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Spanish broom is 1 of 4 nonnative invasive broom species that occur in
North America. All are perennial, leguminous shrubs.
DiTomaso [16] provides a table of characteristics to distinguish
among broom species and common gorse. Spanish broom, French broom, Scotch broom and Portuguese broom
have some similar morphological characteristics, while common gorse
is morphologically distinct from the brooms.
Spanish broom is not as widely distributed nor
as common as Scotch and French brooms
(see Distribution and Occurrence),
and less is known about its biology and ecology. According to DiTomaso [16] Spanish broom may have
ecological characteristics similar to Scotch broom.
The following description of Spanish broom provides a
summary of the range of characteristics described in reviews [16,38] and florae [15,27]. It provides
characteristics that may be relevant to fire ecology, and is not meant for
identification. A key for identification is available in Hickman [27].
Spanish broom is a tall shrub to small tree, up to 10 to 15 feet (3-5 m)
tall. Its long, slender stems are erect with few branches. Stems are
cylindrical, rush-like, and green when young, maturing into woody branches with bark.
Mature plants have 1 to several trunks. Spanish broom leaves are
small, 0.5 to 1 inch (2-2.5 cm) long, oval, and smooth-margined. Leaves are ephemeral,
remaining on the plant for 4 months or less. The inflorescence is an open
terminal raceme with several flowers located on current-year shoots. Flowers are
large, pea-like, up to 1 inch long, and grow on short stalks on both sides of
the main stem. Fruit is a linear, dehiscent legume, 2 to 4 inches (5-10 cm) long
and 5 mm wide, with 10 to 15 seeds.
At the time of this writing (2005), no descriptions of Spanish broom root
structure or morphology are available for plants growing in North America.
Chiatante and others [9] describe root morphology of Spanish broom
growing in 3 different rooting environments in Italy: terrace, plane, and 40°
slope. The authors observed that the overall architecture of the root
system was modified on a slope by an increase in the length and number of root
apices of 1st-, 2nd-, and 3rd-order lateral roots. This suggests that Spanish broom reinforces its anchorage
strain by changing the organization of its root system, particularly in the up-slope
direction [9].
Although the leaves of both Spanish broom [36] and Scotch broom [5,36] are ephemeral, their canopies
have a constant positive carbon balance due to stem photosynthesis. Both species have
positive stem assimilation resulting in approximately 200 mmol per m²
per day carbon dioxide assimilation on study sites in California. Although these species grow in different
habitats with different vapor pressure and temperature, assimilation response to
vapor pressure is similar between species. Water-use efficiency is higher and
intercellular carbon dioxide is lower for Spanish broom compared to Scotch
broom. The constant carbon gain throughout the year, from stem assimilation, may enhance the growth
capacity of both species in disturbed habitats [36].
Botanical traits of Spanish broom vary somewhat between cloned individuals
and those grown from seed. In a greenhouse study, several mean growth traits were significantly
(P<0.05) different between ramet and genet populations, and the variance in these traits
tended to be higher in genet populations. Seedlings had consistently greater
whole plant dry mass per shoot length, a higher percentage of total biomass
in leaves, and more roots compared with cloned individuals. In contrast,
few mean physiological traits differed between ramet and genet populations, and
variance was similar between the 2 population types. Environmental variance
accounts for a large proportion of the variance in physiological traits, and
about 33% of the variance in growth traits [37].
Growth form and stand structure:
According to a review by DiTomaso [16], dense broom infestations produce substantial dry matter that can create a serious
fire hazard. While this is particularly true for gorse and French broom [16], Nilsen [38]
also suggests that mature Spanish broom stands should be considered a fire
hazard during the dry season, because patches can be dense and may contain a
large amount of dead wood.
Spanish broom is native to the southern Mediterranean region of Europe,
including Spain, Morocco, the Canary Islands, Madeira, and the Azores.
Spanish broom's North American distribution is from Washington to southern California
[53]. It has also established in Hawaii. Spanish broom occurs in other states as a cultivated ornamental
(e.g. Utah [57], the Intermountain west [2], Texas
[29]).
Spanish broom was introduced into the California ornamental trade in 1848 in
San Francisco. Beginning in the late 1930s, it was planted along mountain
highways in southern California. By 1949, Spanish broom had escaped cultivation
and established populations in Marin County ([38], and references therein). It
now occurs in the north coast counties of California, the San
Francisco Bay region, the Sacramento Valley, through the south coast counties
into northern Baja California [27,37], in the western Transverse Ranges, and the Channel Islands [38].
It also occurs on dry slopes in the eastern half of the Santa Monica
Mountains [15]. Of the invasive
brooms in California, Spanish broom is less widespread and is considered less of a problem
than Scotch broom (Cytisus scoparius) and French broom (Genista
monspessulana) [28]. There is no information in the literature on distribution of
Spanish broom in Oregon, Washington, or Hawaii. Plants database
provides a state distribution map of Spanish broom.
Spanish broom is 1 of 4 nonnative invasive broom species that occur in North America. Spanish broom, Scotch broom, Portuguese broom (C. striatus), and French broom occur in similar habitats. Common gorse (Ulex europaeus)
is another leguminous shrub that occurs in similar habitats.
The following lists include vegetation types in which Spanish broom is known to
be or thought to be potentially invasive, based on reported occurrence and
biological tolerances to site conditions from studies of Spanish broom in
California. There is no information about Spanish broom
distribution or site tolerances outside California; therefore, these lists are somewhat
speculative and may be imprecise.
Postfire colonization potential:
According to Nilsen [38], Spanish broom is especially invasive in southern California chaparral after
fire. No other information on postfire colonization potential of Spanish broom
is available.
Preventing postfire establishment and spread:
The USDA Forest Service's "Guide to Noxious Weed Prevention
Practices" [52] provides several fire management considerations for weed
prevention in general that may apply to Spanish broom.
Preventing invasive plants from establishing in weed-free burned areas is the
most effective and least costly control method. This can be accomplished through
careful monitoring, early detection and eradication, and limiting invasive plant
seed dispersal into burned areas by [23,52]:
re-establishing vegetation on bare ground as soon after fire as possible
using only certified weed-free seed mixes when revegetation is necessary
cleaning equipment and vehicles prior to entering burned areas
regulating or preventing human and livestock entry into burned areas until
desirable site vegetation has recovered sufficiently to resist invasion by
undesirable vegetation
detecting weeds early and eradicating before vegetative spread and/or seed
dispersal
eradicating small patches and containing or controlling large infestations
within or adjacent to the burned area
In general, early detection is critical for preventing establishment of large
populations of invasive plants. Monitoring in spring, summer, and fall is
imperative. Managers should eradicate established Spanish broom plants and small
patches adjacent to burned areas to prevent or limit postfire dispersal and/or
spread onto the site [23,52].
The need for revegetation after fire can be based on the degree of desirable
vegetation displaced by invasive plants prior to burning, and on postfire
survival of desirable vegetation. Revegetation necessity can also be related to
invasive plant survival as viable seeds or root crowns [23].
Managers can enhance the success of revegetation (natural or artificial) by
excluding livestock until vegetation is well established (at least 2 growing
seasons) [23]. See Integrated Noxious Weed Management after Wildfires
for more information.
When planning a prescribed burn, managers should preinventory the project
area and evaluate cover and phenology of any Spanish broom and other invasive
plants present on or adjacent to the site, and avoid ignition and burning in
areas at high risk for Spanish broom establishment or spread due to fire
effects. Managers should also avoid creating soil conditions that promote weed
germination and establishment. Weed status and risks must be discussed in burn
rehabilitation plans. Also, wildfire managers might consider including weed
prevention education and providing weed identification aids during fire
training; avoiding known weed infestations when locating fire lines; monitoring
camps, staging areas, helibases, etc., to be sure they are kept weed free;
taking care that equipment is weed free; incorporating weed prevention into fire
rehabilitation plans; and acquiring restoration funding. Additional guidelines
and specific recommendations and requirements are available [52].
Fire as a control agent:
While prescribed fire is sometimes used in management of French broom and Scotch broom,
no information is available on using fire to control Spanish broom.
Spanish broom occurs along the west coast of North America, in scattered
populations in upland areas on interior sites of the coastal mountains and in
the foothills of the Sierra Nevada [18,36]. It rarely grows in coastal sites in
California [36]. Spanish broom invades disturbed riparian sites in the Sierra
Nevada [18]. No information is available on Spanish broom site characteristics
outside California, other than that it occurs on unstable
river islands in coastal Oregon [37].
Spanish broom was planted along roadsides [10,26] and seeded in
chaparral sites for revegetation after fires in California in the early 1900s [3].
Populations of Spanish broom have persisted and spread along roads [8,15,35]
and in other disturbed areas such as eroding slopes, riverbanks, and abandoned or disturbed lands [27,35,38].
Earlier accounts indicate that Spanish broom is not invasive in native habitats
[26], (McClintock 1985, as cited by [47]). It escaped cultivation and invaded chaparral in southern
California, particularly after fire [10,38].
According to Conrad [10], Spanish broom was planted along roadsides
below 6,900 feet (2,100 m), while Hickman [27] states that it occurs
below 2,000 feet (600 m). Spanish broom commonly occurs on steep slopes [38].
The invasive brooms are successful in high irradiance, disturbed habitats,
most likely due to their photosynthetic stems, rapid growth, and ability to fix nitrogen.
Drought stress severely inhibits photosynthesis of brooms. Photosynthetic stems allow them to
utilize a deciduous leaf phenology (to avoid water stress) and still maintain a large
photosynthetic surface area in summer and fall after leaves have abscised.
On interior mountain sites where Spanish broom occurs, there is a large
difference between summer and winter climate compared with coastal sites [36].
Although the leaves have twice the photosynthetic rate of stems [36], photosynthesis in
stems provides most to the whole plant carbon gain because of their longer life
span and larger surface area (Nilsen and Bao 1990, cited in [38]).
As of this writing (2005) no information is available on the immediate effects
of fire on Spanish broom plants or seeds. Based on information from fire effects
on Scotch and French broom, and reproductive characteristics described by Nilsen
[38], it is likely that Spanish broom is top-killed by fire, and that perennating
tissues below ground survive and sprout after fire.
Spanish broom seed in the soil seed bank is probably not damaged by fire, and
may be stimulated to germinate. High-severity fire may kill
Spanish broom plants and seeds. Research is needed on the effects of fire on
Spanish broom to support or refute these conjectures.
See FEIS reviews on
French broom and
Scotch broom
for more information on fire effects on these species.
Impacts:
Spanish broom rapidly colonizes disturbed habitats and develops thick shrub communities that
prevent colonization by native chaparral species. It may be a fire hazard during
the dry season [38]. However, it is listed by the California Invasive Plant Council
as a "wildland pest plant of lesser invasiveness" [8].
