Pygmy tarsiers inhabit montane cloud forests at elevations between 1800 and 2200 m in the central Sulawesi mountains. At elevations between 1900 and 2000 m, moss-covered conifer forest predominates. Above this elevation, the canopy is only 10 to 20 m high, leaves are small, tree trunks are not buttressed, large woody vines are absent, and species diversity of trees and shrubs is lower than in lowland tropical rainforest. Pygmy tarsiers often reside in the lower canopy, among sapling trunks, and on the forest floor. Upper montane forests are characterized by the presence of dense mist. Humidity in these regions is 85 to 100%, creating a clammy, cold, and wet environment.
Range elevation: 1800 to 2200 m.
Average elevation: 2100 m.
Habitat Regions: tropical ; terrestrial
Terrestrial Biomes: rainforest ; mountains
Tarsius pumilus was first described by Miller and Hollister in 1921 but was often subsequently treated as a subspecies of Tarsius tarsier. It is now recognized as a separate species.
Tarsiers commonly communicate through vocalizations and urine scent marking. However, each of these is observed much less frequently among pygmy tarsiers than other species. The infrequency of observed scent marking in this species, however, may be due to difficulty in monitoring canopy habitat and high rainfall quickly washing away urine.
The auditory bullae of pygmy tarsiers are more enlarged than those of other tarsiers, perhaps because the heavy fog and thick moss cover common in their habitat tend to reduce sound travel. However, vocal communication is markedly reduced in pygmy tarsiers. They rarely perform the male-female vocal duets or family choruses typical of lowland species. Because these vocalizations are associated with territory maintenance, this could indicate that pygmy tarsiers are less territorial than lowland species, or that they make use other means of communication to communication the same information.
The eye of tarsiers is unique among primates and is largely responsible for tarsier survival. Lacking a tapetum lucidum, the eyes of tarsiers are greatly enlarged to allow night vision. The average volume of their eyes is equal to the average tarsier cranial capacity. Because their eyes are immobile within the orbits, tarsiers adjust their vision by moving their head, which can rotate through nearly 180 degrees in either direction. The extent to which tarsiers use visual signals, such as postures and displays, is not known
In all primate species tactile communication is important between mothers and their offspring, as well as between mates.
Communication Channels: tactile ; acoustic ; chemical
Other Communication Modes: duets ; choruses ; scent marks
Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical
Because they are only known from a few museum specimens and one wild group, the IUCN lists pygmy tarsiers as "Data Deficient." However, populations are small, fragmented and declining, and this species could easily become endangered. Deforestation is a threat, although their remote habitat, which has thus far seen only small-scale human expansion, may place this species at lesser risk.
The CITES treaty on the international trade in wildlife includes all tarsiers in Appendix II, limiting international trade.
US Federal List: no special status
CITES: appendix ii
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: data deficient
There are no known adverse effects of pygmy tarsiers on humans.
There are no known direct positive effects of pygmy tarsiers on humans.
Pygmy tarsiers consume a large variety of arthropods and small vertebrates, and they are preyed upon by diurnal raptors. Tarsiers also act as hosts to a number of ecto- and endoparasites.
Tarsiers are the only primates that are totally carnivorous. Pygmy tarsiers are insectivorous and eat primarily arthropods with heavily keratinized exoskeletons. Larger arthropods are less abundant at higher altitudes. Pygmy tarsiers also commonly prey upon small vertebrates.
Tarsiers hunt by leaping from tree trunks and pouncing on terrestrial prey. They kill prey by biting down with the anterior teeth, and they chew with a side to side motion. Tarsiers typically take large prey for their body size and consume the entire prey, which can result in large fluctuations in body weight. Pygmy tarsiers drink water by lapping.
Animal Foods: birds; mammals; amphibians; reptiles; insects; aquatic crustaceans
Primary Diet: carnivore (Insectivore , Eats non-insect arthropods)
Pygmy tarsiers, Tarsius pumilus, are endemic to Central Sulawesi, Indonesia.
Biogeographic Regions: oriental (Native )
Other Geographic Terms: island endemic
Little information is available regarding longevity of pygmy tarsiers. The oldest wild-caught tarsier continued to live in captivity until 12 years, 5 months of age (a male Tarsius syrichta). Record lifespans of captive-bred tarsiers are 11 years, 10 months (a male Tarsius syrichta) and over 13 years (a female Tarsius bancanus).
Like other tarsiers, pygmy tarsiers are small-bodied haplorhine primates whose appearance is dominated by large round eyes, large bare ears, long hind limbs with elongated ankles, elongated digits, and a long slender tail.
Pygmy tarsiers are easily distinguished from other tarsiers by their small body size, which averages approximately 50 g, less than half the size of lowland tarsier species. Their head and body length, which ranges from 80 to 111 mm is approximately 75% that of other tarsiers. Pygmy tarsiers do not express sexual dimorphism.
Pygmy tarsiers are similiar in overall appearance to spectral tarsiers, of which they were once considered a subspecies. The pelage of pygmy tarsiers is silky and is longer and denser than that of spectral tarsiers. They are red-brown in color, although pygmy tarsiers occasionally lack the buff colored post-auricular spot common among spectral tarsiers. The underbelly of pygmy tarsiers is buff, grayish, or slate colored. Hair on the face is usually shorter than hair on the rest of the body.
Pygmy tarsiers have a rounded head with a short snout. Their ears are relatively smaller than those of other tarsiers, and the degree of orbital enlargement is smaller than other species. Their eyes are approximately 16 mm in diameter.
Members of this species have a long slender tail. Approximately one third of the ventral surface of the tail is scaly, which is attributed to its function in body posture. The tail is heavily haired and is dark brown or black in color. The tip of the tail bears a tuft of hair.
