanischen vor allem durch eine geringer ausgeprägte Bebänderung.

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रातोटाउके बौंडाई ( Nepali )

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रातोटाउके बौंडाई नेपालमा पाइने एक प्रकारको चराको नाम हो । यसलाई अङ्ग्रेजीमा रेड-नेक्ड फाल्कन (Red-necked Falcon) भनिन्छ ।

यो पनि हेर्नुहोस्

सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू

बाह्य लिङ्कहरू

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रातोटाउके बौंडाई: Brief Summary ( Nepali )

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रातोटाउके बौंडाई नेपालमा पाइने एक प्रकारको चराको नाम हो । यसलाई अङ्ग्रेजीमा रेड-नेक्ड फाल्कन (Red-necked Falcon) भनिन्छ ।

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विकिपेडिया लेखक र सम्पादकहरू

लाल डोक्याचा ससाणा ( Marathi )

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 src=
लाल डोक्याचा ससाणा
 src=
लाल डोक्याचा ससाणा

लाल डोक्याचा ससाणा, आकोस, आडेरा, मोरगी किंवा तुरमती (इंग्लिश: Red-headed falcon, Red-headed merlin; हिंदी: तुरुमती, तुरुमतरी, तुरुमतु; गुजराती: तुरमती, चटवा; तेलुगू:जेल्ल गट, जेल्ल गद्द, तिरूमुंडि डेग) हा एक शिकारी पक्षी आहे.

ओळख

हा आकाराने अंदाजे कबुतराएवढा सुबक सुंदर ससाणा असतो. वर निळसर करडा, खाली पांढरा असतो. पोट व पंखांवर काळवट, दाट पट्टे व काड्या असतात. त्यांच्या पंखांची पांढरी किनार आणि वरचे रुंद काळे पट्टे उडताना ठळक दिसतात. डोके काळसर तांबूस असते. नर-मादी दिसायला सारखे असतात. मादी नरापेक्षा मोठी असते. नेहमी जोडीने राहतात.

वितरण

निवासी व अंशतः स्थलांतर करणारे. पूर्वेकडे आसाम आणि बांगला देश, तसेच भारतीय द्वीपकल्पात आढळतात. जानेवारी ते मार्च हा त्यांच्या वीणीचा काळ आहे.

निवासस्थाने

हे पक्षी माळराने, राया आणि भातशेती, तसेच विरळ जंगले येथे असतात.

संदर्भ

  • पक्षीकोश - मारुती चितमपल्ली
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लाल डोक्याचा ससाणा: Brief Summary ( Marathi )

provided by wikipedia emerging languages
 src= लाल डोक्याचा ससाणा  src= लाल डोक्याचा ससाणा

लाल डोक्याचा ससाणा, आकोस, आडेरा, मोरगी किंवा तुरमती (इंग्लिश: Red-headed falcon, Red-headed merlin; हिंदी: तुरुमती, तुरुमतरी, तुरुमतु; गुजराती: तुरमती, चटवा; तेलुगू:जेल्ल गट, जेल्ल गद्द, तिरूमुंडि डेग) हा एक शिकारी पक्षी आहे.

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ৰঙামূৰীয়া শেন ( Assamese )

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ৰঙামূৰীয়া শেন[2](ইংৰাজী: Red-necked Falcon, বৈজ্ঞানিক নাম-Falco chicquera) ফেলকন (falcon) পৰিয়ালৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত এটা মাংসভোজী চৰাইৰ প্ৰজাতি৷ ই ভাৰত আৰু আফ্ৰিকাত বহুলভাৱে বিস্তৃত৷

বিৱৰণ

ৰঙামূৰীয়া শেনৰ আকাৰ মজলীয়া৷ আফ্ৰিকাৰ মতা ৰঙামূৰীয়া শেনৰ দেহৰ ওজন প্ৰায় ১৩৯-১৭৮ গ্ৰাম আৰু মাইকীৰ ১৯০-৩০৫ গ্ৰাম হোৱা দেখা যায়৷ ইয়াৰ ডেউকা দীঘল৷ মূৰত উজ্জ্বল মাখন বৰণীয়া মুকুট (rufous crown) থাকে৷ মতা আৰু মাইকী উভয়ে দেখিবলৈ একে যদিও আকাৰ ভিন্ন হয়৷ মতা ৰঙামূৰীয়া শেন আকাৰত মাইকীজনীতকৈ যথেষ্ট সৰু হয়৷ পোৱালী ৰঙামূৰীয়া শেনৰ দেহৰ বৰণ পাতল হয়৷

বিতৰণ

ই প্ৰধানকৈ এছিয়া আৰু আফ্ৰিকাত বিস্তৃত হৈ আছে৷

বাসস্থান

ৰঙামূৰীয়া শেন প্ৰধানকৈ শুকান অৰ্ধ মৰুভূমি (semi-desert) অঞ্চল, চাভানা (savannah) আৰু অন্য মুকলি অঞ্চল সমূহত দেখিবলৈ পোৱা যায়৷

আচৰণ

ৰঙামূৰীয়া শেন সাধাৰণতে দোকমোকালি পুৱা আৰু গধূলি সময়ত সক্ৰিয় হৈ উঠে৷

খাদ্য

ই গছৰ ডাল-পাতৰ আঁৰত জোপ লৈ চৰাই খেদি খেদি চিকাৰ কৰে৷ তাৰোপৰি বাদুলী, ডাঙৰ পোক-পতংগ আদিও ইয়াৰ প্ৰিয় খাদ্য৷ প্ৰায়েই ই যোৰ পাতি চিকাৰ কৰে৷

প্ৰজনন

ৰঙামূৰীয়া শেনে গছত থকা পুৰণি বাহকে পুনৰ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰে আৰু ৩-৫ টাকৈ কণী পাৰে৷

তথ্যসূত্ৰ

  1. BirdLife International (2012). "Falco chicquera". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/106003602। আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে: 16 July 2012.
  2. N.N. Dutta et al, Annals of Biological Research, 2011, 2 (5):374-384
  • Barlow, Clive (1997): A field guide to birds of The Gambia and Senegal. Pica Press, Nr. Robertsbridge (East Sussex). ISBN 1-873403-32-1
  • Grimmett, Richard; Inskipp, Carol, Inskipp, Tim & Byers, Clive (1999): Birds of India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, and the Maldives. Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J.. ISBN 0-691-04910-6
  • Kemp, Alan C.; Kemp, Meg & Hayman, Peter (2001): Birds of Prey of Africa and its Islands. Struik, Cape Town. ISBN 1-86872-732-7
  • Wink, Michael & Sauer-Gürth, Hedi (2000): Advances in the molecular systematics of African raptors. In: Chancellor, R.D. & Meyburg, B.-U. (eds): Raptors at Risk: 135-147. WWGBP/Hancock House, Berlin/Blaine. PDF fulltext
  • Wink, Michael; Seibold, I.; Lotfikhah, F. & Bednarek, W. (1998): Molecular systematics of holarctic raptors (Order Falconiformes). In: Chancellor, R.D., Meyburg, B.-U. & Ferrero, J.J. (eds.): Holarctic Birds of Prey: 29-48. Adenex & WWGBP. PDF fulltext

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ৰঙামূৰীয়া শেন: Brief Summary ( Assamese )

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ৰঙামূৰীয়া শেন(ইংৰাজী: Red-necked Falcon, বৈজ্ঞানিক নাম-Falco chicquera) ফেলকন (falcon) পৰিয়ালৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত এটা মাংসভোজী চৰাইৰ প্ৰজাতি৷ ই ভাৰত আৰু আফ্ৰিকাত বহুলভাৱে বিস্তৃত৷

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ନାଲିମୁଣ୍ଡିଆ ବାଜ ( Oriya )

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ନାଲିମୁଣ୍ଡିଆ ବାଜ (ଇଂରାଜୀରେ red-necked falcon, ଜୀବବିଜ୍ଞାନ ନାମ Falco chicquera) ଏକ ଶିକାରୀ ପକ୍ଷୀ । ଏମାନେ ବାଜ (falcon) ପରିବାରର ସଦସ୍ୟ । ଭୌଗୋଳିକ ଦୃଷ୍ଟିକୋଣରୁ ଏହି ପକ୍ଷୀଙ୍କର ଦୁଇଟି ପ୍ରଜାତି ଦେଖାଯାନ୍ତି – ଗୋଟିଏ ଭାରତରେ ଓ ଅନ୍ୟଟି ଆଫ୍ରିକା ମହାଦେଶରେ । ଏହି ମଧ୍ୟମାକାର ପକ୍ଷୀର ପୃଷ୍ଠ ଭାଗ ଓ ଡେଣା ନୀଳମିଶା ଧୂସରିଆ ରଙ୍ଗର । ପକ୍ଷୀର ମୁଣ୍ଡର ଉପର ଭାଗ ଓ ବେକର ପଛପଟ ଗାଢ଼ ବାଦାମି ଲାଲ୍ ରଙ୍ଗର । ଡେଣାର ପ୍ରାଥମିକ ବା ମୂଳ ପରଗୁଡ଼ିକର ରଙ୍ଗ କଳା । ଲାଞ୍ଜରେ କଳା ପରର ଏକ ପଟାଦାଗ ରହିଥାଏ । ଭାରତୀୟ ଉପମହାଦ୍ୱୀପରେ ଏହି ପକ୍ଷୀ ମୁଖ୍ୟତଃ ବିସ୍ତୃତ ସମଭୂମି ଅଞ୍ଚଳରେ ଦେଖିବାକୁ ମିଳନ୍ତି । ଇରାନର ପଶ୍ଚିମ ଓ ଦକ୍ଷିଣ-ପୂର୍ବାଞ୍ଚଳରେ ମଧ୍ୟ ଏହି ପକ୍ଷୀ ଦେଖିବାକୁ ମିଳୁଥିଲା । ଆଫ୍ରିକୀୟ ଉପପ୍ରଜାତି ଫାଲ୍କୋ ଶିକେରା ରଫିକୋଲିସ୍ (Falco chicquera ruficollis) ଉପ-ସାହାରା ଅଞ୍ଚଳରେ ପରିଲକ୍ଷିତ ହୁଏ । ନିଜର ବିଚ୍ଛିନ୍ନ ଭୌଗୋଳିକ ପରିବାସ ଓ ଦେହର ଚିହ୍ନ ଯୋଗୁଁ କିଛି ଜୀବବିଜ୍ଞାନୀ ଏହାକୁ ଏକ ସ୍ୱତନ୍ତ୍ର ପ୍ରଜାତି (Falco ruficollis) ଭାବେ ବିବେଚନା କରିଥାନ୍ତି । ଦେଖିବାକୁ ଉଭୟ ଏସିଆ ଓ ଆଫ୍ରିକା ମହାଦେଶର ବାଜ ପ୍ରାୟ ଏକା ଭଳି କିନ୍ତୁ ଆଫ୍ରିକୀୟ ନାଲିମୁଣ୍ଡିଆ ବଜର ପିଠିପଟ ପରରେ ରହିଥିବା ଦାଗ ଅଧିକ ସ୍ପଷ୍ଟ । ଭାରତୀୟ ନାଲିମୁଣ୍ଡିଆ ବାଜର ବେକର ରଙ୍ଗ ସମ୍ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ଧଳା ହୋଇଥିବା ବେଳେ ଆଫ୍ରିକୀୟ ନାଲିମୁଣ୍ଡିଆ ବାଜର ବେକରେ ଏକ ମାଟିଆ ପଟା ଦାଗ ରହିଥାଏ । ଉଭୟ ବାଜଙ୍କ ଆଖି ଉପରର କଳା ପଟା ମଧ୍ୟ ଭିନ୍ନପ୍ରକାରର । ବାଜ ପରିବାରର ଅନ୍ୟ ସଦସ୍ୟଙ୍କ ପରି ନାଲିମୁଣ୍ଡିଆ ବାଜଙ୍କ କ୍ଷେତ୍ରରେ ମଧ୍ୟ ମାଈମାନେ ଅଣ୍ଡିରାମାନଙ୍କଠାରୁ ଆକାରରେ ବଡ଼ ହୋଇଥାନ୍ତି । ଭାରତରେ ବାଜ ପ୍ରଶିକ୍ଷକମାନେ ମାଈ ବାଜକୁ ‘ତୁରୁଂତି’ ଓ ଅଣ୍ଡିରା ବାଜକୁ ‘ଚତୱା’ କୁହନ୍ତି । ନାଲିମୁଣ୍ଡିଆ ବାଜମାନେ ଯୋଡ଼ିରେ ଭୋର ଓ ଗୋଧୂଳି ସମୟରେ ଶିକାର କରନ୍ତି । ଛୋଟ ପକ୍ଷୀ, ବାଦୁଡ଼ି ଓ ଗୁଣ୍ଡୁଚି ମୂଷା ଏମାନଙ୍କ ମୁଖ୍ୟ ଖାଦ୍ୟ ।

ବର୍ଣ୍ଣନା

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ଏକ ତରୁଣ ଭାରତୀୟ ନାଲିମୁଣ୍ଡିଆ ବାଜ ପକ୍ଷୀ

