Hypericum androsaemum L.

Hypericum androsaemum ye una planta de la familia Hypericaceae.

Frutos

Flores

Fueyes

Descripción

Hypericum androsaemum, ye una especie de planta erecta, sufrútice qu'algama un tamañu d'hasta 1,2 m d'altor, glabra. Les fueyes de 10-100 x 8-60 mm –rellación llargor/anchor: 1,3-2,3–, de anchamente ovaes a ovaes o llanceolaes, obtuses o subagudas, mucronaes, polo xeneral amplexicaules. Brácteas d'hasta 1,5 mm, membranacees. Sépalos los 4-12 mm, marcadamente desiguales, inxeríos, d'ovaos a llanceolaos, enteros, obtusos, mucronaos. Pétalos de 4-10 mm. El frutu ye una drupa indehiscente, de anchamente elipsoidal a subesférica, acoloratada, negra al maurecer. Les granes son alaes, d'un color pardu foscu.^[1]

Distribución y hábitat

Alcuéntrase en riberes, ribayos, montes, sebes y ribazos avesigos y frescos; a una altitú de 0-1600 metros W y S d'Europa, Anatolia, Caucasia, N del Irán, W de Siria, Tunicia y Arxelia. Rexones perifériques de la metá N de la Península Ibérica, Sistema Central, Sistema Oretanu, Sierra Madrona, Serra de San Mamede, Serra de Monchique y de presencia dudosa en sierres d'Alxecires y el Moncayo.^{[ensin referencies]}

Propiedaes

Les bagues que se converten dende'l blancu verde, en candia, y negru son venenoses.^{[ensin referencies]}

Taxonomía

Hypericum androsaemum describióse por Carlos Linneo y espublizóse en Symbolae Botanicae, . . . 1: 65. 1790. ^[2]

Citoloxía

Númberu de cromosomes de Hypericum androsaemum (Fam. Guttiferae) y táxones infraespecíficos: 2n = 40^[3]

Etimoloxía

Hipérico: nome xenéricu que remanez del griegu hyperikon ("sobre les imáxenes" o "percima d'una apaición"). Pa dalgunos, el nome fai referencia a la propiedá que se-y atribuyía de faer fuxir a los malos espíritos y les apaiciones; solíen colgar flores d'esta planta sobre les imáxenes relixoses el día de San Juan. Pa otros, les glándules de les sos pétalos paecen formar imáxenes (a esti fechu dióse-y muncha importancia na Edá Media, yá que yera utilizáu nos esconxuros poles sos virtúes cabalístiques).

androsaemum: epítetu llatín que significa "sangre d'home" porque, según Andrés Llaguna "fregaes ente los deos les sos flores juntamente cola semienta qu'esta envuelta nelles, depués conviértense en ciertu çumo sangrientu: por onde cada vna dellas propriamente llámase androsemon en griegu, que ye sangre humano."^{[4] [5]}

Sinonimia

• Androsaemum androsaemum Huth
• Androsaemum officinale All.
• Androsaemum vulgare Gaertn.
• Hypericum floridum Salisb.
• Hypericum webbianum G.Nicholson^[6]

Nome común

• Castellanu: androsemo (10), castellar (3), cura-ho-tot, curalotodo (3), hipérico, lleón francu, orovale, pericón, pericón sicilianu, sanalotodo (3), todabuena (9), todasana (7), todosana (4), zubón, zubón francu.^[7]

Ver tamién

• Terminoloxía descriptiva de les plantes
• Cronoloxía de la botánica
• Historia de la Botánica
• Carauterístiques de les hipericacees

Referencies

Enllaces esternos

• Wikimedia Commons acueye conteníu multimedia sobre Hypericum androsaemum .

• Esta obra deriva de la traducción de Hypericum androsaemum de Wikipedia - inglés, espublizada polos sos editores baxo la Llicencia de documentación llibre de GNU y la Llicencia Creative Commons Atribución-CompartirIgual 3.0 Unported.

Boyaq dazı (lat. Hypericum androsaemum) - dazıkimilər fəsiləsinin dazı cinsinə aid bitki növü.

Hündürlüyü 40-100 sm, gövdəsi qəhvəyitəhər, adətən düzduran və az budaqlanmış yarımkoldur.

Yarpaq

Yarpaqları oturaqdır, çılpaqdır, uzunsov və enli yumurtavari, uzunluğu 4-10 sm, eni 2-6 sm olub, kütdür, oyuqlu və ya qısa itiucludur, qaidə hissəsi dəyirmidir, alt tərəfdən tünd-göydür.

Çiçək

Çiçəkləri uzunluğu 2-6 sm olan, qalxanşəkilli və ya çətirşəkilli çiçək qrupunda toplanmışdır, yuxarı yarpaqların yaxınlaşmasından əmələ gəlmiş qını vardır. Ləçəkləri uzunsov-yumurtaşəkilli olub, kütdür.

Meyvə

Qutucuq giləmeyvəşəkillidir, demək olar ki, qara rəngdədir, kasacığa bərabərdir, açılan deyil, tez töküləndir. Toxumlarının uzunluğu 1 mm-dir, qısa silindrşəkilli və ya ovaldır, tor kimi deşiklidir, buruncuğu vardır.

Çiçəkləməsi

May

Meyvə verməsi

İyun-İyul (Avqust)^[1]

Azərbaycanda yayılması

BQ (Quba), BQ şərq, BQ qərb, Lənkəran dağlıq. Aşağı və orta dağ qurşağında.