As a nitrogen-fixing plant, Spanish broom may enrich soil nitrogen levels in
invaded communities. Although nitrogen fixation has not
been studied in Spanish broom, Scotch broom is capable of fixing nitrogen
throughout the year in regions with mild winters [58]. The ability of the brooms to fix nitrogen increases the total
amount of nitrogen and the way in which nitrogen cycles in invaded communities [25].
Nitrogen enrichment is unlikely to benefit native plants and may reduce species
diversity [14], except in ecosystems dominated by nitrogen-fixers. This may have implications for restoration and
rehabilitation efforts [25].
Control:
There is little information on controlling Spanish broom.
Nilsen [38] presents a summary of possible control approaches based on the biology of
the plant, rather than on information derived from controlled experiments [38]. See FEIS reviews on Scotch broom and French broom
for information on controlling these similar species.
It is likely that the success of any control method will vary with site
characteristics (topography, soils, climate), age and density of plants in the stand, and the
availability of human and technical resources. Since a large and persistent seed
bank is predicted for this species, it is likely that seedlings will establish
rapidly following fire or mechanical removal of aboveground biomass [38].
A comprehensive monitoring of control effectiveness is critical because there
is no scientifically based knowledge about control of Spanish broom. Experimental
manipulations should be monitored at least annually. Each monitoring visit
should determine the number of new plants and the size or age distribution of
the recovering populations. Attention should be placed on the
proportion of new individuals coming from the seed bank or sprouting from old
plants. Monitoring should continue for at least 5 years after control treatment
[38].
Prevention:
The most effective method for managing
invasive species is to prevent their establishment and spread. Some methods of
prevention include limiting seed dispersal, containing local infestations,
minimizing soil disturbances, detecting and eradicating weed introductions
early, and establishing and encouraging desirable competitive plants [44]. One way to help prevent continued
introductions of Spanish broom into wildlands is to prevent its sale as a horticultural
species.
Integrated management:
A particularly effective control combination for
Spanish broom may be saw cutting followed by application of herbicide to the cut
stem to kill adult plants. Spanish broom seedlings are likely to
establish from the soil seed bank so monitoring and follow-up treatments of new
seedlings is necessary for several years [38].
Physical/mechanical:
In general, physical and mechanical control methods are likely to be effective only when Spanish broom is
young [38]. The Nature Conservancy's Element Stewardship Abstract
on Spanish broom provides a general overview of physical and mechanical control methods that may be effective for
controlling infestations [28].
Pulling with weed wrenches is effective for small broom infestations or in
areas where an inexpensive, long-duration labor source is dedicated to broom
removal [51]. Hand-pulling Spanish broom plants may be most practical and
effective when the stand is 1 to 4 years old, and plants are small enough, as
long as roots are removed and follow-up treatment of seedlings is done. The
optimal season for pulling may be July to September when plants are experiencing
water stress [36]. When plants have matured to small tree size, they cannot easily be
removed with hand tools [38].
Nilsen [38] suggests that machines such as brush hogs are probably impractical
for Spanish broom removal, since it commonly occurs on steep slopes, and
because the trunks of Spanish broom grow rapidly to a size outside the range of
effectiveness for this technology. Saws can be used to cut plants with larger
stems; however, Spanish broom has a great facility for sprouting from a saw cut
even when the cut is close to the ground. When brush
hogs or saws are used to cut Spanish broom stems, sprouting should be expected.
Among all the mechanical methods, saw cutting is least likely to be effective in
preventing sprouting [38].
Fire: See the Fire Management Considerations section of this summary.
Biological:
Biological control of invasive species has a long history,
and there are many important considerations before the implementing a biological
control program. Tu and others [51] provide general information and considerations for biological
control of invasive species in their Weed control methods handbook. Additionally, Cornell University, Texas A & M University, and NAPIS websites offer
information on biological control.
As of this writing (2005) there are no USDA approved biological
control agents for Spanish broom. In greenhouse situations
plants are susceptible to mealy bugs and show evidence of viral
depression of growth [38]. An insect purposely introduced for control of Scotch broom,
the Scotch broom bruchid (Bruchidius villosus) [11], also attacks Portuguese broom,
Spanish broom, and French broom. See Coombs and others [12] for more information on this
insect, its distribution, and effects.
Domestic goats are said to be effective at controlling reestablishment of broom [28].
Chemical:
Herbicides are effective in gaining initial control of a new
invasion (of small size) or a severe infestation, but are rarely a complete or
long-term solution to invasive species management, as they do not change
conditions that allow infestations to occur [7]. Herbicides are more effective
on large infestations when incorporated into long-term management plans that
include replacement of weeds with desirable species, careful land use
management, and prevention of new infestations. See the Weed control methods handbook [51]
for considerations on the use of herbicides in
natural areas and detailed information on specific chemicals and adjuvants.
Spanish broom is sensitive to applied pesticides. In greenhouse
situations only mild pesticides can be used without detrimentally affecting the
plants. Therefore, it is highly likely that application of chemicals such as glyphosate or
triclopyr will drastically reduce population size. The ramifications of applying
herbicides to a plant community must be carefully considered, because effects on
nontarget species are likely, especially when foliage spray methods are used [38].
Rusmore and Butler [42] compared the efficacy of basal
bark applications of varying rates of triclopyr on different size Spanish broom shrubs, at 3
phenological stages, under different moisture and shade conditions on a
California riparian site. Small differences were observed among treatments,
although results were not statistically significant. The kill rate averaged over
90% across all treatments [42].
See The Nature Conservancy's Element Stewardship Abstract
on Spanish broom for a more detailed review of chemical control [28].
Spanish broom provides poor forage for native wildlife [38], and
presumably poor forage for livestock as well. Domestic goats may eat young Spanish broom
plants [28].
Palatability/nutritional value:
No information is available on this topic.
Cover value:
No information is available on this topic.
The following description of habitat types and plant communities in which
Spanish broom occurs
is taken from the few examples found in the literature on Spanish broom
occurrence in California. Spanish broom is probably not restricted to these types
within these areas. There is very little information in the
literature on vegetation types in which Spanish broom occurs.
Spanish broom seems to be most
common in disturbed areas, especially along roadsides [15,35,38], where it was seeded in the early 1900s [38]. In
1958, Hellmers and Ashby [26] stated that Spanish broom has been planted along roads for 20 years, where
it survives and grows well, but has not been able to invade the adjoining stands
of chaparral. It has since become invasive in chaparral in southern California [10], where it was
seeded for revegetation after fires in the early 1900s [3].
According to the California Invasive Plant Council [8], Spanish
broom occurs in coastal scrub, grassland, wetlands, and
oak (Quercus spp.) woodland throughout
California, and forests in the northwestern part of the state.
Spanish broom is associated with coyote bush (Baccharis pilularis) in the interior Santa Cruz Mountains,
with a large monospecific stand of French broom located downslope [36].
Spanish broom also occurs in redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) forests [8,43].
Most of the information on regeneration in Spanish broom comes from a review by
Nilsen [38], and no indication of the source of the information is
given in the review.
Spanish broom spreads by producing abundant seeds. No research has been conducted on
Spanish broom seed banks, germination, or seedling recruitment [38].
Breeding system:
Spanish broom plants are monoecious and outcrossed [37].
Pollination:
Spanish broom flowers are pollinated by bees [38].
Seed production:
Seed production begins when Spanish broom plants are 2 to 3 years old. Each inflorescence
produces 10 to 15 pods containing approximately 15 seeds each. One plant can
produce 7,000 to 10,000 seeds in one season [38].
Seed dispersal:
Spanish broom seeds fall near the parent plant and are subsequently moved by erosion, rain
wash, and possibly ants [38].
Seed banking:
According to Nilsen [38], Spanish broom seeds remain viable for at least 5 years,
suggesting that a large seed bank may be present in Spanish broom stands. The source
of this information is not given, nor is there any additional information in the
literature about seed banking in Spanish broom. More research is needed in this area.
Germination:
Spanish broom seeds, collected in the Santa Cruz Mountains of California and germinated in the
greenhouse, had 100% germination rates [37]. Similarly,
Spanish broom seeds from Israel that were used in an experiment in California "germinated readily
with no pretreatment" [26]. However, scarification is
said to result in "greater" germination rates (Cabral 1954, as cited by [28]). More
research is needed on germination and seed bed requirements of Spanish broom.
Seedling establishment/growth:
Results from an experiment in California indicate that ambient temperature affected
Spanish broom growth form. Spanish broom plants grown for 24 weeks at day/night temperatures of
73/79 °F
(23/26 °C),
86/39 °F (30/4 °C), and
86/63 °F (30/17 °C) were weak
and did not stand erect; whereas Spanish broom plants grown at cooler temperatures
(63/39 °F (17/4 °C),
63/63 °F
(17/17 °C), and 73/39 °F
(23/4 °C)) had shorter
and thicker stems that were able to support their own weight. Leaves were
retained on Spanish broom plants grown at cooler temperatures.
At higher temperatures the leaves dropped soon after they were formed.
All Spanish broom plants had green stems, were branched, and had a very bushy appearance,
especially at temperatures higher than the 17/4 temperature condition. The
roots were nodulated and branched, and permeated the entire medium in a 1-gallon can
at the end of the growth period [26].
Asexual regeneration:
According to Nilsen [38] Spanish broom is "an effective stem sprouter," suggesting that
Spanish broom may sprout from stumps or root crowns following damage or
destruction of aboveground biomass.
Research by Williams [59] suggests that broom stands are early successional and
can be replaced by later seral vegetation if left undisturbed. No
other information is available on this topic. Research is needed to characterize
Spanish broom's invasiveness and impacts in native plant communities of various seral
stages.
Shade tolerance:
Seedlings of Spanish broom had greatest survival (~97%) in moderate
shade (30% full sunlight), ~70% survival in 100% full sunlight, and ~10%
survival in deep shade (3% full sunlight). Rates of net photosynthesis were
somewhat (although not significantly) higher in full sun versus
moderate shade, and dark respiration was significantly (P<0.005) higher in full sun than
in moderate shade. Spanish broom was tentatively classified by the authors as a shade
avoider, being neither highly tolerant nor intolerant of shade, although further
tests are needed for this to be definitive [55].
Spartium ye un xéneru monotípicu de plantes con flores perteneciente a la familia Fabaceae. La so única especie: Spartium junceum, llamada retama de golor, gayomba, gallomba, ginesta, ginestra, ye una planta perenne, lleguminosa, parrotal nativu del Mediterraneu nel sur d'Europa, sudoeste d'Asia, noroeste d'África, allugáu en sitios soleyeros, usualmente suelos grebos y arenosos. Ye la única especie del xéneru Spartium, bien rellacionáu con otros parrotales de los xéneros Chamaecytisus, Cytisus, Genista.
