Common Names
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
common persimmon
persimmon
simmon
possumwood
eastern persimmon
Florida persimmon
- الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
- Coladonato, Milo 1992. Diospyros virginiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Description
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
dioecious,
fruit,
treeCommon persimmon is a slow-growing, thicket-forming, dioecious,
deciduous tree up to 70 feet (21 m) but generally less than 40 feet (12
m) tall [
8]. It has a rounded or conical crown with the branches
spreading at right angles. The twigs are self-pruning and form an
irregular shaped crown. The leaves are simple, alternate, entire, and
elliptical to oblong. The fruit is a persistent spherical berry; each
berry contains one to eight flat seeds [
10,
13,
31].
- الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
- Coladonato, Milo 1992. Diospyros virginiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Distribution
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
forestCommon persimmon is distributed from southern Connecticut and Long
Island, New York to southern Florida. Inland it occurs in central
Pennsylvania, southern Ohio, southern Indiana, and central Illinois to
southeastern Iowa; and southeastern Kansas and Oklahoma to the Valley of
the Colorado River in Texas. It does not grow in the main range of the
Appalachian Mountains, nor in much of the oak-hickory forest type of the
Allegheny Plateau [
8,
12,
15].
- الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
- Coladonato, Milo 1992. Diospyros virginiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Fire Ecology
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
fire regime,
root crownCommon persimmon is well adapted to fire. It sprouts readily from the
roots and root crown when aboveground portions are killed by fire
[
2,
14,
15].
FIRE REGIMES : Find fire regime information for the plant communities in which this
species may occur by entering the species name in the
FEIS home page under
"Find FIRE REGIMES".
- الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
- Coladonato, Milo 1992. Diospyros virginiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Fire Management Considerations
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
fire exclusionPeriodic fires have been useful in controlling common persimmon by
preventing it from reaching the overstory in southern pine forests.
However, common persimmon is known to decrease with fire exclusion [
18].
- الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
- Coladonato, Milo 1992. Diospyros virginiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Growth Form (according to Raunkiær Life-form classification)
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. More info for the term:
phanerophyte Phanerophyte
- الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
- Coladonato, Milo 1992. Diospyros virginiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Habitat characteristics
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
shrubs,
swamp,
treeCommon persimmon grows on a wide variety of sites but grows best on
terraces of large streams and river bottoms. It grows best on alluvial
soils such as clays and heavy loams. In the Mississippi Delta, usual
sites are wet flats, shallow sloughs, and swamp margins. In the Midwest
it grows on poorly drained upland sites, but growth there is very slow
[
6,
17,
20,
23].
Common overstory associates not listed under Distribution and Occurrence
include eastern redcedar (Juniperus virginiana), sugar maple (Acer
saccharum), yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera),, boxelder (Acer
negundo), red maple (A. rubrum), sycamore (Platanus occidentalis), and
cedar elm (Ulmus crassifolia). Common shrubs and noncommercial tree
associates include swamp-privet (Forestiera acuminata), rough-leaf
dogwood (Cornus drummondii), hawthorns (Crataegus spp.), water-elm
(Planera acquatica), shining sumac (Rhus copallina), and smooth sumac
(R. glabra) [
6,
15,
26].
- الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
- Coladonato, Milo 1992. Diospyros virginiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Habitat: Cover Types
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. This species is known to occur in association with the following cover types (as classified by the Society of American Foresters):
More info for the term:
hardwood 64 Sassafras - persimmon
70 Longleaf pine
72 Southern scrub oak
80 Loblolly pine - shortleaf pine
81 Loblolly pine
82 Loblolly pine - hardwood
83 Longleaf pine - slash pine
84 Slash pine
92 Sweetgum - willow oak
93 Sugarberry - American elm - green ash
96 Overcup oak - water hickory
101 Baldcypress
102 Baldscypress - tupelo
- الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
- Coladonato, Milo 1992. Diospyros virginiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Habitat: Ecosystem
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. This species is known to occur in the following ecosystem types (as named by the U.S. Forest Service in their Forest and Range Ecosystem [FRES] Type classification):
FRES12 Longleaf - slash pine
FRES13 Loblolly - shortleaf pine
FRES14 Oak - pine
FRES15 Oak - hickory
FRES16 Oak - gum - cypress
- الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
- Coladonato, Milo 1992. Diospyros virginiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Habitat: Plant Associations
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. This species is known to occur in association with the following plant community types (as classified by Küchler 1964):
More info for the term:
forest KO89 Black Belt
K090 Live oak - sea oats
K100 Oak - hickory forest
K104 Appalachian oak forest
K111 Oak - hickory - pine forest
K112 Southern mixed forest
K113 Southern floodplain forest
- الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
- Coladonato, Milo 1992. Diospyros virginiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Immediate Effect of Fire
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
top-killCommon persimmon in southern pine forests can be killed by severe fires
that char the soil and kill the roots and rootstocks. Less severe fires
top-kill the plant [
18].
- الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
- Coladonato, Milo 1992. Diospyros virginiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Importance to Livestock and Wildlife
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
fruitIn Indiana and Ohio, the leaves and twigs of common persimmon are an
important supplementary fall and winter food for white-tailed deer
[
29,
34]. The fruit is an important food for squirrel, fox, coyote,
racoon, opossum, and quail [
7,
22]. Hogs relish the fruit of common
persimmon, but it is of little value to other livestock and is
considered a nuisance [
15].
- الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
- Coladonato, Milo 1992. Diospyros virginiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Key Plant Community Associations
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
Common persimmon is found in many plant associations, but it is not an
indicator of any particular habitat [
6,
33].
- الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
- Coladonato, Milo 1992. Diospyros virginiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Life Form
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
treeTree
- الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
- Coladonato, Milo 1992. Diospyros virginiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Management considerations
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
treeDense thickets of common persimmon are considered a nuisance in open
fields and pastures. On abandoned fields, where persimmon is an
invader, it is classed as a weed species because it fails to reach
commercial size [
5]. Common persimmon is easily defoliated with a 20
percent solution of Garlon 4 but will sprout readily from the stems and
roots after treatment. Treatment is most effective in May when leaves
are fully expanded [
4,
19,
27].
Damaging agents: The principal defoliators of common persimmom are the
webworm (Seiarctica echo) and the hickory horned devil (Citheronia
regalis). The fungus Cephalosporium diospyri causes persimmon wilt and
kills many trees in the Southeast. The disease is characterized by a
wilting of the leaves followed by defoliation and death of the branches
from the top down. An infected tree lives 1 or 2 years after the
wilting appears. Diseased trees should be burned, and bruises on
healthy tree should be covered with pitch or wax to prevent entry by
wind-borne spores [
15,
30].
- الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
- Coladonato, Milo 1992. Diospyros virginiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Nutritional Value
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
The seeds and fruits of common persimmon are generally low in crude
protein, crude fat, and calcim, but high in nitrogen-free extract and
tannin [
3,
15].
- الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
- Coladonato, Milo 1992. Diospyros virginiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Occurrence in North America
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
AL AR CT DE FL GA IL KS KY LA
MD MS MO NJ NC OH OK PA SC TN
TX VA WV
- الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
- Coladonato, Milo 1992. Diospyros virginiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Other uses and values
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
fruitThe unripe fruit and inner bark of common persimmon are sometimes used
in the treatment of fever, diarrhea, and hemorrhage. Indelible ink can
also be made from the fruit. Common persimmon is sometimes planted as
an ornamental; the flowers are used in the production of honey [
30,
36].
- الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
- Coladonato, Milo 1992. Diospyros virginiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Phenology
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. More info for the term:
fruitThe flowers of common persimmon bloom from March to June; its fruit
ripens from September to November [
30].
- الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
- Coladonato, Milo 1992. Diospyros virginiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Plant Response to Fire
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
densityCommon persimmon sprouts vigorously following fire [
15]. After a summer
and winter burn in Oklahoma, common persimmon stem density increases in
postfire year 1 were as follows [
1]:
Species density (stem/ha)
summer burn late-winter burn
preburn postburn preburn postburn
542 750 17 583
- الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
- Coladonato, Milo 1992. Diospyros virginiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Post-fire Regeneration
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
root sucker,
soboliferous,
tree Tree with adventitious-bud rootcrown/ soboliferous species root sucker
Initial-offsite colonizer (offsite, initial community)
- الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
- Coladonato, Milo 1992. Diospyros virginiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Regeneration Processes
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
fruit,
root collar,
seedCommon persimmon reproduces vegetatively and by seed. The optimum
fruit-bearing age is 25 to 50 years, but 10-year-old trees sometimes
bear fruit. Good seed crops are borne every 2 years, with light crops
in intervening years [
28,
30]. The seed is disseminated by birds and
animals that feed on the fruits, and to some extent, by overflow water
in low bottomlands [
15].
Vegetative Reproduction: Common persimmon will sprout from the stump or
develop from root suckers. Sprouting from the root collar is common
after fire or cutting [
36].
- الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
- Coladonato, Milo 1992. Diospyros virginiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Successional Status
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. Obligate Initial Community Species.
Common persimmon is very tolerant of shade. It can persist in the
understory for many years. Its response to release is not definitely
known but probably not very good. Common persimmon competes very well
with almost any plant under harsh conditions.
- الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
- Coladonato, Milo 1992. Diospyros virginiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Taxonomy
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
The scientific name for common persimmon is Diospyros virginiana L.
[
13]. Varieties include [
10,
24,
36]:
D. virginiana L. var. virginiana - typical common persimmon
D. virginiana var. pubescens (Pursch) Dipp. - fuzzy common persimmon
D. virginiana var. platycarpa Sarg. - Oklahoma common persimmon
D. virginiana var. mosieri (Small) Sarg. - Florida persimmon
- الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
- Coladonato, Milo 1992. Diospyros virginiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Value for rehabilitation of disturbed sites
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
seedCommon persimmon sends down a deep taproot which makes it a good species
for erosion control. It is, however, difficult to transplant [
15].
Propagation is by seed stratified at 41 to 50 degrees Fahrenheit (5-10
deg C) for 365 days and sown in the spring. Germination is about 80
percent. Root cuttings 6 to 8 inches (15-20 cm) long and 1/3 inch (0.85
cm) in diameter can also be used provided the ends are sealed with pitch
or wax to prevent rot [
36].
- الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
- Coladonato, Milo 1992. Diospyros virginiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Wood Products Value
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Fire Effects Information System Plants
The wood of common persimmon is hard, smooth, and even textured. It is
used for turnery, plane stocks, veneer, golf club heads, and
occasionally low-grade lumber [
8,
36].
- الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
- Coladonato, Milo 1992. Diospyros virginiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Distribution
(
الإسبانية، القشتالية
)
المقدمة من IABIN
Chile Central
Associated Forest Cover
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Silvics of North America
Common persimmon is a key species in the forest cover type
Sassafras-Persimmon (Society of American Foresters Type 64) (3)
and is an associated species in the following cover types:
Southern Scrub Oak (Type 72), Loblolly Pine-Shortleaf Pine (Type
80), Loblolly Pine-Hardwood (Type 82), Sweetgum-Willow Oak (Type
92), Sugarberry-American Elm-Green Ash (Type 93), Overcup
Oak-Water Hickory (Type 96), Baldcypress (Type 101), and
Baldcypress-Tupelo (Type 102).
Common associates are elms (Ulmus spp.), eastern redcedar
(Juniperus virginiana), hickories (Carya spp.),
sugar maple (Acer saccharum), yellow-poplar (Liriodendron
tulipifera), oaks Quercus spp.), boxelder (Acer
negundo), red maple (A. rubrum), sycamore (Platanus
occidentalis), and cedar elm (Ulmus crassifolia).
Common shrub and noncommercial tree associates include
swamp-privet (Forestiera acuminata), roughleaf dogwood
(Cornus drummondii), hawthorns (Crataegus spp.), water-elm
(Planera aquatica), shining sumac (Rhus copallina),
and smooth sumac (R. glabra).