Yaşayış mühiti

Meşələrdə və rütubətli kolluqlarda rast gəlinir.

Təbii yayılması:

Afrikada (Tunis, Əlcəzair), Avropada, Asiyada (Türkiyə, İran, Azərbaycan, Gürcüstan, Dağıstan, Türkmənistan) yayılmışdır.

Botaniki təsviri:

Hündürlüyü 30-100 sm olan, çılpaq, budaqlı yarımkoldur. Qabığı qonur rənglidir. Yarpaqları oturaq, yumurtavari və ya uzunsov-yumurtavari, uzunluğu 3,5-11 sm, eni 1-6 (bəzən 8 sm-ə qədər), dərili, ucu bizdir. Bünövrəsində yarpaqları daha yumru, yarpağın alt hissəsi göyümtül rənglidir. Çiçəkləri azsaylıdır (çiçək qrupunda 3-8 ədəd). Çiçək qrupu qısa, çətirvari və ya qalxanvaridir. Çiçəyin uzunluğu 2-3 sm, eni 2,5-6 sm-dir. Kasayarpaqları qeyri-bərabər, küt, yumurtavari, uzunluğu 8-9 mm və eni 5-7 mm-dir. Kənarları bütöv, vəzicikli nöqtələri yoxdur. Ləçəkləri uzunsov – yumurtavari və ya uzunsov-ellipsvari formalı, uzunluğu 1-1,3 sm və eni 0,8 sm, küt, ölçülərinə görə bir az kasacıqdan böyükdür. Erkəkcikləri çoxsaylı, 5 dəstəyə birləşir. Yumurtalığı yumru və ya yumru-oval formalı, uzunluğu 6 mm və eni 3-5 mm, rəngi tünd göy və ya qaradır. Sütuncuqları 3, qısa, uzunluğu 2 mm-dir. Qutucuğu giləmeyvə formalı, tez tökülən, çatlamayan, tünd göy və ya qara rəngli, uzunluğu və eni 5-8 mm-dir. Toxumları xırda, uzunluğu 1 mm, oval və ya uzunsov-oval formalı, tünd qonur və ya qonur rənglidir. Meyvələri şarşəkilli, diametri 5-8 mm-ə çatır. Çiçəkləməsi iyundan iyuladək davam edir.

Ekologiyası:

Günəşli və kölgəli yerdə bitir.

Azərbaycanda yayılması:

Böyük Qafqazda aşağı dağ qurşaqlarında təbii halda rast gəlinir.

İstifadəsi:

Yaşıllaşdırmada yamaclarda, təpələrdə, bağ yollarının yaxınlığında, ağac və kol qruplarının ətrafında əkilir. Bəzi sortları canlı hasarlarda və ya çiçək ləklərində digər çoxillik ot bitkiləri ilə birlikdə istifadə edilir.

Mənbə

Azərbaycan Dendroflorası III cild-Bakı:"Elm",2016,400 səh. T.S.Məmmədov

Məlumat mənbələri

• Tofiq Məmmədov, Elman İsgəndər, Tariyel Talıbov. "Azərbaycanın Nadir Ağac və kol bitkiləri", Bakı: "Elm", 2014, 380 səh.

İstinad

• Флoрa Aзeрбaйджaнa. т.5. 1954; Флoрa Kaвkaзa. т.5. 1954;
• Azərbaycanın ağac və kolları. I cild. 1961;
• Azərbaycan flora-sının konspekti. I-III cildlər. 2005; 2006; 2008;
• Tofiq Məmmədov, Elman İsgəndər, Tariyel Talıbov. Azərbaycanın nadir ağac və kol bitkiləri", Bakı: "Elm", 2014, 380 səh

Aquest article tracta sobre la planta. Vegeu-ne altres significats a «Martinet de nit».

L'orval o pericó de sureda (Hypericum androsaemum) és una planta fanerògama de la familia de les clusiàcies (abans anomenada Hipericàcies), present a bona part d'Europa i zones temperades de la resta del món. A Catalunya creix a les vorades ombrívoles i als boscos humits.

Descripció

Fruit de l'orval

L'orval és una planta herbàcia de 30 a 80 cm d'alçada. L'arrel és axonomorfa, amb tiges llenyoses eixint de la base, erectes i cilíndriques amb dues línies prominents al costat.

Les fulles són ovades i cordiformes, oposades i mig abraçadores, sèssils. Són amples, fent entre 1,5 a 6 cm d'amplada i 3 i 10 cm de llargada. Les flors són vistoses, grogues, estrellades i pentàmeres. Són hermafrodites i es troben disposades en cimes dicotòmiques. L'androceu es compon d'estams en cinc feixos.

El fruit és bacciforme, carnós i de color morat a negre quan madur.

Ús medicinal

Les fulles es coneixien amb el nom de "fulles de bàlsam" en l'antiga herboristeria tradicional.^[1] Servien per a fer cataplasmes medicinals.