ନାଲିମୁଣ୍ଡିଆ ବାଜ ମଧ୍ୟମାକାରର, ଲମ୍ବା ଡେଣାଯୁକ୍ତ ଓ ଲାଲ୍ ମସ୍ତକବିଶିଷ୍ଟ । ଏହାର ଶରୀରର ଦୈର୍ଘ୍ୟ ୩୦-୩୬ ସେଣ୍ଟିମିଟର୍ ଓ ଏହାର ଉନ୍ମୁକ୍ତ ଡେଣାର ଦୈର୍ଘ୍ୟ ପ୍ରାୟ ୮୫ ସେଣ୍ଟିମିଟର୍ । ଡେଣା ଓ ଶରୀରର ପୃଷ୍ଠ ଭାଗ ନୀଳମିଶା ଧୂସରିଆ ରଙ୍ଗର । ଏହାର ଲାଞ୍ଜରେ ସଂକୀର୍ଣ୍ଣ ରେଖାମାନ ରହିଥାଏ । ଲାଞ୍ଜରେ ଏକ କଳା ରଙ୍ଗର ପଟି ପରି ଚିହ୍ନ ରହିଥାଏ ଓ ଅଗ୍ରଟି ଧଳା ରଙ୍ଗର ହୋଇଥାଏ । ସ୍ଥିତାବସ୍ଥାରେ ଡେଣାର ଅଗ୍ରଭାଗ ଲାଞ୍ଜ ପର୍ଯ୍ୟନ୍ତ ପହଞ୍ଚେନାହିଁ ।[୩] ଗୋଡ଼ ଓ ଆଖି ଚାରିପଟ ହଳଦିଆ ରଙ୍ଗର । ଥଣ୍ଟର ଅଗ୍ରାଂଶଟି କଳା ଓ ପୁଡ଼ା ନିକଟସ୍ଥ ପଶ୍ଚାତ୍ ଅଂଶ ସାଗୁଆ-ହଳଦି ମିଶା ରଙ୍ଗର । ଏହି ପକ୍ଷୀର “କି-କି-କି-କି” ଡାକ ଅତି ସୂକ୍ଷ୍ମ ବା ତୀର୍ଯ୍ୟକ୍ ମାନର । ଉଭୟ ମାଈ ଓ ଅଣ୍ଡିରା ବାଜ ଦେଖିବାକୁ ପ୍ରାୟ ସମାନ, ହେଲେ ଅନ୍ୟ ବାଜଙ୍କ ପରି ନାଲିମୁଣ୍ଡିଆଙ୍କ କ୍ଷେତ୍ରରେ ମଧ୍ୟ ମାଈମାନଙ୍କ ଆକାର ଅଣ୍ଡିରାମାନଙ୍କଠାରୁ ବଡ଼ । ତରୁଣାବସ୍ଥାରେ ଏମାନଙ୍କ ଦେହର ରଙ୍ଗ ଅଳ୍ପ ଅବସନ୍ନ ଓ ଗାର ଗାର ଦାଗ ମଧ୍ୟ ଅସ୍ପଷ୍ଟ ଓ ସୀମିତ ।[୪] ୧୮୩୭ ମସିହାରେ ୱିଲିୟମ୍ ଜନ୍ ସ୍ୱେନ୍‍ସନ୍ ପ୍ରଥମେ ଆଫ୍ରିକୀୟ ନାଲିମୁଣ୍ଡିଆ ବାଜର ବିବରଣୀ ପ୍ରଦାନ କରିଥିଲେ ।[୫] ତାଙ୍କ ଅନୁସାରେ ଏହାର ମୁହଁ ଧଳା ଓ ଆଖି ପାଖରେ କଳା ନିଶ ପରି ପଟିଦାଗ ରହିଥାଏ । ଶରୀରର ଉପର ଅଂଶ ଫିକା ଧୂସର ରଙ୍ଗର । ଡେଣାର ପ୍ରାଥମିକ ପରର ରଙ୍ଗ କଳା ଓ ଲାଞ୍ଜର ପଟି ଦାଗ ମୋଟା । ପେଟ ପଟକୁ ଶରୀରର ରଙ୍ଗ ଧଳା । ଆଫ୍ରିକୀୟ ଉପପ୍ରଜାତିର ବେକର ତଳ ପଟେ ଫିକା ମାଟିଆ ରଙ୍ଗର ଏକ ବେକପଟି ଥାଏ ଯାହା ଭାରତୀୟ ଉପପ୍ରଜାତି ଶରୀରରେ ପରିଲକ୍ଷିତ ହୁଏନାହିଁ । ପଶ୍ଚିମ ଆଫ୍ରିକାର ଅଣ୍ଡିରା ନାଲିମୁଣ୍ଡିଆ ବାଜଙ୍କ ଶରୀରର ଓଜନ ୧୩୯-୧୭୮ ଗ୍ରାମ୍ ହୋଇଥିବା ବେଳେ ମାଈମାନଙ୍କ ଶରୀରର ଓଜନ ୧୯୦-୩୦୫ ଗ୍ରାମ୍ ପର୍ଯ୍ୟନ୍ତ ହୋଇଥାଏ । ଜାମ୍ବେଜି ନଦୀର ଦକ୍ଷିଣ ପଟକୁ ଦେଖାଯାଉଥିବା ନାଲିମୁଣ୍ଡିଆ ବାଜ ଆକାରରେ ବଡ଼ ଓ ଏମାନଙ୍କ ଉପପ୍ରଜାତିକୁ Falco chicquera horsbrughi ବୋଲି ମଧ୍ୟ ଅଭିହିତ କରାଯାଏ । ଗୋଟିଏ ନମୁନାର ଆଧାରରେ ୧୯୧୧ ମସିହାରେ ଜେ. ଡବ୍ଲୁ. ବି. ଗନ୍ନିଂ ଓ ଅଷ୍ଟିନ୍ ରବର୍ଟ୍ସ ଏମାନଙ୍କର ବିବରଣୀ ପ୍ରଦାନ କରିଥିଲେ ।[୬] କିନ୍ତୁ ଏହି ତଥ୍ୟରୁ ବ୍ୟତିକ୍ରମ ଦେଖାଯାଉଥିବାରୁ ସ୍ୱତନ୍ତ୍ର ବର୍ଗୀକରଣ ବୈଧ ନ ହୋଇପାରେ ।

ନାଲିମୁଣ୍ଡିଆ ବାଜଙ୍କ ଏସୀୟ ଉପପ୍ରଜାତି Falco chicquera chicqueraର ଛାତି ବା ବେକତଳ ପଟି ନଥାଏ ଓ ଦେହରେ କମ୍ ଗାର-ଗାର ଚିହ୍ନ ରହିଥାଏ ।

ବର୍ଗୀକରଣ

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ଲେଭେଲଁଙ୍କ ନାଲିମୁଣ୍ଡିଆ ବାଜ ନମୁନାର ଚିତ୍ର (୧୭୯୯)

ବଙ୍ଗର ଚନ୍ଦ୍ରନଗର ଅଞ୍ଚଳର ଏକ ପକ୍ଷୀ ନମୁନାକୁ ଭିତ୍ତି କରି ଫ୍ରାଂକୋଇସ୍ ଲେଭେଲଁ ନାଲିମୁଣ୍ଡିଆ ବାଜର ପ୍ରଥମ ବର୍ଣ୍ଣନା ଲିପିବଦ୍ଧ କରିଥିଲେ । ଏହି ପକ୍ଷୀର ନାମ ଶିକେରା ବୋଲି ତାଙ୍କୁ କୁହାଯାଇଥିଲା ।[୭] ଭୁଲବଶତଃ କେହି ଏହି ପକ୍ଷୀକୁ ଶିକ୍ରା ବାଜ ଭାବି କହିଦେଇ ପାରିଥାଏ, କିନ୍ତୁ ସେହି ସ୍ଥାନୀୟ ଶବ୍ଦଟି ବର୍ତ୍ତମାନ ଏହି ବାଜ ପ୍ରଜାତି ସହ ସଂଲଗ୍ନ ହୋଇଯାଇଛି ।[୮] ଲେଭେଲଁ ଏହି ପକ୍ଷୀର କୌଣସି ଜୀବବିଜ୍ଞାନ ନାମ ନରଖି ତାହାକୁ “ଲେ ଶିକେରା” ବୋଲି ଡାକିଲେ । ୧୮୦୦ ମସିହାରେ ଫ୍ରାଙ୍କୋଇସ୍ ମେରି ଡୌଡିନ୍ ଏହାର ଜୀବବିଜ୍ଞାନ ନାମ ଫାଲ୍କୋ ଶିକେରା ବୋଲି ଦେଇଥିଲେ ।[୯] ପ୍ରାରମ୍ଭିକ କିଛି ବର୍ଷ ଏହି ପକ୍ଷୀକୁ ଜୀବବିଜ୍ଞାନୀମାନେ ମର୍ଲିନ୍ ଚିଲର ଶ୍ରେଣୀ ଏସାଲନ୍ ଓ ପରବର୍ତ୍ତୀ ସମୟରେ ଲିଥୋଫାଲ୍କୋ ପ୍ରଜାତି ବୋଲି ମଧ୍ୟ କହିଆସୁଥିଲେ । ଆଉ କିଛି ଜୀବବିଜ୍ଞାନୀ ଏହି ପକ୍ଷୀକୁ ଶିକେରା ବା ହାଇପୋଟ୍ରାୟୋର୍କିସ୍ ପ୍ରଜାତି ବୋଲି କହି ଆସୁଥିଲେ ।[୧୦]

ବି କ୍ରୋମୋଜୋମ୍‍ର ଆଣବିକ କ୍ରମାଙ୍କ ବିଚ୍ଛୁରଣ ସମ୍ବନ୍ଧୀୟ ଗବେଷଣାରୁ ଜଣା ପଡ଼ିଛି ଯେ ପ୍ରାୟ ୯ ଲକ୍ଷ ବର୍ଷ ପୂର୍ବେ ନାଲିମୁଣ୍ଡିଆ ବାଜର ଆଫ୍ରିକୀୟ ଓ ଭାରତୀୟ ଉପପ୍ରଜାତିମାନଙ୍କ ପୃଥକୀକରଣ ହୋଇଥିଲା । ଏମାନଙ୍କ ଭୌଗୋଳିକ ପରିବାସ ସମ୍ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ପୃଥକ୍ ହୋଇଥିବାରୁ ଉଭୟଙ୍କୁ ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣାଙ୍ଗ ପ୍ରଜାତି ବୋଲି ମଧ୍ୟ ବିବେଚନା କରିହେବ ।[୬][୧୧]

ପରିବାସ ଓ ଭୌଗୋଳିକ ବିତରଣ

ଆଫ୍ରିକା ମହାଦେଶରେ ଅଳ୍ପ-ମରୁଦେଶ, ସାଭାନ୍ନା ତୃଣଭୂମି, ଶୁଷ୍କ ଅରଣ୍ୟ ତଥା ନଦୀ ଉପକୂଳସ୍ଥ ଅରଣ୍ୟାଞ୍ଚଳରେ ନାଲିମୁଣ୍ଡିଆ ବାଜ ବିଚରଣ ଓ ବାସ କରିବା ଦେଖାଯାଏ । ତାଳ ଗଛର ଡାଳ ଓ ପତ୍ର ଗହଳରେ ବାଜ ଯୁଗଳ ମିଳନ କ୍ରିୟା ଓ ପ୍ରଜନନ କରନ୍ତି । ଯଦିଓ ବାଜମାନେ ଗୋଟିଏ ଅଞ୍ଚଳରେ ସ୍ଥାୟୀ ଭାବେ ରୁହନ୍ତି, ପାଣିପାଗ ବଦଳିଲେ ଏମାନେ ଯାଯାବର ପରି ସ୍ଥାନ ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତନ କରିବା ଦେଖାଯାଏ । ଭାରତରେ ନାଲିମୁଣ୍ଡିଆ ବାଜ ମୁକ୍ତ ସମଭୂମି ପରିବାସରେ ଦେଖାଯାନ୍ତି ଓ ଘଞ୍ଚ ଅରଣ୍ୟ ବା ଉଚ୍ଚ ପାହାଡ଼ରେ ପ୍ରାୟ ପରିଲକ୍ଷିତ ହୁଅନ୍ତି ନାହିଁ । ୧୯୭୦ ମସିହାରୁ କୌଣସି ଉଲ୍ଲେଖ ମିଳି ନଥିଲେ ମଧ୍ୟ ଏହି ପକ୍ଷୀମାନେ ଅତୀତରେ ଇରାନ୍ ପର୍ଯ୍ୟନ୍ତ ଅଞ୍ଚଳରେ ବାସ କରୁଥିଲେ ବୋଲି କୁହାଯାଏ ।[୧୨] ନିକୋଲାଇ ଜାରୁଣ୍ଡି ୧୯୧୧ ମସିହାରେ ନାଲିମୁଣ୍ଡିଆ ବାଜଙ୍କ ପ୍ରଜନନ ପ୍ରକ୍ରିୟାକୁ ରେକର୍ଡ୍ ବା ଲିପିବଦ୍ଧ କରିଛନ୍ତି ।[୧୩] ଶୀତ ଋତୁରେ ଉତ୍ତର ଶ୍ରୀଲଙ୍କାରେ ଏହି ପକ୍ଷୀ ଦେଖାଯାଏ ।[୩] ପ୍ରଥମେ ଏଡ୍‍ଗାର୍ ଲିଓପୋଲ୍ଡ୍ ଲାୟାର୍ଡଙ୍କ ଲେଖାରୁ ଏହି ପକ୍ଷୀଙ୍କ ଶ୍ରୀଲଙ୍କା ଶୀତପ୍ରବାସର ତଥ୍ୟ ମିଳିଥିଲା ।[୧୪]