Pygmy tarsiers, like, spectral tarsiers, have short fore limbs and small hands, suggesting that these animals use their hands more for locomotion than for immobilizing prey, as do other tarsier species. Pygmy tarsiers have several distinctive morphological characteristics that may stem from their unique highland habitat. Their body proportions differ considerably from lowland tarsiers. Pygmy tarsiers have a longer tail relative to head-body length and longer thighs relative to overall hind limb length, Despite their smaller overall size, absolute thigh length is still comparable to that of other Sulawesian tarsiers. These qualities are advantageous for leaping great distances between trees in thin forest cover. The small size of pygmy tarsiers may be an adaptation to the cooler, less productive highland environment. Although most tarsiers have low basal metabolic rates, pygmy tarsiers may have increased metabolic rates due to their small size and cold habitat.
Although most tarsiers have reduced nails that do not extend past the digital pads, pygmy tarsiers have nails on all five digits of the hand, including the hallux, and on the two lateral digits of the foot. These nails extend beyond the edge of the digital pads, are laterally compressed, and are sharply pointed at the tips, resembling claws. The digital pads on both their hands and feet are reduced in size. Both their claw-like nails and reduced pads are thought to provide a better grasp on the mossy substrate to which they cling during feeding and locomotion.
Range mass: 48 to 52 g.
Range length: 80 to 111 mm.
Average length: 96 mm.
Sexual Dimorphism: sexes alike
Other Physical Features: endothermic ; bilateral symmetry
Despite the rarity of alarm calls, predation is a considerable threat to pygmy tarsiers. Most common predators are diurnal raptors, the main birds of prey in Sulawesi. The open canopy cover of the highland montane forests makes this species especially vulnerable to raptor attacks.
Because they are infrequently observed and until recently were considered a subspecies of spectral tarsiers (Tarsius tarsier), little is known regarding the mating systems of pygmy tarsiers. Spectral tarsiers, their closest geographic neighbor and a member of the genus, are typically monogamous, although some social groups consistently exhibit polygyny.
Although little is known regarding the reproductive behavior of pygmy tarsiers, it likely resembles that of other tarsiers. Spectral tarsiers have two breeding seasons annually, spaced 6 months apart. One breeding season occurs at the beginning of the rainy season, and the other occurs at the end of the rainy season. Births in spectral tarsiers occur in May and from November to December.
Pygmy tarsiers likely have a long gestation period of around 6 months and produce only one offspring per year. Gestation of Philippine tarsiers lasts 178 days, after which time a fully furred, well-developed offspring is born. Young cling to the mother's ventrum or are carried in the mouth. Philippine tarsiers are precocial, and offspring are soon able to follow their kin. They can leap at about 1 month of age and can capture prey at approximately 42 days of age. Weaning is thought to occur shortly afterward. Prenatal development is incredibly slow in western tarsiers, and, as such, neonates are born with approximately 60 to 70% of the brain mass and 20% of the body mass of an adult. Newborn spectral tarsiers have similarly high infant-to-adult weight ratios of 20 to 33%. Female western tarsiers can first conceive around 2 years of age in captivity.
Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; fertilization ; viviparous
Little is known regarding parental investment of pygmy tarsiers. In closely related spectral tarsiers, parental care is primarily maternal. Some allocare is exhibited by subadult females, and much less so by adult and subadult males, but this is extremely limited compared to that displayed by some platyrrhine primates. Philippine tarsiers are born well-developed, and young cling to their mother's belly. Mothers nurse their young and may also carry young in their mouth. Young spectral tarsiers mature quickly; they can travel in groups 23 days after birth and are able to hunt alone after 42 days. Young females remain with their parents until adulthood, whereas young males leave their natal group as juveniles.
Parental Investment: precocial ; male parental care ; female parental care ; pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Female)
El tarser pigmeu (Tarsius pumilus) és una espècie de tarser que viu al sud de Sulawesi (Indonèsia). L'espècie és coneguda a partir de només tres exemplars moderns, cosa que fa que els coneixements que se'n té siguin bastant escassos. Fou descobert a voltants del 1920, però durant els següents vuitanta anys ningú no en trobà cap exemplar i es pensà que l'espècie s'havia extingit. Tanmateix, l'any 2000 uns investigadors indonesis en mataren un accidentalment quan intentaven capturar rates. El 2008 se'n capturaren quatre individus (dels quals un s'escapà), als quals es posaren transmissors de ràdio.[1][2]
El tarser pigmeu (Tarsius pumilus) és una espècie de tarser que viu al sud de Sulawesi (Indonèsia). L'espècie és coneguda a partir de només tres exemplars moderns, cosa que fa que els coneixements que se'n té siguin bastant escassos. Fou descobert a voltants del 1920, però durant els següents vuitanta anys ningú no en trobà cap exemplar i es pensà que l'espècie s'havia extingit. Tanmateix, l'any 2000 uns investigadors indonesis en mataren un accidentalment quan intentaven capturar rates. El 2008 se'n capturaren quatre individus (dels quals un s'escapà), als quals es posaren transmissors de ràdio.
Der Zwergkoboldmaki (Tarsius pumilus) ist eine Primatenart aus der Gruppe der Koboldmakis. Im Jahr 2008 wurden die ersten lebenden Exemplare seit über 70 Jahren gesichtet.
