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Goutweed (Aegopodium podagraria), also known as bishop's-weed and snow-on-the-mountain, is an herbaceous perennial plant, one of several species of Aegopodium native to Europe and Asia. Most leaves are basal, with the leafstalk attached to an underground stem, or rhizome. The leaves are divided into three groups of three leaflets, making it "triternate." The leaflets are toothed and sometimes irregularly lobed. Foliage of the "wild" type is medium green in color; a commonly planted variegated form has bluish-green leaves with creamy white edges. Sometimes reversion back to solid green or a mixture of solid green and the lighter variegated pattern occurs within a patch.
Small, white, five-petaled flowers are produced in mid-summer. Flowers are arranged in flat-topped clusters (called compound umbels) and are held above the ground on a leafy stem up to about 3 feet tall. The seeds are small and elongate, similar in size and shape to carrot seeds, and ripen in late summer. In contrast to the dense foliage cover produced by goutweed, flowering shoots are uncommon in densely shaded areas.
The rhizomes of goutweed are long, white, and branching, superficially resembling those of quackgrass (Elytrigia repens, also known as Agropyron repens). Patches of goutweed typically form a dense canopy and can exclude most other herbaceous vegetation. Because of this, it is often used as a low-maintenance ground cover.
Goutweed is an aggressive invasive plant that forms dense patches, displaces native species, and greatly reduces species diversity in the ground layer. Goutweed patches inhibit the establishment of conifers and other native tree species as well. An ecologically versatile species, Goutweed is found in old gardens and flowerbeds, around shrubs and other plantings, and in a variety of other disturbed habitats such as felled forests, abandoned fields, and pastures. In Eurasia, goutweed is primarily a species of deciduous and southern boreal forests, and it expands aggressively in similar habitats in North America. Goutweed appears to do best on moist soil and in light to moderate shade, but is highly shade-tolerant and capable of invading closed-canopy forests.
Goutweed is currently known to occur in twenty-nine states in the mid-Atlantic, Northeast and Northwest (USDA PLANTS map) and is reported to be invasive in natural areas in Connecticut, Michigan, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Vermont, and Wisconsin (WeedUS Database).
This description covers characteristics that may be relevant to fire ecology and is not meant for identification. Keys for identification are available (e.g., [28,52,58,71,74,76,92]).
Aboveground: Bishop's goutweed is a perennial ([52,62], review by [15]) herb [52,56,59,79,92,95] with erect, hollow stems (review by [14]). One review from the upper Great Lakes region indicated that bishop's goutweed grows from 4 to 12 inches (10-30 cm) tall [15], but it may grow to as tall as about 3 feet (1 m) in the northeastern United States [28]. In the Netherlands, bishop's goutweed grows from 1.5 feet (.47 m) [39] to 3 feet (1 m) tall ([59], review by [14]). Individual compound leaves are 1 to 3 inches (3-8 cm) long ([28], review by [15]). They are typically variegated but are occasionally all green [79], especially on plants established from seed [92]. Bishop's goutweed's inflorescence is a compound umbel [71,76] 2 to 4.7 inches (6-12 cm) wide [28]. Its seeds are about 1.4 mm wide [31].
Belowground: Information pertaining to bishop's goutweed's belowground morphology comes primarily from Europe. Bishop's goutweed has an extensive root system [41] that includes a main root and lateral roots. During early development, adventitious thick storage roots and thin feeding roots emerge from the hypocotyl. Eventually, additional adventitious roots form at rhizome nodes (review by [27]).
Bishop's goutweed has horizontal rhizomes [52,56,92] that may transition to vertical shoots at the end of the growing season (review by [27]). Reports of bishop's goutweed's rhizome length vary from 2 to 118 inches (5-300 cm) ([41,56], review by [27]). One study indicated that rhizomes are about 2 mm in diameter [56]. Nothing specific had been reported on how deep bishop's goutweed's rhizomes are buried in the soil as of 2009, but one review indicated that bishop's goutweed has a "weak shallow rhizome system" [34]. "Total" rhizome length may shorten as connections between ramets decay (review by [27]).
Stand structure: Bishop's goutweed exhibits clonal growth [59,62,74] and spreads by producing ramets ([59], review by [27]). In Massachusetts, bishop's goutweed forms dense mats (review by [95]). In Russia, bishop's goutweed's spatial distribution is nonrandom, and populations grow in clusters, presumably because of bishop's goutweed's rhizomatous nature [54].
Bishop's goutweed was introduced in North America from Europe [82]. In the United States, bishop's goutweed occurs from Maine south to South Carolina and west to Minnesota and Missouri. It also occurs in the Pacific Northwest from Montana to Washington and Oregon. It occurs in all the Canadian provinces excepting Newfoundland and Labrador, and Alberta. Plants Database provides a distributional map of bishop's goutweed.
Globally, bishop's goutweed occurs primarily in the northern hemisphere, particularly in Europe, Asia Minor ([28,36,58,92], reviews by [14,27]), and Russia (review by [27,63]). Bishop's goutweed's native distribution is unclear. It may have been introduced in England (review by [2]) and is considered a "weed" in the former Soviet Union, Germany, Finland (Holm 1979 cited in [14]), and Poland [44]. It is nonnative in North America [82] and Australia including Tasmania (reviews by [2,14]).
Bishop's goutweed is grown as an ornamental (reviews by [13,72]) and occasionally escapes cultivation ([28,58,71], review by [95]). Little information has been published on its rate and direction of spread in North America. Darlington (1859 cited in [50]) considered bishop's goutweed invasive in the eastern United States by 1859, but bishop's goutweed was still considered uncommon in New England in the early 1980s [76]. Subsequent reviews on invasive species in New England indicate that bishop's goutweed may be becoming more widespread in Vermont [91] and Massachusetts [55]. A flora from Nova Scotia indicates that bishop's goutweed was locally abundant and becoming common in North America by the late 1960s [74]. In the early 1970's Swink [82] described bishop's goutweed as an "occasional weed" in northern Illinois, and an Illinois flora states bishop's goutweed is infrequent and rarely escapes cultivation [58].
Fuels: As of this writing (2009) no information was available on bishop's goutweed's fuel characteristics.
FIRE REGIMES: With one exception, no published information was available at this time (2009) on North American plant communities where bishop's goutweed occurs, making it difficult to infer what FIRE REGIMES may be associated with bishop's goutweed. On one site in Illinois, bishop's goutweed occurred in a shaded ravine with box elder and slippery elm. FIRE REGIMES on this site may be similar to those described for wooded draws and ravines of the Great Plains. Surface or replacement fires may occur every 40 to 95 years, depending on moisture patterns and on the FIRE REGIMES of adjacent mixed-grass prairie and shrubland. Because native ungulates tend to concentrate in woody draws and ravines for food and cover, grazing may influence FIRE REGIMES and stand regeneration in these communities [48]. Find further fire regime information for the plant communities in which this species may occur by entering the species name in the FEIS home page under "Find FIRE REGIMES".
Seeds dispersed by bishop's goutweed plants in wildlands may have low germination rates [6], but in germination tests, bishop's goutweed seeds have shown moderate to high germination rates. In laboratory tests, 5% to 100% of bishop's goutweed seeds germinated after chilling at 41 °F (5 °C) [31,68,88].
At the time of seed dispersal, bishop's goutweed embryos are immature [25,68,88] and undergo a period of morphological and physiological dormancy before they germinate [68,88]. In Norway, 83% of bishop's goutweed seeds contained immature embryos, 15% contained endosperm but no embryos, and 2% were empty [25]. Before morphological dormancy can be broken, immature embryos must grow to full size; in the field, this process is triggered by cold temperatures in fall and early winter. An additional cold stratification period in the spring may be necessary to break physiological dormancy [88]. Several studies report that chilling of seeds induced bishop's goutweed germination. In the laboratory, exposure to temperatures of 41 °F (5 °C) for at least 16 weeks induced germination of bishop's goutweed seed [88]. In another study, no bishop's goutweed seeds germinated when fresh, but nearly all seeds germinated when exposed to 41 °F (5 °C) for 12 months [31]. A 3rd study [68] also induced bishop's goutweed germination at a temperature of 41 °F (5 °C) but obtained higher germination rates in a shorter time at 32 °F (0 °C). Vandelook and others [88] found that, once dormancy was broken, seeds germinated at constant and alternating temperatures ranging from 50 to 73 °F (10-23 °C).
Information about site characteristics where bishop's goutweed is invasive in North America is limited (2009). Information on sites where bishop's goutweed occurs comes primarily from European studies.
Climate: Bishop's goutweed occurs in temperate climates (see General Distribution). In Europe, mean precipitation on sites where bishop's goutweed occurred ranged from 19.5 [70] to 32.8 [26] inches (495-832 mm). Mean annual temperature was typically around 44 °F (7 °C), except where bishop's goutweed occurred in central Sweden, where average annual temperatures were as low as 42 °F (5.6 °C) [59].
Elevation: As of this writing (2009) no information is available on bishop's goutweed's elevational distribution in North America. Publications from Europe indicate that bishop's goutweed occurs at altitudes from 31 feet (10 m) [90] to nearly 3,488 feet (1,063 m) [33,45]. In one study from Sweden, bishop's goutweed was most common at altitudes from 1,030 to 1,120 feet (315-340 m) [33].
General habitat and moisture: Available evidence suggests that bishop's goutweed prefers moist conditions and may tolerate saturated soils. In the northeastern United States, bishop's goutweed is associated with moist sites [28]. In the upper Great Lakes region bishop's goutweed occurs on moist, well-drained soils [15]. In Australia, bishop's goutweed growth is "most prolific" in moist conditions and semishade (review by [14]). One review indicated that bishop's goutweed survives "very wet" conditions [72], and in Sweden, bishop's goutweed occurred on a site that was regularly flooded by an adjacent stream [33].
Leuschner and Lendzion [49] investigated microhabitat conditions for various herbaceous species in a beech forest in Germany and speculated that bishop's goutweed's occurrence was most influenced by relatively low soil moisture. On sites where bishop's goutweed occurred (i.e., open and sheltered valley sites, shallow and steep north-facing slopes) moisture content ranged from 33.2% to 36.4%; moisture content ranged from 25.2% to 28.1% on sites where bishop's goutweed was absent (i.e., rapid drying south-facing slopes) [49].
Microclimate and soil variables at 6 sites in a beech forest in Germany from March to May [49]
Variable
Valley North-facing slopes South-facing slopes open sheltered shallow steep shallow steep Bishop's goutweed cover (%) 15-25 15-25 3-5 1-3 0 0 Temperature (°C) 13.1 11.4 12.1 12.7 15.3 16.2 Relative humidity (%) 69.3 89.4 76.5 74.4 64 59.6 Vapor pressure deficit of air (Pa) 527 153 363 385 669 750 Photosynthetic active radiation (µmol/m²/s) 451 434 305 339 470 508 Soil moisture (volume %) 34.7 36.4 36.1 33.2 28.1 25.2 pH 7.3 7.1 7.2 7.4 7.3 7.3In North America, bishop's goutweed is associated with anthropogenically influenced habitats like roadsides and the sides of buildings [74,76]. In Canada, bishop's goutweed has escaped cultivation primarily to roadsides and "waste places" in southwestern British Columbia and from southern Manitoba to Nova Scotia [62,75]. Bishop's goutweed occurs in grasslands, forests, roadsides, "waste places", and gardens in the upper Great Lakes region [15] and in Michigan, it occurs on forest borders [92]. On 1 site in Illinois, it occurred in a shaded ravine [82]. In Connecticut, bishop's goutweed occurs in floodplains and on the edges of wildlands (review by [13]). In Vermont it occurs in riparian and upland forests (review by [91]), and in Massachusetts it occurs on uplands, wetlands, and on floodplains (review by [95]). In North Carolina and South Carolina, the all-green type of bishop's goutweed occurs on the edges of bogs [71].
Bishop's goutweed occurs on similar sites throughout Europe. It occurs in managed or abandoned grasslands [83,84] or in fields where mowing or grazing has occurred [26,65,66]. Its occurrence has been associated with gardens [6]. It occurs in wildlands, especially in open forests, forest edges [39,67,83,88], and riparian areas [83,88].
Substrate: In regions outside North America, bishop's goutweed is considered a nitrophilous species ([42,53,83,88], Ellenberg 1979 cited in [22]). Soil pH, however, may influence bishop's goutweed's distribution more than nitrogen concentrations [23,90].
Available evidence from Europe indicates that bishop's goutweed occurs in soil pH ranging from 3.1 [24] to 9 [94], but several publications indicate it is most commonly found in weakly acidic [23,24,33,61,66] to weakly basic soils ([49,102], Ellenberg and others 1992 cited in [89]). In Sweden, bishop's goutweed occurred in a forest on sites with soil pH from 4.0 to 7.0. Over a 30- to 35-year period, bishop's goutweed cover increased more rapidly on sites where pH was >6.5 than in more acidic soils [22]. In a greenhouse, bishop's goutweed occurred in soil pH ranging from 3.17 to 4.5 but was most frequent on soils in the higher portion of that range (less acidic) [23]. In Britain, bishop's goutweed's nitrogen uptake was greatest in soils of pH 7 [3]. Two publications from Europe indicate that bishop's goutweed occurs on limestone [49,93].
Information on other substrate characteristics associated with bishop's goutweed is patchy. In Belgium, bishop's goutweed occurred in a flat, low-lying forest on sandy loam and silty loam. A layer of sandy clay occurred at approximately a 3-foot (1 m) depth and impeded drainage [90]. In Sweden, bishop's goutweed occurred in soils covered with a thin layer of litter that persisted from autumn to spring and decomposed by summer. There was no or only a thin layer of humus below the litter layer [21].
Impacts: Reports on bishop's goutweed's impacts in North America are limited and anecdotal in nature. Reviews have described bishop's goutweed as an "aggressive" invader in the upper Great Lakes region [15], Vermont [91], and Massachusetts [55]. In New England, bishop's goutweed persists in wildlands and is locally abundant (review by [13]). It is considered invasive in northern Illinois [37] and Massachusetts [95]. The most detailed information comes from Vermont, where bishop's goutweed threatens forested and open areas and dominates the ground layer in some areas. It is a particular threat to native vegetation in floodplain forests (review by [91]). Reports on bishop's goutweed's impacts in Canada vary. Catling [11] considers bishop's goutweed to be a high-priority nonnative species in need of control because of its "major impacts" to wildlands in Canada. Others [62,97] consider bishop's goutweed a minor threat to native plant communities in Canada; however, White [97] cautioned that it may become locally abundant.
Bishop's goutweed invades native ecosystems outside North America (review by [72]). In the United Kingdom, it is considered a nuisance species [16]. A review from Australia describes bishop's goutweed as the "worst" of garden weeds. It spreads rapidly under favorable growing conditions; a single plant can cover an area of 10 feet² (3 m²) in 1 year [2].