In the alluvial bottoms of the Lower Wabash Valley, waterlocust
(Gleditsia aquatica) and common buttonbush (Cephalanthus
occidentalis) are close associates.
The Sassafras-Persimmon type is temporary and usually replaced
with mixed hardwood types.
- ترخيص
- cc-by-nc
- حقوق النشر
- USDA, Forest Service
Climate
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Silvics of North America
Common persimmon grows in a humid climate throughout its range.
Its best commercial development is in areas that receive an
average of 1220 mm (48 in) of precipitation annually, about 460
mm (18 in) of which normally occurs duping the growing season.
Over the range of persimmon, the average maximum temperatures are
35° C (95° F) in the summer and -12° C (10°
F) in the winter.
- ترخيص
- cc-by-nc
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- USDA, Forest Service
Damaging Agents
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Silvics of North America
A number of insects attack persimmon but
normally do no serious harm (9). A bark and phloem borer (Agrilus
fuscipennis) infests living persimmon and the persimmon borer
(Sannina uroceriformis) tunnels in the stems and taproots
of young trees and damages nursery stock. Caterpillars may
defoliate the trees in early summer and into mid summer. The
principal defoliators are a webworm (Seiarctica echo) and
the hickory horned devil (Citheronia regalis). Unless
sprayed, they may defoliate and severely damage a young plant. No
serious damage to the merchantable part of living trees is
recorded. The twig girdler (Oncideres cingulata) retards
growth by cutting off smaller branches. The wood of dying and
dead trees is often riddled by the false powderpost beetle (Xylobiops
basilaris).
Cephalosporium diospyri causes persimmon wilt, a fungus
disease that kills many trees in central Tennessee and the
Southeastern States (1). The disease is characterized by a sudden
wilting of the leaves, followed by defoliation and death of the
branches from the top down. An infected tree often lives 1 or 2
years after this symptom appears. Diseased trees should be
burned, and cuts and bruises on other trees should be painted to
prevent entry by wind-borne spores. No disease-resistant trees
have been found. A wound is necessary for primary infection. The
hickory twig girdler and powderpost beetle cause the majority of
wounds in healthy trees. As soon as the tree dies, the fungus
produces spores in large quantities between the bark and the wood
near the base of the tree.
Because common persimmon is often considered noxious in pastures
and fields, much effort has been expended in its control and
eradication (2). It is easily defoliated with 2,4,5-T at 1.1
kg/ha (1 lb/acre) or less but sprouts readily from both stem and
roots after treatment. Treatment is most effective in May when
leaves are fully expanded. Additives (Ethephon, MAA, and TIBA)
increase both the defoliation and kill of persimmon. Surfactants
increase effectiveness of 2,4,5-T. Picloram in combination with
2,4,5-T, and dicamba, alone and in combination with 2,4,5-T, has
also given good control. Soil application of picloram and dicamba
at 6.7 kg/ha (6 lb/acre) gave kills of 75 and 70 percent,
respectively. Complete top kill was possible by injecting
undiluted solutions of dicamba or mixtures of 2,4,5-T and
dicamba.
Tordon 101 or Esteron 99 at 7.6 liters (2 gal) plus triclopyr at
9.4 liters/ha (1 gal/acre) and Tordon at 37 liters/ha (4
gal/acre) gave 100 percent control of persimmon (4).
Undiluted 2,4-D dimethylamine killed persimmon when applied in 1-
or 2-ml (0.03- or 0.07-oz) dosages in injections placed
edge-to-edge up to 23 cm (9 in) apart around the stem (11). A
4-to-1 mixture of triisoproponolamine salts of 2,4-D plus
picloram was also effective.
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- cc-by-nc
- حقوق النشر
- USDA, Forest Service
Flowering, Seed Production, and Dissemination
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Silvics of North America
The
inconspicuous flowers bloom from March to June within its
botanical range and from April through May in areas where it
grows best. Staminate flowers are in two- or three-flowered
cymes, tubular, 8 to 13 mm (0.3 to 0.5 in) long, and greenish
yellow.
Pistillate flowers are solitary, sessile or shortpeduncled, about
1.9 cm (0.75 in) long. The corolla is fragrant with 4 or 5
greenish yellow, thick recurved lobes.
Common persimmon is dioecious; the staminate and pistillate
flowers are borne on separate trees on shoots of the current
year, when the leaves are more than half grown.
The fruit is a persistent spherical berry 1.9 to 5.1 cm (0.8 to
2.0 in) in diameter. It ripens from September to November or
occasionally a little earlier. When mature it is yellow to orange
or dark red in color, often with a glaucous bloom. Each berry
usually contains one to eight flat, brown seeds about 13 mm (0.5
in) long but is sometimes seedless. Fruits fall from September to
late winter.
The optimum fruit-bearing age is 25 to 50 years, but 10-year-old
trees sometimes bear fruit. Good crops are borne about every 2
years under normal conditions. About 45 kg (100 lb) of fruit
yields 4.5 to 13.6 kg (10 to 30 lb) of clean seed, with an
average of 2,640 seeds per kg (1,200 seeds per lb). The seed is
disseminated by birds and animals that feed on the fruits, and,
to some extent, by overflow water in low bottom lands (9). The
seeds remain dormant during winter and germinate in April or May,
after about a month of soil temperatures above 15° C (60°
F).
Persimmon is easily raised from seed, and if planting is to be
done with seeds, they should be cleaned and spread out for drying
for a day or two and then stratified under moist conditions for 2
to 3 months at 1° to 4° C (33° to 40° F).
They should be soaked 2 to 3 days before planting. Seeds lose
their viability through extremes of heat, cold, or drying. They
should be planted in spring or fall in shallow drills in light
soils with plenty of humus and covered to a depth of about 13 min
(0.5 in).
No insects or animals are known to damage flowers or fruit
seriously. Late freeze can damage the flowers and cause premature
fruit drop.
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Genetics
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Silvics of North America
Varieties of the common persimmon are the fuzzy common persimmon
(D. virginiana var. pubescens (Pursh)
Dipp.); Oklahoma common persimmon (D. uirginiana var.
platycarpa Sarg.); and Florida persimmon (D. uirginiana
var. mosieri (Small) Sarg.) (7).
Hybrids have been reported between D. uirginiana, D. kaki,
and D. lotus (14).
Several cultivars, selected primarily for fruit color, taste,
size, and early maturation, have been chosen from wild
populations (8).
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Growth and Yield
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Silvics of North America
The growth rate of persimmon is
generally slow (9). On dry, old-field sites it frequently makes
only a shrubby growth 4.6 to 6.1 m (15 to 20 ft) tall. On poor
sites the larger trees contain a high percentage of heartwood
that cannot be used for lumber because it checks excessively
during seasoning.
Approximately 50 percent of the total radial growth is complete in
70 to 90 days, and 90 percent complete in 100 to 109 days after
growth starts in the spring (6). Persimmon responds well to
fertilizer.
The species normally attains a height of 9 to 18 m (30 to 60 ft)
at maturity but in optimum habitats may reach a height of 21 to
24 rn (70 to 80 ft) and a diameter of 51 to 61 cm (20 to 24 in).
It usually forms an upright or drooping type tree with a rounded
or conical crown. Stems may be clumped, either because seedlings
develop in close proximity to one another or because they arise
from suckers after a tree has been cut down. The leaves are
deciduous, simple, alternate, and entire. The bark is brown to
black, fissures are deep, and ridges are broken into rectangular
checkered sections.
Per acre volume figures for this species are not available because
it usually grows as scattered individuals.
Tops of orchard grown trees should be thinned to allow for better
fruit production.
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Reaction to Competition
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Silvics of North America
Persimmon is classed as very
tolerant of shade. It can persist in the understory for many
years (9). Its response to release is not definitely known but is
probably not especially good. Persimmon competes with almost any
plant under harsh growing conditions.
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Rooting Habit
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Silvics of North America
No information available.
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Seedling Development
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Silvics of North America
Persimmon is very tolerant, and
natural reproduction can normally be expected in the forest
understory. It is often prolific in openings. Germination is
epigeal. The seedlings develop a strong taproot and after their
first year are about 20 cm (8 in) tall or even taller on good
sites. Prolonged flooding or submergence during the growing
season will kill young trees; however, seedlings usually survive
under very adverse conditions.
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Soils and Topography
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Silvics of North America
Common persimmon grows in a tremendous range of conditions from
very dry, sterile, sandy woodlands to river bottoms to rocky
hillsides and moist or very dry locations. It thrives on almost
any type of soil but is most frequently found growing on soils of
the orders Alfisols, Ultisols, Entisols, and Inceptisols.
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Special Uses
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Silvics of North America
The wood is heavy, hard, strong, and very close grained. The
average number of rings is 5.5 per cm (14 per in) (12). Specific
gravity of light-brown sapwood is 0.79; a 0.028 m³ (1.0 ft³
) block weighs about 22 kg (49 lb). Because of its hardness,
smoothness, and even texture, it is particularly desirable for
turnery, plane stocks, shoe lasts, shuttles, and golf club heads.
Persimmon is sometimes planted for its edible fruit. Dried fruit
is added to baked goods and occasionally is fermented with hops,
cornmeal, or wheat bran into a sort of beer. The dried, roasted,
ground seeds have been used as a substitute for coffee.
Several cultivars are available with improved fruit size and
quality. In native persimmon areas, top working or grafting on
suckers is a good way to get superior cultivars into bearing
quickly. One staminate tree seems sufficient to pollinate at
least 23 pistillate trees of the same race (8). The pulp is very
astringent when not ripe, but after a frost in the fall, when the
fruit turns yellow orange, the flesh is pleasing in taste (12).
The fruit is eaten by many species of song birds, also by the
skunk, raccoon, opossum, gray and fox squirrels, white-tailed
deer, wild turkeys, bobwhite, crows, rabbits, hogs, and cattle
(5). It may, however, cause sickness in livestock. Deer browse
readily on persimmon sprouts, but cattle graze them only lightly.
Seeds and fruits are generally low in crude protein, crude fat,
and calcium but high in nitrogen-free extract and tannin (13).
The inner bark and unripe fruit are sometimes used in treatment of
fevers, diarrhea, and hemorrhage. Indelible ink is made from
fruit.
Persimmon is valued as an ornamental because of its hardiness,
adaptability to a wide range of soils and climates, its lustrous
leaves, its abundant crop of fruits, and its immunity from
disease and insects. It has been introduced into Europe.
The tree is suitable for erosion control on deeper soils because
of its deep root system, but this same characteristic makes it
difficult to plant.
Persimmon is considered a woody weed in unimproved pastures, and
it prevents many areas from being grazed effectively. Inoculation
of persimmon stumps with a fungus (Cephalosporium diospyri)
was found to be an effective means of preventing subsequent
sprouting.
Persimmon flowers are useful in the production of honey.
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Vegetative Reproduction
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Silvics of North America
Persimmon may be propagated by
root cuttings and grafting (10). Root cuttings 15 to 20 cm (6 to
8 in) long and 8 mm (0.3 in) in diameter can be used provided the
ends are sealed with pitch or wax to prevent rot. Older twigs may
be used similarly. They can be buried in sand until ready to
plant (15).
Trees may be grafted by chip budding, cleft grafting, or whip
grafting. Nursery stock should be set about 15 cm (6 in) apart
and root pruned each year. Stock 1 to 2 years old may be
transplanted, but this should be done in moist deep soil because
of the deep root system (15).
Stumps sprout readily and thickets of shrubby persimmon develop
from root suckers. Sprouting from the root collar after fires is
common. Seedlings or suckers are difficult to transplant.
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Distribution
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Silvics of North America
Common persimmon is found from southern Connecticut and Long
Island to southern Florida; westward through central
Pennsylvania, southern Ohio, southern Indiana, and central
Illinois to southeast Iowa; and south through eastern Kansas and
Oklahoma to the Valley of the Colorado River in Texas. It does
not grow, however, in the main range of the Appalachian
Mountains, nor in much of the oak-hickory forest type on the
Allegheny Plateau. Its best development is in the rich bottom
lands of the Mississippi River and its tributaries and in coastal
river valleys (9). It is exceedingly common in the South Atlantic
and Gulf States, often covering abandoned fields with a shrubby
growth, and springing up by the sides of roads and fences. It is
often the first tree species to start growth on abandoned and
denuded cropland. It is well adapted to an environment of high
insolation and low water supply.
