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In this episode, we raise the blinds on an invisible world that’s all around us: the realm of bacteria. Don’t reach for the antibacterial gel just yet. Roberto Kolter of Harvard explains the relationship between one bacterium, Bacillus subtilis, and the majestic trees outside his office windows at Harvard Medical School. There’s a lot going on, down among the roots. Download a transcript of this podcast read moreDuration: 5:29Published: Tue, 05 Feb 2013 20:56:39 +0000

This image depicted numbers of Bacillus anthracis bacterial colonies, which had been allowed to grow on sheep’s blood agar (SBA) for a 24 hour period. In this particular view you’ll note the appearance of what is termed a "plaque" (arrowhead), which represents an area where the bacteria had been lysed, or destroyed by the application of a localized amount of gamma phage-containing solution. Highly specific to B. anthracis, these gamma phage viruses, i.e., bacteriophages, attacked the B. anthracis bacteria, subsequently leaving this circular plaque devoid of bacterial organisms. The specificity of these gamma phages to B. anthracis makes this a positive test for the presence of this bacterium.Created: 2009

Spores and crystals of Bacillus thuringiensis serovar morrisoni strain T08025 Microscopy by Jim BuckmanFrom Wikimedia Commons

This image depicted numbers of Bacillus anthracis bacterial colonies, which had been allowed to grow on sheep’s blood agar (SBA) for a 24 hour period. Note the classical appearance exhibited in the colonial morphology including a ground-glass, non-pigmented texture with accompanying comma projections from some of the individual rough-edged colonies. In this particular view, you’ll note that a tenacity test had been performed using an iinoculating loop, which proved positive for B. anthracis, causing the colony to ‘stand up’ like beaten egg white.Created: 2009

This image depicted Bacillus anthracis bacterial colonies, which had been allowed to grow on sheep’s blood agar (SBA) for a 24 hour period. Note the classical appearance exhibited in the colonial morphology including a ground-glass, non-pigmented texture with accompanying comma projections from some of the individual rough-edged colonies. In this particular view, you’ll note that a tenacity test had been performed using an iinoculating loop, which proved positive for B. anthracis, causing the colony to ‘stand up’ like beaten egg white.What is anthrax?Anthrax is an acute infectious disease caused by the spore-forming bacterium Bacillus anthracis. Anthrax most commonly occurs in wild and domestic mammalian species (cattle, sheep, goats, camels, antelopes, and other herbivores), but it can also occur in humans when they are exposed to infected animals or to tissue from infected animals or when anthrax spores are used as a bioterrorist weapon.Created: 2009

This image depicted Bacillus anthracis bacterial colonies, which had been allowed to grow on sheep’s blood agar (SBA) for a 24 hour period. Note the classical appearance exhibited in the colonial morphology including a ground-glass, non-pigmented texture with accompanying comma projections from some of the individual rough-edged colonies. In this particular view, you’ll note that a tenacity test had been performed using an iinoculating loop, which proved positive for B. anthracis, causing the colony to ‘stand up’ like beaten egg white.What is anthrax?Anthrax is an acute infectious disease caused by the spore-forming bacterium Bacillus anthracis. Anthrax most commonly occurs in wild and domestic mammalian species (cattle, sheep, goats, camels, antelopes, and other herbivores), but it can also occur in humans when they are exposed to infected animals or to tissue from infected animals or when anthrax spores are used as a bioterrorist weapon.Created: 2009

This image depicted numbers of Bacillus anthracis bacterial colonies, which had been allowed to grow on sheep’s blood agar (SBA) for a 24 hour period. Note the classical appearance exhibited in the colonial morphology including a ground-glass, non-pigmented texture with accompanying comma projections from some of the individual rough-edged colonies.What is anthrax?Anthrax is an acute infectious disease caused by the spore-forming bacterium Bacillus anthracis. Anthrax most commonly occurs in wild and domestic mammalian species (cattle, sheep, goats, camels, antelopes, and other herbivores), but it can also occur in humans when they are exposed to infected animals or to tissue from infected animals or when anthrax spores are used as a bioterrorist weapon.Created: 2009

This image depicted numbers of Bacillus anthracis bacterial colonies, which had been allowed to grow on sheep’s blood agar (SBA) for a 24 hour period. Note the classical appearance exhibited in the colonial morphology including a ground-glass, non-pigmented texture with accompanying comma projections from some of the individual rough-edged colonies. See PHIL 11748 for a higher magnification of these colonies.What is anthrax?Anthrax is an acute infectious disease caused by the spore-forming bacterium Bacillus anthracis. Anthrax most commonly occurs in wild and domestic mammalian species (cattle, sheep, goats, camels, antelopes, and other herbivores), but it can also occur in humans when they are exposed to infected animals or to tissue from infected animals or when anthrax spores are used as a bioterrorist weapon.Created: 2009