Control: Regardless of what control method is employed, control of bishop's goutweed may be complicated by its rhizomatous nature. Reviews indicate that sprouting occurs if any rhizomes remain [95].
All-green bishop's goutweed may be more persistent [74] and spread more rapidly than variegated bishop's goutweed (see Seedling establishment and plant growth), making the all-green type particularly difficult to control [79].
Fire: As of this writing (2009), no information was available on the use of prescribed fire to control this species.
Prevention: It is commonly argued that the most cost-efficient and effective method of managing invasive species is to prevent their establishment and spread by maintaining "healthy" natural communities [51,78] (e.g., avoid road building in wildlands [85]) and by monitoring several times each year [38]. Preventing the establishment and spread of bishop's goutweed may be facilitated by preventing its escape from cultivation. One review from the upper Great Lakes region recommended planting bishop's goutweed only on sites not adjacent to wildlands and in gardens where root spread can be restricted (e.g., between a sidewalk and a house) (review by [15]).
Cultural control: No information was available as of this writing (2009).
Physical or mechanical control: A couple of reviews recommend hand pulling, raking, and digging followed up by monitoring to control bishop's goutweed [2,95]; however, caution must be taken to remove the entire rhizome and root system (reviews by [2,15,95]). Removing flowers before seed set may help control bishop's goutweed (reviews by [2,15]). Because bishop's goutweed's starch reserves are typically depleted by spring, Meyer [56] speculated that bishop's goutweed might be killed if it was prevented from photosynthesizing in the spring. Tree and shrub cutting, root trenching [102], hay making [26], and cattle grazing [65,66] may also reduce bishop's goutweed cover, but these methods have been developed for agricultural fields and may not be applicable to wildlands.
Biological control: No information was available as of this writing (2009).
Chemical control: One review from the Great Lakes region indicated that glyphosate could be applied to bishop's goutweed's foliage in spring or summer [15], but details on its effectiveness where not provided.
Integrated management: Attempts to combine herbicide with landscape cloth, bark mulch, and hand weeding to control bishop's goutweed in a garden were unsuccessful because sprouting occurred from either rhizomes or root fragments left in the soil (review by [13]).As of this writing (2009), little was known about bishop's goutweed's IMPORTANCE TO LIVESTOCK AND WILDLIFE in North America. The flowers of the Apiaceae family as a whole attract numerous insects with their nectar ([9], review by [103]). In Russia, bishop's goutweed is one of the most common plants and a "basic" source of nectar (review by [63]). In Switzerland, bishop's goutweed was 1 of only 2 plants out of 11 tested that were considered an "optimal" food source for parasitic wasps that have an important agricultural role [93]. In Sweden, 2 beetle species known to pollinate other plants were found on bishop's goutweed during anthesis [19]. In Poland, a patch of bishop's goutweed was completely eaten by a slug (Arion lusitanicus) [44].
Palatability and/or nutritional value: No information is available on this topic.
Cover value: In the Netherlands, a snail (Cepaea nemoralis) was found on bishop's goutweed leaves but did not eat them [99].
Little is known about bishop's goutweed's plant associates in North America, particularly where it may be most invasive. In Illinois [82] and the Northeast [28,76,91], bishop's goutweed occasionally occurs in wildlands. In Vermont, bishop's goutweed occurs in upland hardwood forests [91]. At one location in northern Illinois, bishop's goutweed occurred with boxelder (Acer negundo), slippery elm (U. rubra), black walnut (Juglans nigra), black raspberry (Rubus occidentalis), bristly greenbrier (Smilax tamnoides), great ragweed (Ambrosia trifida), eastern waterleaf (Hydrophyllum virginianum), and woodland lettuce (Lactuca floridana), and [82]. Based on its plant community associates in Europe, in North America bishop's goutweed may potentially occur in deciduous and coniferous woodland or forest communities and in plant communities with tall herbs.
Information from Europe indicates that bishop's goutweed most commonly occurs in deciduous woodlands and forests [21,24,53,67,101,102], especially in riparian areas [98]. It also occurs in shrublands, wetlands [46], and grasslands [26]. It typically occurs in plant communities characterized by tall herbs [83,84,98]. Bishop's goutweed sometimes dominates or codominates the herbaceous layer in plant communities and is a characteristic species for some plant communities outside of North America. In Sweden, it is a characteristic species for 2 plant community types, both dominated by buttercup (Ranunculaceae) species [67]. In Germany, there is a bishop's goutweed cover type that contains other tall herbs such as nettle (Urtica spp.) [83,84]. In the Czech Republic, bishop's goutweed dominated an abandoned grassland with tall grasses and forbs such as colonial bentgrass (Agrostis capillaris), meadow foxtail (Alopecurus pratensis), red fescue (Festuca rubra), and white bedstraw (Galium album) [26] and was codominant in a nitrophilous (species that prefer sites rich in nitrogen) plant community with stinging nettle (U. dioica) that occurs on anthropogenically altered sites (e.g., along roads, hedges, walls) [42]. In Estonia, bishop's goutweed dominates a wetland community type [46].
In North America, bishop's goutweed has been used as a ground cover (reviews by [13,95]).
Extracts from bishop's goutweed's roots have been used worldwide for their purifying and antiinflammatory properties [7]. There is evidence it has been used for treatment of gout in the past [69].
Literature pertaining to bishop's goutweed's phenology is sparse and comes primarily from locations outside North America. A few North American floras have reported flowering periods for bishop's goutweed. In Illinois, bishop's goutweed flowers from May to August [58], and a review from the Great Lakes region states that bishop's goutweed blooms in June [15]. In the northeastern United States, bishop's goutweed flowers from July to August [76]. In Nova Scotia, bishop's goutweed flowers and fruits from June through July [74].
The remainder of information, primarily from Europe, suggests a phenology that begins in early spring with seedling emergence, stem growth, and leaf development and culminates with plant senescence in fall after the first frost. In a garden in Belgium, bishop's goutweed seedlings emerged throughout the spring, but most emergence occurred in March and April [88]. In an outdoor experiment in Japan, cotyledons emerged by late April [68]. In Europe, bishop's goutweed seeds germinated in May or early June, and cotyledons photosynthesized for 1 to 2 months before dying. Primary rosette shoots develop soon after the cotyledons die (review by [27]). In Italy, optimal stem growth of bishop's goutweed occurred after mid-April [1]. In Germany, bishop's goutweed leaves begin to develop in early spring but are not fully expanded until May, when anthesis begins. Leaves stay green until August, when they begin to yellow, but they do not die until the first frost [56]. In Australia, bishop's goutweed's flowering stems emerge in midsummer [2].
In Switzerland [93], bishop's goutweed is insect pollinated, and it may be insect pollinated throughout its range. Bishop's goutweed emits a "strong" fragrance [9] and contains nectar on its nondeciduous floral parts (i.e., sepals, receptacle, gynoecium) [80]. It contains a number of volatile compounds that are suspected to influence insect-plant interactions [9,63], particularly those between bees and nectar-bearing plants [63]. In Sweden, pollinating beetles visited bishop's goutweed plants with fully developed flowers [19], although it is unclear whether beetles were acting as pollinators or just visiting the plants.
Bishop's goutweed has been described as both monocarpic [9] and polycarpic [8], but no details were given on how these determinations were made.
Bishop's goutweed seedlings are most likely to establish and survive under the forest canopy on well-lit sites where ground disturbance has occurred (e.g., animal digging) and on sites void of other plants (review by [27]). Because recruitment from seed is seldom seen in wild populations [59], seedling establishment may be rare. Even seedlings establishing in sunlight may die the same year they emerge because they compete poorly for water and nutrients compared to surrounding mature plants (review by [27]).
Gastuk [27] provides a detailed review of the process of bishop's goutweed development. Experiments in Japan indicate that bishop's goutweed cotyledons emerge in early spring after snowmelt and quickly develop primary rosette shoots [68]. A review from Europe indicates that during the next 5 to 7 years, lateral roots sprout from the main root, and horizontal rhizomes develop from axillary buds on the primary rosette shoot. Plants may reach reproductive stage 5 to 7 years after germination (review by [27]). Growth may be more rapid for clones that maintain rhizome connections, because connections allow for resource sharing between ramets in the sun and ramets in the shade [59]. Mature plants grow "vigorously" but eventually show signs of senescence and transition to a "post reproductive period" (review by [27]).
Some [74,79] consider bishop's goutweed plants with all-green foliage more "vigorous", spreading more rapidly than the variegated type. Higher photosynthetic rates in all-green plants may account for differences in growth. In a nursery, photosynthetic rates for variegated and all-green bishop's goutweed plants were comparable in full sun. However, in shade, photosynthetic rates for the all-green type were more than 50% higher than rates for the variegated type [79].
Throughout its range, bishop's goutweed prefers partial shade ([18,28,79,88], reviews by [14,15]) but tolerates deep shade ([18,49,76,82], review by [55]) with up to 90% canopy cover [33].
Although bishop's goutweed has some attributes of early successional species (e.g., establishes on disturbed sites), available evidence suggests it is not typically associated with early succession. Bishop's goutweed has limited regeneration from seed and its seed dispersal may limit its ability to establish on new sites. In Canada, bishop's goutweed does not normally grow in full sun. Photosynthetic tissue of the all-green type may be harmed if exposed to full sunlight; however, tissue on variegated plants may not be affected [79]. One review from Massachusetts indicated that bishop's goutweed grows in full sunlight [55] but provided no further details on its growth potential on such sites. In a previously mowed meadow in Poland, bishop's goutweed did not establish until year 15 of a 20-year-study even though viable seeds were collected from the soil during previous years of the study. Bishop's goutweed established only after the meadow had transitioned to a willow scrub community with a high proportion of sedges (Carex spp.) [20]. In Germany, bishop's goutweed occurred only on the floor of a deciduous forest and not in a newly vegetated patch of ground with pioneer species [17].
Outside of North America, bishop's goutweed occurs in mid- [90,101] to late-successional stages ([77,101], De Keersmaeker and Muys 1995 cited in [89], Pysek 1977 cited in [70]), and based on its affinity for shade, it may occur in similar successional stages in North America. Bishop's goutweed's abundance tends to increase over time ([20,24,53], Pysek 1977 cited in [70]), and it may become more abundant in late succession. For example, bishop's goutweed was common in a 100- to 130-year-old German beech forest [49] and in Poland, it attained greatest cover on woodland sites in late succession [100].
Verheyen and Hermy [89] speculated that bishop's goutweed's occurrence may only be moderately correlated with forest age (r² =0.51). Other factors, such as habitat quality, pH [89], nitrogen availability [24], and distance to an undisturbed population of bishop's goutweed [89], may influence the distribution of bishop's goutweed more than forest age.Aegopodium ye una especie de planta melecinal perteneciente a la familia Apiaceae. Ye orixinaria d'Eurasia.
Tien un color variáu de verde y blancu que dacuando se vuelve verde dientro d'un parche. Les flores son pequeñes, de color blancu, con cinco pétalos y salen percima de les fueyes, en grupos planos.
Forma parches trupos y ye considerada como una amenaza ecolóxica, ye invasivo y amenorga la diversidá d'especies na capa de suelu. Por esti motivu utilízase, de cutiu, pal caltenimientu de la cubierta vexetal.
Contién Vitamina C (fueyes)
Utilízase como sedante, diuréticu (frutos), arumosu, estimulante, escuédigu, vulnerario. Usáu pal reuma y la gota, varices, enfermedaes de la piel. Los frutos en fervinchu o cocimientu usar pa enfermedaes intestinales, renales o de la vesícula.[1]
Utilizense les fueyes fresques pa la gota y seques en fervinchu pa la reuma. Les fueyes esmagayaes pueden emplegase pa enfrescar la piel tres la picadura d'inseutos. Les fueyes fresques cortaes finamente con carne picao y puré d'avena pa facilitar la dixestión.[1]
Aegopodium podagraria ye nativa d'Europa y Asia.
Aegopodium podagraria describióse por Carlos Linneo y espublizóse en Species Plantarum 2: 265. 1753.[2]
Aegopodium: nome xenéricu que deriva de les pallabres griegues: αἴγειος (Aigeos = "cabra") y πούς-ποδός (pous-podos = "pie") y refierse a la forma de les fueyes, que recuerda a un pie de cabra.
podagraria: epítetu
Flores
Planta
Umbela
Fueyes
Esta páxina forma parte del wikiproyeutu Botánica, un esfuerciu collaborativu col fin d'ameyorar y organizar tolos conteníos rellacionaos con esti tema. Visita la páxina d'alderique del proyeutu pa collaborar y facer entrugues o suxerencies. Aegopodium ye una especie de planta melecinal perteneciente a la familia Apiaceae. Ye orixinaria d'Eurasia.
Aegopodium podagraria és una espècie de planta apiàcia perenne que creix en llocs a l'ombra. És l'espècie tipus del gènere Aegopodium. És planta nativa d'Euràsia i ha estat introduïda arreu del món com planta ornamental, de vegades es considera planta invasora exòtica.[1]
També es troba en els Països Catalans
A. podagraria arriba a fer 100 cm d'alt i té rizomes. les seves flors són blanques i disposades en umbel·la terminal.[2]
La forma variegada és cultiva com planta ornamental.
Les fulles tendres són comestibles[3]
Com medicinal s'ha usat contra la gota i artritis. Ingerides, les fulles són laxants i lleugerament sedants, El seu ús medicinal està en declivi. Aquesta planta es troba asilvestrada en els voltants de molts monestirs antics i Hildegard von Bingen l'anomenava Physica.
Aegopodium podagraria és una espècie de planta apiàcia perenne que creix en llocs a l'ombra. És l'espècie tipus del gènere Aegopodium. És planta nativa d'Euràsia i ha estat introduïda arreu del món com planta ornamental, de vegades es considera planta invasora exòtica.
També es troba en els Països Catalans
Planhigyn blodeuol ydy Llysiau'r gymalwst sy'n enw lluosog. Mae'n perthyn i'r teulu Apiaceae yn y genws Aegopodium. Yr enw gwyddonol (Lladin) yw Aegopodium podagraria a'r enw Saesneg yw Ground-elder. Ceir enwau Cymraeg eraill ar y planhigyn hwn gan gynnwys Llys y gymalwst, Dail yr esgob, Llysiau'r droedwst, Llysiau'r gymalwst, Pla'r amaethwr a Throed yr afr.
Mae'r dail gyferbyn a'i gilydd ac mae gan y blodyn 5 petal.
Planhigyn blodeuol ydy Llysiau'r gymalwst sy'n enw lluosog. Mae'n perthyn i'r teulu Apiaceae yn y genws Aegopodium. Yr enw gwyddonol (Lladin) yw Aegopodium podagraria a'r enw Saesneg yw Ground-elder. Ceir enwau Cymraeg eraill ar y planhigyn hwn gan gynnwys Llys y gymalwst, Dail yr esgob, Llysiau'r droedwst, Llysiau'r gymalwst, Pla'r amaethwr a Throed yr afr.