-The native range of common perssimon.
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Brief Summary
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Silvics of North America
Ebenaceae -- Ebony family
Lowell K. Halls
Common persimmon (Diospyros virginiana), also called
simmon, possumwood, and Florida persimmon, is a slow-growing tree
of moderate size found on a wide variety of soils and sites. Best
growth is in the bottom lands of the Mississippi River Valley.
The wood is close grained and sometimes used for special products
requiring hardness and strength. Persimmon is much better known
for its fruits, however. They are enjoyed by people as well as
many species of wildlife for food. The glossy leathery leaves
make the persimmon tree a nice one for landscaping, but it is not
easily transplanted because of the taproot.
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Caqui de Virgínia
(
الكتالونية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia CA
El caqui de Virgínia (Diospyros virginiana), o en anglès: American persimmon, és una espècie del mateix gènere que el caqui. La seva distribució a Amèrica va des de la regió de Nova Anglaterra fins als estats de Florida, i a l'oest a Texas, Oklahoma, i Kansas. Creix silvestre, però ha estat cultivat també des de la prehistòria pels amerindis.
D. virginiana és un arbre que arriba a fer 20 m d'alt. A l'estiu fa flors flairoses, essent un arbre dioic, per tant cal que hi hagi peus d'arbre mascles i femelles per a produir llavors. La seva pol·linització és anemòfila i entomòfila (per insectes i pel vent).
El fruit és d'arrodonit a oval, normalment de color groc-taronja i d'uns 2 a 6 cm de diàmetre. Hi ha cultivars comercials com els anomenats Early Golden, John Rick, Woolbright, i Miller i un cultivar sense llavors: Ennis. També en anglès es coneix amb el nom de 'date-plum', que en realitat és un nom més apropiat per al caqui asiàtic de l'espècie Diospyros lotus.
Caqui de Virgínia a la tardor
El fruit és astringent, per la presència de taní, fins que les gelades milloren el seu gust. Madura a finals de la tardor.[1]
Té molta vitamina C.
Usos
Es menja cru, cuit o assecat. De les fulles es pot fer una infusió i les llavors torrades són un succedani del cafè. Són típics els pastissos o dolços de caqui de Virgínia (persimmon pie, persimmon pudding o persimmon candy). Del fruit fermentat es fa una mena de cervesa. La fusta és dura i pesant, adequada per a ebenisteria.
Referències
Enllaços externs
A
Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a:
Caqui de Virgínia Podeu veure l'
entrada corresponent a aquest
tàxon,
clade o
naturalista dins el
projecte Wikispecies.
Caqui de Virgínia: Brief Summary
(
الكتالونية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia CA
El caqui de Virgínia (Diospyros virginiana), o en anglès: American persimmon, és una espècie del mateix gènere que el caqui. La seva distribució a Amèrica va des de la regió de Nova Anglaterra fins als estats de Florida, i a l'oest a Texas, Oklahoma, i Kansas. Creix silvestre, però ha estat cultivat també des de la prehistòria pels amerindis.
D. virginiana és un arbre que arriba a fer 20 m d'alt. A l'estiu fa flors flairoses, essent un arbre dioic, per tant cal que hi hagi peus d'arbre mascles i femelles per a produir llavors. La seva pol·linització és anemòfila i entomòfila (per insectes i pel vent).
El fruit és d'arrodonit a oval, normalment de color groc-taronja i d'uns 2 a 6 cm de diàmetre. Hi ha cultivars comercials com els anomenats Early Golden, John Rick, Woolbright, i Miller i un cultivar sense llavors: Ennis. També en anglès es coneix amb el nom de 'date-plum', que en realitat és un nom més apropiat per al caqui asiàtic de l'espècie Diospyros lotus.
Caqui de Virgínia a la tardor
Flor
El fruit és astringent, per la presència de taní, fins que les gelades milloren el seu gust. Madura a finals de la tardor.
Té molta vitamina C.
Amerikansk kaki
(
الدانماركية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia DA
Amerikansk kaki (Diospyros virginiana) eller amerikansk daddelblomme er et middelstort, løvfældende træ. Det kan forveksles med Almindelig Kaki. Frugten har et højt indhold af C-vitamin.
Beskrivelse
Stammen deler sig i lav højde, og grenene er opstigende. Barken er først grønlig og glat. Senere bliver den rødligt mørkegrå, og til sidst er den grå og opsprækkende i små firkanter. Knopperne sidder spredt, og de er små, kegleformede og lysegrønne. Bladene er glinsende, ovale og helrandede med bølget rand. Blomstringen sker i juli, hvor blomsterne hænger samlet op til 3 sammen fra bladhjørnerne. De er krukkeformede og flødehvide med lyserød kant. Hunlige træer bærer de 2-6 cm store, runde og gule til mørkerøde frugter.
Blomsterne bestøves af både insekter og vind.
Højde x bredde og årlig tilvækst: I hjemlandet 20 x 8 m (50 x 10 cm/år). I Danmark væsentligt mindre.
Hjemsted
Arten findes vildtvoksende fra New England til Florida og fra atlanterhavskysten til Texas. Arten har været i dyrkning for frugter og ved siden 1629. Træet vokser i sumpskove sammen med bl.a. sumpcypres, knapbusk, konvalbusk, Leucothoë axiliaris, rødløn, virginsk ambratræ og ægte vokspors.
Anvendelse
Frugten har et højt indhold af C-vitamin. Den kan spises rå, tilberedt eller tørret. I USA laves der en slags te af bladene, og de ristede kerner bruges som kaffeerstatning. Veddet kaldes "hvid ibenholt" eller "persimmon" og har været brugt til bl.a. hoveder på golfkøller.[1]
Sorter
- 'Even Golden' (meget frugtrig)
- 'John Rick' (frugtrig)
- 'Woolbright' (frugtrig)
- 'Miller' (frugtrig)
- 'Ennis', som er kernefri
Noter
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Amerikansk kaki: Brief Summary
(
الدانماركية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia DA
Amerikansk kaki (Diospyros virginiana) eller amerikansk daddelblomme er et middelstort, løvfældende træ. Det kan forveksles med Almindelig Kaki. Frugten har et højt indhold af C-vitamin.
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Diospyros virginiana
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia EN
Diospyros virginiana is a persimmon species commonly called the American persimmon,[3] common persimmon,[4] eastern persimmon, simmon, possumwood, possum apples,[5] or sugar plum.[6] It ranges from southern Connecticut to Florida, and west to Texas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, Kansas, and Iowa. The tree grows wild but has been cultivated for its fruit and wood since prehistoric times by Native Americans.
Diospyros virginiana grows to 20 m (66 ft), in well-drained soil. The tree is typically dioecious, so one must have both male and female plants to obtain fruit. Most cultivars are parthenocarpic (setting seedless fruit without pollination). The fragrant flowers are pollinated by insects and wind. Fruiting typically begins when the tree is about 6 years old.
The fruit is round or oval and usually orange-yellow, sometimes bluish, and from 2 to 6 cm (3⁄4 to 2+1⁄4 in) in diameter. Both the tree and the fruit are referred to as persimmons, with the latter appearing in desserts and cuisine in the U.S. South and Midwest.
Commercial varieties include the very productive Early Golden, the productive John Rick, Miller, Woolbright and the Ennis, a seedless variety. Another nickname of the American persimmon, 'date-plum' also refers to a persimmon species found in South Asia, Diospyros lotus. Today, persimmons are also grown on small farms as a heritage crop.[7]
Description
American persimmon tree bearing fruit in the fall
A large tree in Indiana in 1935
Flowers appear in May-June
Distinctive coruscated, heavily-scaled bark
The common persimmon is a generally small to medium sized tree, usually 30 to 80 feet (9 to 24 m) in height, but reaching 115 feet (35 m) west of the southern Mississippi.[8] It has a short, slender trunk and spreading, often pendulous branches, which form a broad or narrow, round-topped canopy. The roots are thick, fleshy and stoloniferous. The species has a shrubby growth form.[8] The plant has oval entire leaves, and unisexual flowers on short stalks. In the male flowers, which are numerous, the stamens are sixteen in number and arranged in pairs; the female flowers are solitary, with traces of stamens, and a smooth ovary with one ovule in each of the eight cells—the ovary is surmounted by four styles, which are hairy at the base. The fruit-stalk is very short, bearing a subglobose fruit an inch in diameter or a bit larger, of an orange-yellow color, ranging to bluish, and with a sweetish astringent pulp. It is surrounded at the base by the persistent calyx-lobes, which increase in size as the fruit ripens. The astringency renders the fruit somewhat unpalatable, but after it has been subjected to the action of frost, or has become partially rotted or "bletted" like a medlar, its flavor is improved.[9]
- Bark: Dark brown or dark gray, deeply divided into plates whose surface is scaly. Branchlets slender, zigzag, with thick pith or large pith cavity; at first light reddish brown and pubescent. They vary in color from light brown to ashy gray and finally become reddish brown, the bark somewhat broken by longitudinal fissures. Astringent and bitter.
- Wood: Very dark; sapwood yellowish white; heavy, hard, strong and very close grained. Specific gravity, 0.7908; weight of cubic foot, 49.28 lb (22.35 kg). The heartwood is a true ebony. Forestry texts indicate that about a century of growth is required before a tree will produce a commercially viable yield of ebony wood.
- Winter buds: Ovate, acute, one-eighth of an inch long, covered with thick reddish or purple scales. These scales are sometimes persistent at the base of the branchlets.
- Leaves: Alternate, simple, four to six inches (152 mm) long, oval, narrowed or rounded or cordate at base, entire, acute or acuminate. They come out of the bud revolute, thin, pale, reddish green, downy with ciliate margins, when full grown are thick, dark green, shining above, pale and often pubescent beneath. In autumn they sometimes turn orange or scarlet, sometimes fall without change of color. Midrib broad and flat, primary veins opposite and conspicuous. Petioles stout, pubescent, one-half to an inch in length.
- Flowers: May, June, when leaves are half-grown; diœcious or rarely polygamous. Staminate flowers borne in two to three-flowered cymes; the pedicels downy and bearing two minute bracts. Pistillate flowers solitary, usually on separate trees, their pedicels short, recurved, and bearing two bractlets.
- Calyx: Usually four-lobed, accrescent under the fruit.
- Corolla: Greenish yellow or creamy white, tubular, four-lobed; lobes imbricate in bud.
- Stamens: Sixteen, inserted on the corolla, in staminate flowers in two rows. Filaments short, slender, slightly hairy; anthers oblong, introrse, two-celled, cells opening longitudinally. In pistillate flowers the stamens are eight with aborted anthers, rarely these stamens are perfect.
- Pistil: Ovary superior, conical, ultimately eight-celled; styles four, slender, spreading; stigma two-lobed.
- Fruit: A juicy berry containing one to eight seeds, crowned with the remnants of the style and seated in the enlarged calyx; depressed-globular, pale orange color, often red-cheeked; with slight bloom, turning yellowish brown after freezing. Flesh astringent while green, sweet and luscious when ripe.[8]
Distribution
The tree is very common in the South Atlantic and Gulf states, and attains its largest size in the basin of the Mississippi River.[9] Its habitat is southern, at the turn of the 20th century it appeared along the coast from Connecticut to Florida; west of the Alleghenies it is found in southern Ohio and along through southeastern Iowa and southern Missouri; and in Louisiana, eastern Kansas and Oklahoma, where it grew tallest.[8]
Its fossil remains have been found in Miocene rocks of Greenland and Alaska and in Cretaceous formations in Nebraska.[8]
Diospyros virginiana is considered to be an evolutionary anachronism that was consumed by one or more of the Pleistocene megafauna that roamed the North American continent until 10,000 years ago. A 2015 study found that passage of persimmon seeds through the gut of modern elephants increased the rate of seed germination and decreased time to sprouting, which supports the idea that Pleistocene members of the elephant family were the ghost partner who accomplished seed dispersal prior to extinction of the North American members of the elephant family.[10]
Ploidy
There are two races of American persimmon: the tetraploid (60-chromosome) race is centered in the southern Appalachian region, while the hexaploid (90-chromosome) race generally occupies a range north and west of the tetraploid range.[11] The boundary between these races has not been well defined except in Kentucky, where hexaploid persimmons were in the majority in Bullitt County but were not present in Barren County to its south nor Franklin County to its east.[12]
It has been observed that the tetraploid trees tend to grow much taller than the hexaploid trees and have smaller fruit,[13] but no formal research has been done into these differences of traits.