Zwergkoboldmakis sind die kleinsten Vertreter der Koboldmakis. Sie erreichen eine Kopfrumpflänge von 9 bis 10 Zentimetern, wozu noch ein 20 Zentimeter langer Schwanz kommt. Ihr Gewicht beträgt rund 50 bis 60 Gramm. Ihr Fell ist gelbgrau bis rotbraun gefärbt, es ist länger und seidiger als bei anderen Koboldmakis. Der Schwanz, der länger als der Rumpf ist, ist stark behaart. Als Anpassung an die springende Fortbewegung sind die Hinterbeine vergrößert und die Fußwurzeln verlängert. Der Kopf ist wie bei allen Koboldmakis durch die großen Augen charakterisiert, die Ohren sind kleiner als bei anderen Vertretern dieser Gruppe.
Zwergkoboldmakis bewohnen das gebirgige Innere der indonesischen Insel Sulawesi. Die zuletzt entdeckten Tiere stammen aus der Region des Mount Rore Katimbo. Sämtliche Exemplare wurden in Gebirgswäldern zwischen 1800 und 2200 Metern Seehöhe entdeckt.
Über die Lebensweise dieser Tiere ist sehr wenig bekannt. Sie sind wie alle Koboldmakis nachtaktive Baumbewohner, die sich senkrecht kletternd und springend fortbewegen. Ihre Nahrung dürfte vorwiegend aus Insekten bestehen.
Das erste Exemplar wurde 1916 gesammelt, anhand dieses Exemplars wurde 1921 die Art von Miller und Hollister beschrieben. Ein weiteres Tier wurde 1930 eingefangen. Seither gab es keine Sichtungen, bis im Jahr 2000 ein toter Zwergkoboldmaki in einer Rattenfalle gefunden wurde. 2008 entdeckte ein US-amerikanisches Forscherteam diese Tierart wieder. Drei Exemplare wurden mit Peilsendern ausgestattet, ein viertes nur beobachtet.
Die IUCN listet die Art unter „zu wenig Daten vorhanden“ (data deficient), dabei ist die Wiederentdeckung aber noch nicht berücksichtigt.
Der Zwergkoboldmaki (Tarsius pumilus) ist eine Primatenart aus der Gruppe der Koboldmakis. Im Jahr 2008 wurden die ersten lebenden Exemplare seit über 70 Jahren gesichtet.
Pygmy Tarsier (Tarsius pumilus), uga dikenal minangka Mountain Tarsier utawa Lesser Spectral Tarsier, iku sawijining primata sing saba wengi, tinemu ing ing Sulawesi Tengah, Indonesia. Pygmy Tarsiers dipercaya wis cures ing taun 2000, nalika èlmuwan Indonesia kanthi ora sengaja matèni siji kéwan mau nalika nggasang tikus. Pygmy Tarsiers urip tinemu pisanan ing taun 1920-an déning tim riset saka Universitas Texas A&M ing Gunung Rore Katimbo ing Taman Nasional Lore Lindu sasi Agustus 2008.[3] Loro kéwan lanang lan siji wadon (siji manèh ucul) kacekel mawa jaring, lan dipasangi radio kanggo nglacak sabané.
Amarga Pygmy Tarsier pisanan sing isih urip katon ing 70-plus taun, kanyatan iki ngguguraké téoariné sawatara primatologis, yèn species iki wis cures.[4]
Awak Pygmy Tarsier dawané 95 nganti 105 mm (kira-kira 4 inchi), lan boboté kurang saka 2 ounces (57 gram). T. pumilus duwé fitur morfologis sing béda banget, dawané awak sing luwih cendhak saka jinis species tarsier liyané, lan boboté sing ènthèng. Uga T. pumilus iki duwé kuping sing luwih cilik tinimbang jinis liyané, lan wuluné warna coklat nom (tan) utawa buff, kanthi warna dominan klawu utawa abang kacoklatan. Buntuté akèh wuluné, lan dawané watara 135 nganti 275 mm. Sing paling nyolok ya iku matané sing gedhé, diamèteré watara 16 mm. Pygmy Tarsier uga duwé cakar, tanpa kuku, ing limang drijiné, lan ing loro driji sikilé. Kuku sing kaya cakar iku kanggo nguwataké cengkereman kanggo nggandhul, mangan, sarta obahan.
|date= (pitulung) |access-date= (pitulung) |date= (pitulung) |date= (pitulung) Pygmy Tarsier (Tarsius pumilus), uga dikenal minangka Mountain Tarsier utawa Lesser Spectral Tarsier, iku sawijining primata sing saba wengi, tinemu ing ing Sulawesi Tengah, Indonesia. Pygmy Tarsiers dipercaya wis cures ing taun 2000, nalika èlmuwan Indonesia kanthi ora sengaja matèni siji kéwan mau nalika nggasang tikus. Pygmy Tarsiers urip tinemu pisanan ing taun 1920-an déning tim riset saka Universitas Texas A&M ing Gunung Rore Katimbo ing Taman Nasional Lore Lindu sasi Agustus 2008. Loro kéwan lanang lan siji wadon (siji manèh ucul) kacekel mawa jaring, lan dipasangi radio kanggo nglacak sabané.
Amarga Pygmy Tarsier pisanan sing isih urip katon ing 70-plus taun, kanyatan iki ngguguraké téoariné sawatara primatologis, yèn species iki wis cures.