Mae'r dail gyferbyn a'i gilydd ac mae gan y blodyn 5 petal.
Bršlice kozí noha (Aegopodium podagraria), známá též jako kerhák, pěťour, kerhátek či husí packa[1], je plevel z čeledi miříkovitých, který činí potíže zejména na zanedbaných zahradách. Mimo to jde o nitrofilní rostlinu prosazující se v podrostu smíšených a listnatých lesů, lužních lesů a stinných pasekách.
Bršlice kozí noha vytváří rozsáhlou síť oddenků s vysokou regenerační schopností, které navíc slouží jako prostředek vegetativního rozmnožování. (Při rytí je třeba oddenky z půdy vybírat, jinak rostliny vyrostou znovu). Jde o vytrvalou rostlinu – první rok vytváří přízemní růžici listů a kořenový systém, další vyžene až 100 cm dlouhou dutou, hranatou a rýhovanou lodyhu, na konci chudě větvenou. Listy jsou 1× až 2× trojčetné, podlouhle vejčité a ostře pilovité. Lodyžní listy jsou střídavé. Květenství je uspořádáno do strukturovaného okolíku – terminální okolík a postranní okolíčky prvního řádu jsou složeny z oboupohlavních květů, okolíčky druhého řádu tvoří samčí květy. Květy mají asi 3 mm v průměru, okvětní lístky jsou bílé. Plody jsou dvounažky.
Rostlina je využívána jako léčivá, sbírá se oddenek a listí. Obklad z listí má zklidňující účinek, používal se mimo jiné při dně nohou (viz jméno: dna = podagra) a dalších bolestivých onemocněních.
Rostlina má vysoký obsah vitamínu C a její listí bylo občas používáno na saláty a zeleninovou polévku.
Obrázky, zvuky či videa k tématu bršlice kozí noha ve Wikimedia Commons
Bršlice kozí noha (Aegopodium podagraria), známá též jako kerhák, pěťour, kerhátek či husí packa, je plevel z čeledi miříkovitých, který činí potíže zejména na zanedbaných zahradách. Mimo to jde o nitrofilní rostlinu prosazující se v podrostu smíšených a listnatých lesů, lužních lesů a stinných pasekách.
Skvalderkål (Aegopodium podagraria) er en 30-100 cm høj flerårig urt med tæppedannende vækst.
De grundstillede blade er 2-3 dobbelt fjersnitdelte og uligefinnede. Småbladene er skævt hjerteformede med skarpt savtakket rand. Oversiden er mat mørkegrøn, mens undersiden er noget lysere. Stængelbladene er trekoblede med noget mere smalle småblade.
Blomstringen sker i juni-august, hvor de små, hvide blomster ses samlede i skærme, der atter danner større, endestillede skærme på særlige stængler. Frøene modner godt og spirer (for) villigt.
Rodnettet består af trævlerødder, der sidder på lange, forgrenede jordstængler. Jordstænglerne bærer desuden både grundstillede blade og bladbærende blomsterstængler.
Højde x bredde og årlig tilvækst: 0,5 x 2 m (50 x 20 cm/år).
Planten er almindeligt naturaliseret her i landet.
Den stammer fra skovbunden i Central- og Østeuropæiske løvskove, hvor den foretrækker voksesteder i halvskygge og med en jordbund, som er fugtig og næringsrig, dvs. muldbund. Under disse forhold danner plantesamfund i skovbryn, læhegn, plantager, hække og på grøftekanter sammen med f.eks. majblomst, angelik, fruebær, skovpadderok og vårfladbælg.
I Tjekkiet findes mange områder med høj grundvandstand. Det ses langs floder og vandløb og i kildeområder i 150-530 m.o.h. Her er busklaget veludviklet, og her vokser arten sammen med bl.a. almindelig ask, almindelig guldstjerne, almindelig hyld, almindelig hæg, gul anemone, hulrodet lærkespore, hvid anemone, navr, plettet tvetand, skovstilkaks, skærmelm, småbladet elm, stilkeg, stor nælde og vorterod[1]
De lange, forgrenede jordstængler, som bevarer overlevelsesevnen selv i bittesmå stykker gør Skvalderkål til et frygtet ukrudt. Dertil kommer, at planten er svær at bekæmpe ved skygning fra andre planter på grund af dens skovbundsniche.
Planten er spiselig, og de unge skud er ganske velsmagende i f.eks. salater. Hele planten har en svagt krydret lugt og smag. Den blev tidligere anset for et virksomt middel mod gigt, især podagra – deraf navnet "podagraria".
Skvalderkål kan bruges til farvning af uldgarn. Farven kan forventes at blive lys strå-gul (grumset gullig) eller lys gul-grøn på alunbejdset uldgarn.
Skvalderkål (Aegopodium podagraria) er en 30-100 cm høj flerårig urt med tæppedannende vækst.
Gewöhnlicher Giersch (Aegopodium podagraria) ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung Aegopodium in der Familie der Doldenblütler (Apiaceae). Sie ist die einzige in Europa vorkommende Aegopodium-Art. Giersch gilt allgemein als lästiges Unkraut; er wuchert und lässt sich wegen seiner unterirdischen Triebe nur schwer bekämpfen. Andererseits ist Giersch ein wohlschmeckendes Wildgemüse.
Der Giersch wächst als ausdauernde krautige Pflanze und erreicht Wuchshöhen von 30 bis 100 Zentimeter. Da der Giersch aus einem stark wuchernden Rhizom entspringt, können die Ausläufer Kolonien bilden. Der kahle Stängel ist kennzeichnend kantig-gefurcht.[1]
Die wechselständig am Stängel angeordneten Laubblätter sind in Blattstiel und Blattspreite gegliedert. Die Blattspreite ist doppelt dreizählig oder zweifach gefiedert. Die Fiederblätter sind eiförmig-länglich und besitzen einen gesägten Rand. Die Fiedern 1. Ordnung sind oft nur zweispaltig.[1]
Der doppeldoldige Blütenstand ist flach und 12- bis 25-strahlig.[1] Es fehlen sowohl Hüllblätter als auch die Hüllchenblätter.[1] Die unscheinbaren, weißen Blüten sind zwittrig und fünfzählig. Die Blütezeit reicht meist von Juni bis Juli.
Die ungeflügelte kümmelähnliche, zweiteilige Spaltfrucht, auch Doppelachäne genannt, ist bei einer Länge von 3 bis 4 Millimeter eiförmig.
Die Art hat die Chromosomenzahl 2n = 42, 44 oder 22.[2]
Der Giersch ist ein Hemikryptophyt. Mit unterirdischen Ausläufern verbreiten sich einzelne Pflanzen binnen weniger Jahre über große Flächen. Vegetative Vermehrung ist vorherrschend, sie erfolgt durch die weithin und tief kriechenden, weißen, brüchigen, unterirdischen Ausläufer, die eine Mindestlänge von 20 cm und einen Durchmesser von 2 mm erreichen.[3] Er wurzelt bis 50 Zentimeter tief.[2]
Die bodennahen Blätter überdauern in milden Wintern; der Giersch ist damit teilwintergrün.[3] Blütenökologisch handelt es sich um „Nektar führende Scheibenblumen vom Heracleum-Typ“.[3] Spezielle Ausbreitungsmechanismen sind nicht bekannt; es findet aber unbeabsichtigte Ausbreitung durch den Menschen statt.[3]
Der Giersch wird vom Rostpilz Puccinia aegopodii mit Telien befallen.[4] Der Pilz Protomyces macrosporus erzeugt Gallen an Blattstielen und -nerven.[5] Der Blattfloh Trioza flavipennis verursacht ebenfalls Pflanzengallen.[6]
Der Giersch ist in fast ganz Europa und den gemäßigt-kontinentalen Gebieten des eurasischen Laubwaldgürtels verbreitet. Sein Verbreitungsgebiet umfasst Europa, die Türkei, den Kaukasusraum, Kasachstan, Kirgisistan und Sibirien.[7] In Nordamerika wurde er eingeschleppt. Er liebt stickstoffreiche Böden und tritt häufig in Gärten, schattig-feuchten Gebüschen und Wäldern auf. Er gedeiht auf grundfrischen oder sickerfrischen, nährstoffreichen und basenreichen, lockeren, tiefgründigen, mild bis mäßig sauren, humosen Ton- und Lehmböden.[2] Er ist eine schwache Charakterart des Urtico-Aegopodietum, kommt aber in Mitteleuropa auch in Gesellschaften des Convolvulion, Alno-Ulmion oder feuchter Querco-Fagetea vor.[2]
Er steigt in den Allgäuer Alpen im Tiroler Teil im Höhenbachtal, nahe der Vorderen Schochenalpe, bis 1360 Meter über Meereshöhe auf.[8]
Im Mittelalter, aber auch in neuerer Zeit wurde Giersch als Gemüse wie auch als Heilpflanze angebaut.
Der Trivialname Podagrakraut oder Zipperleinskraut weist darauf hin, dass Giersch als ein Mittel gegen Gicht galt. Er soll auch gegen Rheuma und Arthritis, krampflösend, entgiftend und blutreinigend wirken. Da keine Belege für die genannten Indikationen gefunden wurden, wird der Giersch in neuen Arzneibüchern nicht mehr aufgeführt.[9]
Roh erinnert Giersch in Geruch und Geschmack ein wenig an Petersilie gemischt mit dem harzigen Aroma einer Mango, gekocht hingegen an Spinat. Da Giersch im Gegensatz zu den meisten Gemüsesorten über viele Monate zur Verfügung steht und nur geringe Ansprüche an Boden, Wasser und Lichtversorgung stellt, sicherte er beispielsweise während der Weltkriege vielen Menschen die Vitaminzufuhr.
Die jungen, grünen Blätter enthalten (je 100 g) etwa: 200 mg Vitamin C, 5 mg Carotin, 130 mg Calcium, 5 mg Magnesium, 3 mg Eisen und 2 mg Kupfer.[10]
Giersch kann als Salat oder Gemüse zubereitet werden. Als Salat eignen sich vor allem die jungen, kaum entfalteten Blätter. Rohe Blätter können auch in Aufstriche und Suppen gegeben werden. Nach der Blüte wird der Geschmack kräftiger und eine leicht abführende Wirkung kann eintreten. Durch das Entfernen der Blüten kann dies teilweise verhindert werden. Ältere Blätter eignen sich als Tee oder zum Kochen bzw. Dünsten. Die bitteren Stiele sind zäh und sollten entfernt werden.
Beim Sammeln ist eine Verwechslung mit ungenießbaren und giftigen Arten, wie Gefleckter Schierling oder Breitblättriger Merk, zu vermeiden. Giersch lässt sich gut am dreikantigen Blattstiel erkennen, wobei eine Kante abgerundet und die gegenüberliegende Seite konkav eingezogen ist.
Meerschweinchen und Kaninchen fressen den Giersch sehr gerne.
„Im Kampf gegen den Giersch zeigt sich die Vergeblichkeit des menschlichen Tuns.“[11] Auch wenn die Wurzeln gehackt werden, regeneriert sich die Pflanze meist schnell. Herkömmliche, für Haus- und Kleingärten zugelassene Herbizide sind gegen Giersch weitgehend wirkungslos, da sie nicht das gesamte Wurzelwerk vernichten.[12] Auch Glyphosat vernichtet Giersch nicht vollständig. Nach etwa zwei Jahren Abdeckung sind die Pflanzen abgestorben – nicht jedoch die Samen. Giersch kann durch jahrelange regelmäßige Entfernung der Blätter so geschwächt werden, bis er abstirbt. Kartoffeln können den Giersch unterdrücken, da sie schneller wachsen und ihm Licht und Nährstoffe nehmen.
Im Handel sind Wachstumsregulatoren auf der Basis von Maleinsäurehydrazid und Pelargonsäure, die speziell zur Bekämpfung von Giersch angeboten werden.[13][14]
Der botanische Gattungsname Aegopodium leitet sich ab von griechisch αἰγοπόδης aigopódēs „ziegenfüßig“ (von αἴξ aix [Gen. αἰγός aigós] „Ziege“ und πούς pous [Gen. ποδός podós] „Fuß“), und bezieht sich auf die Gestalt der Blätter, die an einen Ziegenfuß erinnern. Das Artepitheton podagraria weist darauf hin, dass diese Pflanzenart seit Jahrhunderten in der Volksmedizin zur Linderung der Schmerzen bei Rheumatismus und Gicht (Podagra) Verwendung fand.
Trivialnamen für den Giersch sind Dreiblatt, Geißfuß, Ziegenkraut, Schettele, Zaungiersch, Baumtropf. Weil die Blätter dem Hollerbusch (Holunder) ähneln, wird er auch Wiesenholler genannt. Regional sind folgende Bezeichnungen gebräuchlich: Ackerholler (Kärnten), Erdholler oder Wilder Holler (Steiermark, Nordbaden), Angelken (Norddithmarschen), Bomkraut (hochdeutsch Baumkraut; von den starken Verwurzlungen), Oberschwäbische Alb, Baumtropfe (Aargau, Bern, Zürich), Baumtröpfli (Aargau, Bern, Zürich), Cheeßeln [(ch wie in ich) Uslar, Ostfalen], Dreifuss (Daun, Eifel), Kleine wilde Engelwurz, Fearkenfaite (in der Bedeutung von „Ferkelfüsse“) (Iserlohn), Gäse (Grafschaft Mark), Gese (Grafschaft Mark), Garta (Iborig, St. Gallen), Geersch (Pommern), Geerseln (Unterweser), Geesche (Braunschweig), Geesel (Unterweser), Geeske (Ostfriesland), Geesekohl (Hümmling), Geisfüssel, Geisfuss, Gere (Berg), Gerhardskraut, Gerisch (Mark Brandenburg), Gersse, Gerzel (Altmark), Gesch (Mecklenburg), Geseln (Göttingen), Gezeln (Göttingen), Geszenkielm (Marsburg), Gierisch (Schlesien), Giers (Mecklenburg), Gierts (Mecklenburg), Giersa, Gierschke, Giersick, Giersig (Schlesien), Giesseln (Unterweser), Girsch (Ulm), Girschke, Gösch (Lübeck, Mecklenburg), Griessbart (Schlesien), Gurisch (Leipzig), Gysch, Härsch (Ostfriesland), Hasenschätteln (Memmingen), Hasenscherteln (Augsburg), Heerke (Unterweser), Heersch (Dithmarschen, Oldenburg), Herske (Ostfriesland), Hinfuss (Ulm), Hinlauf, Hirs (Mecklenburg), Jesche (Fallersleben), Jessel, Jorisquek (Hamburg), Jörsquek (Holstein), Jörs (Holstein, Lübeck), Jösk (Mecklenburg), Jürs (Mecklenburg), Kaninchenfutter oder Karnickelfutter (Erfurter Umgebung), Krafues (Kärnten), Krahhaxen (Steiermark), Maienkraut (Bern), Negenstärke, Nebensterke, Podagramskraut, Rutzitzke (Niederlausitz), Schnäggachrut (St. Gallen), Strenzel, Wasserkraut (Kärnten), Wetscherlewetsch, Witscherlenwertsch (Ulm), Wuchchrut (Appenzell, Oberrheintal), Wuttscherch (Oberlausitz), Wilde Angelika (Ulm), Ziegenkraut (Leipzig), Zipperleinskraut, Zipperlikraut (Bern).[15]
Der Lyriker und Leipziger Buchpreisträger von 2015 Jan Wagner widmete in den Regentonnenvariationen dem Giersch ein Gedicht.[16]
Gewöhnlicher Giersch (Aegopodium podagraria) ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung Aegopodium in der Familie der Doldenblütler (Apiaceae). Sie ist die einzige in Europa vorkommende Aegopodium-Art. Giersch gilt allgemein als lästiges Unkraut; er wuchert und lässt sich wegen seiner unterirdischen Triebe nur schwer bekämpfen. Andererseits ist Giersch ein wohlschmeckendes Wildgemüse.