Típicamente crez de 2 a 4 m d'altor, raramente 5 m, con tarmos centrales, numberosos, de más de 5 cm d'espesura, raramente 1 dm. Ye de crecer en matos, planta ensundiosa gris verdosa, mata juncácea con pequeñes fueyes de 1-3 cm de llargor y 2-4 mm d'anchu; caducifolies, les fueyes son pocu importantes pa la planta, una y bones muncha fotosíntesis facer en varar (una estratexa de caltenimientu d'agua en clima grebu). A fines de primavera y estivu cubrir de flores profusas, fragantes, marielles pálides de 2 cm d'anchu. A fines de branu, los sos llegumes (vaines de granes) maurecen en color negru, 4-8 cm de long., 6-8 mm d'anchu y 2-3 mm d'espesura; faen deshicencia frecuentemente con un oyible «crac», esparnando les semientes dende'l parrotal parental.
Foi llargamente introducíu n'otres árees, aportando a una noxious (especie invasora) tóxica en llugares con clima mediterraneu tal como California, Oregón, Chile y Arxentina central, Uruguái, sudeste d'Australia, Islles Canaries.
Tradicionalmente foi emplegada como fibra, especialmente nel atáu de les vides. Al tratase d'una lleguminosa tamién s'emplegó como sebe pola so virtú d'afitar el nitróxenu atmosféricu.
En Bolivia, Perú y demás países suramericanos, conocer como retama, y volvióse bien invasora en delles árees. Ye bien usada como planta ornamental, bien vista en La Paz. La retama fíxose un camín na botánica de les etnies aymara y quechua, ente les que se piensa que protexe contra'l mal, probablemente so la influencia de similares tradiciones d'orixe español. Espigues florales de retama guardar na casa, y el vendedores caleyeros dexen los sos ramos nes sos barraques cuando cierren al anochecer.
La planta tamién s'utiliza como un saborizante, y pol so aceite esencial, conocíu como ''genêt absolu'', ye dicir retama absoluta.[1][2] Les sos fibres utilizáronse pa la tela y que produz un color mariellu colorante.[2][3]
Los efeutos tóxicos deriven de los alcaloides que s'atopen en toles partes de la planta (cañes, granes, etc.). Provoquen primeramente una estimulación transitoria de receptores colinérgicos nicotínicos siguíu d'una inhibición persistente por desensibilización. Per otra parte, la esparteína presenta un efeutu sobre'l corazón, amenorgando la sensibilidá y la conductividá del músculu cardiacu.
Les manifestaciones varien en función de la dosis, la vía d'esposición y el tiempu trescurríu. Inclúin irritación de la mucosa oral y faríngea, hipersalivación, vultures, dolor abdominal y foria. Nos casos más graves pueden presentar síntomes neurolóxicos (midriasis, cefalea, delirio/confusión mental y convulsiones) ya hipotensión, bradicardia y coma.
Describiéronse pocos casos, dalgunos d'ellos pola ingesta accidental de diverses partes de la planta en neños.[4]
Spartium junceum] describióse por Carlos Linneo y espublizóse en Species Plantarum 2: 708. 1753.[5]
Spartium nome científicu que remanez del griegu spartion, voz pa designar a distintes plantes productores de fibres testiles y emplegaes pa faer atadures. Del griegu Soarton 'amiesta'.[1]
junceum: epítetu llatín que significa "como un xuncu".[6]
Númberos cromosomáticos de Spartium junceum (Fam. Leguminosae) y táxones infraespecificos: 2n=48-52[7][8]
Llegumes
Ali, S.I. (1977) Papilion. In: Flora of West Pakistan, Non 100.
.
Esta páxina forma parte del wikiproyeutu Botánica, un esfuerciu collaborativu col fin d'ameyorar y organizar tolos conteníos rellacionaos con esti tema. Visita la páxina d'alderique del proyeutu pa collaborar y facer entrugues o suxerencies. Spartium ye un xéneru monotípicu de plantes con flores perteneciente a la familia Fabaceae. La so única especie: Spartium junceum, llamada retama de golor, gayomba, gallomba, ginesta, ginestra, ye una planta perenne, lleguminosa, parrotal nativu del Mediterraneu nel sur d'Europa, sudoeste d'Asia, noroeste d'África, allugáu en sitios soleyeros, usualmente suelos grebos y arenosos. Ye la única especie del xéneru Spartium, bien rellacionáu con otros parrotales de los xéneros Chamaecytisus, Cytisus, Genista.
Qatırdırnağı (lat. Spartium junceum və yaxud lat. Genista juncea) — paxlakimilər fəsiləsindən bitki növü. Əslən Aralıq dənizi sahillərindəndir. Qatırdırnağı, xüsusilə toxumları, çox zəhərlidir. Təmasda olduqda ilk öncə mərkəzi sinir sisteminə təsir edir.
İncə yaşıl yarpaqlı, yaxud çox vaxt, yarpaqsız tumurcuqları olan 2-3 (5) m. hündürlüyündə bitkidir. Yarpaqları 1-2,5 sm. uzunluğunda göyümtül-yaşıl, çiçəkləri 2,5 sm. uzunluğunda parlaq sarı rəngdə və ətirlidir. Əsasən, may-iyun aylarında çiçək açır. Toxumları qəhvəyi və parlaqdır.
Qatırdırnağı - isti sevən və quraqlığa davamlı bitkidir. 14-15°С-də donur. Quru, tez isinən sərt qayalıqlarda yaxşı yetişir. Kökləri möhkəm və dərindir. Ətirli çiçəklərindən efir yağlarının alınmasında istifadə olunur. Dəniz sahilində yaxşı yetişir. Çiçəklənmə dövründə sıx və dekorativ kolu xatırladır. Qafqaz və Krımın Qara dəniz sahillərində çox təsadüf edilir.
Aralıq dənizi sahili ölkələrində, Kiçik Asiyada yayılmışdır.
Hündürlüyü 2-3 m olan, şırımlı, yaşıl budaqlı koldur. İlk baxışda sanki yarpaqsız koldur. Yarpaqları sadə, tökülən, növbəli düzülüşlü, neştərvari və ya uzunsov, bir qədər sərt olub, orta damarı aydın seçilən, uzunluğu 2-4 sm, eni 2-4 mm-dir. Çiçəkləri ətirli, çiçək saplağı qısadır. Uzun salxımlarda toplanmışdır. Kasacığı şəffaf, şişkin, 7-9 mm uzunluqda, yuxarı tərəfdən qaidəsinədək kəsik, alt tərəfdən 5 qısa, iti dişciklidir. Tacı tünd sarı, ucu sivri, uzunluğu 17-25 mm-dir. Paxlası xətvari, yetişdikdə qaralan, yuxarıya doğru dik duran, yastı, çox toxumlu, uzunluğu 6-8 sm, eni 6-7 mm-dir. Toxumları şabalıdı rəngdə olub, uzunsovdur. May-iyul aylarında çiçəkləyir, meyvəsi iyul-avqust aylarında yetişir. Paxlalarından bəzisi qışadək kolun üzərində qalır. Abşeronda oktyabr ayında ikinci çiçəkləməsi müşahidə olunur. Toxumla çoxalır.
Quraqlığa davamlı, torpağa az tələbkardır. Abşeronun torpaq-iqlim şəraitinə davamlıdır.
Abşeron yarımadasında, Kür-Araz ovalığında, Gəncə, Lənkəran, Zaqatala və digər şəhərlərin yaşıllıqlarında təsadüf edilir.
Dekorativ bitki kimi tək və qrup əkinlərində istifadə edilə bilər.
Qatırdırnağı (lat. Spartium junceum və yaxud lat. Genista juncea) — paxlakimilər fəsiləsindən bitki növü. Əslən Aralıq dənizi sahillərindəndir. Qatırdırnağı, xüsusilə toxumları, çox zəhərlidir. Təmasda olduqda ilk öncə mərkəzi sinir sisteminə təsir edir.
La ginesta, ginesta vera, herba de ballester[1] o argelagó (Spartium junceum), és una planta amb flor de la família de les Fabaceae. És l'única espécie del gènere Spartium, de la tribu Genisteae de la família Fabaceae.[2] La paraula deriva del llatí genista amb la mateixa significació.[3]
És un arbust alt i recte, amb les tiges verdes i molt poques fulles (subafil·le). Té un port d'1 a 3 metres d'alçada amb les tiges cilíndriques i verdes perquè tenen funció clorofíl·lica. Les fulles, petites i escasses, es marceixen molt aviat. Són linears d'1,5 a 2 cm de llargada.
La ginesta floreix de maig a juliol però en certs llocs es troben plantes florides ja al gener i el desembre, escampant una olor molt característica. Les flors són grogues, papilionades, grosses (de 2 a 2,5 cm), molt oloroses i disposades en raïms. Es reprodueix per llavors.
Es localitza a prats secs, brolles i màquies poc desenvolupades, en clima mediterrani. Apareix com a espontània al mediterrani occidental, des del nord d'Àfrica, la península Ibèrica, parts del sud de França, Itàlia fins a Sicília i Dalmàcia. A les Balears és adventícia i subespontània a Mallorca i Menorca.[4] Sovint és plantada com a ornamental en altres llocs, però ha esdevingut invasiva fora de la seva àrea original, en zones de clima mediterrani com ara Califòrnia, Xile central o Sud-àfrica.[5]
Té flors entomògames hermafrodites que floreixen en forma de raïms simples a la primavera i estiu. Produeix grans en forma de llegum de 6-8 cm × 0,6-0,8 cm comprimit glabre i negrós quan està madur, dehiscent amb vuit a deu llavors. És una espècie molt heliòfila.
És una planta molt tòxica, per l'alt contingut en citisina en totes les parts superiors però sobretot en les llavors, a més conté anagirina i a les flors esparteïna.[6] Antigament s'utilitzava una infusió de les fulles o llavors com a vomitiu o laxatiu.[7]
Hom considera que la ginesta és la flor nacional de Catalunya atès el seu lligam amb el Corpus de Sang, el primer aixecament del poble català contra l'opressió de la monarquia espanyola.[8]
Les plantes Ephedra distachya, Retama sphaerocarpa, Osyris alba, Cytisus fontanesii, i moltes altres dels gèneres Chamaecytisus, Cytisus i Genista també es coneixen amb el nom de ginesta.[9]
La ginesta, ginesta vera, herba de ballester o argelagó (Spartium junceum), és una planta amb flor de la família de les Fabaceae. És l'única espécie del gènere Spartium, de la tribu Genisteae de la família Fabaceae. La paraula deriva del llatí genista amb la mateixa significació.
Llysieuyn blodeuol (neu legume) yw Banhadlen Sbaen sy'n enw benywaidd. Mae'n perthyn i'r teulu Fabaceae. Yr enw gwyddonol (Lladin) yw Spartium junceum a'r enw Saesneg yw Spanish broom.[1] Ceir enwau Cymraeg eraill ar y planhigyn hwn gan gynnwys Banadl Sbaeneg.