ବ୍ୟବହାର

ଯୋଡ଼ା ଯୋଡ଼ା ହୋଇ ନାଲିମୁଣ୍ଡିଆ ବାଜମାନେ ଶିକାର କରନ୍ତି । ଗୋଟିଏ ବାଜ ଶିକାରର ତଳ ପଟୁ ଉଡ଼ି ତାକୁ ଘଉଡ଼ାଉଥାଏ ଓ ଆର ବାଜଟି ଉପର ପଟରୁ ସୁଯୋଗ ଅପେକ୍ଷାରେ ରହିଥାଏ । ଅତି କ୍ଷୀପ୍ର ଗତିରେ ଉଡ଼ି ଶିକାରକୁ ଉଭୟ ବାଜ ଆକ୍ରମଣ କରିଥାନ୍ତି [୧୫][୧୬][୧୭] ଓ ଶିକାର ଜଣେ ଅନୁଧାବକ ଉପରେ ଧ୍ୟାନ ରଖିଥିବା ଯୋଗୁଁ ଆର ଜଣକୁ ଶିକାର କରିବାରେ ସୁବିଧା ହୁଏ ।

ଖୋଲା ସ୍ଥାନରେ ବିଚରଣ କରୁଥିବା ଛୋଟ ଆକାରର ପକ୍ଷୀ ଏମାନଙ୍କ ପ୍ରମୁଖ ଶିକାର । ଏଯାବତ୍ ମିଳିଥିବା ତଥ୍ୟାନୁସାରେ ନାଲିମୁଣ୍ଡିଆ ବାଜମାନେ ଚଟିଆ, ଲାଞ୍ଜନଚା ଚଢ଼େଇ, ପାଉଁଶମୁଣ୍ଡି ପ୍ରଜାତିର ଷ୍ଟାର୍ଲିଂ ପକ୍ଷୀ, କୋଇଲି, ଗୁଣ୍ଡୁରୀ, ସାତଭାୟା, ସାତଭଉଣୀ, ତଳଚଟିଆ, ବୁଲ୍‍ବୁଲ୍, ଚଡ଼ଚଡ଼ି ଚଢ଼େଇ, ଧୂଳି ଚଟା, ପାରା, ବଣକପୋତ, ଦର୍ଜୀ ଚଢ଼େଇ, କଂସେଇ, ଧଳାବେକିଆ ମାଛରଙ୍କା ପ୍ରଭୃତିଙ୍କ ଶିକାର କରନ୍ତି । ଏହା ସହିତ ନାଲିମୁଣ୍ଡିଆ ବାଜମାନେ ମୂଷା, ଝିଟିପିଟି, ଏଣ୍ଡୁଅ ଓ ବଡ଼ କୀଟମାନଙ୍କ ଶିକାର କରିବା ମଧ୍ୟ ଦେଖାଯାଏ ।[୧୮] ବଙ୍ଗଳାଦେଶରେ କରାଯାଇଥିବା ଏକ ଶୌଧ ଅନୁସାରେ ନାଲିମୁଣ୍ଡିଆ ବାଜମାନେ ୭୨% ସମୟରେ ଚଟିଆ ପ୍ରଜାତିର ଛୋଟ ପକ୍ଷୀ ଓ ୨୮% ସମୟରେ ବାଦୁଡ଼ି ପରି ଜୀବଙ୍କୁ ଖାଇଥିଲେ ।[୧୯] ଅନ୍ୟ ଛୋଟ ଛଞ୍ଚାଣ ଓ ଚିଲମାନଙ୍କଠାରୁ ନାଲିମୁଣ୍ଡିଆ ବାଜମାନେ ବଳପୂର୍ବକ ଖାଦ୍ୟ ଛଡ଼ାଇନେବାର ଉଦାହରଣ ମଧ୍ୟ ରହିଛି ।[୨୦] ଏମାନେ ସମୟେ ସମୟେ ନିଜ ଶିକାରକୁ ଲୁଚାଇ ରଖି ପରେ ତାହାକୁ ଭକ୍ଷଣ କରିଥାନ୍ତି ।[୨୧]

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ଏଲିଜାବେଥ୍ ଗୌଲ୍ଡଙ୍କ ୧୮୩୨ ମସିହାରେ ଅଙ୍କିତ ନାଲିମୁଣ୍ଡିଆ ବାଜର ଚିତ୍ର

ଅପରାହ୍ନରେ ବା ଖରା ବେଳେ ନାଲିମୁଣ୍ଡିଆ ବାଜ ସୁବିଧା ଅନୁଯାୟୀ ପାଣି ପିଇଥାଏ । ଭାରତ ଓ ଆଫ୍ରିକାରେ ଏମାନେ ନିର୍ଦ୍ଦିଷ୍ଟ ଜଳାଶୟକୁ ପ୍ରତିଦିନ ପାଣି ପିଇବା ପାଇଁ ଆସୁଥିବା ଦେଖାଯାଇଛି ।[୨୨]

ଜାନୁଆରୀରୁ ମାର୍ଚ୍ଚ ମାସ ପର୍ଯ୍ୟନ୍ତ ଭାରତରେ ନାଲିମୁଣ୍ଡିଆ ବାଜଙ୍କ ପ୍ରଜନନ ସମୟ । ଆଫ୍ରିକାର ଜାମ୍ବିଆରେ ଅଗଷ୍ଟ ମାସରେ ଏମାନଙ୍କ ପ୍ରଜନନ ଋତୁ ଆରମ୍ଭ ହୁଏ । ମିଳନ ଋତୁରେ ମାଈ ବାଜ ଅଣ୍ଡିରା ବାଜ ପାଇଁ ଖାଦ୍ୟ ନେଇଆସେ । ବନ୍ଦୀ ଥିବା ପକ୍ଷୀଙ୍କ କ୍ଷେତ୍ରରେ ମଧ୍ୟ ଏପରି ଓଲଟା ବ୍ୟବହାର ଦେଖାଯାଇଛି ।[୧୭][୨୩] ଏହି ପକ୍ଷୀମାନେ ପୁରୁଣା ଗଛ ବସାର ପୁନର୍ବ୍ୟବହାର କରିବା ଦେଖାଯାଇଛି । ତାଳ ବା ଆକାଶିଆ ପରି ଉଚ୍ଚ ଗଛରେ ନିଜ ବସା ତିଆରି କରି ବା ଅନ୍ୟ ପକ୍ଷୀର ବସା ଅକ୍ତିଆର କରି ମାଈ ବାଜ ୩ରୁ ୫ଟି ଅଣ୍ଡା ଦେଇଥାଏ । ଭାରତରେ ନାଲିମୁଣ୍ଡିଆ ବାଜମାନେ ଆମ୍ବ ଗଛର ଉଚ୍ଚ ଶାଖାରେ ବସା ବାନ୍ଧି ଅଣ୍ଡା ଦେବା ମଧ୍ୟ ଦେଖାଯାଏ । ବସା ଆଖପାଖର ଅନ୍ୟ ଚଢ଼େଇଙ୍କୁ ନାଲିମୁଣ୍ଡିଆ ବାଜ ଘଉଡ଼ାଇ ଦିଏ ।[୪] ଲୋକଗହଳି ଅଞ୍ଚଳରେ ଉଚ୍ଚ ଗଛରେ ଏହି ବାଜ ବସା ବାନ୍ଧୁଥିବା ମଧ୍ୟ ପରିଲକ୍ଷିତ ହୋଇଛି ।[୨୨] ମାଈ ବାଜ ସାଧାରଣତଃ ଅଣ୍ଡା ଉଷୁମାଇଥାଏ । ୩୨ରୁ ୩୪ ଦିନ ପରେ ଅଣ୍ଡା ଫୁଟି ଶାବକ ବାହାରନ୍ତି । ଏହି ସମୟରେ ଅଣ୍ଡିରା ବାଜ ଖାଦ୍ୟ ନେଇ ଆସିଥାଏ । ମାଈ ବାଜ ଖାଦ୍ୟକୁ ଛୋଟ ଛୋଟ ଖଣ୍ଡ କରି ଚିରି ଛୁଆଙ୍କୁ ଖୁଆଇଥାଏ । ଆଫ୍ରିକାରେ ଛୁଆମାନେ ୩୫-୩୭ ଦିନ ପରେ ଓ ଭାରତରେ ଛୁଆମାନେ ପ୍ରାୟ ୪୮ ଦିନ ପରେ ଉଡ଼ିବା ଆରମ୍ଭ କରନ୍ତି ।[୨୨][୨୪][୨୫]

ବାଜ ପ୍ରଶିକ୍ଷଣ କେନ୍ଦ୍ର

ମାଈ ନାଲିମୁଣ୍ଡିଆ ବାଜ ପ୍ରଶିକ୍ଷକମାନଙ୍କର ଅତି ପ୍ରିୟ । କ୍ଷିପ୍ର ବେଗରେ ଓ ତୁରନ୍ତ ଦିଗ ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତନ କରିପାରୁଥିବା ଭଦଭଦଳିଆ ଚଢ଼େଇର ପଛରେ ଗୋଡ଼ାଉଥିବା ନାଲିମୁଣ୍ଡିଆ ବାଜ ଏକ ମନୋରଞ୍ଜକ ଦୃଶ୍ୟ ।[୨୬] ଆକାଶ ସହିତ ଭୂମି ଉପରେ ମଧ୍ୟ ଶିକାର କରୁଥିବାରୁ ଭୂମିରେ ଫାଶ ଖଞ୍ଜି ଏହି ବାଜମାନଙ୍କୁ ଧରାଯାଏ ।[୮] ତୁରୁଂତା ଶବ୍ଦର ଉତ୍ସ ଇରାନରୁ ଓ ମର୍ଲିନ୍ ଚିଲ ଉଦ୍ଦେଶ୍ୟରେ ଏହା ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ହୋଇଥାଏ ।[୨୭]

ରୋଗ

ପୋଷା ରଖାଯାଇଥିବା ବାଜ ମରୁଡ଼ିଦ୍ୱାରା ଆକ୍ରାନ୍ତ ହେବା ଦେଖାଯାଇଛି ।[୨୮] କିଛି ବାଜ ଟ୍ରାଇକୋମୋନାସ୍ ପରି ଯୌନ ସଂକ୍ରମଣ[୨୯]Cyrnea eurycercaଦ୍ୱାରା ଆକ୍ରମଣର ଶିକାର ହୋଇଥାନ୍ତି ।[୩୦]