The pygmy tarsier (Tarsius pumilus), also known as the mountain tarsier or the lesser spectral tarsier, is a nocturnal primate found in central Sulawesi, Indonesia, in an area with lower vegetative species diversity than the lowland tropical forests. The pygmy tarsier was believed to have become extinct in the early 20th century. Then, in 2000, Indonesian scientists accidentally killed one while trapping rats. The first pygmy tarsiers seen alive since the 1920s were found by a research team led by Dr. Sharon Gursky and Ph.D. student Nanda Grow from Texas A&M University on Mount Rore Katimbo in Lore Lindu National Park in August 2008.[3][4] The two males and single female (a fourth escaped) were captured using nets, and were radio collared to track their movements. As the first live pygmy tarsiers seen in 80-plus years, these captures dispelled the belief among some primatologists that the species was extinct.[5]
The pygmy tarsier has a head-body length of 95 to 105 mm (3.7 to 4.1 in), and weighs less than 57 g (2.0 oz),[6] which makes it smaller and lighter than other tarsier species. Likewise, its ears are also smaller than those of the rest of genus Tarsius. Its fur is tan or buff with predominant grey or brownish red coloring.[7] Its tail is heavily haired and ranges from 135 to 275 mm (5.3 to 10.8 in), and functions in balance when leaping. The pygmy tarsier has nails on all five digits of each hand and on two digits of each foot. The claw-like nails aid in its grasping strength and are also used as an aid in its need for vertical support for feeding and movement.[7] Pygmy tarsiers exhibit low sexual dimorphism, so both sexes are similar in size and appearance.[8]
The most noticeable feature of the pygmy tarsier are its large eyes, which are about 16 mm (0.63 in) in diameter. Unlike other nocturnal species, tarsiers lack a tapetum lucidum due to the diurnal evolutionary history of primates.[9] To make up for this, tarsiers have evolved their large eyes to maximize available light.[9] Tarsiers eyes cannot move in their sockets, but their necks have the ability to turn their heads almost 360 degrees.[10]
The pygmy tarsier is endemic to the mossy cloud forests of central Sulawesi, Indonesia and found at altitudes of 1,800–2,200 m (5,900–7,200 ft).[7] The canopy of the mountain forests are low in height and undergrowth is much denser than the lowland forests.[11] The plant diversity is low and covered in thick mosses, resulting in decreased habitat productivity.[8] Pygmy Tarsiers handle this challenging habitat by living at the edge of forests where prey is more abundant.[12]
Pygmy tarsiers are insectivorous, feeding primarily on arthropods.[2] Due to their arboreal lifestyle, their diet consists of airborne insects found in the forest canopy such as moths, grasshoppers, and katydids.[12]
The pygmy tarsier is found in stable bonded pairs, remaining together for up to 15 months. This stable pair bond is usually monogamous. The species has two breeding seasons, one at the beginning of the rainy season and the other at the end, separated by about 6 months. Gestation lasts 178 days on average, and births occur in May and from November to December. Infants are quite precocial, and develop quickly, similar to other juveniles in the genus. The offspring begin capturing their own prey around 42 days of age, and travel in groups after only 23 days. Young females remain with parents until adulthood, while young males leave the natal group as juveniles.
The pygmy tarsier is nocturnal or crepuscular, and is mainly arboreal. It spends most of the daylight hours sleeping on vertical branches in the canopy. T. pumilus is not a nest builder. Unlike other tarsier species, it does not use scent glands to mark territorial boundaries.[5] Also tactile communication and interaction is important with the pygmy tarsier, as in other tarsier species.
Some species of tarsier have recently been found to communicate at ultrasonic frequencies of around 70 kHz on the islands of Bohol and Leyte.[13] The ultrasonic range of their communication is well beyond what may be detected by the human ear and is a distinct advantage to keeping their communication species-specific.
The pygmy tarsier (Tarsius pumilus), also known as the mountain tarsier or the lesser spectral tarsier, is a nocturnal primate found in central Sulawesi, Indonesia, in an area with lower vegetative species diversity than the lowland tropical forests. The pygmy tarsier was believed to have become extinct in the early 20th century. Then, in 2000, Indonesian scientists accidentally killed one while trapping rats. The first pygmy tarsiers seen alive since the 1920s were found by a research team led by Dr. Sharon Gursky and Ph.D. student Nanda Grow from Texas A&M University on Mount Rore Katimbo in Lore Lindu National Park in August 2008. The two males and single female (a fourth escaped) were captured using nets, and were radio collared to track their movements. As the first live pygmy tarsiers seen in 80-plus years, these captures dispelled the belief among some primatologists that the species was extinct.
El tarsero pigmeo (Tarsius pumilus) es una especie de primate del género Tarsius de comportamiento nocturno que se encuentra en el sector central de Célebes, Indonesia, en un área con menor diversidad de especies vegetales que el bosque tropical de tierras bajas. Se lo consideraba extinto a principio del siglo XX. Luego, en el año 2000, investigadores indonesios mataron accidentalmente uno mientras atrapaban ratas. Los primeros tarseros pigmeos vistos con vida desde la década de 1920 fueron encontrados por un equipo de la Texas A&M University en el monte Rore Katimbo, en el parque nacional Lore Lindu en agosto del 2008.[2][3] Los dos machos y la hembra encontrados fueron capturados usando una red, y se les colocaron dispositivos de rastreo en collares para seguir sus movimientos. Eran los primeros tarseros pigmeos encontrados en más de 80 años, lo que descartó la idea de su extinción que tenían algunos primatólogos.[4] Se incluye en la lista de Los 25 primates en mayor peligro del mundo.[5]
El tarsero pigmeo tiene una longitud de entre 95 y 105 mm y pesa menos de 57 gramos. Se diferencia de otros tarseros por ser más pequeño, tener menor peso corporal y también por tener orejas más chicas que el resto de las especies del género. Su pelaje es más bronceado, predominando colores grises, rojos y marrones. Su cola tiene mucho pelo y varía en longitud entre los 135 y 275 mm. La característica más notable de la especie son sus grandes ojos, de cerca de 16 mm de diámetro. Tiene uñas en los cinco dedos de las manos y en dos de los dedos de los pies. Sus uñas, parecidas a garras, le ayudan en la fuerza de agarre; las usa para aferrarse verticalmente para alimentarse y locomoción.