Eraill yn yr un teulu yw: ffa soya (Glycine max), y ffa cyffredin (Phaseolus), pys gyffredin (Pisum sativum), chickpea (Cicer arietinum), cnau mwnci (Arachis hypogaea), pys per (Lathyrus odoratus) a licrs (Glycyrrhiza glabra).
Llysieuyn blodeuol (neu legume) yw Banhadlen Sbaen sy'n enw benywaidd. Mae'n perthyn i'r teulu Fabaceae. Yr enw gwyddonol (Lladin) yw Spartium junceum a'r enw Saesneg yw Spanish broom. Ceir enwau Cymraeg eraill ar y planhigyn hwn gan gynnwys Banadl Sbaeneg.
Eraill yn yr un teulu yw: ffa soya (Glycine max), y ffa cyffredin (Phaseolus), pys gyffredin (Pisum sativum), chickpea (Cicer arietinum), cnau mwnci (Arachis hypogaea), pys per (Lathyrus odoratus) a licrs (Glycyrrhiza glabra).
Vítečník sítinovitý (Spartium junceum) je jediný druh rodu vítečník z čeledi bobovité. Je to metlovitý keř s oblými rýhovanými šedozelenými větvemi a velkými žlutými květy, rozšířený ve Středomoří a jihozápadní Asii. V ČR je zřídka pěstován jako okrasná rostlina.
Vítečník je opadavý metlovitý keř dorůstající výšky 1,5 až 3 metry. Listy jsou jednoduché, čárkovitě kopinaté, 5 až 20 mm dlouhé, střídavé a záhy opadávají, přičemž asimilační funkci zajišťují zelené větve. Větévky jsou prutovité, oblé, s okrouhlým průřezem, jemně rýhované, šedozelené. Květy jsou žluté, motýlovité, asi 2,5 cm dlouhé, v řídkých koncových hroznech. Kalich je asi 5 mm dlouhý, dvoupyský, horní pysk je rozštěpený až k bázi, spodní se 3 drobnými zuby. Pavéza je nazpět ohnutá. Člunek je vzhůru zakřivený, na vrcholu špičatý, delší než křídla. Tyčinek je 10 a jsou jednobratré. Čnělka je zakřivená, s bliznou po čnělce sbíhající. Lusky jsou úzce podlouhlé, ploché, pukající 2 chlopněmi, 4 až 9 cm dlouhé, chlupaté a obsahují 5 až 18 lesklých hnědých semen. [1][2]
Vítečník sítinovitý je rozšířen ve Středomoří a jihozápadní Asii od Pyrenejského poloostrova po Krym a Sýrii, na pobřeží severní Afriky a na Kanárských ostrovech.[1][2] Roste jako součást středomořské keřové vegetace zvané makchie, na útesech, v roklích a na narušených místech.[3]
Vítečník obsahuje jedovaté chinolizidinové alkaloidy, zejména spartein. Z dalších těchto alkaloidů je přítomen cytisin, methyl cytisin, anagyrin a thermopsin. Jedovatá jsou zejména semena.[3][4]
Vítečník je v klimaticky příhodných oblastech světa pěstován jako okrasný keř a k ochraně půdy před erozí. Může se stát invazní rostlinou. Z větví se získávají vlákna podobná jutě. Květy poskytují vonnou silici. Vítečník má i medicínské využití, je však jedovatý.[3]
V České republice je vítečník poměrně zřídka pěstován jako okrasná dřevina. Je k vidění např. v Botanické zahradě UK Na Slupi a v Průhonickém parku.[5] Vyžaduje teplé chráněné polohy.[1][2]
Obrázky, zvuky či videa k tématu vítečník sítinovitý ve Wikimedia Commons
Vítečník sítinovitý (Spartium junceum) je jediný druh rodu vítečník z čeledi bobovité. Je to metlovitý keř s oblými rýhovanými šedozelenými větvemi a velkými žlutými květy, rozšířený ve Středomoří a jihozápadní Asii. V ČR je zřídka pěstován jako okrasná rostlina.
Der Pfriemenginster (Spartium junceum), auch Binsenginster oder Spanischer Ginster genannt, ist die einzige Art der monotypischen Pflanzengattung Spartium innerhalb der Familie der Hülsenfrüchtler (Fabaceae). Er gehört daher nicht zur Gattung der Ginster (Genista). Er zählt zu den sogenannten Rutensträuchern, die schon im Frühsommer ihre Blätter abwerfen. Die Photosynthese geschieht dann nur in den grünen Zweigen, um die Verdunstung von Wasser durch die Blätter zu verhindern.[1] Die Art ist stark giftig, Vergiftungen führen zu Erbrechen, Atemlähmung und Nierenschäden.[2]
Der Binsenginster ist ein sommergrüner, 2 bis 3 Meter hoher aufrechter und reichverzweigter, im Alter breit buschiger Strauch mit grau berindeten Stämmen. Die jungen Zweige sind binsenartig, fein gerieft, kahl, rundlich und sehr biegsam. Sie werden später graubraun und haben grüne Längsstreifen. Die Winterknospen sind sehr klein. Die einfachen und sitzenden Blätter stehen wechselständig. Sie sind beidseitig grün, länglich-lanzettlich und 1,5 bis 3 Zentimeter lang und 3 Millimeter breit. Die Blattoberseite ist kahl, die Mittelrippe der Blattunterseite ist anliegend behaart. Sie werden früh abgeworfen. Nebenblätter fehlen.[3][1]
Die Blüten sind leuchtend gelb und stark duftend. Sie werden 2 bis 2,5 Zentimeter groß und stehen auf 5 Millimeter langen Blütenstielen in langen, lockeren Trauben endständig an jungen Trieben. Der Kelch ist einlippig und fünfzähnig und an der Oberseite scheidig aufgespalten. Die Fahne ist groß und mehr oder weniger zurückgebogen. Die Flügel sind kürzer als der einwärts gekrümmte Kiel. Schiffchen und Flügel sind außen silbrig behaart. Die zehn Staubblätter sind ungleich lang miteinander verwachsen. Das einzelne Fruchtblatt ist oberständig. Blütezeit ist von April bis Juni. Als Früchte werden 5 bis 10 Zentimeter lange, seitlich abgeflachte, leicht gebogene, schwarzbraune Hülsen gebildet, die sich zwischen den Samen verengen. Die Hülsen sind anfangs seidig behaart und später verkahlend. Sie enthalten 10 bis 20 glänzende, rotbraune Samen von 4 Millimeter Länge. Die Hülsen öffnen sich meist erst längere Zeit nach der Samenreife explosionsartig. Dabei werden die Fruchtblatthälften schraubig eingerollt und die Samen weit weggeschleudert.[4][3]
Die Chromosomenzahl beträgt 2n = 46 oder 52.[5]
Der Pfriemenginster ist im ganzen Mittelmeerraum zu finden, in Europa ist er auf der Iberischen Halbinsel, in Frankreich, auf der Apenninenhalbinsel und auf dem Balkan verbreitet. Er fehlt jedoch auf den Balearische Inseln. In Asien erstreckt sich das Verbreitungsgebiet über Kleinasien, Syrien, Palästina und den Kaukasus. Außerdem findet man die Art in Nordwestafrika bis nach Libyen. Auf der Krim, auf den Kanarischen Inseln und auf den Azoren ist er verwildert, aber auch in Kalifornien, Mexiko sowie in den Anden Perus und Boliviens, wo er nicht nur auf Spanisch, sondern auch auf Quechua retama[6] oder ritama[7] genannt wird (nicht zu verwechseln mit dem gleichen Gattungsnamen, der andere Arten der Tribus Genisteae im Mittelmeerraum umfasst). In Südafrika wird er als Gefahr für die dortige Flora gesehen.[4][8]
Der Pfriemenginster ist eine Charakterpflanze der Macchie und der Garigue. Man findet ihn auf Trockenhängen und Felsen, an Wegrändern und Brachen,[1] aber auch in lichten Wäldern und Korkeichen-Beständen[3]. Er bevorzugt trockene bis frische, nährstoffreiche, schwach saure bis stark alkalische, sandige, sandig kiesige oder sandig lehmige Böden[4], man findet ihn häufig auf Kalk[1]. Er fehlt jedoch in der Urgesteinmacchie, wo er durch den Dornginster (Calicotome) ersetzt wird.[3] Der Pfriemenginster ist empfindlich auf Nässe und Frost und gedeiht meist an sonnig heißen Standorten.[4]
Die Bestäubung erfolgt ähnlich wie beim Besenginster durch Großbienen, in Mitteleuropa vor allem durch Holzbienen (Xylocopa). Landet ein solches Insekt auf den Flügeln der Blüte, drücken diese auf das Schiffchen, worauf sich das Schiffchen durch den Druck von Griffel und Staubblättern zu spalten beginnt. Ist etwa die Hälfte des Schiffchens gespalten, schnellen die fünf kürzeren Staubblätter hervor und schleudern dabei den Pollen auf die Bauchseite des Insekts. Wenn auch das hintere Ende des Schiffchen gespalten ist, schnellt der Griffel hervor und belädt sich mit den Pollen am Rücken des Insekts, worauf die längeren Staubblätter ebenfalls ihren Pollen am Rücken des Insekts unterbringen. Der Vorgang kann nicht wiederholt werden, die Bestäubung erfolgt nur einmal. Honigbienen können den Mechanismus aufgrund des geringeren Gewichts nicht auslösen; sie sammeln jedoch Restpollen, der sich noch im Schiffchen befinden kann.[9]
Der Binsenginster ist gut an Trockenstandorten angepasst. Die schon kleinen Laubblätter werden im Frühsommer abgeworfen. Die Photosynthese erfolgt danach nur in den grünen Sprossachsen, wodurch der Wasserverlust durch Verdunstung vermindert wird.[3]
Der Pfriemenginster (Spartium junceum) ist die einzige Art in der daher monotypischen Gattung Spartium.[4] Die Gattung wird der Tribus Genisteae in der Unterfamilie der Schmetterlingsblütler (Faboideae) zugeordnet.[10]
Der Gattungsname Spartium leitet sich vom griechischen Wort sparton für Seil ab, was sich auf die Verwendung der rutenförmigen Zweige bezieht.[11] Das Epitheton junceum leitet sich vom lateinischen juncus für Binse ab.[12]
Die deutschen Namen „Pfriemenginster“ und „Pfriem“ für die Pflanze beruhen auf mittelhochdeutsch pfrimme („Dornstrauch“, ‚Binsenginster‘) und pfrieme (‚Pfriem‘, ‚spitzes Werkzeug zum Stechen‘).[13][14]
Alle Teile des Pfriemenginsters sind stark giftig. Hauptwirkstoffe sind Cytisin in allen oberirdischen Teilen und besonders in den Samen, Methylcytisin, Anagyrin und in den Blüten Spartein. Vergiftungserscheinungen sind Erbrechen, Nierenschädigungen und Atemlähmung.[2]
Der Pfriemenginster wird wegen seiner ansehnlichen Blüten schon seit dem 16. Jahrhundert in Mitteleuropa als Zierstrauch gepflanzt, wobei auch Sorten mit gefüllten Blüten gezüchtet wurden. Im Weinbauklima ist er völlig winterhart, erweist sich aber auch in anderen Gebieten Deutschlands als erstaunlich hart.[3] Früher wurde die Art auch als Heilpflanze verwendet und aus jungen Blättern und Samen ein Brech- und Abführmittel gewonnen.[15] Die Triebe wurden zum Flechten von Körben[16] und auch für Schuhe eingesetzt. Aus den Bastfasern wurden im Altertum Seile und Taue gefertigt.[9]
Der Pfriemenginster (Spartium junceum), auch Binsenginster oder Spanischer Ginster genannt, ist die einzige Art der monotypischen Pflanzengattung Spartium innerhalb der Familie der Hülsenfrüchtler (Fabaceae). Er gehört daher nicht zur Gattung der Ginster (Genista). Er zählt zu den sogenannten Rutensträuchern, die schon im Frühsommer ihre Blätter abwerfen. Die Photosynthese geschieht dann nur in den grünen Zweigen, um die Verdunstung von Wasser durch die Blätter zu verhindern. Die Art ist stark giftig, Vergiftungen führen zu Erbrechen, Atemlähmung und Nierenschäden.