Aegopodium podagraria L. commonly cried beeshop's weed, is a perennial plant in the carrot faimily (Apiaceae) that growes in shady places.
Aegopodium podagraria L. commonly cried beeshop's weed, is a perennial plant in the carrot faimily (Apiaceae) that growes in shady places.
El flanèle (Aegopodium podagraria) (in frinsé Égopode podagraire), ch'est eune plante èrbachée vivace deul famille des Apiaceae.
Édseur chés eutes prodjés Wikimédia :
El flanèle (Aegopodium podagraria) (in frinsé Égopode podagraire), ch'est eune plante èrbachée vivace deul famille des Apiaceae.
variantes: flanèle, frannel, feinnel, èrbe à chés goutteux, tiote angélique, èrbe ed saint Gérard
Die Gäisekool (Aegopodium podagraria, dt. Giersch, nl. Zevenblad, wfr. Hoannepoaten) is n läip Jood, dät sik truch sien loange Wuttelstokke immer wier foutsätte kon. Dät wäd uk as Ietelsweere bruukt. FOARSICHT: WÄKKE DOODELKE GIFTPLONTEN SJO GANS ÄÄNELK UUT.
Me skäl fon Gäisekool goud Soppe fon sjoode konne. Nit bloot Soppe, uk Truchnunner-Ieten, af Gäisekool insteede fon Spinoat. Dät smoaket ful Moanske beeter as Spinoat, man Bäidene wollen dät maasttied nit iete, uumdät jo kweede: "Dät is Jood!"
Do Blöiten kon man uk wäil moal nieme, uum n Bloumendruust tousoamentousteeten as Sloierkruud. Do Blöiten sunt noch nit so läip foar ju Fermeerenge as do loange Wuttele. Wan me sun Plonte uutrit un kricht nit dän ganse Wuttel mee, kumt jo Plonte uumso krüüdiger wier toun Foarskien. Gäisekool lät sik nit so eenfach fernichtje. Sogoar Gift hälpt nit, uumdät do loange Wuttele annewaine wier aplieuwje.
Die Gäisekool (Aegopodium podagraria, dt. Giersch, nl. Zevenblad, wfr. Hoannepoaten) is n läip Jood, dät sik truch sien loange Wuttelstokke immer wier foutsätte kon. Dät wäd uk as Ietelsweere bruukt. FOARSICHT: WÄKKE DOODELKE GIFTPLONTEN SJO GANS ÄÄNELK UUT.
Me skäl fon Gäisekool goud Soppe fon sjoode konne. Nit bloot Soppe, uk Truchnunner-Ieten, af Gäisekool insteede fon Spinoat. Dät smoaket ful Moanske beeter as Spinoat, man Bäidene wollen dät maasttied nit iete, uumdät jo kweede: "Dät is Jood!"
Do Blöiten kon man uk wäil moal nieme, uum n Bloumendruust tousoamentousteeten as Sloierkruud. Do Blöiten sunt noch nit so läip foar ju Fermeerenge as do loange Wuttele. Wan me sun Plonte uutrit un kricht nit dän ganse Wuttel mee, kumt jo Plonte uumso krüüdiger wier toun Foarskien. Gäisekool lät sik nit so eenfach fernichtje. Sogoar Gift hälpt nit, uumdät do loange Wuttele annewaine wier aplieuwje.
Haonepoot of hoendepoot (Latien: Aegopodium podagraria) is een vaste plant uut de schaarmbloemefemilie (Apiaceae). 't Is een beruchte ruutsoort, umdat 't krupende, oendergroendse uutlopers het. De plant greuit op beschaoduwde plekken in hegen, tunen, baarmen op vochtige of bemeste groend. De stengels bin hol en egreufd. Haonepoten worren 60 tot 90 cm hoog.
De bloempjes bin meestentieds wit, mar soms oek wat roze en hen een deursnee van 1 mm. Der bin vuuf kroonblaodjes mit naor binnen ekrulde punten.
Haonepoten bleuien as samen-esteld schaarm mit 12 tot 20 straolen en der bin gien umwiendsels. De bleuitied is van mei tot augustus.
De blaojen bin drietallig bovenan en tweetallig onderan en hen een dik umhulsel.
Haonepoot draagt een eivormig, eribd vruchjen van 4 mm lang, waorvan de blievende stielen terug-esleugen bin en de ribben mar minnig uutsteken. De vrucht is een tweedelige splitvrucht, waorvan de roende deelvruchjes mar één zaodjen hen.
Haonepoot of hoendepoot (Latien: Aegopodium podagraria) is een vaste plant uut de schaarmbloemefemilie (Apiaceae). 't Is een beruchte ruutsoort, umdat 't krupende, oendergroendse uutlopers het. De plant greuit op beschaoduwde plekken in hegen, tunen, baarmen op vochtige of bemeste groend. De stengels bin hol en egreufd. Haonepoten worren 60 tot 90 cm hoog.
Το αιγοπόδιο το ποδάγριο (Aegopodium podagraria) είναι ένα από τα λίγα είδη του γένους φυτών αιγοπόδιο, της οικογένειας των σκιαδοφόρων. Φυτρώνει σε σκιερούς τόπους της Ευρασίας, από τη Σιβηρία, τον Καύκασο και τον Πόντο μέχρι τα Βρετανικά Νησιά. Στην Ελλάδα απαντάται στα βόρεια της χώρας.
Το αιγοπόδιο το ποδάγριο είναι πολυετής πόα, που φθάνει σε ύψος το 1 μέτρο. Ο βλαστός της είναι κατακόρυφος, κοίλος και χωρίς διακλαδώσεις, ενώ έχει υπόγειες παραφυάδες (ριζώματα). Τα κατώτερα φύλλα του έχουν μακρύ μίσχο, ενώ αντιθέτως τα ανώτερα είναι άμισχα, στενόμακρα και οδοντωτά με άνισες σχισμές. Η περιφέρειά τους είναι κίτρινη ή εμφανίζουν κίτρινες κηλίδες στην επιφάνειά τους. Τα άνθη του βγαίνουν σε ακτινωτή ταξιανθία, με 15 ως 20 μικρά λουλούδια με άσπρα πέταλα. Οι καρποί είναι επίσης μικροί.[1][2] Τα άνθη προσελκύουν πολλά γένη εντόμων, χαρακτηριζόμενα έτσι από ένα γενικευμένο σύστημα επικονίασης.[3]
Το αιγοπόδιο καλλιεργείται ως διακοσμητικό φυτό για υγρά και σκιερά μέρη. Πολλαπλασιάζεται εύκολα με σχίσιμο του βλαστού. Εισάχθηκε έτσι σε όλο τον κόσμο, αλλά σε κάποιες περιπτώσεις αποτελεί οικολογική απειλή ως εισβάλλον είδος.
Το αιγοπόδιο το ποδάγριο (Aegopodium podagraria) είναι ένα από τα λίγα είδη του γένους φυτών αιγοπόδιο, της οικογένειας των σκιαδοφόρων. Φυτρώνει σε σκιερούς τόπους της Ευρασίας, από τη Σιβηρία, τον Καύκασο και τον Πόντο μέχρι τα Βρετανικά Νησιά. Στην Ελλάδα απαντάται στα βόρεια της χώρας.
Aegopodium podagraria, commonly called ground elder, is a species of flowering plant in the carrot family Apiaceae that grows in shady places. The name "ground elder" comes from the superficial similarity of its leaves and flowers to those of elder (Sambucus), which is not closely related. Other common names include herb gerard, bishop's weed, goutweed, gout wort, snow-in-the-mountain, English masterwort[2] and wild masterwort.[2] It is the type species of the genus Aegopodium. It is native to Europe and Asia, but has been introduced around the world as an ornamental plant, where it occasionally poses an ecological threat as an invasive exotic plant.[3]
This herbaceous perennial grows to a height of 100 cm (39 in) from underground rhizomes. The stems are erect, hollow, and grooved. The upper leaves are ternate, broad and toothed. It flowers in spring and early summer. Numerous flowers are grouped together in an umbrella-shaped flowerhead known as a compound umbel. The main umbel is further divided into several secondary umbels known as umbellets or umbellules. Each umbellet has 15 to 20 rays (pedicels) that are each topped with a single, small, five-petaled white flower.[4][5][6] They are visited by many types of pollinating insects.[7]
The fruits, produced in late summer and autumn, are small and have long curved styles.[8][9]
Aegopodium podagraria is distributed widely in the temperate zone of western Asia and the whole of mainland Europe.[10] It has been introduced elsewhere, including Ireland,[11] the United Kingdom,[12] the United States,[13] Canada,[13] Australia (including Tasmania),[14] New Zealand,[15] and Japan.[16]
Seed dispersal and seedling establishment are typically limited by shading, and new establishments from seed are restricted to disturbed areas. However Aegopodium podagraria readily spreads over large areas of ground by underground rhizomes. Once established, the plants are highly competitive, even in shaded environments, and can reduce the diversity of ground cover and prevent the establishment of tree and shrub seedlings. Because of its limited seed dispersal ability, short-lived seed bank and seedling recruitment, the primary vector for dispersal to new areas is human plantings as an ornamental, medicinal or vegetable plant, as well as by accidentally spreading rhizomes by dumping of garden waste. It spreads rapidly under favorable growing conditions.[17] Because of this it has been described as a nuisance species,[18] and been labelled one of the "worst" garden weeds in perennial flower gardens.[17]
A. podagraria has been introduced around the world, including in North America, Australia, New Zealand and Japan, most commonly as an ornamental plant. It readily establishes and can become naturalized in boreal, moist-temperate and moist-subtropical climates. It is an aggressive invader in the upper Great Lakes region and northeastern North America, Australia, Tasmania and New Zealand.[14] It can pose an ecological threat owing to its invasive nature, with potential to crowd out native species.[3] Because of its potential impacts on native communities and the difficulty of controlling it, it has been banned or restricted in some jurisdictions outside its native range, including in Connecticut, Massachusetts, Wisconsin and Vermont in the USA.[13]
Once established, goutweed is difficult to eradicate. The smallest piece of rhizome left in the ground will quickly form a sturdy new plant. All-green goutweed may be more persistent and spread more rapidly than ornamental, variegated goutweed varieties, making the all-green type particularly difficult to control. And all-green, wild type forms are known to reappear from seeds of variegated varieties.
Integrative management strategies that combine herbicide with landscape cloth, bark mulch, and hand weeding to control goutweed in a garden are largely unsuccessful because sprouting occurs from either rhizomes or root fragments left in the soil.[19] Hand pulling, raking, and digging followed by monitoring to control goutweed may be effective; however, caution must be taken to remove the entire rhizome and root system. Removing flowers before seed set may help control the spread of goutweed.[20] Because goutweed's starch reserves are typically depleted by spring, removal of leaves in spring could be effective in starving the plant. Once goutweed has been removed, the patch should be carefully monitored periodically for a few years. New shoots should be dug up and destroyed. Revegetation with other plant materials is recommended.
Systemic herbicides such as glyphosate are recommended because A. podagraria will regrow if merely defoliated.[21][22]
The most effective means of control is to prevent its establishment in natural communities. It is thus recommended to plant goutweed only on sites not adjacent to wildlands and in gardens where root spread can be restricted (e.g., between a sidewalk and a house).[18] However, the aggressive nature of this plant makes even this strategy risky. Several states have banned sales of goutweed (also known as bishop's weed).[23]
A variegated form is grown as an ornamental plant. However it is banned in several states owing to its invasiveness. Seeds from the variegated form may revert to the more aggressive green form.[23]
In Eurasia, it is used as a food plant by the larvae of some species of Lepidoptera, including dot moth, grey dagger and grey pug, although A. podagraria is not the exclusive host to any of these species.
The tender leaves have been used since antiquity as a spring leaf vegetable, much as spinach is used. It is commonly used for soup. Young leaves are preferred as a pot herb. It is best picked from when it appears (as early as February in the UK and other parts of northern Europe) to just before it flowers (May to June). If it is picked after this point it tastes pungent and has a laxative effect. However it can be stopped from flowering by pinching out the flowers, ensuring the plant remains edible if used more sparingly as a pot herb.[24]
It also had a history as a medicinal herb to treat gout and arthritis,[25] applied in hot wraps externally upon boiling both leaves and roots together. Ingested, the leaves have a diuretic effect and act as a mild sedative. Its use as a medicinal herb has largely declined.
The plant is said to have been introduced into Great Britain by the Romans as a food plant and into Northern Europe as a medicinal herb by monks. It is still found growing in patches surrounding many monastic ruins in Europe, and descriptions of its use are found among monastic writings, such as in Physica by Hildegard von Bingen.
Do not confuse with extremely toxic poison hemlock and hemlock water-dropwort.
.jpg)
ground elder
Flowerhead from above, each secondary umbel (umbellet) with 15 to 20 rays
Basal leaf
Entire plant
,_rostlinstvo_(002).jpg)
Spreading habit
Triangular stem profile
-1.jpg)
-1.jpg)
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) Aegopodium podagraria, commonly called ground elder, is a species of flowering plant in the carrot family Apiaceae that grows in shady places. The name "ground elder" comes from the superficial similarity of its leaves and flowers to those of elder (Sambucus), which is not closely related. Other common names include herb gerard, bishop's weed, goutweed, gout wort, snow-in-the-mountain, English masterwort and wild masterwort. It is the type species of the genus Aegopodium. It is native to Europe and Asia, but has been introduced around the world as an ornamental plant, where it occasionally poses an ecological threat as an invasive exotic plant.
La egopodio (Aegopodium podagraria) estas planto el la familio de apiacoj (Apiaceae). Ĝi estas fifama trudplanto, ĉar ĝi havas rampantajn subterajn stolonojn. La planto kreskas en ombroriĉaj lokoj sub heĝoj, en ĝardenoj sur vojflankoj sur humida sterkita grundo. Ĝi fariĝas 60 ĝis 90 cm alta.