The vast majority of named American Persimmon cultivars are hexaploid, with the only known tetraploid cultivars being Ennis Seedless, Weeping, Sugar Bear, and SFES.[12]
Use
The fruit is high in vitamin C, and extremely astringent when unripe. It is eaten by birds, raccoons, skunks, white-tailed deer, semi-wild hogs, flying squirrels, and opossums.[14]
The ripe fruit may be eaten raw by humans,[15] typically once bletted, or cooked or dried. The fruit pulp can be made into pie, pudding, jam,[15] molasses, and candy. A herbal tea can be made from the leaves[15] and the roasted seed is used as a coffee substitute.
The fruit is also fermented with hops, cornmeal or wheat bran into a sort of beer[16] or made into brandy.
The wood is heavy, strong and very close-grained and used in woodturning.[9] Its heartwood, which may take a century before being produced, is a true ebony, extremely close-grained and almost black;[8] it is not harvested commercially.
The seeds were used as buttons during the privation of the American Civil War in the South.[17]
Cultivation
The American persimmon mostly grows wild. Experimental research stations in the 1890s tested native varieties of persimmon, but interest in cultivation of the native persimmon has been limited. Newly planted persimmon trees take a relatively long time to bear fruit. There are many sorts of fruit trees that are easier to grow for commercial purposes. Wild varieties contain a lot of seeds, making the processing of fruit pulp used in food and beverage manufacture more difficult. Cultivation has reduced the number of seeds, and some varieties have developed a very sweet flavor profile without the dreaded astringency of wild persimmon. Harvested fruits are shelf durable.[18]
The tree prefers light, sandy, well-drained soil, but will grow in rich southern bottom lands.[8]
The tree is greatly inclined to vary in the character and quality of its fruit, which varies in size from that of a large cherry to a small apple. Some trees in the south produce fruit that is delicious without the action of the frost, while adjoining trees produce fruit that never becomes edible.[8]
It was brought to England before 1629 and is cultivated, but rarely if ever ripens its fruit. It is easily raised from seed and can also be propagated from stolons, which are often produced in great quantity. The tree is hardy in the south of England and in the Channel Islands.[9]
The persimmon rarely develops any heartwood until it is nearly one hundred years old.
Varieties
References
-
^ "NatureServe Explorer 2.0 - Diospyros virginiana, Persimmon". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 6 May 2020.
-
^ IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group & Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI) (2021). "Diospyros virginiana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T173405A152905371. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T173405A152905371.en. Retrieved 11 October 2022.
-
^ a b "Diospyros virginiana". Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 16 December 2017.
-
^ USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Diospyros virginiana". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team.
-
^ Karp, David (2000-11-08). "Know Your Persimmons". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 12 November 2017.
-
^ Phillips, Jan (1979). Wild Edibles of Missouri. Jefferson City, Missouri: Missouri Department of Conservation. p. 40.
-
^ Eddy, Kristin. "One Peculiar Pudding". Chicago Tribune.
-
^ a b c d e f g h Keeler, Harriet L. (1900). Our Native Trees and How to Identify Them. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 195–199.
-
^ a b c d One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Persimmon". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 252.
-
^ Boone, Madison J.; Davis, Charli N.; Klasek, Laura; Del Sol, Jillian F.; Roehm, Katherine; Moran, Matthew D. (2015). "A Test of Potential Pleistocene Mammal Seed Dispersal in Anachronistic Fruits using Extant Ecological and Physiological Analogs". Southeastern Naturalist. 14: 22–32. doi:10.1656/058.014.0109. S2CID 86809830.
-
^ Baldwin, J. T.; Culp, Richard (December 1941). "Polyploidy in Diospyros Virginiana L." (PDF). American Journal of Botany. 28 (10): 942–944. doi:10.2307/2436873. hdl:2027.42/141756. JSTOR 2436873. Retrieved 29 September 2021.
-
^ a b Pomper, Kirk W.; Lowe, Jeremiah D.; Crabtree, Sheri B.; Vincent, Jacob; Berry, Andrew; England, Clifford; Raemakers, Krit (1 January 2020). "Ploidy Level in American Persimmon (Diospyros virginiana) Cultivars". HortScience. 55 (1): 4–7. doi:10.21273/HORTSCI14274-19. ISSN 0018-5345. Retrieved 29 September 2021.
-
^ England, Clifford (6 August 2021). "Persimmon Fact Sheet". Summer 2021. NAFEX Pomona: 10–11.
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires |journal=
(help) -
^ Peattie, Donald Culross (1953). A Natural History of Western Trees. New York: Bonanza Books. p. 682.
-
^ a b c Elias, Thomas S.; Dykeman, Peter A. (2009) [1982]. Edible Wild Plants: A North American Field Guide to Over 200 Natural Foods. New York: Sterling. p. 238. ISBN 978-1-4027-6715-9. OCLC 244766414.
-
^ "Persimmon Ale". Bloomington Brewing Company. Retrieved 2017-11-07.
-
^ Dodge, David (1886). "Domestic Economy in the Confederacy". The Atlantic Monthly. 58 (August): 229–241.
-
^ Shields, David S. (2015). Southern Provisions: The Creation and Revival of a Cuisine. University of Chicago Press. p. 160. ISBN 9780226141114.
-
^ a b c d e f g h i j k Kaiser, Cheryl; Ernst, Matt. "American Persimmon" (PDF). uky.edu. University of Kentucky. Retrieved 6 May 2022.
Diospyros virginiana: Brief Summary
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia EN
Diospyros virginiana is a persimmon species commonly called the American persimmon, common persimmon, eastern persimmon, simmon, possumwood, possum apples, or sugar plum. It ranges from southern Connecticut to Florida, and west to Texas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, Kansas, and Iowa. The tree grows wild but has been cultivated for its fruit and wood since prehistoric times by Native Americans.
Diospyros virginiana grows to 20 m (66 ft), in well-drained soil. The tree is typically dioecious, so one must have both male and female plants to obtain fruit. Most cultivars are parthenocarpic (setting seedless fruit without pollination). The fragrant flowers are pollinated by insects and wind. Fruiting typically begins when the tree is about 6 years old.
The fruit is round or oval and usually orange-yellow, sometimes bluish, and from 2 to 6 cm (3⁄4 to 2+1⁄4 in) in diameter. Both the tree and the fruit are referred to as persimmons, with the latter appearing in desserts and cuisine in the U.S. South and Midwest.
Commercial varieties include the very productive Early Golden, the productive John Rick, Miller, Woolbright and the Ennis, a seedless variety. Another nickname of the American persimmon, 'date-plum' also refers to a persimmon species found in South Asia, Diospyros lotus. Today, persimmons are also grown on small farms as a heritage crop.
Diospyros virginiana
(
إسبرانتو
)
المقدمة من wikipedia EO
Diospyros virginiana aŭ usona diospiro aŭ persimonujo estas planto el la familio Ebonacoj. La specio estas parenca al ebonarbo (Diospyros ebenus) kaj al kakinoko (Diospyros kaki).
La planto indiĝenas en la oriento de Usono. Tie ĝi disvastigas de Nov-Anglujo ĝis Florido kaj okcidente al Teksaso kaj Kansaso. La planto estas kultivata pro siaj fruktoj kaj ligno.
La planto kreskas ĝis 20 m en bone drenita grundo. Ĝi havas multajn florojn en la somero. La planto estas dioika, do necesas kaj viraj kaj inaj plantoj. La polenigado okazsas per insektoj kaj vento.
La fruktoj estas rondaj aŭ ovalaj. La koloro estas oranĝa ĝis nigra. La frukto estas inter 3-6 cm granda. Komercaj kultivaroj estas 'Even Golden', 'John Rick', Woolbright', 'Miller' kaj la sensema 'Ennis'. La fruktoj enhavas multe da vitamino C. Ili estas manĝeblaj krude, kuirite aŭ sekigite. De la fruktkarno eblas fari kompoton. De la folioj eblas fari teon. La semoj oni povas uzi por fari kafosurogato.
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Diospyros virginiana
(
الإسبانية، القشتالية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia ES
Diospyros virginiana, conocido como caqui de Virginia o caqui americano, es un árbol originario del sureste de Estados Unidos de América, desde Nueva Inglaterra hasta Florida, y por el oeste hasta Texas, Oklahoma, y Kansas. El árbol crece de forma silvestre pero también ha sido cultivado por sus frutos comestibles y su madera desde los tiempos prehistóricos por los indios americanos.
Ecología
D. virginiana crece hasta los 20 metros en terrenos con buen drenaje. El árbol poroduce unas flores fragantes en el verano, las flores son dioicas por lo que si se quiere producir semillas se han de cultivar individuos machos y hembras. Las flores son polinizadas por los insectos y el viento. La producción de fruta empieza cuando el árbol tiene alrededor de seis años.
Su fruto es redondo u ovalado. El color del fruto es verde cuando inmaduro y luego normalmente anaranjado, llegando hasta el azulado. En el sur y medio oeste de Estados Unidos, son muy usados sus frutos para postres y cocina. El tamaño del fruto varía de 2 a 6 cm.
Algunas de las variedades comerciales son: Early Golden, muy productiva. John Rick, Woolbright, y Miller y la variedad sin semillas Ennis.
Descripción
Árbol de caqui americano en otoño con frutos.
Es un árbol pequeño de entre 10 y 25 m de altura, su tronco es corto y delgado, ramificado, a menudo con ramas péndulas, formando una copa redondeada. Las raíces son cortas, carnosas y estoloníferas. Lo cual produce un crecimiento arbustivo.[1]Este árbol es de color langosta cocida.
El árbol tiene hojas ovales y enteras, y flores unisexuales en cortos tallos. Las flores masculinas, que son numerosas, tienen dieciséis estambres dispuestos en pares; las flores femeninas son solitarias, con trazos de estambres, y un ovario con un óvulo en cada una de sus ocho células; el ovario tiene cuatro estilos con pelosidad en su base. El pedúnculo del fruto es muy corto, con un fruto redondo u ovalado de color naranja o amarillento, y con una pulpa dulce y astringente. El fruto está rodeado en su base por los lóbulos del cáliz, que crecen de tamaño al la vez que el fruto va creciendo. La astringencia hace que, en ocasiones, el sabor de sus frutos no sea muy bueno, pero su sabor mejora cuando se somete al fruto a la acción del frío, o se produce una pudrición parcial de él o se sobremadura como se hace con los acerolos.[2]
- Corteza: marrón oscura o gris oscura, profundamente dividida en placas cuya superficie es escamosa. Astringente y amarga.
- Madera: muy oscura; pesada, dura y fuerte de grano muy fino.
- Yemas de invierno: Ovales, puntiagudas, cubierta con gruesas escamas rojizas o púrpuras.
- Hojas: Alternas, simple, de unos 15 cm de longitud, ovaladas, estrechas o redondeadas en la base, enteras, agudas o agudizas. They come out of the bud revolute, thin, pale, reddish green, downy with ciliate margins, when full grown are thick, dark green, shining above, pale and often pubescent beneath. En otoño, a veces se vuelven de color naranja o escarlata, otras veces caen sin haber cambiado de color. Midrib broad and flat, primary veins opposite and conspicuous. Petioles stout, pubescent, one-half to an inch in length.
- Flores: Florece de mayo a junio, cuando las hojas están a medio crecer; diœcious or rarely polygamous. Staminate flowers borne in two to three-flowered cymes; the pedicels downy and bearing two minute bracts. Pistillate flowers solitary, usually on separate trees, their pedicels short, recurved, and bearing two bractlets.