U ghjuncu (Spartium junceum) hè un arburettu chì faci partita di a famiglia di i Fabaceae. Si trova in i paesi è i rigioni situati intornu à u Mari mediterraniu. U ghjuncu hè alta sin'à dui metri. I fiori di u ghjuncu sò giaddi.
U ghjuncu hè cumunu in Corsica.
Accadi chì u ghjuncu fussi mintuvatu in a tupunimia corsa. Par asempiu: Ghjunchetu.
U ghjuncu servi (com'è a murta) par fabbricà i nassi pa a pesca. U ghjuncu hè coltu di ghjugnu o di lugliu parchì tandu si scalza faciuli.
U ghjuncu (Spartium junceum) hè un arburettu chì faci partita di a famiglia di i Fabaceae. Si trova in i paesi è i rigioni situati intornu à u Mari mediterraniu. U ghjuncu hè alta sin'à dui metri. I fiori di u ghjuncu sò giaddi.
La inèštra è na chianda e la famiglia e le Fabaceae. È l’úneca spèce e gl jènere Spartium.
È ne šterpone prènn ávete da 0,5 a 3 m. Gl fušt suó vérd, tunn, vacand, allirt é che ne muare rámera fine comm a vign .
Le frunn suó sémblece, pelate, sénza pernucc, a forma e langia é lòngh 1 a 3 cm. Suó vérd cupe é cádene quasce ndutt quann la chianda scerisc.
Suó reštritt a crammòll, papiglenácee é e chelore giall vive, mbrefemuate ne muare. La mbellenazione è fatta da gl nzètt.
Cròlla e 2-2,5 cm, fatt da ne vessigl irt, attennate, che ne pengecchione mbonda é cchiù luongh e le scénn pòšt a gl late é pessott a la carèna chembòšta da ddu pètale líbbere ma appeccechiate é reggeriate mbonda.
Scerita: da maje a lugl.
È na vajana lònga fin'a 10 cm, a forma e fávecia, vérd é apuó néra quann è fatta. Quann z’arrape, ze ndòrc é jètta la semènda (10 a 18 váchera marrone é velenose) ndèrra vecin'a la chianda štéssa.
Spèc'e gl sudd e l’Auròpa, e gl nòrd áfreca é e gl Mèdie Uriènd, camba torn torn a gl Mediterránee, dénd a la zzòna e la gliva é de la vite. Crésc a gl sole, da 0 a 1.400 m n.l.m. ngim’a gl Appennine (2.000 a gl Étna), ngòpp’a gl terrine sicch é chin'e réna. Pò crésc pure ngim’a chigl cretuse, prò nen tiév'a èss úmmede é acquacciuse.
Gl mòde cchiù addeprate è la sémmena, che ze fa a gl autunn (settiémbr) o a la primavéra (da marz a mmetà abbrile).
P'avé na bèlla scerita è mègl e nen petà la chianda ogn ann, ma e le fà ogn cingh o sèje.
La inèštra tè, specialmènd dénd a gl sciuor é a le váchera, n’alcalòide tuósseche chiamate citisina.
La inèštra è na chianda e la famiglia e le Fabaceae. È l’úneca spèce e gl jènere Spartium.
Ritama[1][2] icha Ritach'u[2] (Spartium junceum) nisqaqa huk chaqallu yuram, thansam, Awya Yalaman Iwrupamantam apamusqa.
Wikispecies nisqaqa qillqasqa p'anqayuqmi kay hawa: Ritama
Ritama icha Ritach'u (Spartium junceum) nisqaqa huk chaqallu yuram, thansam, Awya Yalaman Iwrupamantam apamusqa.
Lu Spartium junceum (chiamatu "jinestra" 'n Sicilia, nu tèrmini chi discrivi macari n'àutru gèniri assimmigghianti, Genista; tutti dui gènira appartèninu ô tribbù: Genisteae) è n'arvustu dâ famigghia dî Fabaceae ca junci fàcili li 5 metri d'autizza e è cultivatu uremma ntê jardina. E' diffusu ntê riggiuni miditirrànii. Cci nn'havi di li ciura assai prufumati di culuri giarnu duratu.
Spartium junceum, known as Spanish broom,[1] rush broom, or weaver's broom,[2] it is a species of flowering plant in the family Fabaceae and the sole species in the genus Spartium.[3][4][5] It is closely related to the other brooms (in the genera Cytisus and Genista).
Spartium junceum is a vigorous, deciduous shrub growing to 2–4 metres (7–13 feet) tall, rarely 5 m (16 ft), with main stems up to 5 centimetres (2 inches) thick, rarely 10 cm (4 in). It has thick, somewhat succulent grey-green rush-like shoots with very sparse small deciduous leaves 1 to 3 cm (1⁄2 to 1+1⁄4 in) long and up to 4 millimetres (1⁄8 in) broad. The leaves are of little importance to the plant, with much of the photosynthesis occurring in the green shoots (a water-conserving strategy in its dry climate). The leaves fall away early.[6] In late spring and summer shoots are covered in profuse fragrant yellow pea-like flowers 1 to 2 cm across. In late summer, the legumes (seed pods) mature black and reach 8–10 cm (3–4 in) long. They burst open, often with an audible crack, spreading seed from the parent plant.
The Greek name Spartium given to the genus denotes the use of the plant for 'cordage'.[7] The Latin specific epithet junceum means "rush-like", referring to the shoots, which show a passing resemblance to those of the rush genus Juncus.[8]
This species is native to the Mediterranean in southern Europe, southwest Asia and northwest Africa,[9] where it is found in sunny sites, usually on dry, sandy soils.
Spartium junceum has been widely introduced into other areas, and is regarded as a noxious invasive species in places with a Mediterranean climate such as California and Oregon, Hawaii, central Chile, southeastern Australia,[10] the Western Cape in South Africa and the Canary Islands and Azores.[9][11] It was first introduced to California as an ornamental plant.[11][12]
The plant is used as an ornamental plant in gardens and in landscape plantings. It has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.[2][13]
In Bolivia and Peru, the plant is known as retama,[9] (not to be confused with the genus Retama) and has become very well established in some areas. It is one of the most common ornamental plants, often seen growing along sidewalks in La Paz.
Retama has made its way into the ethnobotany of the indigenous Aymara and Quechua cultures.
The plant is also used as a flavoring, and for its essential oil, known as genet absolute.[9][14] Its fibers have been used for cloth and it produces a yellow dye.[14][15]
.jpg)
A stand of plants with many blooms, France
Flowers
Close-up of a flower
Mature fruit
Spartium junceum, known as Spanish broom, rush broom, or weaver's broom, it is a species of flowering plant in the family Fabaceae and the sole species in the genus Spartium. It is closely related to the other brooms (in the genera Cytisus and Genista).
Spartium es un género monotípico de plantas con flores perteneciente a la familia Fabaceae. Su única especie: Spartium junceum, llamada retama de olor, gayomba, gallomba, ginesta o ginestra es una planta perenne, leguminosa, arbusto nativo del Mediterráneo en el sur de Europa, sudoeste de Asia, noroeste de África, ubicado en sitios soleados, usualmente suelos áridos y arenosos. Bastante popular. Es la única especie del género Spartium, muy relacionado con otros arbustos de los géneros Chamaecytisus, Cytisus, Genista.
Típicamente crece de 2 a 4 m de altura, raramente 5 m, con tallos centrales, numerosos, de más de 5 cm de espesor, raramente 1 dm. Es de crecer en matas, mata juncácea, con pequeñas hojas de 1-3 cm de longitud y 2-4 mm de ancho; caducifolias, las hojas son poco importantes para la planta, ya que mucha fotosíntesis se hace en las varas (una estrategia de conservación de agua en clima árido). A fines de primavera y estío se cubre de flores profusas, fragantes, amarillas intenso de 2 cm de ancho. A fines de verano, sus legumbres (vainas de semillas) maduran en color marrón, 4-8 cm de long., 6-8 mm de ancho y 2-3 mm de espesor; hacen dehiscencia frecuentemente con un audible «crac», desparramando las semillas desde el arbusto parental. Bastante popular.
Ha sido ampliamente introducido en otras áreas, llegando a ser nociva (especie invasora) tóxica en lugares con clima mediterráneo tales como California, Oregón, Chile y Argentina central, Uruguay, sudeste de Australia, e incluso islas Canarias.
A pesar de ser una especie autóctona de España, no lo es de todas sus regiones. Así, en Canarias se comporta como especie exótica invasora. Debido a su potencial colonizador y constituir una amenaza grave para las especies autóctonas, los hábitats o los ecosistemas, esta especie ha sido incluida en el Catálogo Español de Especies Exóticas Invasoras, regulado por el Real Decreto 630/2013, de 2 de agosto, estando prohibida en Canarias su introducción en el medio natural, posesión, transporte, tráfico y comercio.[2]
Spartium junceum fue descrita por Carlos Linneo y publicado en Species Plantarum 2: 708. 1753.[3]
Spartium nombre científico que deriva del griego spartion, voz para designar a distintas plantas productoras de fibras textiles y empleadas para hacer ataduras. Del griego Soarton 'liga'.[1]
junceum: epíteto latíno que significa "como un junco".[4]
Números cromosomáticos de Spartium junceum (Fam. Leguminosae) y táxones infraespecificos: 2n=48-52[5][6]
Tradicionalmente ha sido empleada como fibra, especialmente en el atado de las vides. Al tratarse de una leguminosa también se ha empleado como seto por su virtud de fijar el nitrógeno atmosférico.