Referències

• Gunter Steinbach (Hrsg.): Strauchgehölze (Steinbachs Naturführer). Mosaik Verlag GmbH, München 1996, ISBN 3-576-10560-3. (alemany)

Enllaços externs

• Flora de les Gavarres i entorns | Atles fotogràfic
• Els Cingles - Foto

Planhigyn blodeuol lluosflwydd a dyf yng ngorllewin Ewrop ydy Dail y beiblau sy'n enw lluosog. Mae'n perthyn i'r teulu Hypericaceae. Yr enw gwyddonol (Lladin) yw Hypericum androsaemum a'r enw Saesneg yw Tutsan.^[1] Ceir enwau Cymraeg eraill ar y planhigyn hwn gan gynnwys Dail y Beiblau, Creulys Bendigad, Creulys Bendigaid, Creulys Bendiged, Creulys Benddiged, Dail Penddiged, Dail y Fendigaid, Dail y Twrch, Eurinlys Bendigaid, Gwaed y Gwŷr, Llys Perfigedd, Llys y Penddigaid.

Cynefin y llwyn hwn yw coetiroedd agored a bryniau Ewrasia. Gall dyfu hyd at 1.5 metr.

Gweler hefyd

• Geiriadur rhywogaethau Gwefan Llên Natur

Cyfeiriadau

Mae gan Gomin Wikimedia
gyfryngau sy'n berthnasol i:

Dail y beiblau

Bærperikon (Hypericum androsaemum) er en stedsegrøn busk med en opstigende til udbredt, tæt forgrenet vækst.

Kendetegn

På sidegrenene findes to smalle, langsgående lister. De læderagtige blade er modsat stillede uden stilk, og de er hele og ægformede med hel rand. Oversiden er mørkegrøn med gennemsigtige oliekirtler, mens undersiden er blågrøn. Blomstringen foregår i juni-august, hvor man finder blomsterne siddende enkeltvis eller få sammen i små stande fra bladhjørnerne. De enkelte blomster er 5-tallige og regelmæssige med gule kronblade. Frugterne er kugleformede til ægformede bær, som først er rødbrune, men som bliver sorte og blanke ved modenhed.

Rodsystemet består af mange, vidt udbredte, seje rødder, som er i stand til at sætte rodskud.

Planten når maksimalt en højde på ca. 1,5 m og en kronebredde, der er en smule større

Hjemsted

Bærperikon har sin naturlige udbredelse i Nordafrika, Mellemøsten, Kaukasus, Centralasien og det sydlige og vestlige Europa. Alle steder er arten knyttet til let skyggede voksesteder med en humusrig, vedvarende fugtig jord.

I de blandede løvskove syd og sydvest for det Kaspiske Hav og i Alborz-bjergene findes arten på skyggede steder med fugtig eller våd bund sammen med bl.a. Acer insigne (en art af løn), ask, almindelig buksbom, almindelig figen, almindelig nældetræ, almindelig skovranke, almindelig vin, asiatisk kaki, bittersød natskygge, finnet bispehue, Gleditsia caspica (en art af tretorn), granatæble, græsk træranke, iransk el, kaukasisk vedbend, kaukasisk vingevalnød, korbær, kristustorn, laurbærkirsebær, lægejasmin, mispel, paternostertræ, Populus caspica (en art af poppel), Prunus caspica (en art af kirsebær), rødel, Sambucus edulis (en art af hyld), silkerosentræ, skørpil, Smilax excelsa (en art af sarsaparil), sort morbær, Tamus communis (en art af yams) og Teucrium hyrcanus (en art af kortlæbe)^[1].

Galleri

Blad.

Blomster.

Vækstform.

Biotop.

Note

Das Blut-Johanniskraut (Hypericum androsaemum) oder Mannsblut ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung der Johanniskräuter (Hypericum) in der Familie der Johanniskrautgewächse (Hypericaceae).

Beschreibung

Illustration

Vegetative Merkmale

Das Blut-Johanniskraut ist ein immergrüner, kahler Strauch von 30 bis 80, selten bis zu 100 Zentimetern Wuchshöhe. Sein kriechendes bis aufrechtes Stämmchen ist dicht verzweigt. An den locker verzweigten, aufrechten bis ausgebreiteten Ästen befinden sich zwei schmale Längsleisten.

Die gegenständig angeordneten Laubblätter sind sitzende. Die einfache Blattspreite ist bei einer Länge von 3 bis 10 Zentimetern sowie einer Breite von 1,5 bis 6 Zentimetern schmal- bis breit-eiförmig mit meist herzförmiger Spreitenbasis und stumpfem bis rundem oberen Ende. Die Laubblätter sind ledrig und umfassen häufig den Stängel, ihre Oberseite ist dunkelgrün, die Unterseite dagegen blaugrün, sie sind ganzrandig und aufgrund von Öldrüsen durchscheinend punktiert.

Generative Merkmale

Die Blütezeit reicht von Juni bis August. Die langgestielten Blüten und sitzen einzeln oder in kleinen Gruppen in den Achseln lanzettlicher Tragblätter, wo sie zusammengenommen endständige Scheindolden bilden.

Die zwittrigen Blüten sind bei einem Durchmesser von 15 bis 30 Millimetern radiärsymmetrisch und fünfzählig mit doppelter Blütenhülle. Die ungleich großen Kelchblätter sind bei einer Länge von 5 bis 15 Millimetern sowie einer Breite von 3 bis 6 Millimetern eiförmig mit spitzem bis stumpfem obere Ende. Ihre Außenseite ist spärlich von drüsigen Haaren bedeckt und fällt nicht ab, an den reifen Früchten ist sie zurückgeschlagen. Die abfallenden, hellgelben Kronblätter sind bei einer Länge von 6 bis 11 Millimetern sowie einer Breite von 4 bis 6 Millimetern verkehrt-eiförmig mit stumpfem bis rundem oberen Ende. Die zahlreichen Staubblätter sind in fünf Gruppen angeordnet, welche am Grund verwachsen sind; sie überragen die Krone.