- Cáliz: Normalmente formado por tres lóbulos, acrescente por debajo del fruto.
- Corola: Verde amarillenta o de color crema claro, tubular, de cuatro lóbulos imbricados.
- Estambres: dieciséis, insertados en la corola, en las flores estaminadas se sitúan en dos filas. Filamentos cortos, delgados, ligeramente peludos; anteras oblongas, introrse, two-celled, las células se abren longitudinalmente. En las flores pistiladas tiene ocho estambres con las anteras abortadas, raramente estos estambres son perfectos.
- Pistilo: Ovary superior, conical, ultimately eight-celled; styles four, slender, spreading; stigma two-lobed.
- Fruto: Jugoso conteniendo de una a ocho semillas, termina con los restos del estilo y en su base tiene los restos crecidos del cáliz; de forma deprimida y globular, de color naranja pálido, a menudo con alguna zona rojiza, cambiando a color amarillento después de las heladas. Pulpa astringente mientras el fruto está verde, dulce y delicioso cuando madura.[1]
Distribución
Este árbol es muy común en los estados del sur de la costa atlántica y del Golfo de México de Estados Unidoss, alcanza sus mayores tamaños en la cuenca del Río Misisipi.[2] Su hábitat es sureño encontrándose a lo largo de la costa desde Nueva York hasta Florida; al oeste se encuentra en el sur de Ohio y a lo largo de sureste de Iowa y el sur de Misuri; donde llega a Luisiana, el este de Kansas y Oklahoma donde llega a ser un gran árbol de hasta 40 m de alto.[1]
Se han encontrado fósiles de esta especie en rocas del mioceno en Groenlandia y Alaska y en formaciones del cretácico de Nebraska.[1]
Usos
Las peculiares características de su fruto han hecho que este árbol sea muy conocido. El fruto es una baya globular, de entre 2,5 y 4 cm de diámetro, con variación en el número de semillas, alguna vez con ocho y otras con ninguna. En el ápice del fruto se pueden encontrar los restos de los estilos y en su base tiene los restos crecidos del cáliz. Madura a final del otoño. Una broma habitual entre los habitantes del sur de Estados Unidos es dar a probar a sus desconocedores frutos no maduros, dado que en ese estado son muy astringentes y amargos resulta muy desagradable para aquellos que no están familiarizados. La tradición dice que para que el fruto madure y sea comestible el fruto tiene que soportar alguna helada, los frutos maduros que se desprenden fácilmente del árbol o que se pueden encontrar ya caídos debajo de él son dulces y jugosos. La peculiar astringencia de esta fruta se debe a le presencia en el fruto de taninos similares a los que se pueden encontrar en la quinina. esta fruta es muy apreciada en los estados del sur de Estados Unidos y se encuentra en abundancia en sus mercados.
El fruto tiene un alto contenido en vitamina C. El fruto no maduro es extremadamente astringente. Madurado puede ser consumido en fresco, cocinado o desecado. Se hacen siropes con la pulpa del fruto. Con las hojas del árbol se hace una infusión y las semillas tostadas se usan como sustituto del café. Otros usos populares de esta fruta es la elaboración de tarta, pudin y dulce de caqui.
Esta fruta es muy consumida en los estados del sur de Estados Unidos y también se usa para fermentar con lúpulo, maíz o harina de trigo con salvado para hacer una especie de cerveza o un tipo de brandy. La madera es pesada y dura y es usada en el torneado de piezas de madera.[2]
Cultivo
Prefiere terrenos livianos, arenosos y bien drenados, pero también se desarrolla bien en terrenos más ricos y algo más arcillosos. En algunas zonas puede que sus frutos no sean comestibles hasta que no se produzca alguna helada.[1]
Las características de la fruta varían mucho de un árbol a otro. Respecto al tamaño puede ir desde el tamaño de una pequeña cereza hasta el de una manzana pequeña. Algunos árboles en el sur de Estados Unidos producen fruta que es deliciosa sin necesidad de heladas, mientras que en árboles próximos pueden producirse frutos no comestibles nunca.[1]
Este árbol se llevó a Inglaterra antes de 1629 y allí se cultiva, pero es difícil que lleguen a madurar sus frutos. Se multiplica muy bien por semilla y también puede ser multiplicado por estolones, que normalmente son producidos en grandes cantidades. El árbol es resistente y se encuentra en el sur de Inglaterra y en las Islas del Canal.[2]
Respecto a la capacidad de producir madera para trabajarla, la robinia y el caqui de Virginia estrían en los extremos de una hipotética lista. La robinia tiene una gran capacidad de producir duramen que es la parte interna y dura del tronco que sirve para trabajarla. El caqui de Virginia apenas desarrolla algo de duramen hasta que tiene 100 años, mientras, casi todo es albura, parte blanda del tronco que no sirve para trabajarla. Su duramen es de grano muy fino y casi negra. En realidad es ébano, pero el clima de América del Norte no es favorable para su producción. El ébano que se comercializa procede de cinco distintas especies de plantas tropicales de este género, dos de la India, una de África, otra de Malasia y otra de la Isla Mauricio. El ébano procedente de Diospyros celebica muy característico por poseer vetas negras y marrones es originario de Ceilán.[1]
Está muy extendida la idea equivocada de que este caqui necesita sufrir heladas para madurar y ser comestible: algunas variedades de este tipo de caqui pierden fácilmente su astringencia, un ejemplo son las variedades de maduración temprana "pieper" y "NC21"(también conocida como "supersweet") que incluso están totalmente libres de astringencia cuando están un poco blandos al tacto, en ese momento están muy dulces, incluso en el clima de las Islas Británicas. Por otro lado, hay variedades como "yates" que es de gran tamaño y de maduración tardía y que prácticamente nunca pierde la astringencia incluso cuando el fruto se ha puesto totalmente blando (al menos en el clima de las Islas Británicas). De todos modos, las heladas destruyen las células de la pulpa lo que produce la pudrición del fruto, en vez de su maduración. Solo los frutos completamente maduros y blandos pueden aguantar alguna helada, en ese momento se producirá una desecación y se volverá incluso más dulce...de aquí la idea equivocada de que este tipo de caqui necesita la helada para madurar. Lo mismo ocurre con el caqui oriental (Diospyros kaki) a los que las heladas tempranas pueden dañar la cosecha de esa fruta.
Taxonomía
Diospyros virginiana fue descrita por Carlos Linneo y publicado en Species Plantarum 2: 1057–1058. 1753.[3]
- Etimología
Diospyros: nombre genérico que proviene de (διόσπυρον) del griego Διός "de Zeus" y πυρός "grano", "trigo" por lo que significa originalmente "grano o fruto de Zeus". Los autores de la antigüedad usaron el vocablo con sentidos diversos: Teofrasto menciona un diósp¯yros –un árbol con pequeños frutos comestibles de huesecillo duro–, el que según parece es el almez (Celtis australis L., ulmáceas), y Plinio el Viejo (27.98) y Dioscorides lo usaron como otro nombre del griego lithóspermon, de líthos = piedra y spérma = simiente, semilla, y que habitualmente se identifica con el Lithospermum officinale L. (boragináceas). Linneo tomó el nombre genérico de Dalechamps, quien llamó al Diospyros lotus "Diospyros sive Faba Graeca, latifolia".[4][5]
virginiana: epíteto geográfico que alude su localización en Virginia.
- Sinonimia
-
Diospyros angustifolia Audib. ex Spach
-
Diospyros calycina Audib. ex Spach
-
Diospyros caroliniana Muhl. ex Raf.
-
Diospyros ciliata Raf.
-
Diospyros concolor Moench
-
Diospyros digyna Loudon
-
Diospyros distyla K.Koch
-
Diospyros fertilis Loudon
-
Diospyros guaiacana C.C.Robin
-
Diospyros intermedia Loudon
-
Diospyros lucida Loudon
-
Diospyros mosieri Small
-
Diospyros persimon Wikstr.
-
Diospyros pubescens Pursh
-
Diospyros stricta Loudon
-
Diospyros undulata Hiern
-
Persimon virginiana (L.) Raf.[6]
Nombres comunes
- guayacán de Virginia, guayacana de Virginia, placaminero de Virginia.[7]
Referencias
-
↑ a b c d e f g Keeler, Harriet L. (1900). Our Native Trees and How to Identify Them. Nueva York: Charles Scriber's Sons. pp. 195–199.
-
↑ a b c d Este artículo incorpora texto de una publicación sin restricciones conocidas de derecho de autor: Varios autores (1910-1911). «Encyclopædia Britannica». En Chisholm, Hugh, ed. Encyclopædia Britannica. A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, Literature, and General information (en inglés) (11.ª edición). Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.; actualmente en dominio público.
-
↑ «Diospyros virginiana». Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. Consultado el 8 de enero de 2014.
-
↑ Michael L. Charters, California Plant Names: Latin and Greek Meanings and Derivations - A Dictionary of Botanical and Biographical Etymology
-
↑ Diospyros en Flora Ibérica, RJB/CSIC, Madrid
-
↑ Diospyros virginiana en PlantList
-
↑ Colmeiro, Miguel: «Diccionario de los diversos nombres vulgares de muchas plantas usuales ó notables del antiguo y nuevo mundo», Madrid, 1871.
Bibliografía
- Correll, D. S. & M. C. Johnston. 1970. Man. Vasc. Pl. Texas i–xv, 1–1881. The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson.
- Fernald, M. 1950. Manual (ed. 8) i–lxiv, 1–1632. American Book Co., New York.
- Flora of North America Editorial Committee. 2009. Magnoliophyta: Paeoniaceae to Ericaceae. Fl. N. Amer. 8: i–xxiv, 1–585.
- Gleason, H. A. 1968. The Sympetalous Dicotyledoneae. vol. 3. 596 pp. In H. A. Gleason Ill. Fl. N. U.S. (ed. 3). New York Botanical Garden, New York.
- Gleason, H. A. & A.J. Cronquist. 1991. Man. Vasc. Pl. N.E. U.S. (ed. 2) i–910. New York Botanical Garden, Bronx.
- Godfrey, R. K. & J. W. Wooten. 1981. Aquatic Wetland Pl. S.E. U.S. Dicot. 1–944. Univ. Georgia Press, Athens.
- Great Plains Flora Association. 1986. Fl. Great Plains i–vii, 1–1392. University Press of Kansas, Lawrence.
- Holmgren, N. H., P. K. Holmgren & A.J. Cronquist. 2005. Vascular plants of the intermountain west, U.S.A., subclass Dilleniidae. 2(B): 1–488. In A.J. Cronquist, A. H. Holmgren, N. H. Holmgren, J. L. Reveal & P. K. Holmgren (eds.) Intermount. Fl.. Hafner Pub. Co., New York.
- Long, R. W. & O. K. Lakela. 1971. Fl. Trop. Florida i–xvii, 1–962. University of Miami Press, Coral Cables.
- Radford, A. E., H. E. Ahles & C. R. Bell. 1968. Man. Vasc. Fl. Carolinas i–lxi, 1–1183. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill.
- Small, J. K. 1933. Man. S.E. Fl. i–xxii, 1–1554. Published by the Author, New York. View in BotanicusView in Biodiversity Heritage Library
- Wunderlin, R. P. 1998. Guide Vasc. Pl. Florida i–x, 1–806. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.
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Diospyros virginiana: Brief Summary
(
الإسبانية، القشتالية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia ES
Diospyros virginiana, conocido como caqui de Virginia o caqui americano, es un árbol originario del sureste de Estados Unidos de América, desde Nueva Inglaterra hasta Florida, y por el oeste hasta Texas, Oklahoma, y Kansas. El árbol crece de forma silvestre pero también ha sido cultivado por sus frutos comestibles y su madera desde los tiempos prehistóricos por los indios americanos.
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Amerikanpersimoni
(
الفنلندية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia FI
Amerikanpersimoni (Diospyros virginiana) [3] on Pohjois-Amerikan itä- ja keskiosista kotoisin oleva keskikokoinen, kesävihanta puu, joka kuuluu eebenpuiden sukuun ja eebenpuukasvien heimoon.[1][4] Se tunnetaan parhaiten makeista, oranssinpunaisista hedelmistään, joiden maku muistuttaa hieman taatelia.[5]
Ulkonäkö ja koko
Lehdet ovat tummanvihreitä ja kiiltäviä.