En egopodio troviĝas vitamino C, vitamino A kaj kalio, kalcio, magnezio, silikacido. Ĝi estas manĝebla, la folioj povas esti preparataj kvazaŭ spinaco. Sekigita la gusto similas iom al petroselo. Jam la antikvaj romianoj manĝis ĝin.
En la popolkuracarto oni uzas egopodion por flegi podagron kaj reŭmaton. Kompresoj el kontuzitaj folioj de egopodio havas mildigan efikon je doloraj artikoj.
La egopodio (Aegopodium podagraria) estas planto el la familio de apiacoj (Apiaceae). Ĝi estas fifama trudplanto, ĉar ĝi havas rampantajn subterajn stolonojn. La planto kreskas en ombroriĉaj lokoj sub heĝoj, en ĝardenoj sur vojflankoj sur humida sterkita grundo. Ĝi fariĝas 60 ĝis 90 cm alta.
En egopodio troviĝas vitamino C, vitamino A kaj kalio, kalcio, magnezio, silikacido. Ĝi estas manĝebla, la folioj povas esti preparataj kvazaŭ spinaco. Sekigita la gusto similas iom al petroselo. Jam la antikvaj romianoj manĝis ĝin.
En la popolkuracarto oni uzas egopodion por flegi podagron kaj reŭmaton. Kompresoj el kontuzitaj folioj de egopodio havas mildigan efikon je doloraj artikoj.
Aegopodium podagraria es una especie de planta medicinal perteneciente a la familia Apiaceae. Es originaria de Eurasia.
Tiene un color variado de verde y blanco que a veces se vuelve verde dentro de un parche. Las flores son pequeñas, de color blanco, con cinco pétalos y salen por encima de las hojas, en grupos planos.
Forma parches densos y es considerada como una amenaza ecológica, es invasivo y reduce la diversidad de especies en la capa de suelo. Por este motivo se utiliza, a menudo, para el mantenimiento de la cubierta vegetal.
Contiene Vitamina C (hojas)
Se utiliza como sedante, diurético (frutos), aromático, estimulante, resolutivo, vulnerario. Usado para el reuma y la gota, várices, enfermedades de la piel. Los frutos en infusión o cocimiento se usan para enfermedades intestinales, renales o de la vesícula.[1]
Se utilizan las hojas frescas para la gota y secas en infusión para el reuma. Las hojas trituradas se pueden emplear para refrescar la piel tras la picadura de insectos. Las hojas frescas cortadas finamente con carne picada y puré de avena para facilitar la digestión.[1]
Aegopodium podagraria es nativa de Europa y Asia.
Aegopodium podagraria fue descrita por Carlos Linneo y publicado en Species Plantarum 2: 265. 1753.[2]
Aegopodium: nombre genérico que deriva de las palabras griegas: αἴγειος (Aigeos = "cabra") y πούς-ποδός (pous-podos = "pie") y se refiere a la forma de las hojas, que recuerda a un pie de cabra.
podagraria: epíteto
Flores
Planta
Umbela
Hojas
Aegopodium podagraria es una especie de planta medicinal perteneciente a la familia Apiaceae. Es originaria de Eurasia.
Harilik naat (Aegopodium podagraria L.) on sarikaliste sugukonna naadi perekonda kuuluv mitmeaastane rohttaim.
Tiheputk Zizia, Jaapani paelputk Cryptotaenia canadensis.[3]
Kuldne tiheputk
Jaapani paelputk
Rahvapärased nimetused naadileht, püdseleht, sarapuunaat, varesjalg, pojokõnõ.
Eri maade kultuurides on naati kutsutud veel härrakapsaks, preestrikapsaks, ametnikukapsaks, piiskopitaimeks jne. Taime venekeelne nimetus on snõt. Arvatavasti sai taim selle nimetuse 13. sajandil, tatari-mongoli ikke ajal, kui osa elanikke oli sunnitud metsadesse varjuma ja korjama sealt toitu – snet, hilisem nimetus – snõt.[4] Sõnda snõd on kasutatud naadi kohta ka eesti keeles.
Liik on pärismaine Euraasias ja Ida-Siberis. Naat kasvab Albaanias, Austrias, Belgias, Bulgaarias, Taanis, Soomes, Prantsusmaal, Saksamaal, Hollandis, Ungaris, Itaalias, Norras, Poolas, Rumeenias, Balti riikides, Ukrainas, Rootsis, Inglismaal, Iirimaal, Islandil, Kaukasusel, Siberis, Põhja-Koreas, Lõuna-Koreas, Jaapanis, Austraalias, Türgis jpt riikides, kus on naturaliseerunud või nii hästi kohanenud, et paiguti peetakse teda invasiivseks taimeliigiks[5].
Ameerika Ühendriikidesse viisid naadi Euroopa immigrandid, aastaks 1863 oli taim seal laialt levinud. USA-s: Ameerika idaosas Maine'i ja Georgia osariigis; läänes Minnesota ja Missouri osariigis, ka Washingtoni, Oregoni, Idaho, Montana osariikides.[6]
Eestis kasvab naat Eestis salumetsades, on tüüpiline aiaumbrohi ja vohab ka elamute ümbruses asuvatel maalappidel.
Naadi juured moodustavad juurestiku, koosnedes nii pea- kui külgjuurtest. Risoomid on 5 cm kuni 3 m pikkused, harunevad ja valge värvusega ja moodustavad igas sõlmekohas juuri, kuid ei elune mullas väga sügaval (kuni 15 cm sügavusel). Risoomid levivad peamiselt 2–10 cm sügavuses mullakihis. Risoomivõsundid võivad juurduda igas sõlmekohas ja anda uue naaditaime.[7] Soodsatel tingimustel hakkavad kompostihunnikusse või peenravahele visatud juuretükid kiiresti kasvama ja paljunema.
Lehed on kinnitunud otse risoomile. Ülemised lehed on kolmetised ja lühirootsulised ning alumised kahelikolmetised[8], ovaalse kuju ja terava lehetipuga. Leheroots on ristlõikes kolmnurkjas ja lehelaba pikkus ja laius on 10–20 cm, leheroots aga 20– 40 cm pikkune. Lehe värvus: ülakülje värvus on kollakas- kuni rohuroheline, alakülg on hallikasroheline. Sügisel, öökülmade saabudes, varisevad lehed maapinnale.
Naadi üsna jämedad varred on enamasti seest õõnsad. Õievars võib kasvada, olenevalt geograafilisest asukohast, maist kuni augustini. Naat võib kasvatada uue varre risoomi või juure segmendist.
Õis on naadil lühiajaline sugulise paljunemise organ. Õisikutega varred kasvavad taimele kolmandal aastal. Naat on putuktolmleja, naadi tolmeldamisel on abiks mitmed mardikalised ja mesilased. Naadi õied on sugukonnale iseloomulikult valged, väiksed ja koondunud sarikakiirte tippudesse. Liitsarika kiiri on 20–25.[8] Õied on enamasti mõlemasugulised. Õiekate on kaheli. Kroonlehed on valged, äraspidimunajad, sügavalt pügaldunud tipuga, umbes 1,5 mm pikad. Naadi õisik on liitsarikas, harilikult nii katis kui osakatis puuduvad, kui esinevad, siis koosnevad vaid mõnest väikesest lehekesest.[9]
Kaksikseemnised on paljad, pruunikad, pikliku kujuga, külgedelt lamendunud, kuni 3 mm pikad ja meenutavad porgandiseemneid. Osaseemnised on naadil teravate madalate kollakate ribidega, sirged või pisut kõverdunud, 3,5–4 mm pikad ja 1–1,5 mm laiad. 1000 vilja mass on 1,5–2 g. Valminud seemned varisevad taimelt maapinnale. Üks õitsenud ja viljastatud naaditaim annab 2000–3000 seemet, nende idanevus säilib mulla 5–8 aastat. Sügisel tärkavad seemnest taimed, kes talvituvad ja kasvatavad teisel aastal 20 cm sügavuseni ulatuva harunemata sammasjuure ja lehekodariku.Kevadel seemnest tärganud taim aga kasvatab sügiseks 40 cm pikkuse harunenud peajuure, mille kaelast arenevad juured ja lühivõrse sõlmedest mitu risoomi.[10]
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COLis liigitatase harilikul naadil kaks alamliiki:[11]
Fülogeneetilise süstemaatika järgi liigitatakse naat sarikalaadsete seltsi sarikaliste sugukonda.
Keskajal kasvatati taime Kesk -ja Lääne-Euroopas juurvilja ja ravimtaimena kloostriaedades. Podagrahaiged on temast leevendust leidnud, samuti reuma ja liigesepõletike käes vaevlejad.[12]
Kevaditi on naati inimtoiduks tarvitanud mitmed rahvad. Ka Eesti vanarahvas teadis rääkida, et kui naat nina mullast välja pistab, on näljahäda kadunud.[12] Naati ei söödud pelgalt toortoiduna ja naadilehed polnud põhitoit. Kaks põhilist rooga, kus naadilehti nälja korral kasutati, olid roheline leem ja näljaaja hädaküpsetised. Leeme kirjeldab tollane rahvapärimus järgmiselt: Nüüd need naadid nopitakse, orjal leenta keedetakse, ei peal old piima piisakesta, ei sees old rasva raasukesta.
Naati lisati karaskitele mitte leibadele. Kevadise toidulisana on kevaditi kasutatud mitmete taimede rohelisi osi: ohakaid, paju-, sõnajala- ja sõstralehti, nõgeseid, põldosje jne. Korjatud taimeosad pesti puhtaks, raiuti pudiks ja hautati vees pehmeks. Sakste menüüs oli naat tervise turgutaja.[13]
Noored naadilehed on söödavad ja sobivad salatisse. Naaditoitudes kasutatakse harilikult naadilehti kas hapendatult, marineeritult, soolatult või kuivatatult. Naadilehtedest valmistatakse suppe, püreesid, vormiroogasid, kotlette ja omlette.Varakevadel kogutud naadilehti kasutatakse pirukate, pannkookide, pitsade, võileibade jne. täidiste või katetena.
Naat on toiduks paljudele kodu- ja metsloomadele, ka osadele tigudele ja mitmetele putukatele.
Energiat andvaid põhitoitaineid leidub naadis vähe. Naadilehtede biomassis leidub süsivesikuid (peamiselt tselluloos) ja valke, aminohappeid, rasvollust leidub naadilehtedes vaid jälgedena. Mikrotoitainetest saab naadisööja mineraalaineid, eeskätt kaaliumi- ja magneesiumiühendeid, samuti mõningaid vitamiine, vesilahutuvatest C-vitamiini, rasvlahustuvatest vähesel määral E-vitamiini eri vorme ehk tokoferoole. Muu hulgas sisaldab naat pigmente: klorofülle ja karotenoide, peale selle eeterlikke õlisid ja orgaanilisi happeid. Flavonoididest: hüperosiidi, isokvertsitriini, kempferoolramnoglükosiidi. Naat sisaldab kumariini. Naadijuured sisaldavad rohkelt lektiini.[14]
Naate pole soovitatav süüa kõhunäärme- ega sapipõiepõletike korral.[13]
Droogiks on ürt Aegopodii podagrarie herba (herba Podagrariae). Droogina tarvitatakse ka lehti ja risoome. Droogi kogutakse suve alguses ja kuivatatakse.
Inimesed kasutavad maapealseid taimeosireumaatiliste haiguste korral. Sellesse haigusrühma kuuluvad autoimmuunhaigused, mille toimepaigaks on liigesed ja pehmed koed, näiteks podagra ja artriit. Kasutatakse ka hemorroidide ja neeru-, põie- ja sisehaiguste korral.[15] Naat on nõrgalt uriinieritust soodustav, põletikuvastane ja rahustava toimega. James A. Duke'i meditsiinilise toimega taimede käsiraamatu "Handbook of Medicinal Herbs" kohaselt on taime tarbimine näidustatud lisaks veel artroosi, unetuse, nefroosi, ishiase, närvilisuse, valu, kasvajate ja vedelikupeetuse korral.[16]
Katsed laborihiirtega, kellele manustati naadi juuri, lehti ja õisi kas tinktuuri, ekstrakti või bioloogiliselt aktiivsete molekulide näol ja ravimiga Silibor (silimariin) 3 päeva enne ja 2 tundi peale mürgistuse esile kutsumist teatud keemiliste ainetega. Peale katse lõppemist mõõdeti eutaneeritud laborihiirte maksa ja neerude kaalu ja AST/ALT suhtarve. Tulemused näitavad naadi juurte, lehtede ja õite ekstrakti ja tinktuuri ja bioloogliselt aktiivsete ainete hepatoprotektiivset toimet katses kasutatud kemikaali poolt indutseeritud maksakahjustuse korral. Naadi lehtedest valmistatud ravimid (ekstrakt, tinktuur ja bioloogiline aines) ja trifoliin toimisid ka tsütolüüsile inhibeerivalt ning alandasid maksa raskust. Kasutatud fütopreparaatide toime oli võrreldav katseravimi silibori (200 mg/kg) toimega.[17]
Sageli ei anna naadi niitmine ja väljajuurimine soovitud tulemusi. On proovitud katta naadivaipa musta, õhku ja valgust mitte läbilaskva kilega, mitmekordselt ajalehtede või põhumultsiga, arvates, et taime maapealsete fotosünteesivate osade kahjustamine kahjustab ka taime juuri ja mullas "uinuvaid" seemneid. Keemiliseks tõrjeks on kasutatud glüfosaati sisaldavat Rounduppi, mida tuleb kasutada korduvalt, kuna kontaktherbitsiidid tapavad üksnes taime maapealseid osi ning taim taasloob oma maaluse risoomivõrgu juba 2 kuu jooksul.
Bioloogilisi tõrjemeetodeid ei tunta, kuna taimel endal mingeid taimehaigusi ega looduslikke vaenlasi tuvastatud ei ole. Arvatakse, et kui tema asurkonda istutada teisi hea kasvu ja levikuga rühma või suure konkurentsiga taimi nagu mungalill, maikelluke, peiulill, kobar-lursslill, roomav metsvits, harilik varemerohi, mõõljas valdsteinia, pajulill[18] jt võib naadist ruttu lahti saada, aga pole teada, kas see toimib, kuivõrd on teadmata on tema seemnete eluiga ja toimed mullapinnas.[19]
Harilik naat (Aegopodium podagraria L.) on sarikaliste sugukonna naadi perekonda kuuluv mitmeaastane rohttaim.
Vuohenputki (Aegopodium podagraria) on monivuotinen, hyönteispölytteinen sarjakukkaiskasvi. Vuohenputki on kauppayrtti.
Vuohenputki kasvaa 30–100 cm korkeaksi. Kasvilla on voimakas maavarsi, josta se versoo joka kevät varsin aikaisin. Lehdet ovat kahteen kertaan kolmisormiset eli lehti jakautuu kolmeen osaan, joista kukin jakaantuu kolmeen lehdykkään, kukinto on kerrannainen sarja ja kukat vihertävän valkoiset. Pikkusarjoissa ei ole suojuslehteä. Lehtiruodin kouru erottaa sen muun muassa myrkkykeisosta.