La planta también se utiliza como un saborizante, y por su aceite esencial, conocido como ''genêt absolu'', es decir retama absoluta.[7][8] Sus fibras se han utilizado para la tela y que produce un color amarillo colorante.[8][9] Las ramas se utilizan para fabricar escobas.[10]
En Bolivia, Perú y demás países sudamericanos, se la conoce como retama, y se ha vuelto muy invasora en algunas áreas. Es muy usada como planta ornamental, muy vista en La Paz. La retama se ha hecho un camino en la botánica de las etnias aymara y quechua, entre las que se piensa que protege contra el mal, probablemente bajo la influencia de similares tradiciones de origen español. Espigas florales de retama se guardan en la casa, y los vendedores callejeros dejan sus ramos en sus barracas cuando cierran al anochecer.
En Perú, la canción Flor de Retama es un huayno que hace referencia al color amarillo de la flor y a la Rebelión de Huanta de 1969.[11]
En trabajos realizados en ratones normoglicémicos en la Facultad de Química de Uruguay, se comprobó la acción hipoglucemiante de la infusión de flores de retama.[12] En Turquía las flores se han venido utilizando desde la medicina tradicional para tratar las úlceras y estudios de 1999 y 2000 en ese país han identificado una saponina que brinda las propiedades anti ulcerosas de la planta.[13][14]
Los efectos tóxicos derivan de los alcaloides que se encuentran en todas las partes de la planta (ramas, semillas, etc.). Provocan inicialmente una estimulación transitoria de receptores colinérgicos nicotínicos seguido de una inhibición persistente por desensibilización. Por otra parte, la esparteína presenta un efecto sobre el corazón, reduciendo la sensibilidad y la conductividad del músculo cardiaco.
Las manifestaciones varían en función de la dosis, la vía de exposición y el tiempo transcurrido. Incluyen irritación de la mucosa oral y faríngea, hipersalivación, vómitos, dolor abdominal y diarrea. En los casos más graves pueden presentar síntomas neurológicos (midriasis, cefalea, delirio/confusión mental y convulsiones) e hipotensión, bradicardia y coma.
Se han descrito pocos casos, algunos de ellos por la ingesta accidental de diversas partes de la planta en niños.[15][16]
Legumbres
Spartium es un género monotípico de plantas con flores perteneciente a la familia Fabaceae. Su única especie: Spartium junceum, llamada retama de olor, gayomba, gallomba, ginesta o ginestra es una planta perenne, leguminosa, arbusto nativo del Mediterráneo en el sur de Europa, sudoeste de Asia, noroeste de África, ubicado en sitios soleados, usualmente suelos áridos y arenosos. Bastante popular. Es la única especie del género Spartium, muy relacionado con otros arbustos de los géneros Chamaecytisus, Cytisus, Genista.
Espainiar isatsa (Spartium junceum) Fabaceae familiako basa landarea da, hegoaldeko Europan jatorria duena.[1] Spartium genero monotipikoaren espezie bakarra da.
Artikulu hau biologiari buruzko zirriborroa da. Wikipedia lagun dezakezu edukia osatuz. Espainiar isatsa (Spartium junceum) Fabaceae familiako basa landarea da, hegoaldeko Europan jatorria duena. Spartium genero monotipikoaren espezie bakarra da.
Piiskaherne (Spartium junceum) on hernekasveihin kuuluva keltakukkainen pensas.[1]
Piiskaherne on monivuotinen pieni pensas, joka voi kasvaa 3 metriä korkeaksi Sen oksat ovat vihreät ja vahapintaiset ja kasvavat pystysuorassa. Lehtiä on harvassa. Ne ovat kapeita ja 1–3 cm pitkiä. Tuoksuvien kukkien halkaisija on noin 2,5 cm. Siemenet kehittyvät 5–10 cm pitkiin palkoihin.[2]
Kasvi on alkujaan kotoisin Välimeren seudulta.[3]
Piiskaherne (Spartium junceum) on hernekasveihin kuuluva keltakukkainen pensas.
Le spartier à tiges de jonc ou spartier (Spartium junceum) est une espèce d'arbustes de la famille des Fabaceae. C'est la seule espèce encore acceptée dans le genre Spartium. Il est parfois appelé faux genêt d'Espagne, genêt d'Espagne, geneste, gineste, joncier, spartier faux jonc ou spartion.
Arbuste aux fleurs jaune vif, ses rameaux, souvent sans feuilles, sont flexibles et restent verts une bonne partie de l'année puis virent au gris-brun avec des rayures vertes.
Les feuilles alternes oblongues-lancéolées de 3 à 7 cm de long et 3 millimètres de large tombent tôt mais elles ont peu d'importance pour cette plante car une grande partie de la photosynthèse se produit dans les jeunes pousses vertes qui conservent l'eau (stratégie de climat sec).
À la fin du printemps, les rameaux sont couverts de nombreuses fleurs jaunes de 1 à 2 centimètres de diamètre. En fin d'été, les graines noires des gousses atteignant jusqu'à 10 centimètres de long arrivent à maturité. Elles s'ouvrent, souvent de façon sonore avec un bruit sec et répandent leurs graines autour de la plante mère, pour propager les semences.
C'est une plante rustique qui peut dépasser 2 m, et qui supporte autant les grandes sécheresses que les grands froids.
On la trouve le plus souvent en plaine et dans les maquis. Cet arbuste pionnier colonise les friches et les espaces ouverts, en particulier le long des routes et autoroutes.
Cette plante peu odorante se trouve à l'état naturel notamment dans la vallée du Rhône (Montélimar) et sur le pourtour méditerranéen.
A ne pas confondre avec le Genêt à balais (Cytisus scoparius) qui est une espèce d'arbuste à feuillage caduc, originaire du nord-ouest de l'Europe et ne détenant pas les mêmes pouvoirs de toxicités. Même s'il existe de nombreux cultivars aux fleurs de différentes couleurs, dont le Genêt bicolore. Ni le Genêt épineux (Genista scorpius) pourtant présent à l'ouest de la région méditerranéenne ou encore le Robinier (Robinia pseudoacacia) également présent sur les côtes méditerranéennes.
La dessiccation provoque une torsion de la gousse qui s'ouvre en projetant les graines jusqu'à plusieurs mètres de distance.
Toute la plante contient de la cytisine (alcaloïde). Elle est donc potentiellement toxique, comme le cytise. Cependant, la littérature ne rapporte pas de cas d’empoisonnement graves.
Aux XVIIIe et XIXe siècles, le genêt d'Espagne était une plante marginale récoltée par les paysans pour leurs propres besoins en toile domestique. Le rouissage des rameaux s’opérait au bord des cours d’eau, avant le filage et le tissage pratiqués au village, afin d’obtenir des draps et des vêtements, peut-être des cordages. C’est dans l’arrondissement de Lodève seulement que la culture du genêt est suivie. Ces cultures sont appelées des genêtières ou, plus souvent, des ginestières créées dans les lieux les plus arides, sur les coteaux les plus en pente, formés par un sol pierreux et où presque aucune autre plante ne peut végéter[2].
Le genêt textile existait bien avant. Malgré les difficultés de localisation et d’interprétation qu’ils suscitent, Pline l'Ancien et Columelle l’attestent même dès l’Antiquité. Selon le "Dictionnaire des sciences naturelles" de 1820, "la plante attire les abeilles, nourrit les moutons et les chèvres, et donne des toiles". Pour d'autres, le genêt procure du bois pour le chauffage . En effet, dans certaines régions, le genêt d’Espagne constitue la seule nourriture fraîche pour les moutons et les chèvres pendant l’hiver, entre novembre et avril, à condition que sa consommation par les ovins reste modérée afin de ne pas risquer une infection des voies urinaires nommée ginestade. Le genêt, une fois semé, ne demande d’autre précaution que d’être préservé de la dent des troupeaux, pendant les trois premières années tout au plus. Ensuite, on coupe avec une serpe les tronçons qui ont été rongés, et au bout de six ans on est obligé de couper entièrement la souche pour qu’elle pousse de nouveau[3].
Il est conclu dans cette étude[4] que l'huile de pépins de balai espagnole pourrait être utilisée pour fabriquer du savon, du shampoing pour les cheveux et de la résine alkyde.
Les fleurs de Spartium junceum L. (Fabaceae) sont utilisées pour le traitement des ulcères peptiques dans la médecine populaire turque.
Cet article[5] a cherché a expliquer le rôle des principes antioxydants dans la puissante activité antiulcérogène de l'extrait. Les fractions riches en flavonoïdes ont montré une activité antioxydante puissante.
Le spartier à tiges de jonc ou spartier (Spartium junceum) est une espèce d'arbustes de la famille des Fabaceae. C'est la seule espèce encore acceptée dans le genre Spartium. Il est parfois appelé faux genêt d'Espagne, genêt d'Espagne, geneste, gineste, joncier, spartier faux jonc ou spartion.
Brnistra (žuka, lat. Spartium junceum), sinonim Genista juncea) grmolika biljka iz porodice mahunarki. Jedina je vrsta u rodu Spartium. Može narasti i kao omanje stablo.
Cvate žutim cvjetovima, promjera 1 - 2 cm u drugom dijelu proljeća. Cvjetovi su brojni, tako da brda obrasla brnistrom (žukom) za njena cvata poprime prekrasnu žutu boju.
Stanište joj je Mediteransko područje južne Europe, jugozapadna Azija i sjeverozapadna Afrika.
Brnistra je dosta česta u Dalmaciji, a ime grada Splita, po jednoj od teorija, vuče porijeklo iz grčkog imena ove biljke.
Nakon sazrijevanja sjemena, izboji biljke mogu se, slično kao konoplja, koristiti za proizvodnju tekstilnog vlakna. [1]
Nedovršeni članak Brnistra koji govori o biljkama treba dopuniti. Dopunite ga prema pravilima Wikipedije.
Brnistra (žuka, lat. Spartium junceum), sinonim Genista juncea) grmolika biljka iz porodice mahunarki. Jedina je vrsta u rodu Spartium. Može narasti i kao omanje stablo.
Cvate žutim cvjetovima, promjera 1 - 2 cm u drugom dijelu proljeća. Cvjetovi su brojni, tako da brda obrasla brnistrom (žukom) za njena cvata poprime prekrasnu žutu boju.
Stanište joj je Mediteransko područje južne Europe, jugozapadna Azija i sjeverozapadna Afrika.