ଆହୁରି ଦେଖନ୍ତୁ

ଭଦଭଦଳିଆ

ପଣ୍ଡା ହଂସ

ଶଙ୍ଖଚିଲ

ଆଧାର

  1. "Falco chicquera". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
  2. "Catalogue of the Birds of India, with remarks on their geographical description". Ibis. 5 (17): 1–31. 1863. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919x.1863.tb06042.x.
  3. ୩.୦ ୩.୧ Rasmussen, P.C. & J.C. Anderton (2005). Birds of South Asia. The Ripley Guide. Volume 2. Washington DC and Barcelona: Smithsonian Institution and Lynx Edicions. p. 113.
  4. ୪.୦ ୪.୧ Baker, E.C. Stuart (1928). The Fauna of British India including Ceylon and Burma. Birds. Volume 5 (2nd ed.). London: Taylor and Francis. pp. 47–49.
  5. Swainson, William (1837). The Natural History of the Birds of Western Africa. Volume 1. Edinburgh: W.H. Lizars. pp. 107–108.
  6. ୬.୦ ୬.୧ Wink, Michael; Sauer-Gürth, Hedi (2000). "Advances in the molecular systematics of African raptors". In Chancellor, R.D.; B.-U. Meyburg (eds.). Raptors at Risk (PDF). pp. 135–147.
  7. Levaillant, F. (1799). Histoire naturelle des oiseaux d'Afrique. Volume 1. Paris: J.H.Fuchs. pp. 128–129.
  8. ୮.୦ ୮.୧ Phillott, D.C. (1907). "Note on the Red-headed Merlin (Aesalon chicquera)". Journal and Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. New Series. 3 (6): 395–399.
  9. Daudin, F.M. (1800). Traité élémentaire et complet d'ornithologie, ou, Histoire naturelle des oiseaux. Volume 2. pp. 121–122.
  10. Blanford, W.T. (1895). The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Birds. Volume 3. London: Taylor and Francis. pp. 426–428.
  11. Wink, M.; Seibold, I.; Lofikhah, F.; Bednarek, W. (1998). "Molecular systematics of Holarctic Raptors (Order Falconiformes)". In Chancellor, R.D.; B.-U. Meyburg; J.J. Ferrero (eds.). Holarctic Birds of Prey (PDF). pp. 29–48.
  12. Scott, Derek A. (2008). "Rare Birds in Iran in the Late 1960s and 1970s" (PDF). Podoces. 3 (1/2): 1–30.
  13. Zarudny, N.A. (1911). "Verzeichnis der Vögel Persiens". Journal für Ornithologie (in German). 59: 185–241. doi:10.1007/bf02091053.CS1 maint: Unrecognized language (link)
  14. Wait, W.E. (1921). "The owls and diurnal birds of prey found in Ceylon". Spolia Zeylanica. 11: 317–380.
  15. Ali, Salim, Ripley S.D (1978). Handbook of the Birds of India and Pakistan. Volume 1. New Delhi,: Oxford University Press. pp. 359–360.
  16. Radcliffe, E. Delme (1871). Notes on falconidae used in falconry. Southsea: Mills and Son. pp. 13–14.
  17. ୧୭.୦ ୧୭.୧ Subramanya, S. (1985). "Hunting and feeding habits of the Redheaded Merlin Falco chicquera". Newsletter for Birdwatchers. 25 (1&2): 4–8.
  18. Naoroji, Rishad (2007). Birds of Prey of the Indian Subcontinent. Om Books International. pp. 564–571.
  19. Foysal, Mohammod (2015). "Observations of Red-headed Falcon Falco chicquera (Aves: Falconiformes: Falconidae) nest at Keraniganj, Dhaka, Bangladesh, with a focus on post-fledging behaviour" (PDF). Journal of Threatened Taxa. 7 (5): 7138–7145. doi:10.11609/jott.o3895.7138-45.
  20. Clark, William S.; Schmitt, N. John (1993). "Red-headed falcon pirates prey from Montagu's harrier" (PDF). Journal of Field Ornithology. 64 (2): 244–245.
  21. Subramanya, S (1980). "Redheaded Merlin Falco chicquera". Newsletter for Birdwatchers. 20 (2): 3–5.
  22. ୨୨.୦ ୨୨.୧ ୨୨.୨ Naoroji, Rishad (2011). "Breeding of the Red-headed Falcon Falco chicquera in Saurashtra, Gujarat, India" (PDF). Forktail. 27: 1–6.
  23. Olwagen, C.D.; Olwagen, K. (1984). "Propagation of captive red-necked falcons Falco chicquera". Koedoe. 27: 45–59. doi:10.4102/koedoe.v27i1.550.
  24. Osborne, Timothy O. (1981). "Ecology of the red-necked falcon Falco chicquera in Zambia". Ibis. 123 (3): 289–297. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1981.tb04031.x.
  25. Subramanya, S (1982). "Nesting of Redheaded Merlin (Falco chicquera Daudin) in Bangalore, Karnataka". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 79 (2): 412–413.
  26. Jerdon, T.C. (1862). The Birds of India. Volume 1. Calcutta: Military Orphan Press. pp. 36–38.
  27. Phillott, D.C. (1908). The Qawanin u's-Sayyad of Khuda Yar Khan Abbasi. Calcutta: Asiatic Society of Bengal. p. ix.
  28. Chu, H.P.; E.W. Trow; A.G. Greenwood; A.R. Jennings & I.F. Keymer (1976). "Isolation of Newcastle disease virus from birds of prey". Avian Pathology. 5 (3): 227–233. doi:10.1080/03079457608418189.
  29. Redig, Patrick (1993). Raptor Biomedicine Hardcover. University of Minnesota Press. p. 24. ISBN 978-0816622191.
  30. Kumar, P.; Gupta, S. P. (1980). "Hadjelia tringae sp.n. (Spirurata) from gizzard of Tringa hypoleucos (L.)". Helminthologia. 17 (2): 109–116.

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ନାଲିମୁଣ୍ଡିଆ ବାଜ: Brief Summary ( Oriya )

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ନାଲିମୁଣ୍ଡିଆ ବାଜ (ଇଂରାଜୀରେ red-necked falcon, ଜୀବବିଜ୍ଞାନ ନାମ Falco chicquera) ଏକ ଶିକାରୀ ପକ୍ଷୀ । ଏମାନେ ବାଜ (falcon) ପରିବାରର ସଦସ୍ୟ । ଭୌଗୋଳିକ ଦୃଷ୍ଟିକୋଣରୁ ଏହି ପକ୍ଷୀଙ୍କର ଦୁଇଟି ପ୍ରଜାତି ଦେଖାଯାନ୍ତି – ଗୋଟିଏ ଭାରତରେ ଓ ଅନ୍ୟଟି ଆଫ୍ରିକା ମହାଦେଶରେ । ଏହି ମଧ୍ୟମାକାର ପକ୍ଷୀର ପୃଷ୍ଠ ଭାଗ ଓ ଡେଣା ନୀଳମିଶା ଧୂସରିଆ ରଙ୍ଗର । ପକ୍ଷୀର ମୁଣ୍ଡର ଉପର ଭାଗ ଓ ବେକର ପଛପଟ ଗାଢ଼ ବାଦାମି ଲାଲ୍ ରଙ୍ଗର । ଡେଣାର ପ୍ରାଥମିକ ବା ମୂଳ ପରଗୁଡ଼ିକର ରଙ୍ଗ କଳା । ଲାଞ୍ଜରେ କଳା ପରର ଏକ ପଟାଦାଗ ରହିଥାଏ । ଭାରତୀୟ ଉପମହାଦ୍ୱୀପରେ ଏହି ପକ୍ଷୀ ମୁଖ୍ୟତଃ ବିସ୍ତୃତ ସମଭୂମି ଅଞ୍ଚଳରେ ଦେଖିବାକୁ ମିଳନ୍ତି । ଇରାନର ପଶ୍ଚିମ ଓ ଦକ୍ଷିଣ-ପୂର୍ବାଞ୍ଚଳରେ ମଧ୍ୟ ଏହି ପକ୍ଷୀ ଦେଖିବାକୁ ମିଳୁଥିଲା । ଆଫ୍ରିକୀୟ ଉପପ୍ରଜାତି ଫାଲ୍କୋ ଶିକେରା ରଫିକୋଲିସ୍ (Falco chicquera ruficollis) ଉପ-ସାହାରା ଅଞ୍ଚଳରେ ପରିଲକ୍ଷିତ ହୁଏ । ନିଜର ବିଚ୍ଛିନ୍ନ ଭୌଗୋଳିକ ପରିବାସ ଓ ଦେହର ଚିହ୍ନ ଯୋଗୁଁ କିଛି ଜୀବବିଜ୍ଞାନୀ ଏହାକୁ ଏକ ସ୍ୱତନ୍ତ୍ର ପ୍ରଜାତି (Falco ruficollis) ଭାବେ ବିବେଚନା କରିଥାନ୍ତି । ଦେଖିବାକୁ ଉଭୟ ଏସିଆ ଓ ଆଫ୍ରିକା ମହାଦେଶର ବାଜ ପ୍ରାୟ ଏକା ଭଳି କିନ୍ତୁ ଆଫ୍ରିକୀୟ ନାଲିମୁଣ୍ଡିଆ ବଜର ପିଠିପଟ ପରରେ ରହିଥିବା ଦାଗ ଅଧିକ ସ୍ପଷ୍ଟ । ଭାରତୀୟ ନାଲିମୁଣ୍ଡିଆ ବାଜର ବେକର ରଙ୍ଗ ସମ୍ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ଧଳା ହୋଇଥିବା ବେଳେ ଆଫ୍ରିକୀୟ ନାଲିମୁଣ୍ଡିଆ ବାଜର ବେକରେ ଏକ ମାଟିଆ ପଟା ଦାଗ ରହିଥାଏ । ଉଭୟ ବାଜଙ୍କ ଆଖି ଉପରର କଳା ପଟା ମଧ୍ୟ ଭିନ୍ନପ୍ରକାରର । ବାଜ ପରିବାରର ଅନ୍ୟ ସଦସ୍ୟଙ୍କ ପରି ନାଲିମୁଣ୍ଡିଆ ବାଜଙ୍କ କ୍ଷେତ୍ରରେ ମଧ୍ୟ ମାଈମାନେ ଅଣ୍ଡିରାମାନଙ୍କଠାରୁ ଆକାରରେ ବଡ଼ ହୋଇଥାନ୍ତି । ଭାରତରେ ବାଜ ପ୍ରଶିକ୍ଷକମାନେ ମାଈ ବାଜକୁ ‘ତୁରୁଂତି’ ଓ ଅଣ୍ଡିରା ବାଜକୁ ‘ଚତୱା’ କୁହନ୍ତି । ନାଲିମୁଣ୍ଡିଆ ବାଜମାନେ ଯୋଡ଼ିରେ ଭୋର ଓ ଗୋଧୂଳି ସମୟରେ ଶିକାର କରନ୍ତି । ଛୋଟ ପକ୍ଷୀ, ବାଦୁଡ଼ି ଓ ଗୁଣ୍ଡୁଚି ମୂଷା ଏମାନଙ୍କ ମୁଖ୍ୟ ଖାଦ୍ୟ ।

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செந்தலை வல்லூறு ( Tamil )

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செந்தலை வல்லூறு (red-necked falcon அல்லது red-headed merlin (Falco chicquera) காண்பதற்கு அழகான சிறிய வல்லூறு ஆகும். இப்பறவை இந்தியாவிலும், சகாராவுக்கு தெற்கில் உள்ள ஆபிரிக்கா கண்டப்பகுதிகளிலும் காணப்படுறது.

விளக்கம்

இதன் முதுகுபுறம் சாம்பல் நிறமாகவும், அடிபாகம் வெண்மை நிறமாகவும், அதில் கருநிற வரிகள் கொண்டும் இருக்கும். இதன்தலை பாக்கு சிவப்பு நிறத்தில் இருக்கும். இதன் சிறகுகள் கூர்மையான நுனியை உடையதாக இருக்கும்.

மேற்கோள்

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விக்கிபீடியா ஆசிரியர்கள் மற்றும் ஆசிரியர்கள்

செந்தலை வல்லூறு: Brief Summary ( Tamil )

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செந்தலை வல்லூறு (red-necked falcon அல்லது red-headed merlin (Falco chicquera) காண்பதற்கு அழகான சிறிய வல்லூறு ஆகும். இப்பறவை இந்தியாவிலும், சகாராவுக்கு தெற்கில் உள்ள ஆபிரிக்கா கண்டப்பகுதிகளிலும் காணப்படுறது.

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விக்கிபீடியா ஆசிரியர்கள் மற்றும் ஆசிரியர்கள்

Red-necked falcon

provided by wikipedia EN

The red-necked falcon (Falco chicquera) is a bird of prey in the falcon family with two disjunct populations, one in India and the other in Africa. This medium-sized falcon has bluish grey wings and upper body, a chestnut red cap with short chin straps passing through the eye. The primary feathers of the wing are black and a single black band at the tip of the tail are distinctive. The Indian subspecies Falco chicquera chicquera also known as the red-headed merlin or red-headed falcon is found mainly in the open plains of the India Subcontinent although it is thought to have occurred further west in southeastern Iran. The subspecies Falco chicquera ruficollis found in sub-Saharan Africa is sometimes treated as a full species, the rufous-necked falcon (Falco ruficollis), on the basis of its well-separated geographic range and distinctive pattern. It appears very similar to the Indian form but has dark barring on the upperparts, a rufous breast band, and black moustachial and eye stripes. As in most falcons, the females are larger and falconers in India called the female turumti and the male as chatwa. They hunt in pairs mostly at dawn and dusk, capturing small birds, bats and squirrels.

Description

A young F. c. chicquera with rufous on the back and shoulders

The red-necked falcon is a medium-sized, long-winged species with a bright rufous crown and nape. It is on average 30–36 cm in length with a wingspan of 85 cm. The wings and upper parts are bluish grey and the tail has narrow bars, a broad subterminal black band tipped with white. The wingtip does not reach the tip of the tail at rest.[5] The second and third primaries are the longest and almost equal in length while the first is a fourth the length. The first two primaries are notched.[6] The legs, ceres and eyering are yellow. The tip of the bill is black while the basal portion is greenish yellow. The voice of this species is a shrill ki-ki-ki-ki. The sexes are similar except in size, males are smaller than females as is usual in falcons. Young birds are buff below with less extensive barring and duller upper plumage.[7]

Subspecies

The adult of the African subspecies Falco chicquera ruficollis (a full species, F. ruficollis, in many treatments) first described by William Swainson[8] in 1837 has a white face apart from black on the moustachial stripe. The upperparts are pale grey, with black primary wing feathers and the broad tail band. The underparts are white with dark barring on the underwings, lower breast, belly and undertail. There is a rufous foreneck band (not present in the Indian form). West African males are known to weigh between 139 and 178 grams, while females are found between 190 and 305 grams. The particularly large African birds from south of the Zambezi River are often separated as subspecies Falco chicquera horsbrughi, which was described by J. W. B. Gunning & Austin Roberts in 1911 on the basis of a single specimen,[9] but the size variation may be clinal and the subspecies may not be valid.

The Asian nominate subspecies Falco chicquera chicquera has rufous moustachial stripes, lacks the buff breast band, and is less extensively barred than the African form.