Emikukat ovat lehtihangoissa yksittäin.
Amerikanpersimoni on hidaskasvuinen pensas tai puu, joka kasvaa keskimäärin 9–18 metriä korkeaksi. Huonoilla paikoilla se jää alle 6 metriä korkeaksi, kun taas suotuisissa olosuhteissa se voi kasvaa yli 20 metriä korkeaksi ja rinnankorkeusläpimitaltaan 50–60 senttimetriä paksuksi. Eri puuyksilöt kasvavat usein hyvin lähellä toisiaan ja muodostavat sankkoja tiheiköitä.[4]
Amerikanpersimonilla on syvälle maan sisään ulottuva pääjuuri, pyöreä tai kartiomainen latvus ja siirottavat haarat.[1] Vanhojen puiden runkoa peittää paksu, tummanharmaa tai lähes musta kaarna, joka halkeilee suomumaisiksi levyiksi.[4][5] Suuret, kiiltävät lehdet sijaitsevat varrella vuorottain, ja niissä on 7–10 millimetriä pitkä lehtiruoti.[1][6] Lehtilapa on 6–15 senttimetriä pitkä, leveänpuikea tai soikea, ehytlaitainen ja pitkäsuippuinen.[4][6] Lehtien yläpinta on tummanvihreä ja alapinta kalju tai hienokarvainen.[6] Syysväritykseltään lehdet ovat kellanvihreät.[5]
Amerikanpersimoni kukkii maalis–kesäkuussa ja kantaa hedelmää syys–marraskuussa maantieteellisestä sijainnista riippuen. Se on kaksikotinen kasvi, eli sen hede- ja emikukat sijaitsevat eri puuyksilöissä, hedekukat kahden tai kolmen kukan ryhmissä ja emikukat yksittäin. Hedekukat ovat vihertävänkeltaisia, torvimaisia ja 8–13 millimetriä pitkiä ja emikukat perättömiä tai lyhytperäisiä ja noin 2 senttimetriä pitkiä. Emikukissa on tuoksuva, vihertävänkeltainen teriö, joka koostuu neljästä tai viidestä paksusta ja kaarevasta terälehdestä.[4] Syötävät, pallomaiset hedelmät ovat läpimitaltaan 2–5 senttimetriä ja kypsänä vahapintaisia ja kellanoranssin tai tummanpunaisen värisiä.[4][6] Hedelmien sisällä on 1–8 litteää, punaruskeaa siementä, joiden läpimitta on noin 1,5 senttimetriä. Siemenet leviävät puun ympäristöön hedelmiä syövien villieläinten mukana.[1]
Levinneisyys
Vanhojen puiden kaarna halkeilee voimakkaasti.
Vanhassa
caddo-intiaanien tarussa kojootti yrittää huijata opossumilta persimoneja.
Amerikanpersimoni on kotoisin Pohjois-Amerikan itä- ja keskiosista. Sen levinneisyysalue ulottuu koillisessa Etelä-Connecticutiin ja Long Islandiin, luoteessa Kaakkois-Iowaan, lounaassa Coloradojoelle Texasissa ja kaakossa Etelä-Floridaan. Se on hyvin yleinen Mississippijoen ja muiden jokien alajuoksulla mutta puuttuu kokonaan Appalakkien vuoristosta ja Allegheny Plateaun tammi- ja hikkorivaltaisista metsistä.[1][4]
Elinympäristö
Amerikanpersimoni kasvaa kosteassa ilmastossa 1 100 metrin korkeudelle asti.[4][6] Se sietää hyvin varjostusta ja on varsin vaatimaton maaperän suhteen, vaikka menestyykin parhaiten kosteassa alluviaalisessa hiekka- tai savimaassa.[1][4][5] Se on pioneerikasvi, joka valtaa nopeasti hylättyjä peltoja ja hakkuuaukioita sekä teiden ja aitojen vierustoja.[4][5] Mississippijoen suistoalueella sitä tavataan märillä tasangoilla, suiston matalimmissa haaroissa ja soiden reunalla, kun taas Keskilännessa se kasvaa kuivilla ylänkömailla.[1][4]
Käyttö
Amerikanpersimonin hedelmät ovat raakana voimakkaasti jumoavia sisältämiensä tanniinien vuoksi mutta muuttuvat ylikypsinä makean makuisiksi.[4][5] Niitä syödään sellaisenaan ja käytetään raaka-aineena vanukkaissa, kakuissa ja erilaisissa juomissa.[5] Vaikka amerikanpersimonista on jalostettu useita maukkaita lajikkeita, sen viljely ei ole yleistynyt kaupallisesti merkittäväksi.[4][6] Aikaisemmin hedelmistä on valmistettu myös vedenkestävää mustetta, ja raaoilla hedelmillä ja nilalla on hoidettu kuumetiloja, ripulia ja verenvuotoa.[1] Sana ’persimoni’ on peräisin algonkin-kansoilta, jotka säilöivät hedelmiä kuivattamalla ja leipoivat niistä leipää.[5]
Amerikanpersimoni on paitsi hedelmäpuu, myös yleinen koriste- ja hunajakasvi.[1][4] Lisäksi siitä saadaan kovaa, lujaa ja tasaista puuainesta, josta valmistetaan erilaisia sorvituotteita, höyliä, golfmailojen lapoja, kenkälestejä, kudontasukkuloita ja puuviilua.[1][4]
Amerikanpersimonin hedelmät houkuttelevat ihmisten lisäksi myös villieläimiä: niitä syövät ainakin oravat, ketut, kojootit, pesukarhut, opossumit ja amerikanviiriäiset.[1][5] Lisäksi valkohäntäpeurat käyttävät syys- ja talviravintonaan sen lehtiä ja vuosikasvaimia Indianan ja Ohion osavaltioissa.[1]
Lähteet
-
↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Milo Coladonato: Diospyros virginiana Fire Effects Information System. USDA Forest Service. Viitattu 11.6.2011. (englanniksi)
-
↑ a b Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS): Diospyros virgiana (TSN 23855) itis.gov. Viitattu 4.7.2011. (englanniksi)
-
↑ Toim. Räty, Ella ja Alanko, Pentti: Viljelykasvien nimistö - Kulturväxternas namn. Helsinki: Puutarhaliitto, 2004. ISBN 951-8942-57-9. (suomeksi) ja (ruotsiksi)
-
↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Lowell K. Halls: Common Persimmon Silvics of North America – Volume 2: Hardwoods. Northeastern Area State & Private Forestry. Viitattu 11.6.2011. (englanniksi)
-
↑ a b c d e f g h i Diospyros virginiana Native Plant Database. Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center. Viitattu 11.6.2011. (englanniksi)
-
↑ a b c d e f Hong Song: Diospyros virginiana Flora of North America. Viitattu 11.6.2011. (englanniksi)
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Amerikanpersimoni: Brief Summary
(
الفنلندية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia FI
Amerikanpersimoni (Diospyros virginiana) on Pohjois-Amerikan itä- ja keskiosista kotoisin oleva keskikokoinen, kesävihanta puu, joka kuuluu eebenpuiden sukuun ja eebenpuukasvien heimoon. Se tunnetaan parhaiten makeista, oranssinpunaisista hedelmistään, joiden maku muistuttaa hieman taatelia.
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Diospyros virginiana
(
الفرنسية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia FR
Diospyros virginiana est une espèce de la famille des Ebenaceae.
Il pousse naturellement dans le sud de l'Amérique du Nord et y est cultivé depuis la Préhistoire pour son bois et ses fruits qui sont des kakis (persimmon en anglais), assez proches de ceux de l'espèce Diospyros kaki mais plus petits, précoces et rustiques. Ces fruits sont aussi appelés plaquemines de Virginie.
Fruits du plaqueminier de Virginie
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Persimonowc
(
اللغة الصربية العليا
)
المقدمة من wikipedia HSB
Persimonowc (Diospyros virginiana) je štom ze swójby ebenowych rostlinow (Ebenaceae).
Wopis
Persimonowc je štom, kotryž docpěje w swojej domiznje wysokosć wot hač do 30 m. Ale plahowane štomy docpěja jenož wysokosć wot 5 hač do 10 m. Kćenja su beige. Płody docpěja wulkosć wot 3,5 cm, su słódke a jědźne. Zrałe płody su oranžowe abo purpurčerwjene.
Stejnišćo
W domiznje rosće w łučinowych lěsach w rěčnych dolinach.
Rozšěrjenje
Pochadźa z wuchoda Zjednoćenych statow Ameriki.
Wužiwanje
Žórła
- Botanica, Bäume und Sträucher, Über 2000 Pflanzenporträts, ISBN 978-3-8331-4467-7, strona 322 (němsce)
- Brankačk, Jurij: Wobrazowy słownik hornjoserbskich rostlinskich mjenow na CD ROM. Rěčny centrum WITAJ, wudaće za serbske šule. Budyšin 2005.
- Kubát, K. (Hlavní editor): Klíč ke květeně České republiky. Academia, Praha (2002)
- Lajnert, Jan: Rostlinske mjena. Serbske. Němske. Łaćanske. Rjadowane po přirodnym systemje. Volk und Wissen Volkseigener Verlag Berlin (1954)
- Rězak, Filip: Němsko-serbski wšowědny słownik hornjołužiskeje rěče. Donnerhak, Budyšin (1920)
Eksterne wotkazy
« Persimonowc » w druhich wikimediskich projektach :
Persimonowc: Brief Summary
(
اللغة الصربية العليا
)
المقدمة من wikipedia HSB
Persimonowc (Diospyros virginiana) je štom ze swójby ebenowych rostlinow (Ebenaceae).
Łopjena
Kćenje
Diospyros virginiana
(
لاتينية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia LA
Diospyros virginiana (Anglice: communissime American persimmon; aliquando common persimmon, Eastern persimmon, 'simmon, possumwood) est species Diospyri, a Nova Anglia ad Floridam, et occidentem versus ad Texiam, Oclahomam, Kansiamque endemica. Arbor in locis feris crescit, sed pro fructu materia ex temporibus praehistoricis ab Indis Americanis culta est.
D. virginiana ad 20 m alta in solo bene siccato crescit. Arbor flores fragrantis dioeciosque aestate gignit. Si semina desiderantur, plantae mares et feminae coli debent. Flores ab insectis ventoque pollinantur. Fructus usitate efficitur cum arbor sex annos habeat.
Fructus est rotundus vel ovalis, usitate aurantius 2–6 cm latus. In Meridie Americano et Medio Occidentali, fructus persimmons et simmons appellantur, et populo grati sunt in mensis secundiis.
Descriptio
Planta est parva arbor usitate 30–80 pedes alta, trunco breve tenue et ramis extendentibus, saepe pendulosis, qui latum et aliquando angustum caput summo rotundo aliquando formant. Radices sunt crassae, carnosae, stoloniferae. Planta saepe ut suffrutex videtur.[1]
Notae
-
↑ Keeler, Harriet L. (1900). Our Native Trees and How to Identify Them. New York: Charles Scriber's Sons. pp. 195–199
Bibliographia
- Fontes antiquiores
Flos
Diospyros virginiana: Brief Summary
(
لاتينية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia LA
Diospyros virginiana (Anglice: communissime American persimmon; aliquando common persimmon, Eastern persimmon, 'simmon, possumwood) est species Diospyri, a Nova Anglia ad Floridam, et occidentem versus ad Texiam, Oclahomam, Kansiamque endemica. Arbor in locis feris crescit, sed pro fructu materia ex temporibus praehistoricis ab Indis Americanis culta est.
Arbor fructus
autumno offert.
D. virginiana ad 20 m alta in solo bene siccato crescit. Arbor flores fragrantis dioeciosque aestate gignit. Si semina desiderantur, plantae mares et feminae coli debent. Flores ab insectis ventoque pollinantur. Fructus usitate efficitur cum arbor sex annos habeat.