El T. pumilus forma parejas estables, que permanecen juntas por más de 15 meses. Esta condición es usualmente monógama. Tiene dos temporadas de reproducción. Una al inicio de la temporada lluviosa, y otra al final de ésta, separadas por unos 6 meses. La gestación dura en promedio 178 días, donde el nacimiento ocurre en mayo y en noviembre-diciembre. Las crías son muy precoces y se desarrollan rápidamente de manera similar a otros miembros del género.
El tarsero pigmeo es nocturno y principalmente arborícola. Pasa la mayor parte del día durmiendo en ramas verticales. Esta especie no construye nidos. A diferencie de otras especies del género, no usa glándulas de olor para marcar su territorio.[4] La comunicación táctil y la interacción son muy importantes en el tarsero pigmeo al igual que en otras especies.
Los tarseros, en general, son insectívoros y son los únicos primates completamente carnívoros. Comen artrópodos, y se dice de algunos que comen aves y culebras. Como insectívoros, juegan un rol integral en su hábitat ya que estructuran la trama alimenticia.
El tarsero pigmeo (Tarsius pumilus) es una especie de primate del género Tarsius de comportamiento nocturno que se encuentra en el sector central de Célebes, Indonesia, en un área con menor diversidad de especies vegetales que el bosque tropical de tierras bajas. Se lo consideraba extinto a principio del siglo XX. Luego, en el año 2000, investigadores indonesios mataron accidentalmente uno mientras atrapaban ratas. Los primeros tarseros pigmeos vistos con vida desde la década de 1920 fueron encontrados por un equipo de la Texas A&M University en el monte Rore Katimbo, en el parque nacional Lore Lindu en agosto del 2008. Los dos machos y la hembra encontrados fueron capturados usando una red, y se les colocaron dispositivos de rastreo en collares para seguir sus movimientos. Eran los primeros tarseros pigmeos encontrados en más de 80 años, lo que descartó la idea de su extinción que tenían algunos primatólogos. Se incluye en la lista de Los 25 primates en mayor peligro del mundo.
Tarsius pumilus Tarsius primate Haplorrhini generoko espezieetako bat da.
Artikulu hau biologiari buruzko zirriborroa da. Wikipedia lagun dezakezu edukia osatuz. Tarsius pumilus Tarsius primate Haplorrhini generoko espezieetako bat da.
Tarsius pumilus
Le Tarsier pygmée[1] (Tarsius pumilus) est un primate asiatique de la famille des Tarsiidae.
Cette espèce est endémique des régions montagneuse du centre de l'île des Célèbes et n'était connue avant le XXIe siècle qu'à partir de deux spécimens de musée. Considéré par certains spécialistes comme éteint, le Tarsier pygmée a été redécouvert en 2008 dans le parc national de Lore Lindu, à plus de 2 000 m d'altitude.
Le nom scientifique (pumilus, « nain ») et vernaculaire de cette espèce lui vient de sa taille réduite par rapport aux autres tarsiers. Cette appellation est problématique car l'étude des fossiles a montré que les ancêtres des tarsiers étaient certainement eux aussi de petite taille[2].
Les tarsiers pygmées sont beaucoup plus petits que les autres espèces connues de tarsiers des Célèbes et ne semblent vivre qu'à des altitudes élevées. Leur poids moyen est de 55 g contre 108 à 136 g pour leurs cousins des plaines. Ils ne produisent pas de marques olfactives ni de signaux sonores audibles, ce qui rend leur localisation extrêmement difficile[3].
L'espèce a été décrite pour la première fois en 1921 à partir de trois spécimens collectés aux Célèbes par l'explorateur Henry C. Raven en 1917[4]. Plusieurs auteurs l'ont par la suite assimilé à une sous-espèce de Tarsius tarsier. Des analyses supplémentaires en 1987 ont prouvé que deux des trois holotypes étaient en réalité de jeunes individus d'une espèce différente (probablement Tarsius lariang[2]), mais qu'un autre spécimen décrit en 1930 dans le Sud de l'île correspondait à Tarsius pumilus[5].
L'espèce, qu'on supposait éteinte, a été redécouverte en 2008 par une équipe de chercheurs indonésiens dans le parc national de Lore Lindu au centre de l'île. La capture des trois individus, une femelle et deux mâles, a permis de mieux décrire les principales caractéristiques de ces primates et de relancer l'intérêt du monde scientifique pour cette espèce extrêmement rare et menacée[6].
Le tarsier pygmée est endémique de l'île des Célèbes en Indonésie. Le premier spécimen a été découvert en 1916 à 1 800 m d'altitude dans les montagnes entre Palu (Indonésie) et Poso. Le second spécimen, collecté en 1930 à 2 200 m d'altitude, provient du mont Rantemario dans le Sud de l'île. Un troisième animal a été retrouvé mort dans un piège à rats en mai 2000 sur les flancs du mont Rore Katimbo dans le parc national de Lore Lindu, à 2 200 m d'altitude[2]. Cet accident a conduit à intensifier les recherches dans la région, lesquelles ont abouti à la redécouverte officielle de l'espèce via la capture des trois individus en 2008[6].
Malgré sa redécouverte récente, le tarsier pygmée semble grandement menacé d’extinction en raison de son habitat très réduit et de la déforestation massive pratiquée sur son territoire. Il a ainsi été inclus en 2012 dans la liste des 25 espèces de primates les plus menacées au monde[3].
Tarsius pumilus
Le Tarsier pygmée (Tarsius pumilus) est un primate asiatique de la famille des Tarsiidae.