Taxonomy

Levaillant's specimen from Bengal (1799)

The species was described on the basis of a specimen obtained by François Levaillant from Chandernagore in Bengal where he was told it went by the name of Chicquera.[10] This local name was probably attributed to this species by mistake as the name probably referred to a shikra.[11] Levaillant did not use binomials but called it Le Chicquera and François Marie Daudin gave it the binomial Falco chicquera in 1800.[12] Early authors placed it in the genus Aesalon along with the merlin and later in the genus Lithofalco. Others have placed it in the genus Chicquera or Hypotriorchis.[6]

Studies of molecular sequence divergence in the cytochrome b gene suggest that the African and Indian forms are distinctive due to separation for as long as 0.9 million years. With non-overlapping ranges they are often treated as full species.[9][13]

Habitat and distribution

In Africa, the red-necked falcon is found in semi-desert, savannah and other dry open country with some trees, but also riverine forest. It often perches and makes use of the crowns of Borassus palms (Borassus aethiopum) for breeding. They are mostly resident but may make nomadic movements in response to weather. In India, they are found in open habitats and is not found in dense forests or high hills. The nominate subspecies is believed to have occurred west until Iran although no records exist from there since 1970.[14] They were recorded breeding in 1911 by Nikolai Zarudny.[15] It is a winter vagrant in northern Sri Lanka[5] where it was first recorded by E.L. Layard.[16]

Behaviour

The red-necked falcon usually hunts in pairs, often at dawn and dusk, sometimes utilizing a technique in which one of the pair flies low and flushes up small birds while the other follows higher up and seizes the prey as it flushes from cover. They fly with a fast and dashing flight.[3][17][18]

It prefers to prey on birds found in open areas and some of the species it has been recorded to hunt are Eurasian tree sparrow (Passer montanus), house sparrow (Passer domesticus), white-browed wagtail (Motacilla madaraspatensis), rosy starling (Sturnus roseus), chestnut-tailed starling (Sturnus malabaricus), Indian cuckoo (Cuculus micropterus), Kentish plover (Charadrius alexandrinus), little ringed plover (Charadrius dubius), ashy-crowned finch-lark (Eremoptrix griseus), besides robins, quails, babblers, swifts, bulbuls, pipits, larks (mainly Calandrella, Alauda, Galerida sp.), pied cuckoo (Clamator jacobinus), rock pigeon (Columba livia), collared dove (Streptopelia decaocto), laughing dove (Streptopelia senegelensis), brown crake (Lanius cristatus), tailor bird (Orthotomus sutorius), brown shrike (Lanius cristatus), white-breasted kingfisher (Halcyon smyrnensis), little stint (Calidris minuta), plain martin (Riparia paludicola) and pied bushchat (Saxicola caprata). In addition mice, lizards, large insects are also taken.[19] In one study in Bangladesh, adults fed mainly on small sparrow sized birds (72%) and Pipistrellus bats (28%).[20] They may sometimes pirate prey obtained by other medium-sized raptors.[21] Prey may sometimes be cached and eaten subsequently.[22]

Drawn from nature by Elizabeth Gould (1832)

The red-necked falcon drinks water where available during the afternoons. This has been observed both in India and in Africa, where it sometimes visits waterholes.[23]

The breeding season in India is January to March. In Zambia, the breeding season begins in August. Pairs may indulge in courtship feeding in which the female feeds the male, an unusual behaviour that has also been noted in captivity.[18][24] This falcon usually reuses the old tree nest platforms, particularly of corvids, or lays its 3-5 eggs in a nest that it builds on the fork of a tall tree or in the crown of a palm tree. In Africa, they have been known to reuse the nests of pied crows (Corvus albus), African fish eagles (Halieaetus vocifer) on Acacia apart from building their own nest in Borassus palms. In India, the nest is often placed in a large mango tree (Mangifera indica) and concealed inside foliage. The nest territory is well-guarded and crows and kites driven away.[7] This falcon has been documented to nests in trees amidst dense human population.[23] The clutch consists of two to four eggs which are incubated only by the female which begins after the last egg of the clutch is laid. The eggs hatch after about 32 to 34 days and the newly hatched young are covered in white down and are brooded by the female for a week. The male brings food which is torn by the female and fed to the chicks. The young fledge in about 35 to 37 days in Africa and up to 48 days in India.[23][25][26]

In falconry

The turumti was a favourite among Indian falconers who would fly it especially at the Indian roller which would make evasive aerial manoeuvres that entertained the onlookers.[27] These falcons were caught using a bal-chatri, as they not only captured prey in the air like other falcons, but will also pursue on the ground and thereby could get entangled in the horsehair nooses.[11] Turumta was a name used in Iran for the merlin.[28]

Parasites and diseases

Captive birds can be affected by Newcastle disease virus,[29] as well as many parasites including Trichomonas (in subsp. ruficollis)[30] and nematodes such as Cyrnea eurycerca.[31]

References

  1. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Falco chicquera". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22727778A94961899. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22727778A94961899.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  2. ^ "Catalogue of the Birds of India, with remarks on their geographical description". Ibis. 5 (17): 1–31. 1863. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919x.1863.tb06042.x.
  3. ^ a b Ali, Salim, Ripley S.D (1978). Handbook of the Birds of India and Pakistan. Volume 1. New Delhi: Oxford University Press. pp. 359–360.
  4. ^ Mendelsohn, J. M.; A. C. Kemp; H. C. Biggs; R. Biggs; C. J. Brown (1989). "Wing areas, wing loading and wing spans of 66 species of African raptors". Ostrich: Journal of African Ornithology. 60 (1): 35–42. doi:10.1080/00306525.1989.9634503.
  5. ^ a b Rasmussen, P.C. & J.C. Anderton (2005). Birds of South Asia. The Ripley Guide. Volume 2. Washington DC and Barcelona: Smithsonian Institution and Lynx Edicions. p. 113.
  6. ^ a b Blanford, W.T. (1895). The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Birds. Volume 3. London: Taylor and Francis. pp. 426–428.
  7. ^ a b Baker, E.C. Stuart (1928). The Fauna of British India including Ceylon and Burma. Birds. Volume 5 (2nd ed.). London: Taylor and Francis. pp. 47–49.
  8. ^ Swainson, William (1837). The Natural History of the Birds of Western Africa. Volume 1. Edinburgh: W.H. Lizars. pp. 107–108.
  9. ^ a b Wink, Michael; Sauer-Gürth, Hedi (2000). "Advances in the molecular systematics of African raptors" (PDF). In Chancellor, R.D.; B.-U. Meyburg (eds.). Raptors at Risk. pp. 135–147.
  10. ^ Levaillant, F. (1799). Histoire naturelle des oiseaux d'Afrique. Volume 1. Paris: J.H.Fuchs. pp. 128–129.
  11. ^ a b Phillott, D.C. (1907). "Note on the Red-headed Merlin (Aesalon chicquera)". Journal and Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. New Series. 3 (6): 395–399.
  12. ^ Daudin, F.M. (1800). Traité élémentaire et complet d'ornithologie, ou, Histoire naturelle des oiseaux. Volume 2. pp. 121–122.
  13. ^ Wink, M.; Seibold, I.; Lofikhah, F.; Bednarek, W. (1998). "Molecular systematics of Holarctic Raptors (Order Falconiformes)" (PDF). In Chancellor, R.D.; B.-U. Meyburg; J.J. Ferrero (eds.). Holarctic Birds of Prey. pp. 29–48.
  14. ^ Scott, Derek A. (2008). "Rare Birds in Iran in the Late 1960s and 1970s" (PDF). Podoces. 3 (1/2): 1–30.
  15. ^ Zarudny, N.A. (1911). "Verzeichnis der Vögel Persiens". Journal für Ornithologie (in German). 59 (2): 185–241. doi:10.1007/bf02091053. S2CID 26703364.
  16. ^ Wait, W.E. (1921). "The owls and diurnal birds of prey found in Ceylon". Spolia Zeylanica. 11: 317–380.
  17. ^ Radcliffe, E. Delme (1871). Notes on falconidae used in falconry. Southsea: Mills and Son. pp. 13–14.
  18. ^ a b Subramanya, S. (1985). "Hunting and feeding habits of the Redheaded Merlin Falco chicquera". Newsletter for Birdwatchers. 25 (1&2): 4–8.
  19. ^ Naoroji, Rishad (2007). Birds of Prey of the Indian Subcontinent. Om Books International. pp. 564–571.
  20. ^ Foysal, Mohammod (2015). "Observations of Red-headed Falcon Falco chicquera (Aves: Falconiformes: Falconidae) nest at Keraniganj, Dhaka, Bangladesh, with a focus on post-fledging behaviour" (PDF). Journal of Threatened Taxa. 7 (5): 7138–7145. doi:10.11609/jott.o3895.7138-45.
  21. ^ Clark, William S.; Schmitt, N. John (1993). "Red-headed falcon pirates prey from Montagu's harrier" (PDF). Journal of Field Ornithology. 64 (2): 244–245.
  22. ^ Subramanya, S (1980). "Redheaded Merlin Falco chicquera". Newsletter for Birdwatchers. 20 (2): 3–5.
  23. ^ a b c Naoroji, Rishad (2011). "Breeding of the Red-headed Falcon Falco chicquera in Saurashtra, Gujarat, India" (PDF). Forktail. 27: 1–6.
  24. ^ Olwagen, C.D.; Olwagen, K. (1984). "Propagation of captive red-necked falcons Falco chicquera". Koedoe. 27: 45–59. doi:10.4102/koedoe.v27i1.550.
  25. ^ Osborne, Timothy O. (1981). "Ecology of the red-necked falcon Falco chicquera in Zambia". Ibis. 123 (3): 289–297. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1981.tb04031.x.
  26. ^ Subramanya, S (1982). "Nesting of Redheaded Merlin (Falco chicquera Daudin) in Bangalore, Karnataka". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 79 (2): 412–413.
  27. ^ Jerdon, T.C. (1862). The Birds of India. Volume 1. Calcutta: Military Orphan Press. pp. 36–38.
  28. ^ Phillott, D.C. (1908). The Qawanin u's-Sayyad of Khuda Yar Khan Abbasi. Calcutta: Asiatic Society of Bengal. p. ix.
  29. ^ Chu, H.P.; E.W. Trow; A.G. Greenwood; A.R. Jennings & I.F. Keymer (1976). "Isolation of Newcastle disease virus from birds of prey". Avian Pathology. 5 (3): 227–233. doi:10.1080/03079457608418189. PMID 18777349.
  30. ^ Redig, Patrick (1993). Raptor Biomedicine Hardcover. University of Minnesota Press. p. 24. ISBN 978-0816622191.
  31. ^ Kumar, P.; Gupta, S. P. (1980). "Hadjelia tringae sp.n. (Spirurata) from gizzard of Tringa hypoleucos (L.)". Helminthologia. 17 (2): 109–116.

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Red-necked falcon: Brief Summary

provided by wikipedia EN

The red-necked falcon (Falco chicquera) is a bird of prey in the falcon family with two disjunct populations, one in India and the other in Africa. This medium-sized falcon has bluish grey wings and upper body, a chestnut red cap with short chin straps passing through the eye. The primary feathers of the wing are black and a single black band at the tip of the tail are distinctive. The Indian subspecies Falco chicquera chicquera also known as the red-headed merlin or red-headed falcon is found mainly in the open plains of the India Subcontinent although it is thought to have occurred further west in southeastern Iran. The subspecies Falco chicquera ruficollis found in sub-Saharan Africa is sometimes treated as a full species, the rufous-necked falcon (Falco ruficollis), on the basis of its well-separated geographic range and distinctive pattern. It appears very similar to the Indian form but has dark barring on the upperparts, a rufous breast band, and black moustachial and eye stripes. As in most falcons, the females are larger and falconers in India called the female turumti and the male as chatwa. They hunt in pairs mostly at dawn and dusk, capturing small birds, bats and squirrels.

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Ruĝkapa falko ( Esperanto )

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La Ruĝkapa falko (Falco chicquera) estas malgranda rabobirdo apartenanta al la genro Falco de la falka familio de Falkedoj. Tiu birdo estas disvastigata specio de loĝantaj birdoj en Barato kaj apudaj regionoj same kiel en subsahara Afriko. Ĝi estas foje nomata Turumti surloke.

La Ruĝkapa falko estas mezgranda specio de longaj flugiloj kaj brilruĝecaj krono kaj nuko, kio nomigas la specion laŭ la komuna nomo. Ĝi estas averaĝe 30–36 cm longa kun enverguro de 85 cm. Ambaŭ seksoj estas similaj escepte laŭ grando: maskloj estas pli malgrandaj ol inoj, kiel kutime inter falkoj. Junuloj estas sablokoloraj sube kun malpli etenda strieco kaj pli senkolora supra plumaro.

Plenkreskulo de la afrika subspecio Falco chicquera ruficollis havas blankan vizaĝon escepte nigraj mustaĉaj strioj. La supraj partoj estas palgrizaj, kun nigraj unuarangaj flugilplumoj kaj vostopinto. La subaj partoj estas blankaj kun malhela strieco en subflugiloj, suba brusto, ventro kaj subvosto. Estas sablokolora antaŭkolumo. La kruroj kaj ĉirkaŭokulo estas flavaj. La voĉo de tiu specio estas strida kek-kek-kek.

Okcidentafrikaj maskloj estas 139 al 178 g pezaj, dum inoj estas 190 al 305 g. La klare pli grandaj afrikaj birdoj el sudo de la Rivero Zambezi estas ofte separataj kiel subspecio Falco chicquera horsbrughi, sed la grandovario povas esti klina kaj tiele tiu laste menciita subspecio estus nevalida.