Vuohenputki muodostaa tiheitä yhtenäisiä kasvustoja ja tukahduttaa muut kasvit ympäristöstään. Pelkän maanpäällisen osan kitkeminen ei yleensä kasvia hävitä vaan se uusiutuu tehokkaasti maavarren palasista.[1] Pienetkin juurenpätkät versovat helposti, ja varmin keino kasvin hävittämiseksi onkin multien vaihtaminen kokonaan.
Vuohenputki kasvaa luonnonvaraisena Euroopassa, mutta se on levinnyt rikkaruohona Pohjois-Amerikkaan. Suomessa se on alkuperäinen ja yleinen varjoisten ja multavien lehtojen ja puronvarsien kasvi Etelä- ja Keski-Suomessa Suomenselän eteläpuolella. Se on hyötynyt asutuksesta leviämällä metsittyville pelloille, pellonpientarille ja puutarhoihin luontaisella esiintymisalueellaan ja myös Pohjois-Suomessa.
Vuohenputki kasvaa rehevässä lehtomaassa ja kesannolle jätetyillä pelloilla. Puutarhassa se saattaa olla tehokkaan leviämisensä vuoksi kiusallinen ja vaikeasti hävitettävä rikkaruoho.
Vuohenputken nuoria lehtiä voi käyttää villivihanneksena[1], mutta lajinmäärityksessä pitää olla tarkkana: muun muassa myrkylliset myrkkykatko, myrkkykeiso ja hukanputki näyttävät hieman samanlaisilta.[2] Vuohenputki muistuttaa kuitenkin ehkä eniten yleisenä kasvavaa vaaratonta karhunputkea (Angelica sylvestris).
Vuohenputki (Aegopodium podagraria) on monivuotinen, hyönteispölytteinen sarjakukkaiskasvi. Vuohenputki on kauppayrtti.
Aegopodium podagraria
L'égopode podagraire (Aegopodium podagraria), aussi appelé herbe aux goutteux, podagraire, petite angélique ou herbe de saint Gérard[1] ou encore Pied-de-chèvre[2], est une plante herbacée vivace, glabre, de la famille des Apiaceae. Elle apprécie les lieux frais et ombragés. Elle est comestible[2].
Le nom scientifique Aegopodium est formé sur le grec aïx, aïgos, « chèvre », et podion « pied », allusion aux folioles latérales habituellement divisées en deux comme les sabots d'une chèvre. L'épithète podagraria fait référence à la « podagre », goutte affectant les pieds due à une accumulation d'acide urique. Diurétique, elle permettrait de lutter contre cette goutte[3].
Racines.
Jeune feuille.
Feuille mature.
Cette plante à croissance rapide peut atteindre 30 à 100 cm de hauteur[1] (60 à 80 cm selon Rodet et Baillet (1872)[2].
La tige est dressée, robuste, creuse, fistuleuse, ramifiée vers le haut, rameuse au sommet, glabre et cannelée en surface[2].
Les feuilles ont une couleur vert gai au dessus, plus pâles en dessous et présentent une bordure inégalement dentée, parfois lobées, à dents aiguës, mucronées. Les inférieures sont longuement pétiolées, et présentent généralement trois lobes ; celles situées plus haut sur la tige sont disposées par lot de trois qui chacun se divise en trois folioles (feuilles triséquées)[2]. Chaque feuille ou segment de feuille a une forme pennée à ovale, à l'extrémité formant un angle aigu. Les pétioles ont une section triangulaire.
Les feuilles froissées ont une odeur qui évoque celles du céleri, de la carotte ou du persil.
Ses racines, nombreuses et profondes lui permettent de résister aux conditions de sous-bois, elles ont une odeur de carotte.
Ombelle d'égopode podagraire
Fleurs.
L'inflorescence (floraison de mai à août, plutôt en juin-juillet) est une ombelle régulière à environ 20 rayons portant de petites fleurs blanches (parfois rosées), d’environ 3 mm de diamètre chacune[1].
Le fruit est un schizocarpe produisant des akènes de 3 à 5 mm de long[1]. De forme ovale, ces akènes brun plus ou moins foncé à maturité sont parcourus de sillons.
C'est une plante des lieux ombragés (sous-bois frais) qui était autrefois fréquemment présente dans les vergers et au bord des eaux (selon Rodet et Baillet, 1872)[2].
Elle est parfois utilisée en sous-bois, ou dans les massifs ombragés comme plante couvre-sol relativement résistante à la sécheresse et à la concurrence avec les systèmes racinaires d'arbres mûrs[4].
Dans certaines régions du monde, c'est l'une de plantes sauvages comestibles que l'on peut aussi trouver (spontanée ou sur-spontanée) en ville[5]
Comme beaucoup d'autres plantes de sous-bois, Là et quand ses conditions de croissance sont optimales, souvent en sous-bois ou lisière elle s'étend en format de larges taches monospécifiques. Là où elle est bien installée, elle peut se révéler tenace, se propageant ou se maintenant par ses rhizomes
Là où elle a été introduite hors de son aire naturelle de répartition elle est parfois devenue invasive (comme au Canada)[6].
Si on l'arrache en laissant son système racinaire en place, elle repousse. Un petit morceau de racine oublié peut redonner une nouvelle plante [7]. Cette plante se reproduit également par graines. Un pied peut donner des centaines de graines…
Pour éviter la prolifération, planter des plantes compétitives (ex. : capucines). On pourra également profiter de sa présence pour la consommer, plutôt que tenter de l'éradiquer.
Recouvrir le sol est un notre moyen de lutte contre l'herbe aux goutteux. Posez un carton ou une toile anti-mauvaises herbes sur la surface concernée et recouvrez de 10 cm de mulch. Il faut toutefois faire preuve de beaucoup de patience : deux années environ sont nécessaires pour que le manque de lumière et d'oxygène vienne complètement à bout des racines de l'herbe aux goutteux. Par ailleurs, il faut bien examiner la surface traitée pendant une longue période, car les graines conservent leur capacité de germination durant de nombreuses années et peuvent repartir, une fois la couverture retirée. Sur les surfaces plantées, la suppression mécanique est un travail de longue haleine et demande énormément de rigueur. Il ne s'agit pas de débarrasser uniquement le sol des racines principales de l'herbe aux goutteux, mais également la plantation du massif : ôtez d'abord les plantes d'ornement, supprimez de la motte les racines étrangères puis réinstallez les plantes d’ornement[7].
On ne peut quasiment pas garantir un nettoyage complet du massif, surtout en cas de forte végétalisation et d'enracinement intensif. L’emploi d’un désherbant est un moyen sûr et efficace pour éradiquer l'herbe aux goutteux[7].
Comme son nom l'indique, la plante était utilisée pour soigner la goutte[8], mais sans efficacité selon Rodet et Baillet (1872). Toutefois, des études scientifiques récentes ont permis d'isoler des principes actifs de la plantes, ayant des propriétés anti-inflammatoires, dermo-protectrices, anti-microbiennes et diurétiques[9],[10],[11].
Sapide, elle peut être consommée crue, en salade (jeunes pousses) ; ou cuite, comme les épinards, avec une « saveur chaude, agréable, analogue à celle de l'Angélique » selon Rodet et Baillet (1872)[2]. Selon François Couplan, à la fois la feuille et la fleurs sont ainsi consommables ; la tige se mange aussi, mais uniquement jeune[12].
Selon Rodet et Baillet (1872) « les animaux mangent les parties herbacées de cette plante, que l'on considère comme fournissant une assez bonne alimentation »[2].
Comme de nombreuses plantes de la même famille (carotte y compris), l'Égopode produit des substances photosensibilisantes ; les personnes allergiques aux plantes de cette famille devraient le manipuler avec des précautions particulières et/ou ne pas s'exposer au soleil après l'avoir manipulé ou mangé cru[13].
Aegopodium podagraria
L'égopode podagraire (Aegopodium podagraria), aussi appelé herbe aux goutteux, podagraire, petite angélique ou herbe de saint Gérard ou encore Pied-de-chèvre, est une plante herbacée vivace, glabre, de la famille des Apiaceae. Elle apprécie les lieux frais et ombragés. Elle est comestible.
Planda ilbhliantúil atá dúchasach don Eoraip is an Áise mheasartha, ach a tugadh isteach i Meiriceá Thuaidh. Táirgeann na gais fhada dreaptha faoin talamh an iliomad buinneán duilleogach agus gas suas le 1 m ar fhad. Na duilleoga roinnte i dteascáin ubhchruthacha fhiaclacha suas le 8 cm ar fhad. Na bláthanna bána in umbail 2-6 cm ar leithead. Fiaile sheasmhach i ngairdíní. Uaireanta, itear na duilleoga úra, cosúil le spionáiste. D'úsáidtí é tráth mar chóireáil ar an ngúta, agus thugtaí fiaile (lus) an ghúta air.
Aegopodium é unha especie de planta medicinal pertencente á familia Apiaceae. É orixinaria da Eurasia.
Ten unha cor variada de verde e branco que ás veces se torna verde dentro dun parche. As flores son pequenas, de cor branca, con cinco pétalos e saen por encima das follas, en grupos planos.
Forma parches densos e é considerada como unha ameaza ecolóxica, é invasiva e reduce a diversidade de especies na capa de solo. Por este motivo utilízase para o mantemento da cuberta vexetal.
Contén Vitamina C nas follas.
Emprégase como sedante, diurético (froitos), aromático, estimulante, resolutivo, vulnerario. Usado para a reuma e a gota, varices, enfermidades da pel. Os froitos en infusión ou cocemento úsanse para enfermidades intestinais, renais ou da vesícula.[1]
Utilízanse as follas frescas para a gota e secas en infusión para a reuma. As follas trituradas pódense empregar para refrescar a pel tras a picadura dun insecto. As follas frescas cortadas finamente con carne picada e puré de avea para facilitar a dixestión.[1]
Aegopodium podagraria é nativa de Europa e Asia.
Aegopodium podagraria foi descrita por Carl von Linné e publicado en Species Plantarum 2: 1003. 1753.[2]
Flores
Planta
Umbela
Follas
Talos
Aegopodium podagraria.
Protomyces macrosporus na planta.
Follas
Aegopodium é unha especie de planta medicinal pertencente á familia Apiaceae. É orixinaria da Eurasia.
Podagrasti jarčevac (jarčevac trojnolistni, regoča, kozja noga,sedmerolist lat. Aegopodium podagraria), vrsta višegodišnje biljke iz porodice kimovki, raširena po Europi i Aziji.
Šuplja glatka stabljika naraste do 100cm visine, pri vrhu je razgranata. Rizomi su dugački i razgranati . [1] Biljka je ljekovita i jestiva, te se koristi i u kulinarstvu (začin) i za liječenje, diuretik.[2]. Jela sa njom olakšavaju rad želuca i sprečavaju upale organa za varenje, smanjuje masnoću u krvi, regulira cirkulaciju i izlučivanje mokraćne kiseline, liječi reumatizam, išijas, kostobolju. Sasvim mladi proljetni listovi mogu se jesti sirovi ili kuhani.
U Hrvatskoj je jedina vrsta iz roda jarčevca.
Sadrži do 100 mg% C vitamina,limunsku i jabučnu kiselinu,holin,glukozu,fruktozu,mineralne soli,karotenoide.[3]
Grlić,Lj. Samoniklo jestivo bilje,Zagreb 1980.
Podagrasti jarčevac (jarčevac trojnolistni, regoča, kozja noga,sedmerolist lat. Aegopodium podagraria), vrsta višegodišnje biljke iz porodice kimovki, raširena po Europi i Aziji.
Šuplja glatka stabljika naraste do 100cm visine, pri vrhu je razgranata. Rizomi su dugački i razgranati . Biljka je ljekovita i jestiva, te se koristi i u kulinarstvu (začin) i za liječenje, diuretik.. Jela sa njom olakšavaju rad želuca i sprečavaju upale organa za varenje, smanjuje masnoću u krvi, regulira cirkulaciju i izlučivanje mokraćne kiseline, liječi reumatizam, išijas, kostobolju. Sasvim mladi proljetni listovi mogu se jesti sirovi ili kuhani.
Geitakál (fræðiheiti Aegopodium podagraria) er jurt af sveipjurtaætt sem áður fyrr var notuð til lækninga og sem grænmeti. Geitakál var ræktað við klausturgarða og hefur breiðst út frá þeim en núna er litið á það sem illgresi. Geitakál finnst á Íslandi. [1] Fyrr á tímum var jurtin notuð til að lækna þvagsýrugigt og er er nafnið Podagraria komið af því. Geitakál getur viðhaldið sér og fjölgað með rótarskotum og erfitt er að uppræta það þar sem það hefur náð að festa sig í sessi. Það er talið illgresi og ágeng tegund í sumum löndum.
Geitakál (fræðiheiti Aegopodium podagraria) er jurt af sveipjurtaætt sem áður fyrr var notuð til lækninga og sem grænmeti. Geitakál var ræktað við klausturgarða og hefur breiðst út frá þeim en núna er litið á það sem illgresi. Geitakál finnst á Íslandi. Fyrr á tímum var jurtin notuð til að lækna þvagsýrugigt og er er nafnið Podagraria komið af því. Geitakál getur viðhaldið sér og fjölgað með rótarskotum og erfitt er að uppræta það þar sem það hefur náð að festa sig í sessi. Það er talið illgresi og ágeng tegund í sumum löndum.
Paprastoji garšva (Aegopodium podagraria) – garšvos (Aegopodium) genties augalas.
Užauga iki 50-120 cm aukščio, turi šakniastiebius ir jais dauginasi vegetatyviškai. Stiebas tuščiaviduris, su briaunuotomis vagelėmis. Žiedynas gana didelis, turintis apie 15-20 maždaug vienodo ilgio stipinų. Žydi gegužės – rugsėjo mėn.
Auga miškuose, krūmuose, pamiškėse, soduose. Sodininkai žino garšvą kaip vieną iš įkyriausių piktžolių, nes ji sugeba ataugti iš smulkių šaknies fragmentų. Seniau liaudies medicinoje buvo vartojamas podagrai gydyti.
Auga Lietuvoje.