Cette espèce est endémique des régions montagneuse du centre de l'île des Célèbes et n'était connue avant le XXIe siècle qu'à partir de deux spécimens de musée. Considéré par certains spécialistes comme éteint, le Tarsier pygmée a été redécouvert en 2008 dans le parc national de Lore Lindu, à plus de 2 000 m d'altitude.
Tarsius pumilus é unha especie de mamífero primate haplorrino tarsiiforme da familia dos tarsíidos e xénero Tarsius,[2] coñecido na bibliografía internacional como tarsio anano, endémica das selvas da illa Célebes.[1].
É un primate nocturno que se encontra no oeste da provincia de Sulawesi central (Célebes Central), Indonesia, nunha zona con menor diversidade de especies vexetais que os bosques tropicais das terras baixas. A princpios do século XX críase que estaba extinguido, pero foi redescuberto en 2008 no Parque Nacional de Lore Lindu, a máis de 2 000 m de altitude.[3][4]
Tarsius pumilus é unha especie de mamífero primate haplorrino tarsiiforme da familia dos tarsíidos e xénero Tarsius, coñecido na bibliografía internacional como tarsio anano, endémica das selvas da illa Célebes..
É un primate nocturno que se encontra no oeste da provincia de Sulawesi central (Célebes Central), Indonesia, nunha zona con menor diversidade de especies vexetais que os bosques tropicais das terras baixas. A princpios do século XX críase que estaba extinguido, pero foi redescuberto en 2008 no Parque Nacional de Lore Lindu, a máis de 2 000 m de altitude.
Tarsius kerdil (pygmy tarsier, Tarsius pumilus, mountain tarsier, lesser spectral tarsier), adalah sebuah primata nokturnal yang ditemukan di Sulawesi Tengah, Indonesia, di kawasan dengan keragaman spesies yang vegetatif rendah ketimbang hutan tropis dataran rendah. Tarsius kerdil diyakini punah pada awal abad ke-20. Kemudian, pada 2000, para ilmuwan Indonesia secara tak sengaja menewaskan seekor tarsius kerdil saat menjebak tikus. Tarsius kerdil pertama yang terlihat dalam keadaan hidup sejak 1920an ditemukan oleh tim riset pimpinan Dr. Sharon Gursky dan murid Ph.D. Nanda Grow dari Texas A&M University di Gunung Rore Katimbo di Taman Nasional Lore Lindu pada Agustus 2008.[3][4] Dua pejantan dan satu betina (yang keempat kabur) ditangkap memakai jaring, dan radio dipakai untuk meneliti gerak mereka. Karena tarsius-tarsius kerdil hidup pertama terlihat pada 80 tahun terakhir, penangkapan-penangkapan tersebut mencabut keyakinan pada beberapa primatolog bahwa spesies tersebut telah punah.[5]
Tarsius kerdil (pygmy tarsier, Tarsius pumilus, mountain tarsier, lesser spectral tarsier), adalah sebuah primata nokturnal yang ditemukan di Sulawesi Tengah, Indonesia, di kawasan dengan keragaman spesies yang vegetatif rendah ketimbang hutan tropis dataran rendah. Tarsius kerdil diyakini punah pada awal abad ke-20. Kemudian, pada 2000, para ilmuwan Indonesia secara tak sengaja menewaskan seekor tarsius kerdil saat menjebak tikus. Tarsius kerdil pertama yang terlihat dalam keadaan hidup sejak 1920an ditemukan oleh tim riset pimpinan Dr. Sharon Gursky dan murid Ph.D. Nanda Grow dari Texas A&M University di Gunung Rore Katimbo di Taman Nasional Lore Lindu pada Agustus 2008. Dua pejantan dan satu betina (yang keempat kabur) ditangkap memakai jaring, dan radio dipakai untuk meneliti gerak mereka. Karena tarsius-tarsius kerdil hidup pertama terlihat pada 80 tahun terakhir, penangkapan-penangkapan tersebut mencabut keyakinan pada beberapa primatolog bahwa spesies tersebut telah punah.
Il tarsio pigmeo (Tarsius pumilus Miller & Hollister, 1921) è un primate aplorrino della famiglia dei Tarsidi.
Inizialmente classificato come specie a sé stante, venne poi relegato a sottospecie di Tarsius spectrum (T. spectrum pumilus), dal quale è assai probabile che discenda per speciazione allopatrica, e solo negli ultimi quindici anni ha riacquistato lo status di specie.
La specie è endemica dell'isola di Sulawesi, in Indonesia, dove occupa la parte centrale, in particolare le aree di foresta pluviale montana fra i 1800 ed i 2500 m, caratterizzata da vegetazione piuttosto rada e composta da poche specie principali, temperature fresche ed umidità fra l'85 ed il 100%.
Misura circa 27–30 cm, di cui più della metà spettano alla lunga coda, per un peso medio di 120 g.
Il pelo è lungo, denso e d'aspetto setoso: il colore è grigio-bruno o bruno-rossiccio, con una macchia chiara dietro le orecchie, che in questa specie sono molto piccole. Anche la coda è ricoperta di pelo nella parte dorsale (mentre quella ventrale è per un terzo glabra, probabilmente per la sua funzione posturale) e di colore bruno-scuro o nerastro.
Gli occhi sono, come in tutti i tarsi, grandi e fissi. Le zampe sono dotate di mani più piccole rispetto agli altri tarsi, il che indica che l'animale probabilmente tende ad utilizzarle più per la locomozione che per catturare e tenere ferme le prede.
Tutte le dita sono dotate di polpastrelli solo leggermente rigonfi ed unghie compresse lateralmente ed appuntite: questa specializzazione è stata evoluta per l'esigenza dell'animale di avere un appiglio solido mentre utilizza supporti verticali per il movimento e l'alimentazione. Unico fra le specie del proprio genere, il tarsio pigmeo presenta le radici delle unghie piantate oltre l'inizio del polpastrello, anziché dopo di esso.