La azia nomiga subspecio Falco chicquera chicquera havas ruĝecajn mustaĉajn striojn, ne havas la sablokoloran brustareon, kaj estas malpli etende strieca ol la afrika subspecio.

La Ruĝkapa falko estas specio de neklara rilataro. Dum ĝi estas foje asocia kun la Kolombofalko aŭ kun la Afrika apusfalko, tio plej probable malĝustas. Fakte ĝi povus esti malproksime rilata al la Migra falko sed necesas multe plia studo por solvi tiun problemon. Ĉiukaze la afrikaj kaj barataj formoj estas tre distingaj kaj estis probable separataj dumlonge; ili povus esti konsiderataj distingaj specioj.[1]

La Ruĝkapa falko troviĝas en duondezerto, savano kaj aliaj sekaj malfermaj kampartipoj kun iom da arboj, sed ankaŭ ĉe ĉriveraj arbaroj. Ili ofte ripozas kaŝe en pintoj de palmo Borassus (Borassus aethiopium), kaj ĉasas birdojn, vespertojn kaj grandajn insektojn per rapida fulmoflugo. Ĝi estas plej aktiva mateniĝe kaj krepuske, ĉasante el sub la arbokanopeo. Ili ofte ĉasas en paroj, foje uzante teknikon per kiu unu el la paro flugas malalte kaj timigas malgrandajn birdojn dum la alia sekvas pli alte kaj kaptas la predon kiam tiu eliras el kovro.

Tiu falko reuzas malnovajn arbonestojn de korvedoj; la ino demetas 3-5 ovojn en la seka branĉaro de pinto de palmo.

Notoj

  1. Wink et al. (1998), Wink & Saurer-Gürth (2000)
  • Subramanya,S (1985): Hunting and feeding habits of the Redheaded Merlin, Falco chicquera. Newsletter for Birdwatchers. 25(1-2):4-8.

http://www.archive.org/stream/NLBW25#page/n5/mode/1up

  • Khan,MAR (1978): Notes on ecology and behaviour of the Redheaded Merlin, Falco chicquera chicquera (Daudin) from Bangladesh. J. Asiatic Soc. Bangladesh (Sc.) 4(1-2), 9-14.
  • Subramanya,S (1982): Nesting of Redheaded Merlin (Falco chicquera Daudin) in Bangalore, Karnataka. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 79(2), 412-413.
  • Subramanya,S (1980): Redheaded Merlin Falco chicquera. Newsletter for Birdwatchers. 20(2), 3-5.

Referencoj

  • Barlow, Clive (1997): A field guide to birds of The Gambia and Senegal. Helm Identification Guides, Nr. Robertsbridge (East Sussex). ISBN 1-873403-32-1
  • BirdLife International (2004). Falco chicquera. Internacia Ruĝa Listo de Endanĝeritaj Specioj, eldono de 2006. IUCN 2006. Elŝutita 12a Aŭgusto 2007. Kriterio por klasigo kiel Malplej Zorgiga.
  • Grimmett, Richard; Inskipp, Carol, Inskipp, Tim & Byers, Clive (1999): Birds of India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, and the Maldives. Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J.. ISBN 0-691-04910-6
  • Kemp, Alan C.; Kemp, Meg & Hayman, Peter (2001): Birds of Prey of Africa and its Islands. Struik, Capetown. ISBN 1-86872-732-7
  • Wink, Michael & Sauer-Gürth, Hedi (2000): Advances in the molecular systematics of African raptors. In: Chancellor, R.D. & Meyburg, B.-U. (eds): Raptors at Risk: 135-147. WWGBP/Hancock House, Berlin/Blaine. PDF plena teksto
  • Wink, Michael; Seibold, I.; Lotfikhah, F. & Bednarek, W. (1998): Molecular systematics of holarctic raptors (Order Falconiformes). In: Chancellor, R.D., Meyburg, B.-U. & Ferrero, J.J. (eldonistoj): Holarctic Birds of Prey: 29-48. Adenex & WWGBP. [http://www.uni-heidelberg.de/institute/fak14/ipmb/phazb/pubwink/1998/31.%201998.pdf PDF erg.de/institute/fak14/ipmb/phazb/pubwink/2000/29.%202000.pdf PDF
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Ruĝkapa falko: Brief Summary ( Esperanto )

provided by wikipedia EO

La Ruĝkapa falko (Falco chicquera) estas malgranda rabobirdo apartenanta al la genro Falco de la falka familio de Falkedoj. Tiu birdo estas disvastigata specio de loĝantaj birdoj en Barato kaj apudaj regionoj same kiel en subsahara Afriko. Ĝi estas foje nomata Turumti surloke.

La Ruĝkapa falko estas mezgranda specio de longaj flugiloj kaj brilruĝecaj krono kaj nuko, kio nomigas la specion laŭ la komuna nomo. Ĝi estas averaĝe 30–36 cm longa kun enverguro de 85 cm. Ambaŭ seksoj estas similaj escepte laŭ grando: maskloj estas pli malgrandaj ol inoj, kiel kutime inter falkoj. Junuloj estas sablokoloraj sube kun malpli etenda strieco kaj pli senkolora supra plumaro.

Plenkreskulo de la afrika subspecio Falco chicquera ruficollis havas blankan vizaĝon escepte nigraj mustaĉaj strioj. La supraj partoj estas palgrizaj, kun nigraj unuarangaj flugilplumoj kaj vostopinto. La subaj partoj estas blankaj kun malhela strieco en subflugiloj, suba brusto, ventro kaj subvosto. Estas sablokolora antaŭkolumo. La kruroj kaj ĉirkaŭokulo estas flavaj. La voĉo de tiu specio estas strida kek-kek-kek.

Okcidentafrikaj maskloj estas 139 al 178 g pezaj, dum inoj estas 190 al 305 g. La klare pli grandaj afrikaj birdoj el sudo de la Rivero Zambezi estas ofte separataj kiel subspecio Falco chicquera horsbrughi, sed la grandovario povas esti klina kaj tiele tiu laste menciita subspecio estus nevalida.

La azia nomiga subspecio Falco chicquera chicquera havas ruĝecajn mustaĉajn striojn, ne havas la sablokoloran brustareon, kaj estas malpli etende strieca ol la afrika subspecio.

La Ruĝkapa falko estas specio de neklara rilataro. Dum ĝi estas foje asocia kun la Kolombofalko aŭ kun la Afrika apusfalko, tio plej probable malĝustas. Fakte ĝi povus esti malproksime rilata al la Migra falko sed necesas multe plia studo por solvi tiun problemon. Ĉiukaze la afrikaj kaj barataj formoj estas tre distingaj kaj estis probable separataj dumlonge; ili povus esti konsiderataj distingaj specioj.

La Ruĝkapa falko troviĝas en duondezerto, savano kaj aliaj sekaj malfermaj kampartipoj kun iom da arboj, sed ankaŭ ĉe ĉriveraj arbaroj. Ili ofte ripozas kaŝe en pintoj de palmo Borassus (Borassus aethiopium), kaj ĉasas birdojn, vespertojn kaj grandajn insektojn per rapida fulmoflugo. Ĝi estas plej aktiva mateniĝe kaj krepuske, ĉasante el sub la arbokanopeo. Ili ofte ĉasas en paroj, foje uzante teknikon per kiu unu el la paro flugas malalte kaj timigas malgrandajn birdojn dum la alia sekvas pli alte kaj kaptas la predon kiam tiu eliras el kovro.

Tiu falko reuzas malnovajn arbonestojn de korvedoj; la ino demetas 3-5 ovojn en la seka branĉaro de pinto de palmo.

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Falco chicquera ( Spanish; Castilian )

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El alcotán turumti[2]​ o halcón de cuello rojo (Falco chicquera) es una especie de ave falconiforme de la familia Falconidae residente, muy extendida en la India y las regiones adyacentes, así como en el África subsahariana. Se le conoce como turumti a nivel local.

Características

El alcotán turumti es de tamaño mediano, de largas alas especies con la corona y la nuca rojiza brillante. Su tamaño es de 30-36 cm de longitud con una envergadura alar de 85 cm. Los sexos son similares, excepto en el tamaño: los machos son más pequeños que las hembras, como es habitual en los halcones. Las aves jóvenes son beige por debajo, con un barrado menor y un plumaje superior opaco.

El adulto de la subespecie Africana Falco chicquera ruficollis tiene una cara blanca, con unas rayas negras que le dan aspecto de bigote. Las partes superiores son de color gris pálido, con las plumas remiges primarias y la punta de la cola negras. El vientre es de color blanco con un barrado negro en la parte inferior de las alas, pecho y bajo la cola. Las patas y el iris son de color amarillo. La voz de esta especie es un agudokek-kek-kek.

Los machos del oeste africano se sabe que pesan entre 139 y 178 gramos, mientras que las hembras se encuentran entre 190 y 305 gramos. Las aves al sur del río Zambeze son especialmente grandes y se suelen separar como subespecie Falco chicquera horsbrughi, pero la variación del tamaño puede ser clinal y esta última subespecie no sería válida.

La subespecie nominal asiática Falco chicquera chicquera tiene las rayas del "bigote" rojizas, carece de las barras en el pechos, y en general esta menos barrada que la subespecie de África.

Historia natural

Se le encuentra en la sabana y otras áreas abiertas secas con algunos árboles, pero también en los bosques ribereños. A menudo se posa escondido en la copa de una palmera de Borassus (Borassus aethiopium), y persigue a las aves, murciélagos e insectos grandes con un vuelo rápido. Es más activo al amanecer y al atardecer, cazando por debajo de las copas de los árboles. A menudo caza en parejas, utilizando una técnica en la que uno de los dos vuela bajo y hace levantar el vuelo de pequeñas aves, mientras que la otra sigue más arriba y se apodera de la presa a medida que sale de la cobertura.

Este halcón utiliza los nidos abandonados de córvidos en árboles viejos, donde pone 3-5 huevos También es frecuente que los deposite en la corona de un palmera.

Relaciones filogenéticas

Las relaciones filogenéticas de Falco chicquera son poco claras. Se relaciona a veces con Falco columbarius o con Falco cuvierii. En realidad podría ser pariente lejano del halcón peregrino, pero se necesitan nuevos estudios para resolver este problema. En cualquier caso, las formas de África y la India son muy diferentes y probablemente han sido separados por largo tiempo, podrían incluso ser consideradas especies distintas.[3]

Subespecies

Se conocen tres subespecies de Falco chicquera:[4]

Referencias

  1. BirdLife International. «Falco chicquera». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 7 de noviembre de 2015.
  2. Bernis, F; De Juana, E; Del Hoyo, J; Fernández-Cruz, M; Ferrer, X; Sáez-Royuela, R; Sargatal, J (1994). «Nombres en castellano de las aves del mundo recomendados por la Sociedad Española de Ornitología (Segunda parte: Falconiformes y Galliformes)». Ardeola. Handbook of the Birds of the World (Madrid: SEO/BirdLife) 41 (2): 183-191. ISSN 0570-7358. Consultado el 3 de octubre de 2015.
  3. Winket al.(1998), Wink y Saurer-Gürth ( 2000)
  4. Clements, J. F. 2007. The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World, 6th Edition. Cornell University Press. Downloadable from Cornell Lab of Ornithology
  • Barlow, Clive (1997): A field guide to birds of The Gambia and Senegal. Pica Press, Nr. Robertsbridge (East Sussex). ISBN 1-873403-32-1
  • BirdLife International (2004). «Falco chicquera». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2006 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 12 de agosto de 2007. Database entry includes justification for why this species is of least concern
  • Grimmett, Richard; Inskipp, Carol, Inskipp, Tim & Byers, Clive (1999): Birds of India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, and the Maldives. Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J.. ISBN 0-691-04910-6
  • Kemp, Alan C.; Kemp, Meg & Hayman, Peter (2001): Birds of Prey of Africa and its Islands. Struik, Capetown. ISBN 1-86872-732-7
  • Wink, Michael & Sauer-Gürth, Hedi (2000): Advances in the molecular systematics of African raptors. In: Chancellor, R.D. & Meyburg, B.-U. (eds): Raptors at Risk: 135-147. WWGBP/Hancock House, Berlin/Blaine. PDF fulltext
  • Wink, Michael; Seibold, I.; Lotfikhah, F. & Bednarek, W. (1998): Molecular systematics of holarctic raptors (Order Falconiformes). In: Chancellor, R.D., Meyburg, B.-U. & Ferrero, J.J. (eds.): Holarctic Birds of Prey: 29-48. Adenex & WWGBP. PDF fulltext

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Falco chicquera: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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El alcotán turumti​ o halcón de cuello rojo (Falco chicquera) es una especie de ave falconiforme de la familia Falconidae residente, muy extendida en la India y las regiones adyacentes, así como en el África subsahariana. Se le conoce como turumti a nivel local.

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Falco chicquera ( Basque )

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Falco chicquera Falco generoko animalia da. Hegaztien barruko Falconidae familian sailkatua dago.