Požymiai
Žiedynai
Lapai
Podagras gārsa (latīņu: Aegopodium podagraria) - daudzgadīgs 50 - 100 cm augsts čemurziežu dzimtas lakstaugs. Ļoti bieži sastopams mežos, krūmājos, dārzos. Stumbrs stāvs, dobs, kails vai ar ļoti īsiem matiņiem, mazliet rievains, augšdaļā nedaudz zarains. Lapas pamīšus, vienkāršas. Apakšējās lapas ar 20 - 40 cm gariem kātiem, plati trīsstūrainas, 10 - 20 cm garas un apmēram tikpat platas, virspusē kailas, tikai uz dzīslām raupjas, apakšpusē sevišķi uz dzīslām un uz lapas ass daudz matiņu, lapas plātne divkārt trīsstaraina - pirmās pakāpes plūksnas savukārt šķeļas parasti trīs daļās; otrās pakāpes plūksnas iegareni olveidīgas, smailas, 4 - 12 cm garas, 1,5 - 7 cm platas, mala zāģzobaina, kātiņi īsi. Augšējās lapas daudz mazākas, trīsstūrainas, ar īsiem kātiem vai sēdošas, pie pamata ar maksti. Zied no maija līdz augustam. Ziedkopa - salikts čemurs stumbra galotnē ar 15 - 25 īsiem stariem, kas blīvi segti raupjiem matiņiem. Ziedi divdzimumu. Čemuri zaru žāklēs, stumbra sānos daudz mazāki un parasti neauglīgi, ar vīrišķiem ziediem. Vīkala un vīkaliņa nav, reti ir vīkals ar 1 - 3 lapiņām. Kauslapas 5, saaugušas, kausa zobiņi nemanāmi. Vainaglapas 5, brīvas, baltas, galotnē ar dziļu jomu, ieliekušās. Auglis iegarens, līdz 0,4 cm garš, mazliet no sāniem plakans, gaiši brūns, ar gaišākām ribām. Tautas medicīnā lieto pret hipovitaminozēm, kuņģa un zarnu trakta, nieru un urīnpūšļa slimību ārstēšanai, ārīgi lieto pret locītavu sāpēm, it īpaši podagru.
Vikikrātuvē par šo tēmu ir pieejami multivides faili. Skatīt: Podagras gārsaZevenblad (Aegopodium podagraria) is een vaste plant uit de schermbloemenfamilie (Umbelliferae of Apiaceae). De plant groeit op beschaduwde plaatsen in heggen, tuinen, wegbermen en akkerranden op vochtige of bemeste grond. De plant wordt ook hanenpoot, tuinmansverdriet en heers genoemd.[1]
De stengels zijn hol en gegroefd. Zevenblad wordt 60–90 cm hoog. De plant heeft kruipende, ondergrondse uitlopers (rizomen). De plant wordt beschouwd als een onkruid, omdat de wortelstok makkelijk afbreekt en het zodoende moeilijk te verwijderen is. Een beukenhaag kan een natuurlijke barrière vormen.
De bladeren zijn onder aan de stengel zeventallig (vandaar de naam) en hebben drie blaadjes bovenaan en twee maal twee blaadjes onderaan het blad. Ze hebben een bladsteel met een buikige schede. Hoger aan de stengel zijn de bladeren vaak vijftallig.
Zevenblad bloeit met een samengesteld scherm met twaalf tot twintig stralen zonder omwindsels. De bloeitijd is van mei tot augustus. De bloemen zijn meestal wit, maar soms enigszins roze en hebben een doorsnede van 1 mm. Er zijn vijf kroonblaadjes met naar binnen gekrulde punten.
Zevenblad draagt een eivormig, geribd vruchtje van 4 mm lang, waarvan de blijvende stijlen teruggeslagen zijn en de ribben maar weinig uitsteken. De vrucht is een tweedelige splitvrucht, waarvan de ronde deelvruchtjes maar één zaadje bevatten.
Zevenblad bevat vitamine C, caroteen en kalium, calcium, magnesium, kiezelzuur. Zevenblad is eetbaar, de bladeren kunnen bereid worden als spinazie. Gedroogd smaakt het naar peterselie.
In de volksgeneeskunde gebruikte men zevenblad bij de behandeling van jicht en reuma. De naam (podagra) verwijst daar ook naar. Omslagen van gekneusde bladeren van zevenblad werken pijnstillend op pijnlijke gewrichten.
Mediabestanden die bij dit onderwerp horen, zijn te vinden op de pagina Aegopodium podagraria op Wikimedia Commons. Zevenblad (Aegopodium podagraria) is een vaste plant uit de schermbloemenfamilie (Umbelliferae of Apiaceae). De plant groeit op beschaduwde plaatsen in heggen, tuinen, wegbermen en akkerranden op vochtige of bemeste grond. De plant wordt ook hanenpoot, tuinmansverdriet en heers genoemd.
De stengels zijn hol en gegroefd. Zevenblad wordt 60–90 cm hoog. De plant heeft kruipende, ondergrondse uitlopers (rizomen). De plant wordt beschouwd als een onkruid, omdat de wortelstok makkelijk afbreekt en het zodoende moeilijk te verwijderen is. Een beukenhaag kan een natuurlijke barrière vormen.
De bladeren zijn onder aan de stengel zeventallig (vandaar de naam) en hebben drie blaadjes bovenaan en twee maal twee blaadjes onderaan het blad. Ze hebben een bladsteel met een buikige schede. Hoger aan de stengel zijn de bladeren vaak vijftallig.
Zevenblad bloeit met een samengesteld scherm met twaalf tot twintig stralen zonder omwindsels. De bloeitijd is van mei tot augustus. De bloemen zijn meestal wit, maar soms enigszins roze en hebben een doorsnede van 1 mm. Er zijn vijf kroonblaadjes met naar binnen gekrulde punten.
Zevenblad draagt een eivormig, geribd vruchtje van 4 mm lang, waarvan de blijvende stijlen teruggeslagen zijn en de ribben maar weinig uitsteken. De vrucht is een tweedelige splitvrucht, waarvan de ronde deelvruchtjes maar één zaadje bevatten.
Zevenblad bevat vitamine C, caroteen en kalium, calcium, magnesium, kiezelzuur. Zevenblad is eetbaar, de bladeren kunnen bereid worden als spinazie. Gedroogd smaakt het naar peterselie.
In de volksgeneeskunde gebruikte men zevenblad bij de behandeling van jicht en reuma. De naam (podagra) verwijst daar ook naar. Omslagen van gekneusde bladeren van zevenblad werken pijnstillend op pijnlijke gewrichten.
Skvallerkål (Aegopodium podagraria) er ei fleirårig plante i skjermplantefamilien. Arten er utbreidd i Europa og Asia. Planta vert kring 60 cm høg, men kan nå 100 cm.[1] Ho er bladrik og veks oftast i tett bestand. Skvallerkål har krypande jordstengel som blir brukt til formeiring. Nedre blad er delte to-tre gonger, øvre blad er enkelt trekopla. Blomane er kvite, av og til raudlege, og sit på skjermar. Skvallerkål blomstrar frå juni til september.[1]
Skvallerkål føretrekk næringsrik jord og halvskugge.[1] Planta stammar frå Mellom-Europa, og er blitt spreidd av menneske til andre delar av Europa, Asia, Nord-Amerika og Oseania. Ho veks gjennom heile Noreg, men er sjeldan i nord.[2]
Skvallerkål kan etast og har tradisjonelt blitt brukt til urtemedisin. Han blei dyrka i klosterhagar i mellomalderen. Planta kan verka urindrivande og betennelseshemmande. Det vitskaplege namnet podagraria viser til den historiske bruken som middel mot podagra. I dag er skvallerkål helst rekna som eit ugras som lett kan ta over eit område og er vanskeleg å bli kvitt.[1]
Andre namn på planta er bygras, embetsmannskål, grisekål, gåselabb, hanefot, skaldergras, svenskekål, tyskarkål og tysskål. Eit islandsk namn er geitakál. På dansk blir ho kalla skvallerkål og på svensk kirskål, kers, qualler eller skvallerkål. Det vanlegaste engelske namnet er ground elder, andre namn er bishop's elder, bishop's goutweed, bishopsweed, bishopswort, goutweed, ground ash, herb gerard, Jack-jump-about, pigweed, English masterwort eller wild masterwort. Tyske namn er Giersch, Geissfuss, Podagrakraut og Zipperleinskraut. På fransk heiter planta egopode podagraire eller herb-aux-goutteux.[1]
Skvallerkål (Aegopodium podagraria) er ei fleirårig plante i skjermplantefamilien. Arten er utbreidd i Europa og Asia. Planta vert kring 60 cm høg, men kan nå 100 cm. Ho er bladrik og veks oftast i tett bestand. Skvallerkål har krypande jordstengel som blir brukt til formeiring. Nedre blad er delte to-tre gonger, øvre blad er enkelt trekopla. Blomane er kvite, av og til raudlege, og sit på skjermar. Skvallerkål blomstrar frå juni til september.
Skvallerkål føretrekk næringsrik jord og halvskugge. Planta stammar frå Mellom-Europa, og er blitt spreidd av menneske til andre delar av Europa, Asia, Nord-Amerika og Oseania. Ho veks gjennom heile Noreg, men er sjeldan i nord.
Skvallerkål kan etast og har tradisjonelt blitt brukt til urtemedisin. Han blei dyrka i klosterhagar i mellomalderen. Planta kan verka urindrivande og betennelseshemmande. Det vitskaplege namnet podagraria viser til den historiske bruken som middel mot podagra. I dag er skvallerkål helst rekna som eit ugras som lett kan ta over eit område og er vanskeleg å bli kvitt.
Skvallerkål (Aegopodium podagraria) er en flerårig plante i skjermplantefamilien, som blir 30-100 cm høy og har hvite blomster i skjermer. Stilken er glatt, hul innvendig, og har langsgående furer. Bladene sitter på en forgrenet bladstilk i grupper av oddetall, ofte 3 eller 7 blader. Bladene er lansettformede og svakt taggete. De dukker ofte opp allerede i april, mens planten gjerne blomstrer i mai–juni.
Skvallerkål er svært utbredt og sprer seg raskt. Den liker skyggefullt kratt, veigrøfter, skogbryn, hager, parker og strandvoller. Den er relativt vanlig i Norge i lavlandet, og går opp til om lag 750 moh. I Nord-Norge finnes den bare svært spredt.
Planten er et problem i hager og parker der man ønsker at andre vekster skal vokse og blomstre.
De underjordiske røttene er omfattende og planten lar seg vanskelig utrydde. Mekanisk fjerning er vanskelig. Selv korte rotrester spirer raskt. Gjentatt fjerning av plantedelene over jordflata vil over tid (typisk over en hel vekstsesong) fjerne planten. Skvallerkål i plen er mulig å bekjempe effektivt ved å klippe plenen kort, regelmessig og hyppig over lang tid. Kulturplanter er som regel mer følsomme for Roundup enn skvallerkål, og må derfor skjermes godt mot sprøyting[1]
Skvallerkål er en spiselig plante, de unge bladene er gode i salat eller i omelett. I gamle dager ble omslag av planten brukt mot podagra, derav plantens vitenskapelige navn.
Skvallerkål (Aegopodium podagraria) er en flerårig plante i skjermplantefamilien, som blir 30-100 cm høy og har hvite blomster i skjermer. Stilken er glatt, hul innvendig, og har langsgående furer. Bladene sitter på en forgrenet bladstilk i grupper av oddetall, ofte 3 eller 7 blader. Bladene er lansettformede og svakt taggete. De dukker ofte opp allerede i april, mens planten gjerne blomstrer i mai–juni.
Skvallerkål er svært utbredt og sprer seg raskt. Den liker skyggefullt kratt, veigrøfter, skogbryn, hager, parker og strandvoller. Den er relativt vanlig i Norge i lavlandet, og går opp til om lag 750 moh. I Nord-Norge finnes den bare svært spredt.
Planten er et problem i hager og parker der man ønsker at andre vekster skal vokse og blomstre.
Pianta erbosa ch'a viv sempe, con un risòma da anté a-i nass la gamba àuta fin a 1 méter, veuida, sempia o ramificà an su. Le feuje al pé a son divise an tre part, e minca part a pòrta tre feuje. A man a man ch'a ven-o su a son pi sempie. La fior a l'é un parapieuva fàit a soa vira da 10 o vint cit parapieuva, le fiorin-e a son bianche o rosà.
A chërs ant ij pòst fresch, ant le sev e ij giardin.
Diurétiche e depurative.
Le feuje tëndre a son mës-cià, com depurativ, a le salade.
Arlong na sev
Le fior
Le feuje
Le feuje da sota
Aegopodium podagraria L.
Pianta erbosa ch'a viv sempe, con un risòma da anté a-i nass la gamba àuta fin a 1 méter, veuida, sempia o ramificà an su. Le feuje al pé a son divise an tre part, e minca part a pòrta tre feuje. A man a man ch'a ven-o su a son pi sempie. La fior a l'é un parapieuva fàit a soa vira da 10 o vint cit parapieuva, le fiorin-e a son bianche o rosà.
AmbientA chërs ant ij pòst fresch, ant le sev e ij giardin.
ProprietàDiurétiche e depurative.
Cusin-aLe feuje tëndre a son mës-cià, com depurativ, a le salade.
Arlong na sev
Le fior
Le feuje
Le feuje da sota
Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons Podagrycznik pospolity (Aegopodium podagraria L.)[2] – gatunek rośliny należący do rodziny selerowatych. Nazwa polska pochodzi od tego, że dawniej leczono nim chorobę dna moczanowa, potocznie zwaną podagrą[3]. Nazwy zwyczajowe: barszlica, ger, giersz, kozia stopa, srocyna, śnitka, krzemionka[4].
Rodzimy obszar jego występowania to Europa i Azja Zachodnia[3]. Rozprzestrzenił się jednak i obecnie jako gatunek zawleczony występuje pospolicie na terenie USA i Kanady w Ameryce Północnej, w Azji poprzez obszary Rosji sięga po wyspy japońskie, zawleczony został także do Australii i Nowej Zelandii[5]. W Polsce jest rośliną bardzo pospolitą. Status we florze Polski: gatunek rodzimy[6].
Podagrycznik jest trudnym do zwalczenia chwastem w cienistych ogrodach. Zachwaszcza zwłaszcza rośliny wieloletnie: truskawki, krzewy owocowe, ogrody warzywne i kwiatowe, parki, klomby. Rozplenia się szybko za pomocą kłączy i rozłogów. Plewienie jest mało skuteczne, gdyż kłącza są łamliwe i łatwo odrastają z nich nowe rośliny[4]. Usuwanie go jest czasochłonne, wymaga dwukrotnego przekopania grządki (w odstępie 2 tygodni) i dokładnego wybrania wszystkich fragmentów kłączy[11].
Podagrycznik pospolity może być uprawiany pod drzewami, jako roślina okrywowa. Uprawia się go też na rabatach, nie należy jednak sadzić go w ziemi w sąsiedztwie innych roślin ozdobnych, gdyż ze względu na swój ekspansywny wzrost łatwo zagłuszy je, a za pomocą kłączy szybko rozprzestrzenia się i wkrótce może zająć całą działkę. Z tego względu zaleca się uprawianie go na miejscach, gdzie nie zagraża innym roślinom (np. pod drzewami), uprawę w pojemnikach, a jeśli w ziemi to na odrębnych rabatach, lub odizolowanie go od innych roślin zakopanymi w glebie pasami izolującymi. Jest bardzo łatwy w uprawie, ale stosowanie go w roli rośliny okrywowej wymaga dużej rozwagi, łatwiej bowiem założyć jego uprawę, niż ją zlikwidować. Wymaga raczej wilgotnego podłoża, nie ma specjalnych wymagań co do gleby. Rozmnaża się łatwo poprzez podział i kłącza[11].