Die fleischige, kahle Beere ist bei einer Länge von 6 bis 10 Millimetern kugel- bis spindelförmig. Sie ist eine anfangs rot-braun, bei Reife aber glänzend schwarz. Die Samen sind etwa 1 Millimeter lang, ei- bis walzenförmig und längsgestreift durch grubenförmige Vertiefungen.

Chromosomenzahl

Die Chromosomenzahl beträgt 2n = 40.^[1]

Vorkommen

Das Verbreitungsgebiet des Blut-Johanniskrautes erstreckt sich von West- und Südeuropa bis nach Kleinasien. Das Blut-Johanniskraut ist von Portugal im Westen bis zur Türkei im Osten zu finden. Nach Norden kommt es im atlantischen Klima bis nach Irland vor, in Deutschland sowie den Niederlanden kann die Art vereinzelt als Gartenflüchtling vorkommen.

Das Blut-Johanniskraut wächst in lichten Wäldern sowie in schattigen Gebüschen. Besondere Anforderungen an den Boden werden nicht gestellt, allerdings ist das Blut-Johanniskraut hauptsächlich in schattigen Lagen der Flachland- und Hügelregion anzutreffen.

Volksmedizin

Aus den Blättern des Blut-Johanniskrautes wurden früher Wundsalben hergestellt^[2].

Bilder

• Scheindolde

• Blüte

• rot-braune Früchte

• schwarze Früchte

• 

Literatur

• Gunter Steinbach (Hrsg.): Strauchgehölze (Steinbachs Naturführer). Mosaik Verlag GmbH, München 1996, ISBN 3-576-10560-3.

Einzelnachweise

1. ↑ Hypericum androsaemum bei Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis.
2. ↑ Hatfield, Gabrielle.: Medicinal plants in folk tradition : an ethnobotany of Britain & Ireland. Timber Press, Portland, Or. 2004, ISBN 978-1-60469-429-1, S. 103 f.

Hypericum androsaemum is a flouerin plant in the faimily Hypericaceae.

Hypericum androsaemum, the shrubby St. John's wort, is a flowering plant in the family Hypericaceae. Commonly called tutsan or sweet-amber, the species is cultivated as an ornamental plant because of its striking red-tinted foliage, bright yellow petals, and its clusters of fruit which are large compared to other members of Hypericum. As such, various cultivars of the species have been bred which amplify its desirable characteristics. These include cultivars like 'Albury Purple' and 'Golden Tutsan' which have leaves with more pronounced purple and golden coloring, respectively.

The plant is native to Western Europe, North Africa and the Middle East, but has been introduced elsewhere in temperate areas with high rainfall, including Australia and New Zealand. In these countries, it is often considered a noxious weed. The plant is easily dispersed across wide ranges because of its small and numerous seeds, and methods for biological control are required to manage the species.

The species has been known since before the modern system of taxonomy was developed, and was first described by Carl Linnaeus in 1763. Since then, it has been invalidly published under several synonyms, and was repeatedly placed in its own genus named Androsaemum. After Norman Robson published his monograph of the genus Hypericum in 1996, the species was definitively placed within Hypericum sect. Androsaemum, a small section including several other closely related species.

Description

Hypericum androsaemum is a small bushy shrub, reaching 30–70 cm (0.98–2.30 ft) tall. It has many stems which remain upright and erect instead of creeping over the ground. It has many oval-shaped leaves along its stems which are typically green with a red tint, and have small glands on their surface that can be seen upon close inspection and are filled with a red pigment. The plant has yellow flowers 1.5 to 2.5 cm in diameter with five petals and numerous stamens.^[1] It has berries unique among Hypericum that turn from red to black and remain soft and fleshy even after ripening.^[2] The plant's stems are cylindrical in shape when the plant is mature.^[2] The bark on the stems has longitudinal grooves or scale-like patterns.^[2]

Foliage

A single stem with foliage and flowers

The leaves are arranged in opposite pairs without stipules and lack petioles.^[1]The leaf blade is 4–12 cm (1.6–4.7 in) long by 2–8 cm (0.79–3.15 in) wide.^[2] The leaves lack hairs on either surface and have small oil glands across their surface.^[2] When these glands are crushed, they give off a pungent aroma and leak red pigment. ^[3] There are other translucent glands that are dispersed throughout the mesophyll at differing depths.^[4] There are four or five symmetrical pairs of main veins along the leaf that point in the direction of the tip.^[2]

Inflorescence

Different angles of the small inflorescence

Hypericum androsaemum has between one and eleven flowers on an inflorescence, which has the form of a cyme and a corymb-like arrangement. There are never accessory flowers, but there are sometimes one to three flowering branches from the lower node. The pedicel stems are 8–14 mm long, with small lance-shaped bracts.^[2]

The flowers are 15–25 mm in diameter and have globe-shaped buds. The sepals are very unequal in size, about 6–12 mm long by 3–7 mm wide in an egg shape. The flower petals are a bright golden yellow without the red tinge that is present in the foliage. They curve inward and have an egg-like shape. The stamens are arranged in five fascicles of twenty to twenty-five stamens the longest of which are 7–11 mm long. The ovaries measure 4–5 mm long and 3.5–5 mm wide in the shape of a rough globe.^[2]