Erreferentziak

  1. (Ingelesez)BirdLife International (2012) Species factsheet. www.birdlife.org webgunetitik jaitsia 2012/05/07an
  2. (Ingelesez) IOC Master List

Ikus, gainera

(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Falco chicquera: Brief Summary ( Basque )

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Falco chicquera Falco generoko animalia da. Hegaztien barruko Falconidae familian sailkatua dago.

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Palmuhaukka ( Finnish )

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Palmuhaukka (Falco chicquera) on tropiikissa elävä jalohaukka.

Koko ja ulkonäkö

Linnun pituus on 30–36 cm ja siipien kärkiväli noin 85 cm. Se on selkäpuolelta harmaa ja vatsapuolelta valkoinen, mustaraitainen. Päälaki ja niska ovat punaruskeat, nokka, koivet ja kapea paljas alue silmän ympärillä keltaiset. Sukupuolet ovat samanvärisiä.

Esiintyminen

Palmuhaukat elävät Intian niemimaalla, Pakistanissa ja paikoin Kaakkois-Aasiassa, sekä monin paikoin Afrikassa Saharan eteläpuolella. Sen elinympäristön ala on noin 10 miljoonaa neliökilometriä ja maailman populaation koko 10 000–100 000 yksilöä.

Elinympäristö

Lajin elinympäristöä ovat savannit, puoliautiomaat ja muut kuivat maa-alueet, joilla kasvaa harvakseltaan puita ja pensaita. Sitä tavataan myös jokivarsien metsissä.

Lisääntyminen

Pesä on toisinaan korkealla palmun latvassa, toisinaan vanhassa varislinnun tai petolinnun pesässä. Naaras munii 3–5 munaa, joita se hautoo noin 33 päivää. Poikaset ovat lentokykyisiä 36 päivän ikäisinä ja emot hoitavat niitä vielä kolmisen viikkoa. Pesimäkierto kestää pari viikkoa kauemmin kuin muilla samankokoisilla jalohaukoilla.[2]

Ravinto

Ruokavalio koostuu pääosin lentävistä linnuista, jonkin verran myös hyönteisistä ja lepakoista.

Lähteet

  1. BirdLife International: Falco chicquera IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.3. 2014. International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN, Iucnredlist.org. Viitattu 20.2.2015. (englanniksi)
  2. Pesimäekologiaa (englanniksi)
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Palmuhaukka: Brief Summary ( Finnish )

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Palmuhaukka (Falco chicquera) on tropiikissa elävä jalohaukka.

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Faucon chicquera ( French )

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Falco chicquera

Le Faucon chicquera (Falco chicquera), également appelé faucon shikra ou faucon à cou roux ou faucon émerillon à tête rouge, est une espèce de rapaces diurnes appartenant à la famille des Falconidae.

 src=
Aire de répartition du faucon chicquera

Ce faucon capture en plein vol des oiseaux de petite taille.

Il niche au sol dans les landes ou dans l'ancien nid d'autres espèces[1].

Notes et références

  1. Collectif (trad. André Delcourt et Hervé Douxchamps), Tous les animaux de l'univers, Unide (no 7), 1982, 1732 p., Faucons pages 661 à 663
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Faucon chicquera: Brief Summary ( French )

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Falco chicquera

Le Faucon chicquera (Falco chicquera), également appelé faucon shikra ou faucon à cou roux ou faucon émerillon à tête rouge, est une espèce de rapaces diurnes appartenant à la famille des Falconidae.

 src= Aire de répartition du faucon chicquera

Ce faucon capture en plein vol des oiseaux de petite taille.

Il niche au sol dans les landes ou dans l'ancien nid d'autres espèces.

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Falco chicquera ( Italian )

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Il falco collorosso (Falco chicquera), noto anche come falco testarossa o turumti, è un uccello rapace della famiglia dei falchi.

Questo uccello si trova in India e nell'Africa sub-sahariana.

Ha corporatura media, lungo 30–36 cm e con un'apertura alare di circa 85 cm. I sessi sono simili, tranne che per le dimensioni: come in altre specie di falchi le femmine sono più grandi dei maschi.

Caratteristica della specie è il colore rosso ruggine della testa e della nuca.

Bibliografia

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Falco chicquera: Brief Summary ( Italian )

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Il falco collorosso (Falco chicquera), noto anche come falco testarossa o turumti, è un uccello rapace della famiglia dei falchi.

Questo uccello si trova in India e nell'Africa sub-sahariana.

Ha corporatura media, lungo 30–36 cm e con un'apertura alare di circa 85 cm. I sessi sono simili, tranne che per le dimensioni: come in altre specie di falchi le femmine sono più grandi dei maschi.

Caratteristica della specie è il colore rosso ruggine della testa e della nuca.

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Roodkopsmelleken ( Dutch; Flemish )

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Vogels

De roodkopsmelleken (Falco chicquera) is een roofvogel uit de familie der valken (Falconidae). In het Afrikaans heet de vogel Rooinekvalk.

Kenmerken

 src=
Roodkopsmelleken (F. c. horsbrughiin) in het Nationaal park Etosha (Namibië).

De vogel is 28 tot 36 cm lang, vrouwtjes zijn groter dan mannetjes. Mannetjes wegen tussen de 139 en 178 g, vrouwtjes tussen de 190 en 305 g. De spanwijdte ligt tussen de 55 en 70 cm. Het is een tengere valk, met relatief korte, puntige vleugels en een lange afgeronde staart. de staart is grijs met zwart gebandeerd. Het staarteinde is zwart met een smalle helderwitte rand. Opvallend verder zijn de gele poten en de gele ring rond het donkerbruine oog.[2],

Leefwijze

Deze valk jaagt vooral op kleine vogels die in vlucht worden overmeesterd, soms na een lange achtervolging.[2]

Verspreiding en leefgebied

Er zijn drie ondersoorten:[3]

In Azië komt de valk vooral voor in gebieden met stukje bos, afgewisseld met open terrein. In India wordt de roodkopsmelleken soms aangetroffen in dichtbevolkt gebied. In Afrika mijdt de vogel cultuurland en is daar vooral te vinden in gebieden met palmbonen zoals de Palmyra palm, verder in savannelandschappen met hoog gras of anderszins droge gebieden zoals duinen en kustgebieden. De nabijheid van holtes en waterlopen is wel vereist.

Status

De grootte van de populatie wordt geschat op enkele tienduizenden individuen. Er is geen aanleiding te veronderstellen dat de soort in aantal achteruit gaat. Om deze redenen staat de roodkopsmelleken als niet bedreigd op de Rode Lijst van de IUCN.[1]

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
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Roodkopsmelleken: Brief Summary ( Dutch; Flemish )

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De roodkopsmelleken (Falco chicquera) is een roofvogel uit de familie der valken (Falconidae). In het Afrikaans heet de vogel Rooinekvalk.

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Sokół rudogłowy ( Polish )

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Sokół rudogłowy, kobczyk rudogłowy (Falco chicquera) – gatunek średniej wielkości ptaka drapieżnego z rodziny sokołowatych (Falconidae). To szeroko rozpowszechniony ptak osiadły w Indiach i sąsiednich regionach, jak również w subsaharyjskiej Afryce. Lokalnie zwany Turumti.

Morfologia

Sokół rudogłowy to średniej wielkości drapieżca o długich skrzydłach z jasnorudym wieńcem na głowie i tej barwy karkiem. Średnia jego długość wynosi 30-36 cm, a rozpiętość skrzydeł 85 cm. Obie płcie są podobne pod względem upierzenia, ale nie rozmiarem: samiec jest mniejszy niż samica, co jest częstą prawidłowością u sokołów. Młode ptaki są płowożółte z mniej wyraźnym prążkowaniem i bardziej matową górną częścią ciała.

Dorosły afrykański sokół z podgatunku Falco chicquera ruficollis ma białą część twarzową poza czarnym paskiem, przypominającym wąsy. Górne części ciała są jasnoszare z czarnymi lotkami pierwszorzędowymi i końcowką ogona. Dolne części ciała są białe i posiadają ciemne paskowanie na spodniej stronie skrzydeł, dolnych partiach piersi, brzuchu i spodniej stronie ogona. Przednia strona szyi ma płowożółte paski. Nogi i obwódka oczna są żółte. Wydają przenikliwe kek-kek-kek.

Zachodnioafrykańskie samce ważą pomiędzy 139 i 178 gram, podczas gdy samice zwykle między 190 a 305 gram. Poszczególne afrykańskie ptaki w południowym biegu rzeki Zambezi są odseparowane od reszty i tworzą podgatunek Falco chicquera horsbrughi, ale różnice w wielkości mogą mieć charakter ciągły (przejściowy) i to wydzielenie może być niepoprawne.

Azjatycki podgatunek nominatywny Falco chicquera chicquera ma rude paski przypominające wąsy. Brakuje mu rudych prążków na piersi i ma mniej rozległe paskowanie w odniesieniu do podgatunków afrykańskich.

Systematyka

Miejsce sokoła rudogłowego w rodzinie sokołowatych nie jest w pełni ustalone. Czasem za najbliżej spokrewniony gatunek podaje się drzemlika lub sokoła afrykańskiego, ale prawdopodobnie nie jest to poprawne wskazanie. W rzeczywistości może być odległym krewnym sokoła wędrownego, ale potrzebne są bardziej wnikliwe badania. W każdym razie, afrykańskie i hinduskie podgatunki bardzo różnią się między sobą i w dłuższej perspektywie czasowej ulegną oddzieleniu gatunkowemu[3]. Wyróżniono trzy podgatunki F. chicquera[4][5]:

Zachowanie

Zamieszkuje półpustynie, sawanny i inne suche otwarte przestrzenie z porozrzucanymi drzewami, ale również przyrzeczne lasy. Często spotyka się go siedzącego w ukryciu w koronie palmy Borassus aethiopium lub ścigającego ptaki, nietoperze i duże owady w trakcie dziarskiego lotu.
Poluje głównie o zmierzchu i o świcie pod sklepieniem drzew. Często łowy prowadzi w parach, czasem wykorzystując technikę w której jeden ptak z pary nisko leci nad ziemią wypłaszając małe ptaki. Drugi w tym czasie lata wyżej i chwyta ofiary wylatujące z ukrycia.

Ptaki te zajmują stare gniazda po ptakach krukowatych. Samica może też składać od 3 do 5 jaj w zakamarkach korony drzewa palmowego.

Przypisy

  1. Falco chicquera, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.).
  2. Falco chicquera. Czerwona księga gatunków zagrożonych (IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) (ang.).
  3. Wink et al. (1998), Wink & Saurer-Gürth (2000)
  4. Frank Gill, Minturn Wright, David Donsker: Family Falconidae (ang.). IOC World Bird List: Version 3.1. [dostęp 2012-08-15].
  5. Red-necked Falcon (Falco chicquera) (ang.). IBC: The Internet Bird Collection. [dostęp 2012-08-15].

Bibliografia

  • Barlow, Clive (1997): A field guide to birds of The Gambia and Senegal. Pica Press, Nr. Robertsbridge (East Sussex). ISBN 1-873403-32-1
  • IUCN2006 - Falco chicquera, Database entry includes justification for why this species is of least concern, BirdLife International (2004), pobrano 12 sierpnia 2007
  • Grimmett, Richard; Inskipp, Carol, Inskipp, Tim & Byers, Clive (1999): Birds of India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, and the Maldives. Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J.. ISBN 0-691-04910-6
  • Kemp, Alan C.; Kemp, Meg & Hayman, Peter (2001): Birds of Prey of Africa and its Islands. Struik, Capetown. ISBN 1-86872-732-7
  • Wink, Michael & Sauer-Gürth, Hedi (2000): Advances in the molecular systematics of African raptors. In: Chancellor, R.D. & Meyburg, B.-U. (eds): Raptors at Risk: 135-147. WWGBP/Hancock House, Berlin/Blaine. PDF fulltext
  • Wink, Michael; Seibold, I.; Lotfikhah, F. & Bednarek, W. (1998): Molecular systematics of holarctic raptors (Order Falconiformes). In: Chancellor, R.D., Meyburg, B.-U. & Ferrero, J.J. (eds.): Holarctic Birds of Prey: 29-48. Adenex & WWGBP. PDF fulltext
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Sokół rudogłowy: Brief Summary ( Polish )

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Sokół rudogłowy, kobczyk rudogłowy (Falco chicquera) – gatunek średniej wielkości ptaka drapieżnego z rodziny sokołowatych (Falconidae). To szeroko rozpowszechniony ptak osiadły w Indiach i sąsiednich regionach, jak również w subsaharyjskiej Afryce. Lokalnie zwany Turumti.

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Rödhuvad falk ( Swedish )

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Rödhuvad falk[2] (Falco chicquera) är en fågel i familjen falkar inom ordningen falkfåglar[3] med tudelad utbredning i Afrika söder om Sahara samt på Indiska subkontinenten. Vissa behandlar de afrikanska och asiatiska populationerna som skilda arter.

Utseende

 src=
En ung rödhuvad falk av nominatformen.