Under a magnification of 6,408X, this scanning electron micrograph (SEM) depicted spores from the Aimes strain of Bacillus anthracis bacteria. See PHIL 10124 for a colorized version of this image.Created: 2002

Under a very high magnification of 31,207X, this scanning electron micrograph (SEM) depicted spores from the Sterne strain of Bacillus anthracis bacteria. For a black and white version of this image see PHIL 2266.Created: 2002

Under a high magnification of 12,483X, this scanning electron micrograph (SEM) depicted spores from the Sterne strain of Bacillus anthracis bacteria. For a black and white version of this image see PHIL 2267.Created: 2002

Under a low magnification of 38x, this 2007 scanning electron micrograph (SEM) depicted the fibrous configuration of a dry macrofoam sponge swabs. This swab, as well as three other materials, including polyester (see PHIL 9735), rayon (see PHIL 9734) and cotton (see PHIL 9732, and 9733), were scanned for a CDC study involving their efficiency in recovery of Bacillus anthracis bacterial spores from steel coupons that had been inoculated with a spore suspension of known concentration. See PHIL 9736, 9737, 9738, 9749, 9750, an 9752, for other views of this material. The article discussing the description of this swab material analysis, and the analytical results was published in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Vol. 10, No. 6, June, 2004, and was entitled, Swab Materials and Bacillus anthracis Spore Recovery from Nonporous Surfaces. A link to this article is found below.Created: 2007

This illustration depicts Bacillus anthracis taken from the peritoneum using a Hiss capsule stain.Created: 1979

This photomicrograph depicted a number of Gram-positive, endospore-forming Bacillus anthracis bacteria. B. anthracis is the pathologic microorganism responsible for the disease anthrax, an acute infectious disease, which most commonly occurs in wild and domestic vertebrates (cattle, sheep, goats, camels, antelopes, and other herbivores), but it can also occur in humans when they are exposed to infected animals, or tissue from infected animals.Created: 1982

Under a low magnification of 76x, this 2007 scanning electron micrograph (SEM) depicted the fibrous configuration of a dry macrofoam sponge swabs. This swab, as well as three other materials, including polyester (see PHIL 9735), rayon (see PHIL 9734) and cotton (see PHIL 9732, and 9733), were scanned for a CDC study involving their efficiency in recovery of Bacillus anthracis bacterial spores from steel coupons that had been inoculated with a spore suspension of known concentration. See PHIL 9736, 9737, 9738, 9749, 9750, and 9751, for other views of this material. The article discussing the description of this swab material analysis, and the analytical results was published in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Vol. 10, No. 6, June, 2004, and was entitled, Swab Materials and Bacillus anthracis Spore Recovery from Nonporous Surfaces. A link to this article is found below.Created: 2007

Under a low magnification of 74x, this 2007 scanning electron micrograph (SEM) depicted the fibrous configuration of a dry macrofoam sponge swabs. This swab, as well as three other materials, including polyester (see PHIL 9735), rayon (see PHIL 9734) and cotton (see PHIL 9732, and 9733), were scanned for a CDC study involving their efficiency in recovery of Bacillus anthracis bacterial spores from steel coupons that had been inoculated with a spore suspension of known concentration. See PHIL 9736, 9737, 9738, 9749, 9751, an 9752, for other views of this material. The article discussing the description of this swab material analysis, and the analytical results was published in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Vol. 10, No. 6, June, 2004, and was entitled, Swab Materials and Bacillus anthracis Spore Recovery from Nonporous Surfaces. A link to this article is found below.Created: 2007

Under a low magnification of 37x, this 2007 scanning electron micrograph (SEM) depicted the fibrous configuration of a dry macrofoam sponge swabs. This swab, as well as three other materials, including polyester (see PHIL 9735), rayon (see PHIL 9734) and cotton (see PHIL 9732, and 9733), were scanned for a CDC study involving their efficiency in recovery of Bacillus anthracis bacterial spores from steel coupons that had been inoculated with a spore suspension of known concentration. See PHIL 9736, 9737, 9738, 9750, 9751, an 9752, for other views of this material. The article discussing the description of this swab material analysis, and the analytical results was published in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Vol. 10, No. 6, June, 2004, and was entitled, Swab Materials and Bacillus anthracis Spore Recovery from Nonporous Surfaces. A link to this article is found below.Created: 2007

Under a low magnification of 188x, this 2007 scanning electron micrograph (SEM) depicted the fibrous configuration of a dry macrofoam sponge swab. This swab, as well as three other materials, including polyester (see PHIL 9735), rayon (see PHIL 9734), and cotton (see PHIL 9732, 9733) were scanned for a CDC study involving their efficiency in recovery of Bacillus anthracis bacterial spores from steel coupons that had been inoculated with a spore suspension of known concentration. See PHIL 9736, and 9737 for other views of this material. The article discussing the description of this swab material analysis, and the analytical results was published in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Vol. 10, No. 6, June, 2004, and was entitled, Swab Materials and Bacillus anthracis Spore Recovery from Nonporous Surfaces. A link to this article is found below.Created: 2007