The berries of H. androsaemum turn black after maturity

The berries of the plant turn from red to a unique black color not found in any other Hypericum species, which is caused by a xanthone present only in Hypericum androsaemum.^[5] Another unique characteristic of the species' berries is that they remain fleshy and mostly soft when they ripen, instead of hardening and drying out like other related species.^[5] The berries measure 7–12 mm long and 6–8 mm wide with thin casings. The seeds inside are a reddish-brown color.^[2]

Phytochemistry

Hypericum androsaemum has a well-studied phytochemical profile as a result of its use as folk medicine and an herbal supplement. More than eighty essential compounds have been identified from its leaves. The total density of essential oil has been recorded as high as 0.34%. Several different sesquiterpene hydrocarbons dominate the profile, and intermediate and long chain alkenes are highly present. Less prolific compounds include caryophyllene and gurjunene.^[6] Many of these essential oils and other phenolic compounds are present in higher quantities while the flowers are still growing.^[7] While less studied than the leaves of the plant, the berries of H. androsaemum are rich in chemical constituents as well. Many of these constituents are found in higher densities (or only) while the fruits are red. The most present chemicals are chlorogenic acid, shikimic acid, rutin, epicatechin, and hyperoside.^[5]

Taxonomy

Hypericum androsaemum is the type species of the small section Hypericum sect. Androsaemum. The species' placement within Hypericum can be summarized as follows:^[8]

Hypericum

Hypericum subg. Hypericum

Hypericum sect. Androsaemum

H. androsaeumum

H. foliosum

H. grandifolium

H. hircinum

H. × inodorum

Nomenclature

The genus name Hypericum derives from the Greek words hyper, meaning above, and eikon, meaning picture. This refers to the practice of hanging the flower "above pictures" to ward off evil spirits. The specific epithet androsaemum comes from the Greek word androsaemus, which was used to describe plants with red sap. It is a combination of the words andros, meaning man, and haima, meaning blood.^[9] The common name tutsan is French in origin, and derives from the phrase tout-saine, which means heal-all, in reference to the plant's medicinal properties.^[3] Its alternative name sweet-amber is in reference to the ambergris-like aroma that is emitted when oil glands on its leaves are crushed.^[10]

While Hypericum androsaemum is the most well-known plant named tutsan, other species share that common name. For example, H. xylosteifolium is called "Turkish tutsan" and H. hircinum is called "Stinking tutsan".^[7]

History

The species in Hortus Eystettensis. The inscriptions read (from left to right): Androsaemum foeditum seu Tragôdes, Siciliana, Hÿpericon.

Hypericum androsaemum was known and studied long before the modern system of taxonomy was developed. For example, tutsan was depicted in the 1640 volume of Hortus Eystettensis, a revolutionary book of botanical illustrations. In the codex, the plant was noted to be from Sicily, of the grouping Hÿpericon (a pre-Linnean version of Hypericum), and called "Androsaemum foeditum" or "Tragôdes".^[11] The species was first formally described in the modern system by Carl Linnaeus. He described the species as Hypericum androsaemum in the second volume of his Species Plantarum in 1763 alongside around twenty other Hypericum species. Compiling several brief notes from other authorities, Linnaeus gave the following description for the plant:^[12]

In the same entry, Linnaeus noted the species' presence in England and its tendency to be found around fences.^[12] This original description and type specimen analysis by Linnaeus remains the basis for the modern definition of the species. However, since that original description numerous illegitimate synonyms have been created for various reasons. In fact, while there is now solid consensus that H. androsaemum belongs within the genus Hypericum,^[13] it was placed into a separate genus called Androsaemum as recently as 1893.^[14]

In 1796, the garden of Chapel Allerton published a list of their plant specimens, noting Hypericum androsaemum as being in their collection, along with the fact it had been described by Linnaeus. However, they still applied two superfluous names (Androsaemum floridum and Hypericum floridum) to their specimens;^[15] these names were never accepted as legitimate.^[13] Only one validly published heterotypic synonym for Hypericum androsaemum has arisen since its original description. In 1785, Carlo Allioni published a description of a specimen he called Androsaemum officinale, without referencing Linnaeus' original description of Hypericum androsaemum. Still, the description corroborated with the one given by Linnaeus and there is consensus that the specimen Allioni observed did, in fact, belong to Hypericum androsaemum and was not a separate species.^[16]

The status of Hypericum androsaemum was definitively resolved with Norman Robson's comprehensive monograph of the genus Hypericum in 1996. Robson established 36 sections within the genus which grouped together very similar species. He designated H. androsaemum as the type species of sect. Androsaemum and clarified its lectotype specimen. Because the actual type specimen that Linnaeus analyzed was not preserved, Robson selected an illustration from Hortus Cliffortianus, which Linnaeus would have at least seen, to serve as the lectotype for the species.^[2]

Subdivision

Hypericum androsaemum exhibits a great deal of variation in appearance, especially in cultivation. When this variation is deliberately brought out through selective breeding, the resulting forms are called "cultivars"; however, when populations develop unique traits on their own while in cultivation, those populations can be described by a legitimate botanical name. In the case of H. androsaemum, two such names have been given: H. androsaemum var. aureum has yellow-green leaves, and H. androsaemum f. variegatum has variegated leaves.^[2]

In the wild, H. androsaemum exhibits a similarly wide range of physical traits. Larger-flowered plants tend to have red-tinted leaves and larger fruits; smaller-flowered plants have greener leaves and smaller fruits. These traits are not binary, though, and there is a continuous spectrum of forms that link those two extremes wherever they are found. Thus, no legitimate names are given to any of these forms.^[2]