Si tratta di animali notturni ed arboricoli: durante il giorno, riposano in cavità degli alberi o nel folto del fogliame, restando in posizione eretta con l'aiuto della coda, che viene anche puntellata contro i supporti su cui questo animale si muove in verticale. Non si costruiscono mai dei nidi. Durante il sonno, i muscoli del collo si rilassano, lasciando cadere la testa (che può essere ruotata di quasi 360°) all'indietro sulle spalle.
Nonostante tenda a muoversi lungo i rami camminando piuttosto che saltando (diventa difficile saltare con precisione nella nebbia densa del suo habitat), ciò non toglie che alla bisogna questi animali possano spiccare balzi che sfiorano i due metri di lunghezza ed il mezzo metro d'altezza.
Non sono finora mai state riportate vocalizzazioni di alcun tipo in questa specie: visto che però tutti gli appartenenti al genere utilizzano le vocalizzazioni a scopo territoriale, ci sono buone probabilità che anche T. pumilus sia territoriale e ricorra a vocalizzazioni.
Questo animale si nutre principalmente di artropodi dall'esoscheletro ricco di cheratina, che cattura spiccando salti fulminei e staccando loro la testa con un morso dato spostando in modo caratteristico la mandibola lateralmente.
Questi animali si trovano principalmente in coppie, che sono assai salde e durano solitamente 15 mesi. Solitamente le femmine portano avanti due cucciolate l'anno, una all'inizio ed una al termine della stagione delle piogge (maggio e novembre-dicembre. L'unico cucciolo nasce dopo una lunga gestazione ed è già ben sviluppato, con occhi aperti e ricoperto di pelo: già dopo un mese è in grado di saltare di ramo in ramo, mentre a un mese e mezzo può dirsi svezzato. La maturità sessuale viene raggiunta attorno all'anno d'età.
Si pensa che questi animali vivano in media attorno ai 10-12 anni.
Il tarsio pigmeo (Tarsius pumilus Miller & Hollister, 1921) è un primate aplorrino della famiglia dei Tarsidi.
Inizialmente classificato come specie a sé stante, venne poi relegato a sottospecie di Tarsius spectrum (T. spectrum pumilus), dal quale è assai probabile che discenda per speciazione allopatrica, e solo negli ultimi quindici anni ha riacquistato lo status di specie.
Het dwergspookdier (Tarsius pumilus) is een zoogdier uit de familie van de Tarsius (spookdiertjes). De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort werd voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd door Miller & Hollister in 1921.
Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons Wyrak karłowaty[3] (Tarsius pumilus) – gatunek naczelnego ssaka z rodziny wyrakowatych (Tarsiidae). Występuje w Indonezji[4]. Prowadzi nocny i nadrzewny tryb życia. Owadożerny.
Najmniejszy z wyraków, o długości ciała 85 do 160 mm, tj. o połowę mniejszy od wyraka filipińskiego. Długość silnie owłosionego ogona wynosi 135 do 275 mm. Ma łapy z ostrymi pazurami oraz spiczaste trójkątne uzębienie.
Żyje w stabilnych, zwykle monogamicznych parach, rozmnaża się dwa razy w roku, ciąża trwa średnio 178 dni, młode rodzą się w maju i w listopadzie-grudniu. Młode samice towarzyszą rodzicom aż do osiągnięcia dorosłości, młode samce opuszczają rodzinę wcześniej.
Wyrak karłowaty (Tarsius pumilus) – gatunek naczelnego ssaka z rodziny wyrakowatych (Tarsiidae). Występuje w Indonezji. Prowadzi nocny i nadrzewny tryb życia. Owadożerny.
Najmniejszy z wyraków, o długości ciała 85 do 160 mm, tj. o połowę mniejszy od wyraka filipińskiego. Długość silnie owłosionego ogona wynosi 135 do 275 mm. Ma łapy z ostrymi pazurami oraz spiczaste trójkątne uzębienie.
Żyje w stabilnych, zwykle monogamicznych parach, rozmnaża się dwa razy w roku, ciąża trwa średnio 178 dni, młode rodzą się w maju i w listopadzie-grudniu. Młode samice towarzyszą rodzicom aż do osiągnięcia dorosłości, młode samce opuszczają rodzinę wcześniej.
Tarsius pumilus é uma espécie de primata da família Tarsiidae. É encontrado na região central da ilha de Sulawesi, na Indonésia.
Acreditava-se que estivesse extinto no início do Século XX. Então, em 2000, cientistas indonésios acidentalmente mataram um espécime com uma armadilha para ratos. Em agosto de 2008, foi encontrado o primeiro exemplar vivo desde a década de 1920, por pesquisadores da Universidade do Texas.[1]
Tarsius pumilus é uma espécie de primata da família Tarsiidae. É encontrado na região central da ilha de Sulawesi, na Indonésia.
Acreditava-se que estivesse extinto no início do Século XX. Então, em 2000, cientistas indonésios acidentalmente mataram um espécime com uma armadilha para ratos. Em agosto de 2008, foi encontrado o primeiro exemplar vivo desde a década de 1920, por pesquisadores da Universidade do Texas.