Podagrycznik pospolity (Aegopodium podagraria L.) – gatunek rośliny należący do rodziny selerowatych. Nazwa polska pochodzi od tego, że dawniej leczono nim chorobę dna moczanowa, potocznie zwaną podagrą. Nazwy zwyczajowe: barszlica, ger, giersz, kozia stopa, srocyna, śnitka, krzemionka.
Aegopodium é uma espécie de planta medicinal pertencente à família Apiaceae. É originária da Eurásia.
Tem uma cor variada de verde e branco que às vezes se torna verde dentro de uma zona. As flores são pequenas, de cor branca, com cinco pétalas e saem acima das folhas, em grupos planos.
Forma manchas densas e é considerada como uma ameaça ecológica, é invasivo e reduz a diversidade de espécies na superfície do solo. Por este motivo utiliza-se, com frequência, para a manutenção do cobertura vegetal.
Contém Vitamina C (folhas)
Utiliza-se como sedativo, diurético (frutos), aromático, estimulante, resolutivo, cicatrizante. Usado para o reuma e a gota, varizes, doenças da pele. Os frutos em infusão ou decoção usam-se para doenças intestinais, renais ou da vesícula.[2]
Utilizam-se as folhas frescas para a gota e secas em infusão para o reuma. As folhas trituradas podem-se empregar para refrescar a pele depois da picada de insetos. As folhas frescas cortadas finamente com carne picada e puré de aveia para facilitar a digestão.[2]
Aegopodium podagraria é nativa da Europa e Ásia.
Trata-se de uma espécie presente no território português, nomeadamente em Portugal Continental e no Arquipélago dos Açores.
Em termos de naturalidade é nativa da primeira região e é introduzida na segunda.
Não se encontra protegida por legislação portuguesa ou da Comunidade Europeia.
Aegopodium podagraria foi descrita por Carolus Linnaeus e publicado em Species Plantarum 2: 265. 1753.[3]
Aegopodium: nome genérico que deriva das palavras gregas: αἴγειος (Aigeos = "cabra") e πούς-ποδός (pous-podos = "pé") e refere-se à forma das folhas, que recorda a um pé de cabra.
podagraria: epíteto
Flores
Planta
Umbela
Folhas
Aegopodium é uma espécie de planta medicinal pertencente à família Apiaceae. É originária da Eurásia.
Aegopodium podagraria, cunoscută tradițional și ca piciorul caprei, este o plantă perena și face parte din familia Umbelliferae (Apiaceae), fiind înrudită cu morcovul. Crește în locurile umbrite. Este specia tip al genului Aegopodium. Specia este nativă Eurasiei, și a fost introdusă în restul lumii ca să fie plantă ornamentală.[1]
Aegopodium podagraria, cunoscută tradițional și ca piciorul caprei, este o plantă perena și face parte din familia Umbelliferae (Apiaceae), fiind înrudită cu morcovul. Crește în locurile umbrite. Este specia tip al genului Aegopodium. Specia este nativă Eurasiei, și a fost introdusă în restul lumii ca să fie plantă ornamentală.
Kirskål (Aegopodium podagraria) är en av de mer storväxta flockblommiga växterna,
Kirskål kan bli upp till 80 cm hög. De bredbladiga bladen är två gånger 3-fingrade med tandad kant. Dom små vita blommorna sitter samlade i flockar, och pollineras framförallt av flugor och skalbaggar. [1][2]
Genom krypande jordstam och sina långa rötter blir kirskål lätt ett svårutrotat ogräs, på sina håll rent av invasivt. Den kan bekämpas genom odling av potatis ett eller ett par år på det område, där man vill begränsa kirskålens framfart. Även regelbunden gräsklippning bekämpar kirskålen, som inte tål att bli nedklippt på samma sätt som gräs.[3]
I Sverige är kirskålen begränsad till den sydliga hälften av floraområdet. Är där vanlig i parker och gamla trädgårdar, men mindre vanlig i lundskogar och på inägor.
Växer gärna i skugga med god jord, men klarar sig någorlunda även på soliga områden.
Späda blad kan anrättas som kål – därav de vanliga namnen kirskål, skvallerkål och svallerkål – eller på samma sätt som spenat till stuvning, i omelett med mera[4]. De är även användbara i sallader och i pesto. Stjälkar och äldre blad är beska.
Kirskålen sägs ofta felaktigt ha införts av munkarna under medeltiden. Arkeologiska fynd visar emellertid att den odlades i Sverige redan under förromersk järnålder (500 f. Kr. – år 0), långt innan klosterväsendet etablerats i Skandinavien. [5] Munkarna odlade kirskål som läkeört och grönsak.
Även på svenska slott och herrgårdar för några sekler sedan odlades kirskål som grönsak, och det är därifrån den spritt sig till nuvarande omfattning.
Wikimedia Commons har media som rör Kirskål.
Wiktionary har ett uppslag om kers.Kirskål (Aegopodium podagraria) är en av de mer storväxta flockblommiga växterna,
Рослина з повзучим кореневищем, що рясно галузиться, тому яглиця звичайно утворює великі зарості в тінистих лісах. На початку літа з'являється порожнисте квітконосне стебло, 50—100 см заввишки, борозенчасте, голе або короткоопушене.
Листки двічі трійчасті або трійчастоперисті. Листя великі: верхні — трійчасті, нижні — двічі трійчасті. Квітки дрібні, білі, зібрані в складні парасольки. Цвіте в червні і липні дрібними білими квітками[1].
Плід двосім'янка — завдовжки 1—4 мм. Добрий медонос.
Рослина розростається на культурних землях і вважається бур'яном, якого важко позбутися, оскільки під землею яглиця розвиває розгалужене кореневище.
Характеристична рослина наших широколистяних лісів. Повсюдна в Україні, більше в дубових гаях, в Криму — дуже рідко в горах. Росте по лісах, чагарниках, у садах, парках і на сміттєвих купах.
Листя, стебла і квіти яглиці містять: Ефірні олії, переважно лімонен (такий же, як у лимоні), він має бактерицидні властивості, феландрен, що має фунгіцидними властивості; стероїди, азотовмісні сполуки, великі кількості вітаміну С (200 мг на свіжої рослини) та провітаміну А (каротин) до 12 мг у 100 г, мінерали: залізо, мідь, марганець, титан, бор, кальцій, магній і калій, антиоксидантні флавоноїди, сапоніни, які мають сечогінні та відхаркувальні властивості, смоли.
Корені містять вуглеводи, ефірну олію, азотовмісні сполуки, поліацетиленові сполуки (фалькаринолон, фалькаринон, фалькариндіол та ін.), фенолкарбонові кислоти, кумарини та вищі аліфатичні вуглеводи.
Городники вважають яглицю бур'яном, якого надзвичайно важко позбутися. Проте якраз серед них є така приказка: «Бур'ян — це рослина, властивості якої ще не досить вивчені.» З давніх давен яглиця застосовується в народі як харчова та лікарська рослина. Це знайшло своє відображення у польській назві цієї рослини — подагричник. Латинська назва так і перекладається: «лікуючий подагру», англійська — «подагричне зілля», За археологічними даними яглиця використовувалася для лікування захворювань суглобів ще неандертальцями. У Середньовіччі вирощувалася у монастирських садах як овочева рослина чи приправа. Активніше почала застосовуватись в медицині з кінця ХІХ сторіччя, коли відомий швейцарський фітотерапевт Йоган Кюнцлє (Johann Künzle) почав застосовувати яглицю для лікування різноманітних хвороб, зокрема також суглобів.
В наш час яглиця застосовується в лікуванні подагри та артритів, іноді ішіасу. Тут має значення її сильна протизапальна дія, а також позитивний вплив на нормалізацію порушеного обміну речовин, зокрема, видалення надміру сечової кислоти. Препарати яглиці мають фунгіцидну, протзапальну, діуретичну та занозагоювальну дію. Наявність фалькаринолу та фалькариндіолу робить яглицю важливим засобом лікування грибкових захворювань шкіри. Яглицю застосовують при рожистому запаленні та ексудативному діатезі.
Сприяє нормалізації функцій кишківника, що виявляються у чергуванні проносів та закрепів, пришвидшує травлення.
Застосовується при сечокам'яній хворобі та каменях сечового міхуря. Завдяки цим різноманітним властивостям має детоксикаційний та очищувальний вплив на організм.
Спиртова настоянка яглиці сповільнює ріст золотистого стафілококу (Staphylococcus aureus) та клебсіели пневмонії (Klebsiella pneumoniae), також сповільнює ріст деяких патогенних грибів.
З яглиці роблять сік, що перешкоджає закисленню організму.
Молоді свіжі листочки застосовують у кулінарії, вони мають 90 мг вітаміну C на 100 г сирої маси. Зі свіжих весняних пагонів готують салат, додаючи молоде листя кульбаби та жерухи. Сушене зілля застосовують в якості приправи. Варять також суп, додаючи молоде листя кропиви та подорожника. В Центральній Росії весною листки яглиці додають в щі замість капусти. Це улюблена овочева рослина на Південному Уралі, в Башкирії, Татарії та Мордовії.[2]
Черешки листя, а також молоді листя і соковиті пагони можуть заміняти капусту; їх квасять в бочках, заготовляючи про запас.[1]
У яглиці приємний запах, і в старі часи торговці зеленню перекладали яглицею овочі для надання їм своєрідного аромату[1].д
Яглиця фарбує тканини в зелений та жовтий кольори.
Яглиця на узбіччі дороги
Суцвіття яглиці
Листя декоративної форми яглиці
Листок яглиці
Aegopodium podagraria là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Hoa tán. Loài này được L. mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1753.[1]
Bài viết chủ đề phân họ Cần này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn. Aegopodium podagraria là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Hoa tán. Loài này được L. mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1753.
Aegopodium podagraria L., 1753
Сныть обыкнове́нная (лат. Aegopódium podagrária) — многолетнее травянистое растение; вид рода Сныть семейства Зонтичные (Apiaceae).
Корневище горизонтальное, ползучее.
Стебель прямой, полый бороздчатый, наверху несколько ветвистый, высотой до 1 м.
Нижние листья дважды тройчатые, листочки заострённые, продолговато-яйцевидные до 8 см длиной, по краю остропильчатые; верхние листья тройчатые на коротких черешках, мелкие. Листья сверху почти голые, снизу опушённые. Жилкование перистое.
Соцветие — сложный зонтик с 20—30 лучами, зонтички (10—15 мм в диаметре) из 15—20 цветков, без обёрток и обёрточек. Верхушечный зонтик плодущий, боковые — бесплодные. Цветки мелкие, белые. Тычинок пять, пестик один.
Плод — продолговатая сплюснутая коричневая двусемянка, длиной 3—4 мм.
Растёт на богатых почвах в лиственных и смешанных лесах, на вырубках, среди кустарников, нередко как сорное в садах и парках. Теневынослива. В сильно затенённых местах может сильно разрастаться, но не цвести.
В России распространена широко почти по всей европейской части от Карелии до Пермского края и Саратовской области, а также в южной полосе Сибири до Байкала, на Северном Кавказе.
Пищевое, витаминное, медоносное, лекарственное, кормовое растение.
Молодые листья сныти и солёные черешки пригодны для употребления в пищу в виде салата. Их протирают на пюре; зелень сныти отличается приятным запахом и используется в качестве приправы к разнообразным кушаньям. Черешки листков можно мариновать с уксусом, из них готовят икру и гарниры. Неразвернувшиеся листья и молодые листовые черешки употребляют вместо капусты для приготовления щей, борща и ботвиньи[2].
В надземной части сныти содержатся витамин С (0,044—0,1 %), каротин (до 0,008 %), белковые вещества (до 22 %), кальций, кобальт.[источник не указан 31 день] Используется как противоцинготное средство.[источник не указан 31 день]
Сныть — хороший медонос, ценится наравне с таким высокопродуктивным медоносом, как иван-чай. В те годы, когда иван-чай не даёт достаточно нектара, его заменяет сныть. Пчёлы охотно посещают эти растения, особенно в первой половине дня. Нектаропродуктивность цветков сныти зависит от затенённости леса: при затенённости 0,3 нектаропродуктивность 100 цветков за день составляет 12,8 мг, при полноте 0,5—0,8 одного растения соответственно 134 и 62,9 мг сахара.[источник не указан 31 день]
В народной медицине сныть используют от подагры и ревматизма.[источник не указан 31 день]
Сныть имеет значение как кормовое растение. В её листьях содержится значительное количество белка и относительно немного клетчатки. В опытах на кроликах сныть обыкновенная показала высокую питательную ценность.[источник не указан 31 день] Из-за сильного запаха она поедается в незначительном количестве — крупным рогатым скотом, овцами, козами, конями. Лучше всего её поедают овцы.[источник не указан 31 день] А в запаренном виде или в виде сечки сныть поедается свиньями. Сныть хорошо отрастает после срезания, но на выпас реагирует негативно.[источник не указан 31 день] Она пригодна для силосования.
Aegopodium podagraria L., 1753, Sp. Pl. 1: 265.
Сныть обыкнове́нная (лат. Aegopódium podagrária) — многолетнее травянистое растение; вид рода Сныть семейства Зонтичные (Apiaceae).
宽叶羊角芹（学名：Aegopodium latifolium）是伞形科羊角芹属的植物。分布于俄罗斯以及中国大陆的新疆等地，生长于海拔1,000米的地区，多生在山麓草丛湿润处，目前尚未由人工引种栽培。
这是一篇傘形目小作品。你可以通过编辑或修订扩充其内容。 
分類（APG III） 界 : 植物界 Plantae 階級なし : 被子植物 angiosperms 階級なし : 真正双子葉類 eudicots 階級なし : コア真正双子葉類 core eudicots 階級なし : キク類 asterids 階級なし : キキョウ類 campanulids 目 : セリ目 Apiales 科 : セリ科 Apiaceae 属 : エゾボウフウ属 Aegopodium 種 : イワミツバ A. podagraria [1] 学名 Aegopodium podagrariaイワミツバ (Aegopodium podagraria) は日陰に生えるセリ科の草本の一つ。
春の柔かい葉はホウレンソウに似ていて、食用にされる。また痛風や関節リウマチの治療用にも用いられる。古代ローマによってイングランドに、修道士によって北ヨーロッパに伝えられたと言われている。
地下の根で急速に地上の広い範囲に広がるため、いくつかの地域ではこの植物では最悪の雑草と見なされている。変種は観葉植物として育てられる。またチョウ目の昆虫の幼虫の餌となっている。
生育の状態
ドイツでの生育状態
花序
葉
葉柄の断面
斑入りの栽培品種
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