Similar species

Hypericum androsaemum is similar in appearance to the other species in section Androsaemum. It can be told apart from H. foliosum and H. × inodorum by its shorter styles, the unique black color of its ripe berries, and that its petals are never longer than its sepals.^[2] In addition to the species of section Androsaemum, it is highly similar to Hypericum xylosteifolium, the sole species in section Inodorum. The most apparent morphological difference between it and H. xylosteifolium is that the seed capsules (berries) of the latter species dry completely when they are mature, whereas those of H. androsaemum remain soft and fleshy.^[7] The berries of H. androsaemum only dry if they are left on the plant for around a month after ripening, and will begin to wither at that same time.^[2]

• Comparison of inflorescences of related species
• 

  H. foliosum

• 

  H. × inodorum

• 

  H. androsaemum

Habitat

Hypericum androsaemum is found in damp and shady areas at a great range of elevations, from low-lying regions up to 1,800 m (5,900 ft).^[2] It requires heavy rainfall, typically greater than 750 mm (30 in) of annual precipitation.^[3]

Distribution

The species has a wide native distribution, but is most densely found in Western Europe. It is particularly abundant across the British Isles (except for in the Scottish Highlands), in the Ardennes forest of Belgium and France, and on the western French coast. Other European populations include the Pyrenees Mountains, across northern Spain and Portugal, and around Genoa and parts of central Italy. Scattered sightings have been reported through Germany and as far north as Denmark, as well as in Switzerland, Austria, and the Balkans. Outside of Europe, H. androsaemum is found in northern Turkey, the North African coast, the Caucasus, and Iran. While it may have at one point been native to the island of Corsica, it is now believed to be extinct there.^[2]

Hypericum androsaemum has become naturalized or invasive in regions to which it is not native. In Australia, it is densely found in the Otway Ranges, South Gippsland Hills, Dandenong Ranges, the Blue Mountains, and in the area around Mansfield. There are also a few scattered populations on Tasmania, but it is not troublesome there. In New Zealand, it is found on both islands frequently enough to be an encroaching weed.^[3]

Invasiveness

In the late 19th century, H. androsaemum was a popular ornamental plant, leading to its widespread dispersal in non-native regions. While its seeds don't have any special properties that increase their potential for dispersal, they are small and extremely numerous. This allows the seeds to easily contaminate cargo, animals, clothing, vehicles, or other transported items. The species was invasively introduced to Australia in 1865 via the Royal Horticultural Society's botanical garden in Hobart, apparently for use as an ornamental species because of its reddish leaves and bright yellow flowers. In New Zealand, the primary method of invasive dispersal is reportedly by birds.^[3]

In 2008, Landcare Research began investigating the feasibility of a biological control for the species. The seed and leaf-tip eating moth Lathronympha strigana and the leaf-feeding beetle Chrysolina abchasica were tested and found to be sufficiently host specific and not a risk to native plant species. As of February 2017, moths were released at 30 sites around the central North Island in New Zealand; however, the beetle is more difficult to rear in captivity, so only one release has been made so far.^[17]

Ecology

An Orthoptera larva on a flower of H. androsaemum

Seeds of Hypericum androsaemum germinate in the fall. They flower when the plant is between 18–24 months old, typically from late spring to early summer, with the fruit ripening by late summer. The plant is partially deciduous, losing most of its foliage in the fall but with rapid regrowth every spring.^[3]

Cultivation

When cultivated, Hypericum androsaemum requires minimal maintenance. The species is generally pest and disease free, and is deer resistant.^[18] However, it can be prone to nematodes which cause root rot; pest insects such as thrips and scale have been noted. Additionally, in hot and humid climates the species is susceptible to wilting and unrelated root rot.^[10] It is tolerant of moderately acidic and alkaline soils, and can withstand drought and freezing temperatures down to -20° C (-4° F). While the plant performs best if spaced roughly 90 cm (3.0 ft) apart from others, it will self-sow via seed in its area if allowed, creating ground cover. After the plant has lost its leaves in the fall, it can be cut back if needed and will regrow from the base in the spring.^[19]

Most Hypericum species are difficult to germinate because of heavy seed dormancy. Hypericum androsaemum exhibits both physiological dormancy and chemical dormancy, meaning that seed germination can be kickstarted by both physical and chemical factors. In particular, room-temperature water or the plant hormone gibberellic acid were most effective at bringing its seeds out of a dormant state.^[20]

New specimens are propagated by sowing non-dormant seeds in a 10°C (50°F) greenhouse in the spring under a very light layer of soil. Once the seedlings are large enough to handle (after 1–3 months), they are moved into individual pots. After the last frost of winter, the new plants are moved to their permanent outdoor locations. As an alternative method to seed propagation, cuttings of semi-hard wood 10–12 long are sometimes taken in the fall. These cuttings are then placed in a frame for the remainder of the fall and winter, and can be replanted the following spring.^[19]

Hypericum androsaemum 'Albury Purple'

Hypericum androsaemum 'Glacier'

Cultivars

In order to combat the invasive tendencies of Hypericum androsaemum, triploid clones of plants with desirable characteristics have been developed by several herbariums.^[21] These triploid specimens have been shown to have massively reduced male fertility and complete female infertility; in addition, they still produce the large and colorful fruits for which H. androsaemum is known, and at rates similar to regular diploid plants.Trueblood, Clara E.; Ranney, Thomas G.; Lynch, Nathan P.; Neal, Joseph C.; Olsen, Richard T. (2010-07-01). "Evaluating Fertility of Triploid Clones of Hypericum androsaemum L. for Use as Non-invasive Landscape Plants". HortScience. 45 (7): 1026–1028. doi:10.21273/HORTSCI.45.7.1026. ISSN 0018-5345.