Fructus est rotundus vel ovalis, usitate aurantius 2–6 cm latus. In Meridie Americano et Medio Occidentali, fructus persimmons et simmons appellantur, et populo grati sunt in mensis secundiis.
Amerikaanse persimoen
(
البلجيكية الهولندية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia NL
De Amerikaanse persimoen (Diospyros virginiana) is een boom uit de familie Ebenaceae. De soort is verwant aan de kaki (Diospyros kaki).
De boom komt van nature voor in het oosten van de Verenigde Staten, hij wordt ook aangeplant voor zijn vruchten en hout. Het gewas bereikt in goed afwaterende grond een hoogte van zo'n twintig meter en produceert in de zomer veel bloemen. De soort is tweehuizig, zodat voor fruitteelt mannelijke en vrouwelijke planten nodig zijn. De bloemen worden bestoven door insecten en wind.
Commerciële cultivars zijn de productieve 'Even Golden', 'John Rick', 'Woolbright', 'Miller' en de zaadloze 'Ennis'. De vruchten zijn rond of ovaal. De kleur is oranje, neigend naar zwart. Het fruit varieert in grootte van 3-6 cm. De vruchten bevatten veel vitamine C, ze kunnen vers worden gegeten of worden gekookt of gedroogd. Van het vruchtvlees kan compote worden gemaakt. Van de bladeren kan thee worden getrokken en de zaden worden geroosterd wel gebruikt als surrogaat voor koffie.
De boom wordt ook in Nederland en België wel aangeplant, hij is winterhard.
Diospyros virginiana
(
النرويجية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia NO
Diospyros virginiana er et løvfellende tre i ibenholtfamilien som er utbredt i østlige og sentrale USA.
Den er vanligvis 15–30 m høy, men kan bli 40 m høy. Barken er mørk rødbrun og oppsprukket i firkantede flak. Bladene er glinsende mørkegrønne på oversiden og lysere under. De er ovalt avlange, helrandete, 6–15 cm lange og 2,5–8 cm brede. Blomstene er klokkeformede, gulhvite og enkjønnede, og trærne er som regel særbu med hann- og hunnblomster på ulike trær. Hannblomstene er små og sitter 2–3 sammen i en kvast, mens hunnblomstene sitter enkeltvis. Frukten er et gult, oransje, rødt eller mer sjeldent purpur bær, som er 3–5 cm i diameter. Den er velsmakende når den er helt moden, men umoden frukt er sterkt astringerende.
Diospyros virginiana vokser i fuktig klima i hele utbredelsesområdet og trives på all slags jord. Den er ofte det første treslaget som dukker opp på forlatt dyrket mark, der den danner pionervegetasjon sammen med sassafras. Den vokser også i andre typer skog sammen med trær og busker som alm, virginiaeiner, hickory, sukkerlønn, tulipantre, eik, asklønn, rødlønn, amerikaplatan, Forestiera acuminata, hagtorn, Planera aquatica, sumak og kulebusk.
Arten finnes fra sørlige Connecticut og Long Island til sørlige Florida. Nordgrensa går vestover gjennom sentrale Pennsylvania, sørlige Ohio, sørlige Indiana og sentrale Illinois til sørøstlige Iowa. Vestgrensa går gjennom østlige Kansas og Oklahoma til Colorado-dalen i Texas.
Kilder
Eksterne lenker
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Diospyros virginiana: Brief Summary
(
النرويجية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia NO
Diospyros virginiana er et løvfellende tre i ibenholtfamilien som er utbredt i østlige og sentrale USA.
Den er vanligvis 15–30 m høy, men kan bli 40 m høy. Barken er mørk rødbrun og oppsprukket i firkantede flak. Bladene er glinsende mørkegrønne på oversiden og lysere under. De er ovalt avlange, helrandete, 6–15 cm lange og 2,5–8 cm brede. Blomstene er klokkeformede, gulhvite og enkjønnede, og trærne er som regel særbu med hann- og hunnblomster på ulike trær. Hannblomstene er små og sitter 2–3 sammen i en kvast, mens hunnblomstene sitter enkeltvis. Frukten er et gult, oransje, rødt eller mer sjeldent purpur bær, som er 3–5 cm i diameter. Den er velsmakende når den er helt moden, men umoden frukt er sterkt astringerende.
Diospyros virginiana vokser i fuktig klima i hele utbredelsesområdet og trives på all slags jord. Den er ofte det første treslaget som dukker opp på forlatt dyrket mark, der den danner pionervegetasjon sammen med sassafras. Den vokser også i andre typer skog sammen med trær og busker som alm, virginiaeiner, hickory, sukkerlønn, tulipantre, eik, asklønn, rødlønn, amerikaplatan, Forestiera acuminata, hagtorn, Planera aquatica, sumak og kulebusk.
Arten finnes fra sørlige Connecticut og Long Island til sørlige Florida. Nordgrensa går vestover gjennom sentrale Pennsylvania, sørlige Ohio, sørlige Indiana og sentrale Illinois til sørøstlige Iowa. Vestgrensa går gjennom østlige Kansas og Oklahoma til Colorado-dalen i Texas.
Vekstform
Stamme
Bladverk
Blomster
Frukt
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Caqui americano
(
البرتغالية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia PT
O caqui ou dióspiro americano, Diospyros virginiana L. é uma espécie de dióspiro que se distribui no sudeste dos Estados Unidos da América, desde a Nova Inglaterra à Florida e, para oeste, até ao Texas e Kansas.
A árvore, que pode crescer até aos 20 m e tem geralmente tronco fino, muito ramificado, formando uma copa larga, é cultivada desde tempos pré-históricos pelos nativos americanos, devido ao seu fruto doce e à qualidade da sua madeira.
O fruto (de cor laranja a negra) é uma baga de formato arredondado ou oval, com dois a seis cm de diâmetro e pode conter uma a oito sementes. É adstringente quando verde, mas muito doce quando maduro, sendo popular na culinária dos Estados Unidos. As sementes torradas podem ser usadas para substituir o café.
O dióspiro americano é rico em vitaminas, cálcio, ferro, fósforo e zinco.[carece de fontes?]
Referências
- Keeler, Harriet L. (1900). Our Native Trees and How to Identify Them. New York: Charles Scriber's Sons, 195-199
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Caqui americano: Brief Summary
(
البرتغالية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia PT
O caqui ou dióspiro americano, Diospyros virginiana L. é uma espécie de dióspiro que se distribui no sudeste dos Estados Unidos da América, desde a Nova Inglaterra à Florida e, para oeste, até ao Texas e Kansas.
A árvore, que pode crescer até aos 20 m e tem geralmente tronco fino, muito ramificado, formando uma copa larga, é cultivada desde tempos pré-históricos pelos nativos americanos, devido ao seu fruto doce e à qualidade da sua madeira.
O fruto (de cor laranja a negra) é uma baga de formato arredondado ou oval, com dois a seis cm de diâmetro e pode conter uma a oito sementes. É adstringente quando verde, mas muito doce quando maduro, sendo popular na culinária dos Estados Unidos. As sementes torradas podem ser usadas para substituir o café.
O dióspiro americano é rico em vitaminas, cálcio, ferro, fósforo e zinco.[carece de fontes?]
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Diospyros virginiana
(
الفيتنامية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia VI
Diospyros virginiana là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Thị. Loài này được L. mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1753.[2]
Hình ảnh
Chú thích
Liên kết ngoài
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Diospyros virginiana: Brief Summary
(
الفيتنامية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia VI
Diospyros virginiana là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Thị. Loài này được L. mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1753.
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Хурма виргинская
(
الروسية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia русскую Википедию
Латинское название
Diospyros virginiana L. syn.
Систематика
на Викивидах
Изображения
на Викискладе
ITIS 23855 NCBI 13493 Хурма виргинская, или Хурма американская (лат. Diospyros virginiana) — растение семейства Эбеновые (Ebenaceae), вид рода Хурма, произрастающее в восточной части США. Ареал вида простирается от Новой Англии на севере до Флориды на юге и от Атлантического океана на востоке до Техаса, Канзаса и Оклахомы на западе. Культивируется в пределах ареала, а также в Средиземноморье, Гвиане и на Яве. В США носит название «common persimmon» («хурма обыкновенная»)[1][2]. Впервые описана по результатам экспедиции Эрнандо де Сото в Северную Америку (1539-1543)[3].
Биологическое описание
Цветок Хурмы виргинской
Это — небольшое листопадное дерево высотой до 20 м с тёмно-серой или коричневатой корой. Растение двудомное, хотя некоторые экземпляры однодомные. Живёт до 100—150 лет.
Листья крупные длиной 15,2 см, кожистые, овальной формы с сердцевидной основой и заострённым концом.
Цветки однополые, опыляются насекомыми или ветром.
Плод ягодовидный с сочной мякотью. Семена с тонкой кожурой и очень твёрдым эндоспермом.
Светолюбива. Предпочитает защищённые от ветра участки. Зимостойка, переносит морозы до −25…-30 °C, иногда до −37 °C. Почвы предпочитает кислые и нейтральные (pH 5-8) лёгкие. Влаголюбива, но мирится с сухостью почвы. Корневая система глубокая стержневая.
Использование
Американское дерево хурмы, несущее плоды осенью
Плоды хурмы виргинской съедобны и по своей питательности стоя́т выше всех других плодов умеренной зоны[источник?]. В её плодах содержится до 44 % сахара, пектин, яблочная кислота и другие компоненты. Обжаренные и измельчённые семена хурмы виргинской использовались населением штатов Юга и солдатами армии Конфедерации во время Гражданской войны в США как заменитель кофе[3].
Примечания
Хурма виргинская: Brief Summary
(
الروسية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia русскую Википедию
Хурма виргинская, или Хурма американская (лат. Diospyros virginiana) — растение семейства Эбеновые (Ebenaceae), вид рода Хурма, произрастающее в восточной части США. Ареал вида простирается от Новой Англии на севере до Флориды на юге и от Атлантического океана на востоке до Техаса, Канзаса и Оклахомы на западе. Культивируется в пределах ареала, а также в Средиземноморье, Гвиане и на Яве. В США носит название «common persimmon» («хурма обыкновенная»). Впервые описана по результатам экспедиции Эрнандо де Сото в Северную Америку (1539-1543).
