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Anopheles atroparvus ist eine Art der Malariamücken (Anopheles), die lange Zeit als einziger Überträger der Malaria nördlich der Alpen galt. Die Art wird zur Anopheles-maculipennis-Gruppe innerhalb der Malariamücken gezählt. Die Artnamen Anopheles cambournaci (Roubaud und Treillard) und Anopheles fallax (Roubaud) sind Synonyme.
Sie kommt entlang der Küsten Europas vor und wurde beispielsweise in Schweden, Dänemark, Deutschland, Holland, Frankreich, England, Spanien, Portugal, Ungarn sowie am Schwarzen Meer und dem Asowschen Meer gefunden. In Deutschland ist sie entlang der Küsten von Nord- und Ostsee die dominierende Anopheles-Art. Im Binnenland tritt sie nur vereinzelt auf, meist in Regionen mit stark mineralhaltigem Wasser.
Es konnte noch nicht eindeutig geklärt werden, ob Anopheles atroparvus eine höhere Toleranz für Brackwasser hat als andere Arten. Die Larven entwickeln sich meist in Gräben, Viehtränken und Tümpeln, die ohne Beschattung in der Sonne liegen. Die Art überwintert in Viehställen, dort sind diese Mücken auch das ganze Jahr über anzutreffen.
Die als Marschenfieber bekannte Malaria in Teilen Norddeutschlands wurde hauptsächlich durch Anopheles atroparvus übertragen. Diese Art war auch in den Niederlanden, Spanien und Portugal Hauptüberträger der Malaria.[1][2]
Anopheles atroparvus ist eine Art der Malariamücken (Anopheles), die lange Zeit als einziger Überträger der Malaria nördlich der Alpen galt. Die Art wird zur Anopheles-maculipennis-Gruppe innerhalb der Malariamücken gezählt. Die Artnamen Anopheles cambournaci (Roubaud und Treillard) und Anopheles fallax (Roubaud) sind Synonyme.
Sie kommt entlang der Küsten Europas vor und wurde beispielsweise in Schweden, Dänemark, Deutschland, Holland, Frankreich, England, Spanien, Portugal, Ungarn sowie am Schwarzen Meer und dem Asowschen Meer gefunden. In Deutschland ist sie entlang der Küsten von Nord- und Ostsee die dominierende Anopheles-Art. Im Binnenland tritt sie nur vereinzelt auf, meist in Regionen mit stark mineralhaltigem Wasser.
Es konnte noch nicht eindeutig geklärt werden, ob Anopheles atroparvus eine höhere Toleranz für Brackwasser hat als andere Arten. Die Larven entwickeln sich meist in Gräben, Viehtränken und Tümpeln, die ohne Beschattung in der Sonne liegen. Die Art überwintert in Viehställen, dort sind diese Mücken auch das ganze Jahr über anzutreffen.
Die als Marschenfieber bekannte Malaria in Teilen Norddeutschlands wurde hauptsächlich durch Anopheles atroparvus übertragen. Diese Art war auch in den Niederlanden, Spanien und Portugal Hauptüberträger der Malaria.
Anopheles atroparvus is a European species of mosquito, which was first identified in 1927. It is one of the most abundant palearctic Anopheles species belonging to the family Culicidae, commonly called mosquitoes. Although research interest in A. atroparvus has been low in the past several decades, recent concern for an increase in vector-borne disease has encouraged new research into this species.
A. atroparvus underwent population reduction in many areas where it was once abundant due to pollution of natural habitats, vector control measures, and the reduction of suitable habitat through drying or flooding. It is the natural prey to many fish and insect species, and preys upon mainly humans, birds and livestock associated with farmland and farm dwellings.