Under a low magnification of 37x, this 2007 scanning electron micrograph (SEM) depicted the fibrous configuration of a dry macrofoam sponge swab. This swab, as well as three other materials, including polyester (see PHIL 9735), rayon (see PHIL 9734), and cotton (see PHIL 9732, 9733) were scanned for a CDC study involving their efficiency in recovery of Bacillus anthracis bacterial spores from steel coupons that had been inoculated with a spore suspension of known concentration. See PHIL 9736, and 9738 for other views of this material. The article discussing the description of this swab material analysis, and the analytical results was published in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Vol. 10, No. 6, June, 2004, and was entitled, Swab Materials and Bacillus anthracis Spore Recovery from Nonporous Surfaces. A link to this article is found below.Created: 2007

Under a low magnification of 23x, this 2007 scanning electron micrograph (SEM) depicted the fibrous configuration of a dry macrofoam sponge swab. This swab, as well as three other materials, including polyester (see PHIL 9735), rayon (see PHIL 9734), and cotton (see PHIL 9732, 9733) were scanned for a CDC study involving their efficiency in recovery of Bacillus anthracis bacterial spores from steel coupons that had been inoculated with a spore suspension of known concentration. See PHIL 9737, and 9738 for other views of this material. The article discussing the description of this swab material analysis, and the analytical results was published in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Vol. 10, No. 6, June, 2004, and was entitled, Swab Materials and Bacillus anthracis Spore Recovery from Nonporous Surfaces. A link to this article is found below.Created:

Under a low magnification of 42x, this 2007 scanning electron micrograph (SEM) depicted the fibrous configuration of a plain uninoculated polyester swab. This swab, as well as three other materials, including macrofoam (see PHIL 9736, 9737, 9738), rayon (see PHIL 9734), and cotton (see PHIL 9732, 9733) were scanned for a CDC study involving their efficiency in recovery of Bacillus anthracis bacterial spores from steel coupons that had been inoculated with a spore suspension of known concentration. The article discussing the description of this swab material analysis, and the analytical results was published in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Vol. 10, No. 6, June, 2004, and was entitled, Swab Materials and Bacillus anthracis Spore Recovery from Nonporous Surfaces. A link to this article is found below.Created: 2007

Under a low magnification of 41x, this 2007 scanning electron micrograph (SEM) depicted the fibrous configuration of a plain uninoculated rayon swab. This swab, as well as three other materials, including macrofoam (see PHIL 9736, 9737, 9738), polyester (see PHIL 9735), and cotton (see PHIL 9732, 9733) were scanned for a CDC study involving their efficiency in recovery of Bacillus anthracis bacterial spores from steel coupons that had been inoculated with a spore suspension of known concentration. The article discussing the description of this swab material analysis, and the analytical results was published in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Vol. 10, No. 6, June, 2004, and was entitled, Swab Materials and Bacillus anthracis Spore Recovery from Nonporous Surfaces. A link to this article is found below.Created: 2007

Under a low magnification of 38x, this 2007 scanning electron micrograph (SEM) depicted the fibrous configuration of a plain uninoculated cotton swab. This swab, as well as three other materials, including macrofoam (see PHIL 9736, 9737, 9738), polyester (see PHIL 9735), and rayon (see PHIL 9734) were scanned for a CDC study involving their efficiency in recovery of Bacillus anthracis bacterial spores from steel coupons that had been inoculated with a spore suspension of known concentration. See PHIL 9732, for another view of this material. The article discussing the description of this swab material analysis, and the analytical results was published in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Vol. 10, No. 6, June, 2004, and was entitled, Swab Materials and Bacillus anthracis Spore Recovery from Nonporous Surfaces. A link to this article is found below.Created: 2007

Under a low magnification of 28x, this 2007 scanning electron micrograph (SEM) depicted the fibrous configuration of a plain uninoculated cotton swab. This swab, as well as three other materials, including macrofoam (see PHIL 9736, 9737, 9738), polyester (see PHIL 9735), and rayon (see PHIL 9734) were scanned for a CDC study involving their efficiency in recovery of Bacillus anthracis bacterial spores from steel coupons that had been inoculated with a spore suspension of known concentration. See PHIL 9733, for another view of this material. The article discussing the description of this swab material analysis, and the analytical results was published in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Vol. 10, No. 6, June, 2004, and was entitled, Swab Materials and Bacillus anthracis Spore Recovery from Nonporous Surfaces. A link to this article is found below.Created: 2007