美國柿
(
الصينية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia 中文维基百科
美國柿(Diospyros virginiana) 是柿樹屬的一種植物[1][2][3][4]。原產於美國。這座植物自史前時代就被美洲原住民作為水果和木材食用。美國柿的花朵雌雄異株,大多數品種是單性結實。美國柿也是美國很受歡迎的水果。
參考資料
美國柿: Brief Summary
(
الصينية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia 中文维基百科
美國柿(Diospyros virginiana) 是柿樹屬的一種植物。原產於美國。這座植物自史前時代就被美洲原住民作為水果和木材食用。美國柿的花朵雌雄異株,大多數品種是單性結實。美國柿也是美國很受歡迎的水果。
アメリカガキ
(
اليابانية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia 日本語
アメリカガキ
蕾と花と果実の植物学的詳細
ブリトンら『北アメリカの植物図』(1913)の図版
分類 界 :
植物界 Plantae 階級なし :
被子植物 Angiosperms 階級なし :
真正双子葉類 Eudicots 階級なし :
キク類 Asterids 目 :
ツツジ目 Ericales 科 :
カキノキ科 Ebenaceae 属 :
カキノキ属 Diospyros 種 :
アメリカガキ D. virginiana 学名 Diospyros virginiana L., 1753 シノニム -
Diospyros mosieri
S.F.Blake[1]
和名 アメリカガキ 英名
(Common) Persimmon アメリカガキ(生)(Persimmons, native, raw)
[2] 100 gあたりの栄養価
エネルギー トリプトファン トレオニン イソロイシン ロイシン リシン メチオニン シスチン フェニルアラニン チロシン バリン アルギニン ヒスチジン アラニン アスパラギン酸 グルタミン酸 グリシン プロリン セリン ビタミン ビタミンC ミネラル ナトリウム カリウム カルシウム リン 鉄分 他の成分
水分 出典元のUSDA栄養データベースでは、
食物繊維含有量のデータが欠けている。)
USDA栄養データベース収録の当該項目全データへのリンク マイクログラム • mg =
ミリグラム IU = 国際単位
%はアメリカ合衆国における
成人
栄養摂取目標 (RDI) の割合。
出典: USDA栄養データベース(英語) アメリカガキ(亜米利加柿、学名:Diospyros virginiana)は、柿の一種で、一般にAmerican Persimmon[1]、またはCommon Persimmon[3]、Eastern Persimmon、“'Simmon”、“Possumwood”、“Sugar-plum”と呼ばれる[4]。コネチカット南部/ロングアイランドからフロリダまで、西はテキサスとルイジアナ、オクラホマ、カンザスまで分布する。木は野生で育つが、先史時代よりアメリカ先住民によって、その果実と木材のために栽培されてきた。
アメリカガキは、水捌けの良い土壌では20メートル(66フィート)まで成長する。夏には、本種は芳香のある花を産し、雌雄異株であるため、果実を得るためには、雌雄両方がなくてはならない。ほとんどの栽培品種は単為結実(受粉無しで種無しの果実を付けること)である。花は昆虫や風によって受粉する。結実は概して木が6歳ぐらいの頃に始まる。
果実は円形か楕円形で、普通、橙色から黄色で時折青味がかり、直径2~6センチメートル(0.75~2.4インチ)。合衆国南部と中西部では、果実は単にPersimmonまたは“'Simmon”と呼ばれ、デザート・料理の中で人気がある。
商業品種は、非常に多産なEarly Golden、多産なJohn Rick, Miller, Woolbright、そして種無し品種のThe Ennisを含む。アメリカガキの別のあだ名である“Date-plum”は、南アジアに見られる柿の一種マメガキ(Diospyros lotus)をも指す。
通常、高さ30~80フィート(10~24メートル)の低木で、短くほっそりした幹と、幅広かったり狭かったりしながら丸屋根の天蓋のように覆い被さって形成する垂れ下がりがちな枝をもつ。根は太く肉付きが良く、匍匐茎を出す。本種は灌木としての生育形を持つもののようである。[5] この植物は楕円で全縁の葉と短い花柄に付く単性の花を持つ。雄花は多数で、おしべは総数16本で一対ずつ配列され、雌花は単独で、おしべの痕跡と8つの細胞それぞれに1つの胚珠を持った滑らかな子房を持ち、子房は、基部にある毛深い4つの花柱に載っている。果柄はとても短く、橙色~黄色で青味がかった色に変動していき、やや甘みを帯びた渋い果肉を持つ直径1インチかそれよりもやや大きい亜球形の果実を支えている。その基部は、果実が熟れるときに大きさが増す硬く着いた萼裂片に取り巻かれている。渋みは、果実を何ともまずいものにしているが、霜の作用に晒されたり、部分的に腐ったり、セイヨウカリンのようにブレッティングさせたりした後ならば、その風味は感銘を受けるものとなる。[6]
- 樹皮
- こげ茶または暗灰色、表面が鱗状の板に深く分割されている。末端枝はほっそりしていてジグザグで、太い髄かまたは大きな髄の空洞があり、最初は薄く赤味がかった茶色で軟毛に覆われている。それらは色が薄い茶色から灰白色へ、そしてついには赤味がかった茶色に変動し、樹皮は縦向きの亀裂によって幾らか割れている。渋く苦い。
- 木材
- とても黒い。辺材は黄味がかった白、重く硬く強くとても木目が詰まっている。比重0.7908、立方フィートの重さ49.28ポンド(22.35キログラム)。心材は純粋な黒檀。林業の教科書は、木が商業的に持続可能な黒檀材の収穫を産み出すよりも前に、1世紀あまりの生育が必要とされる、と指摘する。
- 冬芽
- 卵形、鋭角、8分の1インチの長さ、赤味があるか、または赤紫の厚い鱗片に覆われている。それらの鱗片は、時に末端枝の基部に硬く着いている。
- 葉
-
互生、単葉、4~6インチ(152ミリメートル)の長さ、楕円形、基部では狭められていたり丸められていたり心臓形だったりする。全縁、鋭角か先端が尖っている。それらは芽から出てくると、外巻きで薄く淡く赤味がかった緑で、縁毛のある縁取りがあってフワフワしている。成長しきると、分厚く濃緑で上方には光って淡く、しばしば下側は軟毛に覆われている。秋には、それらは時に橙色や緋色に変わり、時に色が変わらずに落ちる。中肋は幅広く平らで、一次脈は向かい合わせになっていて人目を引く。葉柄は頑丈で軟毛に覆われ、長さ1インチ半。
- 萼
- 通常、4裂片、果実のもとで成長する。
- 花冠
- 緑がかった黄色か乳白色、管状、4裂片。裂片は蕾の中では覆瓦状。
- おしべ
- 16本、花冠に挿入されている。おしべのある花の中では2列。花糸は短く華奢で若干毛深い。葯は長円形で内向、2細胞分、細胞は縦に開いている。雌花では退化した葯の付いたおしべが8つ、それらのおしべが完全であることは滅多にない。
- めしべ
- 子房上位は円錐形、突き詰めれば8細胞分。花柱は4本、ほっそりとして広がっている。柱頭には2裂片。
- 果実
- 1粒~8粒の種子を含んだ果汁の多い漿果。花柱の名残を戴き、拡大した萼に座している。押し平げられた球状、淡い橙色、しばしば紅顔色、若干艶がある。凍結後は黄味がかった茶色に変わる。緑の間は果肉は渋いが、熟れた時には甘くて風味良好。[5]
木は南の大西洋とメキシコ湾の州では非常にありふれたもので、ミシシッピ川流域では最も多数にわたっている。[6] その自生地は南部であり、ニューヨークからフロリダへ向かう沿岸に沿って見られる。アレゲーニー山脈の西では、オハイオ南部で見られ、アイオワ南東部とミズーリ南部にまで達し、ルイジアナとカンザス東部、オクラホマに達すると、それは115フィートの高さの巨大な木になる。
その残された化石は、グリーンランドとアラスカの中新世の岩石の中に見られ、ネブラスカでは白亜紀の地層に見られてきた。[5]
アメリカガキは、1万年前まで北アメリカ大陸を彷っていた大型動物相の進化発展の名残であると思われる。彼らはこの果実を食べ、その散布を援助していたのであろう。それはアライグマや齧歯目やより小さな動物にとって魅力的であるので、歴史時代には草を食べながら彷う多数の草食動物と雑食動物の喪失があったけれども、ケンタッキーノコーヒーノキ(英語版)とアメリカハリグワ(英語版)(最も多く現存している野生生物にとって食用に適さず、マストドンやその他の散布仲介動物相がなくなり、彼らの生息地域が大幅に縮小するのを経験した)に比べると、木の生存戦略に深刻な影響がなかった。[要出典]
その果実の独特の特性はその木をよく知られたものにしてきた。この果実は球形の漿果で、種子の数に変動があり、時には8粒で、時には何もない。その頂点に花柱の名残を着け、拡大して硬く着いている萼の中に座している。それは晩秋に熟れ、赤い頬に帯びる淡い橙で、しばしばわずかに淡い青緑色の果粉で覆われている。南部人の間のとあるジョークは、未熟な柿の果実を余所者にわざわざ味わわせることである。そのとても渋い苦みは、それに馴染みのない者たちには衝撃的だからだ。[要出典]民間伝承は、それを食べられるようにするためには霜が必要だと述べているが、木から軽く揺すられて落ちたり、木の下の地上で見つけられたりした全く熟れきった果実は、甘く果汁が豊富で美味しい。この果実特有の渋みは、キナノキ(英語版)のそれと同様、タンニンの存在のためである。種子は南北戦争中にボタンとして使われた。[7]
果実はビタミンCが高い。未熟な果実は極めて渋い。熟れた果実は生や調理や干して食べられる。果肉から糖蜜を作ることができる。葉やローストした種子で茶を作ることが出来、コーヒーの代用品として使われる。他の有名な利用は、パーシモンパイやパーシモンプディング、パーシモンキャンディーのようなデザートを含む。
果実はホップやコーンミール、ふすまと共に発酵させて、ビールのようなものにしたり、ブランデーを作る。材木は重くて強く木目が詰まっており、木工ろくろ(英語版)の中に使われる。[6]
木は軽くて砂地で水捌けの良い土壌を好むが、栄養豊富な南部の川沿いの低地で生育する。注意深く世話すればオハイオ州北部で育てることもできる。しかし,オハイオ南部では果実は霜の後まで決して食用にはならない。[5]
木によって果実の品質・性質が大きく異なりがちである。果実の大きさは小さなサクランボから小さなリンゴ程度にまで変動する。米国南部では霜の作用がなくても美味しい果実をつけることがあるが、一方で、隣接している木々は決して食用にはならない果実をつける。[5]
1629年以前にイングランドに持ち込まれ、栽培されたが、果実を継続的に実らせることは滅多になかった。簡単に種子から育てられ,匍匐茎から増やすこともできたため、しばしば大量に産出された。木はイングランド南部とチャンネル諸島では寒さに耐えた。[6]
心材を作る能力という点で、ハリエンジュとアメリカガキは対照的である。ハリエンジュは、すぐにその辺材をほとんど心材に変えるが、一方で、柿は百歳近くになるまで、少しの心材も滅多に発達させない。この心材は極めて木目が詰まっていてほとんど黒く、黒檀に似ている(真の品種ではないが)。[5][8](「銘木#その他の銘木「黒柿」」参照)。
柿の果実が熟れて軟らかくなるのに霜が必要だと思われがちであるが,正しくない。“pieper”や“NC21”(“supersweet”としても知られる)など早熟の品種は、簡単に渋みを失い、感触がわずかに軟らかければ完全に渋みがなくなる。イギリスの気候でも甘い果実をつける。一方で、(非常に大きく実る晩熟の品種である“yates”など)品種によっては果実が完全に軟らかくなっても(少なくともイギリスの気候では)渋みを残す。霜は、果実内部の細胞を破壊し、熟れる代わりに腐らせてしまう。完全に熟れて軟らかい果実だけが、いくらか霜に耐えることができ,乾燥してより甘くなることもある。同じことは東洋の柿(カキノキ Diospyros kaki)についても言え,早霜は果実の作柄に深刻な損害を与える。
外部リンク[編集]
ウィキメディア・コモンズには、
アメリカガキに関連するカテゴリがあります。
ウィキスピーシーズに
アメリカガキに関する情報があります。
アメリカガキ: Brief Summary
(
اليابانية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia 日本語
アメリカガキ(亜米利加柿、学名:Diospyros virginiana)は、柿の一種で、一般にAmerican Persimmon、またはCommon Persimmon、Eastern Persimmon、“'Simmon”、“Possumwood”、“Sugar-plum”と呼ばれる。コネチカット南部/ロングアイランドからフロリダまで、西はテキサスとルイジアナ、オクラホマ、カンザスまで分布する。木は野生で育つが、先史時代よりアメリカ先住民によって、その果実と木材のために栽培されてきた。
アメリカガキは、水捌けの良い土壌では20メートル(66フィート)まで成長する。夏には、本種は芳香のある花を産し、雌雄異株であるため、果実を得るためには、雌雄両方がなくてはならない。ほとんどの栽培品種は単為結実(受粉無しで種無しの果実を付けること)である。花は昆虫や風によって受粉する。結実は概して木が6歳ぐらいの頃に始まる。
果実は円形か楕円形で、普通、橙色から黄色で時折青味がかり、直径2~6センチメートル(0.75~2.4インチ)。合衆国南部と中西部では、果実は単にPersimmonまたは“'Simmon”と呼ばれ、デザート・料理の中で人気がある。
商業品種は、非常に多産なEarly Golden、多産なJohn Rick, Miller, Woolbright、そして種無し品種のThe Ennisを含む。アメリカガキの別のあだ名である“Date-plum”は、南アジアに見られる柿の一種マメガキ(Diospyros lotus)をも指す。