A. atroparvus belongs to the subgenre Anopheles among a group defined by the maculipennis complex [1][2][3] Differentiation between Anopheles species is often not possible at a phenotypic level but instead is observed in behavior, such as differences in habitats or hibernation habits,[3] or variation at a genetic level.[4][3][2]
Vastly distributed throughout most of Europe, specifically northern regions, with little or no known populations in Southern and South eastern Europe.[5][6] A. atroparvus is currently assumed not to live in Italy, Greece or Turkey.[6][5][7] Distribution of A. atroparvus is affected in some areas due to competition with related species.[6] Other constraints on distribution depends on habitat suitability; A. atroparvus is limited by the need for water and vegetation to reproduce and minimize the risk of predation.[8] Because A. atroparvus tends to like warmer climate,[9] global climate change could result in changing habitat distribution for A. atroparvus and it is generally considered to result in an increase in population density of the species.[6][10]
A. atroparvus is common to both coastal and inland areas where short lived still water bodies are plentiful.[5][9] Adults live in close association with the animal and human blood hosts that it feeds on and tend to live in farm homes and other dwellings.[5][10][8] Suitable habitat for larval stages is mainly in wide, shallow non-permanent water bodies of brackish water, commonly in association with irrigated fields especially crops such as rice.[5][8] Unlike many other species, A. atroparvus remains active in the winter months, at which time it will still take blood meals, but will not lay eggs.[3][9] Their activity in the winter may result in an annual reduction in population as competition for food and shelter rises.[2] A. atroparvus displays genetic diversity for protection against common insecticides used on crops, making it easier for them to live on farmland.[11][10]
Adult A. atroparvus can be active feeders all year round, but cannot lay eggs in the winter and tend to dwell inside through the winter months.[8][9] They are most active during the summer months (June-July).[8] During the warmer months, eggs are laid in suitable water bodies, where they will hatch and larva will remain in the water until they develop into adults.[8][5][12] Females have been recorded to have a short life span.[13]
Larval stages require water for development and it is not until they become adults that they can survive a non-aquatic environment.[5] This species shows some adaptability when recent observations have recorded larvae present in small water bodies within towns such as overgrown roadsides, which were not considered suitable in the past.[2]
A. atroparvus is a well known historical vector for malaria (Plasmodium spp) particularly throughout Europe and the UK,[5][2][12][6] and is considered the main vector for malaria in many countries such as Romania, Portugal, France and the Netherlands.[12][13][6][10] In Spain, A. atroparvus has been identified as the main vector for two different malaria parasites (Plasmodium vivax & Plasmodium falciparum).[5] Although malaria has been considered absent of natural strains in Europe, changing climate and human caused land conditioning via agriculture or environmental protection measures could cause an increase in population of A. atroparvus in areas where it used to be a main vector for the disease.[6][5][4][2] Because A. atroparvus is still active in the winter and tend to live in dwellings with their blood meals, this can result in multiple infection in the same household.[9]
In the past, measures such as introducing fish and insect species that prey on A. atroparvus to water bodies has been used to decrease the presence of the malaria vector.[6][8][2][14] Household measures were also introduced and effectively reduced malaria contraction via reduction in A. atroparvus populations. this included indoor DDT insecticide sprays and bug nets for windows and doors.[4][2] Through both intentional control of A. atroparvus and other factors such as pollution to A. atroparvus breeding grounds in the Netherlands, the decrease of this vector species led to the elimination of malaria from Europe.[6][4] although primarily research suggests that climate change would serve to increase A. atroparvus populations, there are also implications that it may instead adversely affect populations by reducing water bodies and rainfall that are required for reproduction.[2] There is also concern over vector control as A. atroparvus could become infected with Plasmodium species that have been imported from areas where malaria is more abundant.[6]
Anopheles atroparvus is a European species of mosquito, which was first identified in 1927. It is one of the most abundant palearctic Anopheles species belonging to the family Culicidae, commonly called mosquitoes. Although research interest in A. atroparvus has been low in the past several decades, recent concern for an increase in vector-borne disease has encouraged new research into this species.
A. atroparvus underwent population reduction in many areas where it was once abundant due to pollution of natural habitats, vector control measures, and the reduction of suitable habitat through drying or flooding. It is the natural prey to many fish and insect species, and preys upon mainly humans, birds and livestock associated with farmland and farm dwellings.