Brnistra je dosta česta u Dalmaciji, a ime grada Splita, po jednoj od teorija, vuče porijeklo iz grčkog imena ove biljke.
Nakon sazrijevanja sjemena, izboji biljke mogu se, slično kao konoplja, koristiti za proizvodnju tekstilnog vlakna.
Geislasópur, (fræðiheiti: Spartium junceum)[2], er runni af ertublómaætt. Hann er eina tegundin í ættkvíslinni spartium,[3][4][5] en er náskyld öðrum sópum í ættkvíslunum Cytisus og Genista. Fræðiheitið junceum þýðir "sef-líkt" (Juncus), og vísar til sprotanna, sem hafa viss líkindi við stráin á sefi (Juncus).[6]
Geislasópurinn er ættaður frá svæðum í kring um Miðjarðarhaf; suður-Evrópu, suðvestur-Asíu og norðvestur-Afríku,[7] þar sem hann vex á björtum stöðum, yfirleitt í þurrum, sendnum jarðvegi.
Hann er kröftugur lauffellandi runni sem verður um 2 til 4 m hár, sjaldan 5 metrar, með megingreinar að 5 sm þykkar, sjaldan 10 sm. Hann er með gilda, grágræna sprota með gisin lauf; 1 til 3 sm long og að 4 mm breið. Blöðin falla fljótt af.[8] Síðla vors og snemm sumars eru plönturnar þaktar sterkgulum ilmandi blómum.
Geislasópur hefur verið fluttur til margra svæða, og er talinn skaðleg ágeng tegund á svæðum með miðjarðarhafsloftslagi svo sem Kaliforníu og Oregon, Havaí, mið-Chile, suðaustur-Ástralíu, Vesturhöfða í Suður-Afríku og Kanaríeyjum og Azoreyjum.[7][9] Hann var fyrst fluttur til Kaliforníu sem skrautplanta.[9][10]
Geislasópur er notaður sem skrautplanta í görðum og landslags hönnun. Hún hefur fengið Royal Horticultural Societys Award of Garden Merit.[11]
Í Bólivíu og Perú er hann þekktur sem retama[7] og er orðinn mjög útbreiddur á sumum svæðum. Hann er ein af algengustu skrautplönum þar og sést oft til dæmis við gangbrautir í La Paz.
Plantan er einnig notuð sem bragðefni og sem ilmolía.[7][12] Trefjar hans hafa verið notaðar í föt og einnig nýtist hann í jurtalitun (gult).[12][13]
Runnar af Spartium junceum
Blóm
Nærmynd af blómi
Þroskaður fræbelgur
Geislasópur, (fræðiheiti: Spartium junceum), er runni af ertublómaætt. Hann er eina tegundin í ættkvíslinni spartium, en er náskyld öðrum sópum í ættkvíslunum Cytisus og Genista. Fræðiheitið junceum þýðir "sef-líkt" (Juncus), og vísar til sprotanna, sem hafa viss líkindi við stráin á sefi (Juncus).
La ginestra odorosa (Spartium junceum L.) è una pianta della famiglia delle Fabaceae, tipica degli ambienti di gariga e di macchia mediterranea. È nota anche come ginestra di Spagna, ginestra comune[1], giunco di Spagna o pianta della scopa.[2] È l'unica specie del genere Spartium.[3]
È una pianta a portamento arbustivo (alto da 0,5 a 3,00 m), perenne, con lunghi fusti. I fusti sono verdi cilindrici compressibili ma resistenti (abbastanza da essere difficile strapparli a mani nude), eretti, ramosissimi e sono detti vermene. Le foglie sono lanceolate, i fiori sono portati in racemi terminali di colore giallo vivo. L'impollinazione è entomogama. Fiorisce nel periodo fra maggio e luglio. I frutti sono dei legumi; i semi vengono lasciati cadere per gravità a poca distanza dalla pianta madre.
Specie nativa dell'area del Mediterraneo, dal sud dell'Europa, al Nord Africa al Medio Oriente.
Risulta endemica in gran parte dell'areale del bacino del Mediterraneo. Cresce in zone soleggiate da 0 a 1200 m s.l.m.
Predilige i suoli aridi, sabbiosi. Può vegetare anche su terreni argillosi, purché non siano dominati dall'umidità e da acque stagnanti.
Il metodo più utilizzato è la propagazione per seme. La semina si effettua in autunno (settembre) o anche in primavera (da marzo a metà aprile). Per favorire un'elevata percentuale di germinabilità dei semi (circa il 90%) in un tempo piuttosto ridotto, è consigliabile uno dei seguenti trattamenti:
I tagli di ringiovanimento sono di ostacolo alla fioritura e alla fruttificazione. Pertanto, se si vogliono ottenere fiori e semi, occorre lasciare inutilizzato, per alcuni anni (5 - 6), un numero adeguato di piante.
La ginestra odorosa (Spartium junceum L.) è una pianta della famiglia delle Fabaceae, tipica degli ambienti di gariga e di macchia mediterranea. È nota anche come ginestra di Spagna, ginestra comune, giunco di Spagna o pianta della scopa. È l'unica specie del genere Spartium.
De bezemstruik (Spartium junceum) is een sterk vertakte plant uit de vlinderbloemenfamilie (Leguminosae). De soort groeit op droge, zonnige hellingen in Zuid-Europa en wordt elders gekweekt om de bloemen. De jonge takken zijn erg buigzaam, berijpt en ze dragen riemvormige bladeren. Soms zijn er echter bijna geen bladeren aanwezig.
De bezemstruik heeft gele, grote bloemen die een zoete geur hebben. Ze zijn 2-2,5 cm lang. Ze bevinden zich doorgaans aan het einde van de takken waar ze aren vormen. De bloemen bloeien het grootste deel van de zomer.
De vrucht is een peul die aanvankelijk groen en behaard is. Later wordt de peul zwart en kaal. De lengte is 5-8 cm. Elke peul bevat meerdere bruine zaden.
Spansk gyvel (Spartium junceum) er en busk i erteblomstfamilien. Den er den eneste arten i slekten Spartium.
Den blir 1–3 m høy med opprette, sivlignende greiner. Bladene er små og enkle, og de faller tidlig av. Blomstene er gule, sitter i endestilte klaser og dufter søtt. Belgen er 5–8 cm lang. Arten vokser i åpen skog, maquis og langs vegkanter, helst på kalkholdig jord. Den er utbredt i nesten hele middelhavsområdet, men mangler på Kypros og noen andre steder i øst. Busken finnes nordover til Midt-Frankrike, men er naturalisert mange andre steder, for eksempel på Krim og i Transkaukasia.
Spansk gyvel (Spartium junceum) er en busk i erteblomstfamilien. Den er den eneste arten i slekten Spartium.
Den blir 1–3 m høy med opprette, sivlignende greiner. Bladene er små og enkle, og de faller tidlig av. Blomstene er gule, sitter i endestilte klaser og dufter søtt. Belgen er 5–8 cm lang. Arten vokser i åpen skog, maquis og langs vegkanter, helst på kalkholdig jord. Den er utbredt i nesten hele middelhavsområdet, men mangler på Kypros og noen andre steder i øst. Busken finnes nordover til Midt-Frankrike, men er naturalisert mange andre steder, for eksempel på Krim og i Transkaukasia.
Szczodrzenica sitowata (Spartium junceum L.) – gatunek rośliny z monotypowego rodzaju szczodrzenica (Spartium) z rodziny bobowatych. Rośnie w makii, na suchych zboczach, w świetlistych lasach, zwykle na skałach wapiennych; w basenie Morza Śródziemnego. Kwitnie od maja do sierpnia[3]. Roślina jest rozprzestrzeniona szeroko jako ozdobna i rośnie też zdziczała na obszarach suchych w południowej Europie, w Azji, Ameryce Północnej i Południowej[4]. Z kwiatów wytwarza się żółty barwnik, a pędy wykorzystuje się w plecionkarstwie[3], do wyrobu koszyków. Pozyskuje się z nich także włókna o długości 20–30 cm, wykorzystywane do wyrobu nici, powrozów, sieci rybackich i wyrobu tkanin[4]. Ziele zawiera także alkaloidy mające działanie przeczyszczające, przeciwwymiotne i moczopędne[3].
Szczodrzenica sitowata (Spartium junceum L.) – gatunek rośliny z monotypowego rodzaju szczodrzenica (Spartium) z rodziny bobowatych. Rośnie w makii, na suchych zboczach, w świetlistych lasach, zwykle na skałach wapiennych; w basenie Morza Śródziemnego. Kwitnie od maja do sierpnia. Roślina jest rozprzestrzeniona szeroko jako ozdobna i rośnie też zdziczała na obszarach suchych w południowej Europie, w Azji, Ameryce Północnej i Południowej. Z kwiatów wytwarza się żółty barwnik, a pędy wykorzystuje się w plecionkarstwie, do wyrobu koszyków. Pozyskuje się z nich także włókna o długości 20–30 cm, wykorzystywane do wyrobu nici, powrozów, sieci rybackich i wyrobu tkanin. Ziele zawiera także alkaloidy mające działanie przeczyszczające, przeciwwymiotne i moczopędne.
O esparto, espárcio, giesta-dos-jardins, giesta, gesta ou retama (Spartium junceum)[2] é um arbusto do género monotípico Spartium, pertencente à família Fabaceae.
Originário do mediterrâneo, é cultivado como planta ornamental e para a produção de fibras utilizadas no fabrico de cordas. Possui inflorescências grandes e densas com inúmeras flores.[carece de fontes?]
A seguir apresenta-se a descrição dada por António Xavier Pereira Coutinho na sua obra Flora de Portugal (Plantas Vasculares): Disposta em Chaves Dicotómicas (1.ª ed. Lisboa: Aillaud, 1913):[3]
Arbusto inerme, de 2 a 3 m, com os ramos compressíveis, junciformes, subáfilos; folhas 1-foliadas, oblongo-lineares ou oblongo-lanceolada, pouco numerosas; estípulas nulas; flores grandes, amarelas, cheirosas: vagem linear (80-60 x 8-6 mm.), erecto-patente, negra na maturação. Planta lenhosa. Maio a Julho. Sebes, matos, bosques: principalmente no Centro e Sul.
"Giesta" e "gesta" são procedentes do termo latino genista.[4] "Retama" é proveniente do árabe ratamâ.[5]
O esparto, espárcio, giesta-dos-jardins, giesta, gesta ou retama (Spartium junceum) é um arbusto do género monotípico Spartium, pertencente à família Fabaceae.
Originário do mediterrâneo, é cultivado como planta ornamental e para a produção de fibras utilizadas no fabrico de cordas. Possui inflorescências grandes e densas com inúmeras flores.[carece de fontes?]