Denna art är en medelstor (30-36 cm), långvingad falk med starkt roströd hjässa och nacke. Ovansidan är blågrå med svarta vingpennor, medan undersidan är tätt svartbandat vit. Stjärten har smala band, längst ut ett svart vitspetsat ändband. Vid vila når inte vingspetsarna stjärtspetsen.[4] Ben, ögonring och vaxhuden mellan näbb och öga är gula. Näbben är gröngul längst in men svart ut i spetsen. Ungfåglar är beigefärgade under med mindre Young birds are buff below with less extensive barring and duller upper plumage.[5]'

De afrikanska och asiatiska populationerna (som möjligen utgör två arter, se nedan) skiljer sig åt. Afrikanska fåglar av underartsgruppen ruficollis har svart mustaschstreck, ett rostfärgad bröstband och är bandad även på ovansidan. Hos den asiatiska nominatformen är istället mustaschstrecket rostfärgat bröstbandet saknas och ovansidan är enfärgad. Hos den senare går även det röda i nacken längre ner mot manteln.[6]

Underarter och deras utbredning

Rödhuvad falk delas in i tre underarter med följande utbredning:[3]

Statusen i Iran är dock osäker, där den tros ha häckat i slutet av 1800-talet men inga säkra fynd sedan 1898.[7] Arten har även tillfälligt påträffats vintertid i norra Sri Lanka[4] samt i Myanmar[1].

Taxonomi och systematik

Arten beskrevs utifrån ett specimen som François Levaillant fått från Chandernagore i Bengalen, där han fått höra att den kallades "Chicquera".[8] dock felaktigt eftersom detta namn troligen snarare syftar på shikran.[9] Levaillant använde sig inte av vetenskapliga artnamn utan kallade den Le Chicquera. Istället var det François Marie Daudin som beskrev arten och gave den namnet Falco chicquera år 1800.[10]

Släktskap

Tidigare författare placerade arten i släktet Aesalon tillsammans med stenfalken.[11] DNA-studier visar dock att de inte är nära släkt. Istället är rödhuvad falk systerart till gruppen storfalkar, som bland annat innehåller pilgrimsfalk, slagfalk och jaktfalk.[12]

En eller två arter?

Genetiska studier visar att de indiska och afrikanska populationerna har varit åtskilda i nästan en miljon år. Detta i kombination med allopatrisk utbredning samt tydliga morfologiska skillnader gör att vissa behandlar dem som skilda arter, exempelvis Birdlife International och internationella naturvårdsunionen IUCN.[1]

Levnadssätt

I Afrika påträffas den rödhuvade falken i halvöken, savann och liknande torrt landskap med spridda träd, men även flodnära skog. Fågeln ses ofta nära palmen Borassus aethiopum där den också häckar. Den är mestadels stannfågel, men rör sig nomadiskt efter väderlek. I Indien ses den i öppet landskap, är ej associerade med Borassus-palmer och påträffas ofta till skillnad från i Afrika ofta nära bebyggelse.

Föda

Rödhuvad falk lever huvudsakligen av småfåglar, men även möss. ödlor och större insekter.[13] In one study in Bangladesh, adults fed mainly on small sparrow sized birds (72%) and Pipistrellus bats (28%).[14] Den jagar vanligen i par, ofta i gryning och skymning, ibland med en speciell teknik där en individ flyger lågt och skrämmer upp småfåglar medan den andra följer efter högre upp och fångar dem.[15] Ibland kan den ses stjäla byten från andra medelstora rovfåglar.[16]

Häckning

Arten häckar från januari till mars i Indien, i Zambia från augusti. Paret har det ovanliga beteendet att uppvakta varandra genom att honan matar hanen.[17]

I Indien bygger den sitt bo i en trädklyka i ett högt träd, gärna mango och ofta nära bebyggelse. Honan lägger tre till fem ägg och ungarna blir flygga efter upp till 48 dagar.[18][19]

I Afrika placeras boet i kronan av ett palmträd. Den har även setts återanvända andra fåglars bon som svartvit kråka eller skrikhavsörn. Endast honan ruvar de två till fyra äggen, i 32-34 dagar. Hanen förser honan med mat som hon ger vidare till ungarna. De blir flygga efter 35-37 dagar.[20]

Status och hot

Sedan 2014 urskiljer Birdlife International och naturvårdsunionen IUCN ruficollis-gruppen som den egna arten "rödnackad falk". Därmed hotkategoriseras de var för sig. Den indiska populationen minskar i antal till följd av habitatförstörelse och uppskattas bestå av tiotusentalet individer.[1] IUCN kategoriserar den därför som nära hotad (NT).[1] Den afrikanska populationen minskar också, men inte tillräckligt för att den ska betraktas som hotad, vilket gör att den istället kategoriseras som livskraftig.[21]

Referenser

Artikeln bygger delvis på en översättning från engelskspråkiga wikipedias artikel Red-necked falcon, läst 2018-10-03 som anger följande källor:

Noter

  1. ^ [a b c d e] Birdlife International 2014 Falco chicquera Från: IUCN 2015. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2015.4 www.iucnredlist.org. Läst 2016-02-01.
  2. ^ Sveriges ornitologiska förening (2018) Officiella listan över svenska namn på världens fågelarter, läst 2018-09-30
  3. ^ [a b] Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, D. Roberson, T. A. Fredericks, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood (2016) The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: Version 2016 http://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download, läst 2016-08-11
  4. ^ [a b] Rasmussen, P.C. & J.C. Anderton (2005). Birds of South Asia. The Ripley Guide. Volume 2. Washington DC and Barcelona: Smithsonian Institution and Lynx Edicions. Sid. 113.
  5. ^ Baker, E.C. Stuart (1928). The Fauna of British India including Ceylon and Burma. Birds. Volume 5. (2nd). London: Taylor and Francis. Sid. 47–49. https://archive.org/stream/BakerFbiBirds5/BakerFBI5#page/n65/mode/2up.
  6. ^ del Hoyo, J., Collar, N., Marks, J.S. & Kirwan, G.M. (2018). Red-necked Falcon (Falco ruficollis). I: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., Sargatal, J., Christie, D.A. & de Juana, E. (red.). Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. (hämtad från https://www.hbw.com/node/467495 23 oktober 2018).
  7. ^ Mitchell, Dominic (2017). Birds of Europe, North Africa and the Middle East : An Annotated Checklist. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. sid. 144. ISBN 978-84-941892-9-6
  8. ^ Levaillant, F. (1799). Histoire naturelle des oiseaux d'Afrique. Volume 1.. Paris: J.H.Fuchs. Sid. 128–129. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/41412299.
  9. ^ Phillott, D.C. (1907). ”Note on the Red-headed Merlin (Aesalon chicquera)”. Journal and Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. New Series. 3 (6): sid. 395–399. https://archive.org/stream/mobot31753002183785#page/n529/mode/2up/.
  10. ^ Daudin, F.M. (1800). Traité élémentaire et complet d'ornithologie, ou, Histoire naturelle des oiseaux. Volume 2. Sid. 121–122. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/39476115.
  11. ^ Blanford, W.T. (1895). The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Birds. Volume 3. London: Taylor and Francis. Sid. 426–428. https://archive.org/stream/birdsindia03oaterich#page/426/mode/2up.
  12. ^ Fuchs, J., J.A. Johnson, and D.P. Mindell (2015), Rapid diversification of falcons (Aves: Falconidae) due to expansion of open habitats in the Late Miocene, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 82, 166-182.
  13. ^ Naoroji, Rishad (2007). Birds of Prey of the Indian Subcontinent. Om Books International. Sid. 564–571.
  14. ^ Foysal, Mohammod (2015). ”Observations of Red-headed Falcon Falco chicquera (Aves: Falconiformes: Falconidae) nest at Keraniganj, Dhaka, Bangladesh, with a focus on post-fledging behaviour”. Journal of Threatened Taxa 7 (5): sid. 7138–7145. doi:10.11609/jott.o3895.7138-45. Arkiverad från originalet den 2016-03-05. https://web.archive.org/web/20160305125412/http://www.threatenedtaxa.org/ZooPrintJournal/2015/April/o389526iv157138-7145.pdf. Läst 23 oktober 2018.
  15. ^ Ali, Salim, Ripley S.D (1978). Handbook of the Birds of India and Pakistan. Volume 1.. New Delhi,: Oxford University Press. Sid. 359–360.
  16. ^ Clark, William S.; Schmitt, N. John (1993). ”Red-headed falcon pirates prey from Montagu's harrier”. Journal of Field Ornithology 64 (2): sid. 244–245. https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/jfo/v064n02/p0244-p0245.pdf.
  17. ^ Olwagen, C.D.; Olwagen, K. (1984). ”Propagation of captive red-necked falcons Falco chicquera”. Koedoe 27: sid. 45–59. doi:10.4102/koedoe.v27i1.550.
  18. ^ Subramanya, S (1982). ”Nesting of Redheaded Merlin (Falco chicquera Daudin) in Bangalore, Karnataka”. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 79 (2): sid. 412–413. https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48744828.
  19. ^ Naoroji, Rishad (2011). ”Breeding of the Red-headed Falcon Falco chicquera in Saurashtra, Gujarat, India”. Forktail 27: sid. 1–6. http://orientalbirdclub.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/Red-headed-Falcon.pdf.
  20. ^ Osborne, Timothy O. (1981). ”Ecology of the red-necked falcon Falco chicquera in Zambia”. Ibis 123 (3): sid. 289–297. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1981.tb04031.x.
  21. ^ Birdlife International 2017 Falco ruficollis . Från: IUCN 2017. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2017.3. Läst 2017-12-10.

Externa länkar

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Rödhuvad falk: Brief Summary ( Swedish )

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Rödhuvad falk (Falco chicquera) är en fågel i familjen falkar inom ordningen falkfåglar med tudelad utbredning i Afrika söder om Sahara samt på Indiska subkontinenten. Vissa behandlar de afrikanska och asiatiska populationerna som skilda arter.

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Cắt cổ đỏ ( Vietnamese )

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Cắt cổ đỏ (danh pháp hai phần: Falco chicquera) là một loài chim lá thuộc chi Cắt trong họ Cắt (Falconidae).[2]

Loài này là một loài sinh sống rộng rãi ở Ấn Độ và khu vực lân cận cũng như châu Phi cận Sahara. Nó đôi khi được gọi là Turumti tại địa phương.

Cắt cổ đỏ có kích thước vừa, có cánh dài với một mào đỏ tươi sáng và sau gáy. Chúng có chiều dài trung bình 30–36 cm và sải cánh dài 85 cm. Con trống và con mái có bề ngoài tương tự, ngoại trừ kích thước: con trống nhỏ hơn con mái như các loài cắt khác.

Hình ảnh

Chú thích

  1. ^ BirdLife International (2012). Falco chicquera. Sách Đỏ IUCN các loài bị đe dọa. Phiên bản 2013.2. Liên minh Bảo tồn Thiên nhiên Quốc tế. Truy cập ngày 26 tháng 11 năm 2013.
  2. ^ Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, B.L. Sullivan, C. L. Wood, and D. Roberson (2012). “The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: Version 6.7.”. Truy cập ngày 19 tháng 12 năm 2012.

Tham khảo

 src= Wikispecies có thông tin sinh học về Cắt cổ đỏ


Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết liên quan đến chim này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
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wikipedia VI

Cắt cổ đỏ: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

provided by wikipedia VI

Cắt cổ đỏ (danh pháp hai phần: Falco chicquera) là một loài chim lá thuộc chi Cắt trong họ Cắt (Falconidae).

Loài này là một loài sinh sống rộng rãi ở Ấn Độ và khu vực lân cận cũng như châu Phi cận Sahara. Nó đôi khi được gọi là Turumti tại địa phương.

Cắt cổ đỏ có kích thước vừa, có cánh dài với một mào đỏ tươi sáng và sau gáy. Chúng có chiều dài trung bình 30–36 cm và sải cánh dài 85 cm. Con trống và con mái có bề ngoài tương tự, ngoại trừ kích thước: con trống nhỏ hơn con mái như các loài cắt khác.

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Турумти ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию
Царство: Животные
Подцарство: Эуметазои
Без ранга: Вторичноротые
Подтип: Позвоночные
Инфратип: Челюстноротые
Надкласс: Четвероногие
Класс: Птицы
Подкласс: Настоящие птицы
Инфракласс: Новонёбные
Семейство: Соколиные
Род: Соколы
Вид: Турумти
Международное научное название

Falco chicquera Daudin, 1800

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ITIS 175634NCBI 495941EOL 1049191

Турумти, или красношейный сокол[1] (лат. Falco chicquera) — вид хищных птиц рода соколов.

Средних размеров сокол длиной 30—36 см с размахом крыльев до 85 см.

Населяет степи, полупустыни Индии и саванны Африки.

Примечания

  1. Бёме Р. Л., Флинт В. Е. Пятиязычный словарь названий животных. Птицы. Латинский, русский, английский, немецкий, французский / Под общ. ред. акад. В. Е. Соколова. — М.: Рус. яз., «РУССО», 1994. — С. 49. — 2030 экз.ISBN 5-200-00643-0.


Птица Это заготовка статьи по орнитологии. Вы можете помочь проекту, дополнив её.  title=
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Турумти: Brief Summary ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию

Турумти, или красношейный сокол (лат. Falco chicquera) — вид хищных птиц рода соколов.

Средних размеров сокол длиной 30—36 см с размахом крыльев до 85 см.

Населяет степи, полупустыни Индии и саванны Африки.

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cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Авторы и редакторы Википедии