Anopheles atroparvus adolah saikua rangik dari famili Culicidae. Spesies ko juo marupokan bagian dari ordo Diptera, kelas Insecta, filum Arthropoda, dan kingdom Animalia.
Spesies iko mahisok darah dari vertebrata hiduik.
Anopheles atroparvus adolah saikua rangik dari famili Culicidae. Spesies ko juo marupokan bagian dari ordo Diptera, kelas Insecta, filum Arthropoda, dan kingdom Animalia.
Spesies iko mahisok darah dari vertebrata hiduik.
Anopheles atroparvus is een muggensoort uit de familie van de steekmuggen (Culicidae).[1] De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1927 door van Thiel.
Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
Anopheles atroparvus[1] este o specie de țânțari din genul Anopheles, descrisă de Thiel în anul 1927.[1][2] Conform Catalogue of Life specia Anopheles atroparvus nu are subspecii cunoscute.[1]
|access-date= (ajutor)Mentenanță CS1: Nume multiple: lista autorilor (link)
Acest articol referitor la insecte din ordinul Diptera este un ciot. Puteți ajuta Wikipedia prin completarea sa. Anopheles atroparvus este o specie de țânțari din genul Anopheles, descrisă de Thiel în anul 1927. Conform Catalogue of Life specia Anopheles atroparvus nu are subspecii cunoscute.
Stallfrossmygga (Anopheles atroparvus) är en mygga som i motsats till flera andra malariamyggor saknas i tropiska regioner. Den finns istället vid Europas kustlinjer och vid några insjöar. Den förekommer även i Sverige.
Stallfrossmygan kan sprida malaria och var en viktig smittspridare även i Sverige under 1800-talet.
Stallfrossmyggan har hittats i södra Sverige (Skåne, Blekinge, Västergötland, Småland och Gotland).[1] I övriga Europa finns den längs Atlantkusten hela vägen ned till Portugal där den är den vanligaste stickmyggan. Den finns också utspridd på flera lokaler i södra och sydöstra Europa. Den har varit vanligare i Europa men omvandlingar från bräckt till sött vatten i Nederländerna och föroreningar med detergenter har nästan utrotat den på vissa ställen[2]
Larverna kan leva i både salt och sött vatten, men verkar föredra bräckt, solbelyst vatten med alger eller flytande vegetation. De finns dock även i diken, kanaler, risfält med mera. De vuxna myggorna trivs i stall och andra utrymmen för djur.
Honorna är mer benägna att bita djur än människor.[3]
Tidigare var malaria en vanlig sjukdom i Sverige. Under 1800-talet utbröt flera svåra epidemier av Plasmodium vivax-malaria och troligen stod stallfrossmyggan för smittspridningen i kustnära områden i södra Sverige.[4]
I övriga Europa har den varit en viktig art för spridning av P. vivax, men sedan 1975 är malaria i stort utrotad även om importerade fall regelbundet rapporteras. Stallfrossmyggan är i stort sett oförmögen att sprida tropiska P. falciparum.
Utöver malaria kan den också sprida West Nile-virus och Dirofilaria.[5]
ArtDatabanken har fastställt svenska namn för alla stickmyggor. Malariamyggor har genomgående fått sina artnamn efter det gamla svenska namnet frossmygga för att understryka att risken för att de ska sprida malaria i Sverige nu är minimal[6]. Anopheles atroparvus övervintrar i uppvärmda stallokaler. Det är bakgrunden till det svenska namnet.[7]
Stallfrossmygga (Anopheles atroparvus) är en mygga som i motsats till flera andra malariamyggor saknas i tropiska regioner. Den finns istället vid Europas kustlinjer och vid några insjöar. Den förekommer även i Sverige.
Stallfrossmygan kan sprida malaria och var en viktig smittspridare även i Sverige under 1800-talet.