Uses

Like many other Hypericum species, H. androsaemum is a medicinal plant used in folk medicine. For example, it is used as a diuretic, to treat sciatica and gout, and to stem bleeding and accelerate healing from burns and minor wounds.^[3] Because H. androsaemum does not contain hypericin, a chemical present in other Hypericum species that can cause skin irritation and other undesirable side effects, the plant is more widely used in topical applications and skincare.^[25] This trait makes the species useful as an antidepressant as well, and testing has demonstrated that it appears to be at least as effective as H. perforatum in that regard.^[26] In Portugal, the leaves are used to treat liver, kidney, and bladder ailments,^[27] while in England they are mixed with lard to make an ointment to put on cuts or other wounds.^[28] The antioxidant properties of the berries of Hypericum androsaemum have been confirmed in laboratory testing, lending credence to their use in teas as antihepatotoxics or diuretics.^[5]

References

Hypericum androsaemum es una planta de la familia Hypericaceae.

Frutos

Flores

Hojas

Descripción

Hypericum androsaemum, es una especie de planta erecta, sufrútice que alcanza un tamaño de hasta 1,2 m de altura, glabra. Las hojas de 10-100 x 8-60 mm –relación longitud/anchura: 1,3-2,3–, de anchamente ovadas a ovadas o lanceoladas, obtusas o subagudas, mucronadas, en general amplexicaules. Brácteas de hasta 1,5 mm, membranáceas. Sépalos 4-12 mm, marcadamente desiguales, imbricados, de ovados a lanceolados, enteros, obtusos, mucronados. Pétalos de 4-10 mm. El fruto es una drupa indehiscente, de anchamente elipsoidal a subesférica, rojiza, negra al madurar. Las semillas son aladas, de un color pardo obscuro.^[1]​

Distribución y hábitat

Se encuentra en riberas, barrancos, bosques, setos y ribazos umbrosos y frescos; a una altitud de 0-1600 metros W y S de Europa, Anatolia, Caucasia, N del Irán, W de Siria, Túnez y Argelia. Regiones periféricas de la mitad N de la península ibérica, Sistema Central, Sistema Oretano, Sierra Madrona, Serra de San Mamede, Serra de Monchique y de presencia dudosa en sierras de Algeciras y el Moncayo.^{[cita requerida]}

Propiedades

Las bayas que se convierten desde el blanco / verde, al rojo, y negro son venenosas.^{[cita requerida]}

Taxonomía

Hypericum androsaemum fue descrita por Carlos Linneo y publicado en Symbolae Botanicae, . . . 1: 65. 1790.^[2]​

Citología

Número de cromosomas de Hypericum androsaemum (Fam. Guttiferae) y táxones infraespecíficos: 2n = 40^[3]​

Etimología

Hipérico: nombre genérico que deriva del griego hyperikon ("sobre las imágenes" o "por encima de una aparición"). Para algunos, el nombre hace referencia a la propiedad que se le atribuía de hacer huir a los malos espíritus y las apariciones; solían colgarse flores de esta planta sobre las imágenes religiosas el día de San Juan. Para otros, las glándulas de sus pétalos parecen formar imágenes (a este hecho se le dio mucha importancia en la Edad Media, ya que era utilizado en los exorcismos por sus virtudes cabalísticas).

androsaemum: epíteto latino que significa "sangre de hombre" porque, según Andrés Laguna "fregadas entre los dedos sus flores juntamente con la simiente que esta envuelta en ellas, luego se convierten en cierto çumo sangriento: por donde cada vna dellas propriamente se llama androsemon en griego, que es sangre humana."^[4]​^[5]​

Sinonimia

• Androsaemum androsaemum Huth
• Androsaemum officinale All.
• Androsaemum vulgare Gaertn.
• Hypericum floridum Salisb.
• Hypericum webbianum G.Nicholson^[6]​

Nombres comunes

• Castellano: androsemo (10), castellar (3), cura-ho-tot, curalotodo (3), hipérico, león franco, orovale, pericón, pericón siciliano, sanalotodo (3), todabuena (9), todasana (7), todosana (4), zubón, zubón franco.^[7]​

Referencias

Orkatx arrunta (Hypericum androsaemum) Hypericaceae familiako landarea da, Eurasia osoko muino eta baso irekietan bizi dena.^[1]

Erreferentziak

Hypericum androsaemum

Le millepertuis androsème ou androsème officinal (Hypericum androsaemum L.) est une plante herbacée vivace de la famille des Clusiacées selon la classification classique (ou des Hypéricacées selon la classification phylogénétique).

Description

• Hauteur : 40-100 cm
• Période de floraison : juin à août
• Formation biologique : chaméphyte frutescent
• Zone d'habitat : aulnaies, bords ombragés des cours d'eau, suintement (espèce plutôt acidophile)
• Pollinisation : entomogame et parfois autogame
• Dissémination : endozoochorie
• Type de fruit : baie charnue à maturité ; lorsqu'elle persiste sur la plante après celle-ci, elle se dessèche et ressemble alors à une capsule à trois valves.

Protection

Plante protégée en région Limousin Article 4 (1989) et en région Rhône-Alpes Article 1 (1990).