Spanskginst (Spartium junceum) art i familjen ärtväxter och den enda arten i släktet Spartium. Den växer vild på Azorerna, Madeira, Kanarieöarna, i Medelhavsområdet och i Kaukasus. Arten är inte härdig i Sverige men odlas ibland som krukväxt.
S. junceum är en kraftfull lövfällande buske som når en höjd av 2 - 4 meter, i undantagsfall även 5 meter och med huvudstammar upp till 5 centimeter i diameter, i sällsynta fall upp till 10 centimeter. Den har tjocka, något suckulenta grågröna skott som liknar tågväxternas strån. På dessa skott sitter sparsamt med blad som är 1 - 3 centimeter långa och upp till 4 millimeter breda. Bladen har mycket liten betydelse för växtens framgång eftersom det mesta av dess fotosyntes utförs i de gröna skotten. Det här arrangemanget gör att det går åt ganska lite vatten och är en anpassning till det torra klimatet där den lever. Bladen faller av tidigt.[1] På senvåren och på sommaren täcks skotten av rikliga doftande blommor som liknar ärt-blommor och är 1 - 2 centimeter breda. Blomman är gul.[2] På sensommaren mognar de 8 - 10 centimeter långa ärtskidorna och blir svarta. De spricker upp, ofta med en hörbar liten smäll, och sprider fröna en bit bort från moderplantan.
Spanskginst (Spartium junceum) art i familjen ärtväxter och den enda arten i släktet Spartium. Den växer vild på Azorerna, Madeira, Kanarieöarna, i Medelhavsområdet och i Kaukasus. Arten är inte härdig i Sverige men odlas ibland som krukväxt.
Katırtırnağı (Spartium junceum), baklagiller (Fabaceae) familyasından Akdeniz'e özgü bir çalı türü. Akdeniz dışında Kuzeybatı Afrika ve Güneybatı Asya'da bulunur.
Genellikle kuru, kumlu topraklarda ve güneşli yerlerde görülür. Spartium cinsinin tek türüdür diğer yandan Cytisus ve Genista cinsleriyle yakın benzerlik gösterir.
Katırtırnağı 2–5 m uzunluğunda (bazen 5 m) çok sayıda gövdeye sahip bir çalıdır. Kalın, etli gri-yeşil sürgünleri ile 1–3 cm uzunluk ve 2–4 mm genişliğinde seyrek küçük yaprakları vardır. Fotosentez olayı daha çok yeşil sürgünlerde meydana geldiği için yaprakların işlevi önemsizdir.
Geç ilkbahar ve yazın gelişen, oldukça yoğun ve hoş kokulu soluk sarı çiçekleri 2 cm çapındadır. Yaz sonunda olgunlaşan siyah legümenler 4–8 cm uzunluk, 6–8 mm genişlik ve 2–3 mm kalınlıktadır. Legümenler çatlayarak açılır, çoğu kez işitilebilecek düzeyde olan bu çatlamayla tohumlar ana bitkiden ayrılarak etrafa saçılır.
Katırtırnağı (Spartium junceum), baklagiller (Fabaceae) familyasından Akdeniz'e özgü bir çalı türü. Akdeniz dışında Kuzeybatı Afrika ve Güneybatı Asya'da bulunur.
Genellikle kuru, kumlu topraklarda ve güneşli yerlerde görülür. Spartium cinsinin tek türüdür diğer yandan Cytisus ve Genista cinsleriyle yakın benzerlik gösterir.
Katırtırnağı 2–5 m uzunluğunda (bazen 5 m) çok sayıda gövdeye sahip bir çalıdır. Kalın, etli gri-yeşil sürgünleri ile 1–3 cm uzunluk ve 2–4 mm genişliğinde seyrek küçük yaprakları vardır. Fotosentez olayı daha çok yeşil sürgünlerde meydana geldiği için yaprakların işlevi önemsizdir.
Geç ilkbahar ve yazın gelişen, oldukça yoğun ve hoş kokulu soluk sarı çiçekleri 2 cm çapındadır. Yaz sonunda olgunlaşan siyah legümenler 4–8 cm uzunluk, 6–8 mm genişlik ve 2–3 mm kalınlıktadır. Legümenler çatlayarak açılır, çoğu kez işitilebilecek düzeyde olan bu çatlamayla tohumlar ana bitkiden ayrılarak etrafa saçılır.
Від 2 до 3 м у висоту, дуже розгалужений густий чагарник у віці з сірою корою стовбурами. Молоді пагони зелені. Прості, сидячі листки чергуються. Вони голі, зелені з обох сторін, ланцетні і від 1.5 до 3.5 см в довжину і до 36 мм завширшки. Квітки 2-2.5 см, яскраво-жовті і дуже ароматні. Плоди — від 5 до 10 см у довжину злегка зігнуті темно-коричневі стручки. Вони спочатку волохаті, пізніше голі. Містять від 10 до 20 блискучих червоно-коричневих насінин довжиною 4 мм. Стручки не відкриваються, як правило, до деякого часу після зрілості насіння.
Країни поширення: Північна Африка: Алжир; Лівія [пн.]; Марокко; Туніс. Західна Азія: Ізраїль; Ліван; Сирія [зх]; Туреччина. Кавказ: Азербайджан; Грузія. Південна Європа: Албанія; Колишня Югославія; Греція [вкл. Крит]; Італія [вкл. Сардинія, Сицилія]; Франція [вкл. Корсика]; Португалія; Гібралтар; Іспанія [вкл. Балеарські острови, Канарські острови]. Широко натуралізований (у тому числі в Криму) і культивується.
Росте на вологих суглинних або глинистих ґрунтах. Населяє вологі яри, береги річок, на узбіччях і поблизу населених пунктів; (0) 400—1000 (1200) м. Цвітіння та плодоношення з квітня по липень. Практичне значення — рослина декоративна, медоносна, фарбувальна, волокниста, містить ефірні олії.
Це незавершена стаття про Бобові.Spartium junceum là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Đậu. Loài này được L. miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên.[2]
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Bài viết liên quan đến tông đậu Genisteae này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
Spartium junceum là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Đậu. Loài này được L. miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên.
Spartium L., 1753
Синонимы Единственный вид
Метельник ситниковый, или Метельник прутьевидный, Испанский дрок (лат. Spartium junceum) — прямостоящий, прутьевидный многолетний кустарник, представитель монотипного рода Метельник (лат. Spartium) семейства Бобовые (Fabaceae), родом из Средиземноморья. Всё растение сильно ядовито, особенно семена; воздействию подвергается в первую очередь центральная нервная система.
Растение высотой до 2—3 (5) м с тонкими зелёными безлистными или почти безлистными побегами, буреющими на третий год. Листья обратноланцетные или линейные длиной 1—2,5 см, голубовато-зелёные, редковолосистые или почти голые, жёсткие, сидячие или короткочерешковые. Цветки ярко-жёлтые, душистые длиной около 2,5 см, собраны в соцветия на побегах текущего года, в верхушечную кисть. Цветёт в мае-июне, иногда вторично в октябре. Плод — боб линейный, пушистый длиной 5—10 см, многосемянный. Семена коричневатые, блестящие.
Быстрорастущий кустарник, очень светолюбив и засухоустойчив. Обмерзает при минус 14—15°С, но быстро образует новые побеги. Хорошо растёт на сухих, крутых, сильно нагреваемых склонах. Имеет хорошо развитую корневую систему с глубоко идущим главным корнем. В цветение вступает рано с 3—4 лет, хороший медонос. Душистые цветки используются для получения эфирного масла. Размножается семенами и черенками. Хорошо растёт у берега моря, не страдает от морских брызг. Весьма декоративный кустарник, особенно в период обильного и длительного цветения золотисто-жёлтыми цветками. Пригоден для декорирования сухих склонов, живых изгородей и т. п. Широко распространён на Черноморском побережье Кавказа и Крыма.
Дает прочное лёгкое волокно, устойчивое против сырости, хорошо красящееся и годное для изготовления канатов[2], шпагата и мешков[3][4].
Метельник ситниковый, или Метельник прутьевидный, Испанский дрок (лат. Spartium junceum) — прямостоящий, прутьевидный многолетний кустарник, представитель монотипного рода Метельник (лат. Spartium) семейства Бобовые (Fabaceae), родом из Средиземноморья. Всё растение сильно ядовито, особенно семена; воздействию подвергается в первую очередь центральная нервная система.
鹰爪豆属（学名：Spartium）是蝶形花科下的一个属，为灌木植物。该属仅有鹰爪豆（Spartium junceum）一种，原产于地中海地区。[1]
这是一篇與植物相關的小作品。你可以通过编辑或修订扩充其内容。 
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分類 界 : 植物界 Plantae 門 : 被子植物門 Magnoliophyta 綱 : 双子葉植物綱 Magnoliopsida 目 : マメ目 Fabales 科 : マメ科 Fabaceae 属 : レダマ属 Spartium 種 : レダマ S. junceum 学名 Spartium junceum L. 和名 レダマ（麗玉） 英名 Spanish broom レダマ（麗玉、学名：Spartium junceum）は、マメ科レダマ属の落葉低木である。レダマ属の唯一の種で、花木として庭などに植栽されている。
地中海沿岸の日当たりと水はけの良い、特に砂地に多く分布している低木で、樹高は2～4メートルくらい、幹は直立し、根元では直径10cm近くになることもあるが、枝はもろい。エニシダ属やヒトツバエニシダ属によく似ているが、萼の形が少し違っている。葉は非常に細いが、これは乾燥地に耐えるためで、代わりに明るい緑色をした枝が、光合成を助けている。花は通常6月ころに咲き、直径2cmくらいの明るい黄色の蝶形花で、開花期には木全体が花で覆われる。強い香りがあるが、やにくさい、あるいは安物のポマードを連想させるにおいで、日本人では好き嫌いが分かれる。
日本には江戸時代初期に渡来して庭木などに利用された。性質が強く、アメリカ合衆国中西部や南アメリカ、オーストラリアなどに帰化しているが、湿度の高い日本では、開花させることはできるが、比較的短命で枯れることが多い。
属名は縄やひもなどを作るのに使った草の意味、種小名も「イグサに似た」という意味で、葉が非常に細いことに由来する。和名のレダマはスペイン語のボリビア方言「レタマ」からであるが、近縁の属にRetama属というものがあり、非常に紛らわしい。
栄養繁殖よりも種をまいた方が良く、播種後1～2年で開花する。種は栽培地に直截まくか、浅鉢などにまいて後で移植する。ただし、大きな苗の移植はできない。種をまいたら2mmほど覆土し、間引くか栽培地に定植して、株間を1m位にする。
種は国内ではほとんど売られていないが、英米ではポピュラーなものなので、ネットショップなどで簡単に入手することができる。
この項目は、植物に関連した書きかけの項目です。この項目を加筆・訂正などしてくださる協力者を求めています（プロジェクト:植物／Portal:植物）。 
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