Dvärgspökdjur, Tarsius pumilus, är en art av spökdjur som lever på södra Sulawesi i Indonesien. Arten är känd från bara tre fynd totalt, och kunskapen om den är därför mycket begränsad. Den upptäcktes först omkring 1920, och sedan såg ingen den på åttio år och den troddes vara utdöd. År 2000 återupptäcktes den dock av indonesiska forskare, och 2008 fångades tre individer levande och försågs med radiosändare.[1][2] Bevarandestatus: Kunskapsbrist[3]
Dvärgspökdjuret är en mycket liten primat, kanske den minsta av alla.[4] Den är 97 mm lång exklusive svansen, och väger 57,5 gram,[5] och är alltså ungefär lika stor som de minsta muslemurerna, och betydligt mindre än en dvärgsilkesapa. Pälsen är mer rödbrun är övriga spökdjur, och svansen är tätt behårad.
Mycket lite är känt om dvärgspökdjurets ekologi. Till skillnad från de flesta spökdjur, som föredrar lågländer, har den enbart påträffats på hög höjd, omkring 2000 meter. Uppenbarligen är dess huvudsakliga miljö tropisk molnskog.[6] Rimligtvis är den som övriga spökdjur ett rovdjur som lever av insekter och andra smådjur.
Dvärgspökdjuret skiljer sig avsevärt från de andra spökdjursarterna på Sulawesi, och kan knappast vara närmare släkt med dem. Snarare har den mer gemensamt med de få fossila spökdjur vi känner till, som Tarsius thailandicus, och mycket talar för att dvärgspökdjuret är den mest primitiva levande medlemmen av släktet, och alla de andra spökdjuren utom dvärgspökdjuret bildar en monofyletisk grupp.[6]
Wikispecies har information om Pygmy Tarsier.
Dvärgspökdjur, Tarsius pumilus, är en art av spökdjur som lever på södra Sulawesi i Indonesien. Arten är känd från bara tre fynd totalt, och kunskapen om den är därför mycket begränsad. Den upptäcktes först omkring 1920, och sedan såg ingen den på åttio år och den troddes vara utdöd. År 2000 återupptäcktes den dock av indonesiska forskare, och 2008 fångades tre individer levande och försågs med radiosändare. Bevarandestatus: Kunskapsbrist
Tarsius pumilus là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Tarsiidae, bộ Linh trưởng. Loài này được Miller & Hollister mô tả năm 1921.[2]
Bài viết liên quan đến Bộ Linh trưởng này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn. Tarsius pumilus là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Tarsiidae, bộ Linh trưởng. Loài này được Miller & Hollister mô tả năm 1921.
Tarsius pumilus Miller & Hollister, 1921
Ареал
Карликовый долгопят (лат. Tarsius pumilus) — вид приматов семейства долгопятовые. Это ночной примат, обитающий в центральной части острова Сулавеси, Индонезия. Ранее считалось, что карликовый долгопят вымер в начале XX века, однако в 2000 году индонезийские учёные неожиданно обнаружили мёртвое животное в ловушке для крыс. Первый живой экземпляр начиная с 1920-х годов была найден командой исследователей из Техасского университета A&M в национальном парке Лоре-Линду в августе 2008 года.[1][2] Два самца и самка были пойманы при помощи ловчей сети и снабжены радиопередатчиком для отслеживания их перемещений.[3]
Длина тела составляет от 95 до 105 мм, масса менее 57 г. Это самый маленький представитель долгопятов. Уши очень маленькие, шерсть достаточно светлая, с коричневато-красным оттенком. Хвост покрыт густой шерстью, длина составляет от 135 до 275 мм. Глаза большие, около 16 мм в диаметре. Ногти на всех пяти пальцах передних конечностях и на двух пальцах на задних конечностях.
Образуют пары, находящиеся вместе до 15 месяцев. В году два брачных сезона, один в начале сезона дождей, другой в конце, через полгода. Беременность длится в среднем 178 дней, роды проходят в мае или в ноябре-декабре. Детёныши развиваются достаточно быстро, в возрасте 42 дней они уже способны добывать себе добычу. Самки остаются с родителями до полового созревания, самцы покидают семью немного раньше. Ночные животные, проводящие большую часть времени на деревьях. День проводят во сне на вертикальных ветвях деревьев. Гнёзд не строят. В отличие от других видов долгопятов, не используют пахучие железы для помечания территории.[3] Способны общаться при помощи звуков на частотах ультразвукового диапазона (около 70 кГц).[4] Все долгопяты — хищники, питающиеся в основном насекомыми. Это единственные приматы, в рационе которых нет растительной пищи.
Карликовый долгопят (лат. Tarsius pumilus) — вид приматов семейства долгопятовые. Это ночной примат, обитающий в центральной части острова Сулавеси, Индонезия. Ранее считалось, что карликовый долгопят вымер в начале XX века, однако в 2000 году индонезийские учёные неожиданно обнаружили мёртвое животное в ловушке для крыс. Первый живой экземпляр начиная с 1920-х годов была найден командой исследователей из Техасского университета A&M в национальном парке Лоре-Линду в августе 2008 года. Два самца и самка были пойманы при помощи ловчей сети и снабжены радиопередатчиком для отслеживания их перемещений.
피그미안경원숭이 (Tarsius pumilus)는 인도네시아 술라웨시섬 중부에서 발견되는 야행성 영장류의 일종이다. 산악안경원숭이 또는 작은유령안경원숭이로도 알려져 있다. 저지대 열대 우림보다는 종 다양도 지수가 낮은 지역에서 발견된다. 피그미안경원숭이는 20세기 초에 멸종된 것으로 알려져 있었다. 그러나 2000년, 인도네시아 과학자들이 놓은 쥐덫에 걸려 죽은 채로 발견된 바 있다. 1920년대 이후 피그미안경원숭이가 산 채로 처음 발견한 것은 2008년 8월 로르 린두 국립공원 로르 카팀보 산에서 텍사스 A&M 대학의 연구팀에 의해서다.[3][4]
|author-link1= 값 확인 필요 (도움말) 