Galerie

• Feuilles et boutons

• Fleur

• Baies rouge-marron

• Baies noires

• Baies de millepertuis androsème

Source

Lambinon J. et al., Nouvelle flore de la Belgique, du G.-D. de Luxembourg, du Nord de la France et des régions voisines (Ptéridophytes et Spermatophytes), Meise, Jardin botanique national de Belgique, 6^e éd., 2012, 1195 p. (ISBN 978-90-72619-88-4)

Is planda é an meas torc allta.

Mansbloed (Hypericum androsaemum) is een houtige plant uit de hertshooifamilie (Hypericaceae). In Vlaanderen en Nederland komt de kleine struik in de vrije natuur alleen adventief als tuinvlieder voor. Hij wordt vanwege de opvallende bloemen en bessen aangeplant in tuinen en plantsoenen.

Naam

De naam Hypericum komt van het Griekse hypo en erica (onder of tussen heide). Sommigen zeggen echter dat Hypericum verwijst naar de god Hyperion, vader van de zon in de Griekse mythologie, omdat de bloemen (net als de zon) heldergeel zijn. Androsaemum is een Latijnse plantennaam en betekent mans bloed. Hier dankt de soort ook haar Nederlandse naam aan.^[1] In Frankrijk wordt de plant toute saine, alles gezond, genoemd vanwege de vermeende medicinale eigenschappen van de bladeren. In het Engels is de Franse naam verbasterd tot Tutsan.

Beschrijving

Mansbloed wordt maximaal een meter hoog. De niet woekerende heester groeit met een stevige wortelstok van waaruit de takken om hoog groeien. De in verhouding grote bladeren staan paarsgewijs en omvatten de bruinrode stengel. Ze zijn ovaal tot lancetvormig van vorm, donkergroen van boven en aan de onderkant lichtgrijs. Bij wrijven geven ze een harsachtige kleur af. In het najaar krijgen de bladeren een rode zweem. In de periode juni tot en met augustus verschijnen de relatief grote bloemen die opvallen door hun heldergele kleur en de grote meeldraden. Vervolgens verschijnen de bessen die eerst rood van kleur zijn en later verkleuren naar zwart.^[2][3]

Ecologie

Mansbloed staat op zonnige tot licht beschaduwde, vochthoudende tot vochtige, voedselrijke, iets zure tot op kalkhoudende zand- en kleigrond en is droogteresistent. De struikvormige plant met kantige stengels groeit aan waterkanten en op kwelplekken, op heuvels, in loofbossen en bosranden. De soort is inheems in Zuidwest-Azië, Noord-Afrika en West-Europa en wordt veelvuldig gebruikt als tuinplant.^[4].

Afbeeldingen

• Plant

• Bloei

• Bessen

• Bessen rijp

Varianten

In tuinen worden onder andere de volgende varianten toegepast:

• Hypericum androsaemum 'Albury Purple'
• Hypericum androsaemum ‘Cornflakes’

Hypericum androsaemum, conhecido como androsemo, erva-da-pedra, erva-mijadeira, mijadeira, mas mais por hipericão-do-Gerês,^[1] por se dar bem no Parque Nacional da Peneda-Gerês, é uma espécie de planta com flor pertencente à família Hypericaceae. Esta planta tem preferência por locais sombrios e frescos, embora se adapte a uma boa exposição solar. No entanto, locais com muita sombra diminui a produção de flores. Do ponto de vista edáfico, elege solos ácidos, preferencialmente argilosos, ricos em matéria orgânica, húmidos e bem drenados.^[2]

A autoridade científica da espécie é L., tendo sido publicada em Species Plantarum 2: 784. 1753.

• Folhas e botões.

• Flor

• fruta

Características medicinais

O hipericão-do-Gerês é tradicionalmente cultivado pelas suas propriedades medicinais e farmacológicas, sendo uma planta rica em glândulas secretoras de resinas e óleos essenciais. É rico em hipericina (um dos principais constituintes ativos das espécies do género Hypericum e segundo alguns autores pode atuar como um antibiótico e antiviral), taninos e vitamina C.

A parte aérea florida da planta é a mais utilizada, sendo-lhe atribuída propriedades sedativas, diuréticas, digestivas, antidepressivas, hepatoprotetoras e cicatrizantes.

A infusão de folhas e flores secas de hipericão-do-Gerês funciona como um tranquilizante natural e é utilizada no tratamento de perturbações nervosas, insónias, depressões, doenças hepáticas e digestivas. Externamente ajuda a cicatrizar feridas, a tratar queimaduras e contusões e a evitar a inflamação destas.

Porque todas as plantas têm contraindicações e efeitos colaterais, aconselha-se a supervisão médica na toma desta infusão, uma vez que esta pode interagir com a ingestão de outro tipo de medicação, causando maior ou menor ação dos mesmos, podendo mesmo inibir a sua total eficácia, com consequências negativas para o organismo.^[3]

Portugal

Trata-se de uma espécie presente no território português, nomeadamente em Portugal Continental, e na Galiza.

Em termos de naturalidade é nativa da região atrás indicada.

Protecção

Não se encontra protegida por legislação portuguesa ou da Comunidade Europeia.

Referências

• 1 Ботаническое описание
• 2 Экология и применение
• 3 Распространение
• 4 Классификация
  • 4.1 Синонимы
• 5 Галерея
• 6 Примечания
• 7 Литература
• 8 Ссылки