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Die Rhinonycteridae sind eine Fledermausfamilie, die mit neun Arten in Afrika, Madagaskar, Vorderasien und Australien vorkommt. Die Familie wurde erst im Jahr 2015 eingeführt und von den Rundblattnasen (Hipposideridae) abgetrennt.[1] Grund war die durch Fossilien aus Europa und Australien[2] nachgewiesene seit etwa 39 Millionen Jahren andauernde eigenständige Entwicklung der Gruppe. Der Name Rhinonycteridae wurde von der Untertribus Rhinonycterina abgeleitet, die im Jahr 1866 durch den britischen Zoologen John Edward Gray beschrieben wurde.[3]
Von den Rundblattnasen unterscheiden sich die Rhinonycteridae genetisch und durch ihr einzigartig geformtes Nasenblatt, das sich durch fünf abgeleitete Merkmale von dem der Rundblattnasen unterscheidet und mit dem sie besonderen Rufe zur Echoortung ausstoßen können.
Von den Schlitznasen (Nycteridae) und Großblattnasen (Megadermatidae) unterscheiden sich die Rhinonycteridae durch ihr Nasenblatt und die relativ kleinen, nicht zusammengewachsenen Ohren, die keinen Tragus haben. Wie die Rundblattnasen unterscheiden sich die Rhinonycteridae von den Hufeisennasen (Rhinolophidae) durch den Besitz von nur zwei Zehengliedern (drei bei den Hufeisennasen), durch das Fehlen des dritten Prämolars und durch ihren Echoortungsruf, der aus Pulsen besteht, die nur 15 ms oder weniger lang andauern, während die der Hufeisennasen länger sind als 30 ms.[1]
Die Rhinonycteridae sind eine Fledermausfamilie, die mit neun Arten in Afrika, Madagaskar, Vorderasien und Australien vorkommt. Die Familie wurde erst im Jahr 2015 eingeführt und von den Rundblattnasen (Hipposideridae) abgetrennt. Grund war die durch Fossilien aus Europa und Australien nachgewiesene seit etwa 39 Millionen Jahren andauernde eigenständige Entwicklung der Gruppe. Der Name Rhinonycteridae wurde von der Untertribus Rhinonycterina abgeleitet, die im Jahr 1866 durch den britischen Zoologen John Edward Gray beschrieben wurde.
Rhinonycteridae is a family of bats, within to the suborder Yinpterochiroptera. The type species, the orange nose-leafed species group Rhinonicteris aurantia, is found across the north of Australia.[1]
The family accords with the description to the type genus Rhinonicteris, and its classification of the morphology of the rhinarium. The revision of Hill in 1982 follows Gray to describe the features of the nose-leaf for the subfamilial group, and these provide diagnosis to distinguish the species from other families. Molecular analysis also provides a distinctive retrotransposon insertion expressed in a gene fragment.[2]
The alliance resurrects John Edward Gray's 1866 arrangement of known microbat taxa, first published as subtribe Rhinonycterina, and elevating this to the rank of family. The taxon combined the poorly known genera Cloeotis and Triaenops in a 1982 revision that compared the nose-leaf morphology of the species.[a] This name was again proposed to accommodate the fossil and extant species of the genus Rhinonicteris, separating it from the unstable arrangements of family Hipposideridae, and was elevated in 2014.[2][3] The affinities within the families Hipposideridae and Rhinolophidae are sometimes found to be contrary in morphological and molecular analyses, yet resolving the phylogeny of these speciose and poorly defined groups has implication in several areas of research. The synonymy includes earlier combinations that elevated the rank through subtribe, tribe then subfamily. The taxon Triaenopini Benda & Vallo, 2009[4] was also reduced to a synonym for this family by the authors of the 2014 revision that elevated this taxon.[2]
The hipposiderid and rhinolophid bats are of especial interest to research into potential public health concerns, and the opportunity for a SARS-like outbreak from species that act as reservoirs for the coronaviruses implicated in conditions like the Chinese epidemic and Middle East respiratory syndrome outbreak.[2] The reviewing authors also emphasise the strong support for elevation to family rank of Rhinonycteridae and reconsideration as a taxonomic equivalent to family Hipposideridae, based on the time of divergence and phylogenies that indicated paraphyly in earlier morphological classifications. Aside from anticipating and detecting the sources of zoonotic disease, as carriers of the potentially lethal coronavirus species (especially those of human-lethal Betacoronavirus-b group), the treatment allows the identification of Evolutionary Significant Units within the hipposiderid, rhinolophid and the rhinonycterid lineages.[2]
A common name for what Gray referred as 'leaf-nosed bats' in establishing the Rhinonycterina, and later authors labelled 'Old World leaf-nosed bats' in transposing the name for hipposiderid species, has been proposed as trident bats (Armstrong, et al, 2016).[5]
The genus Rhinonicteris is unusual in becoming endemic to Australia, whereas the other genera are found in Africa and Madagascar, and the fossil record supports the terrestrial radiation of the family. One hypothesis is they may have aerially dispersed to new regions by island hopping, a proposed explanation for Allodapine bees that dispersed from Africa to Australia during the same epochs. The earliest dates for the arrival of the family in Australia coïncides with the arrival of Brachipposideros nooraleebus, and both are thought to have migrated through Europe and Asia to arrive and diverge at the Australian continent around 15 to 20 Ma.
The Australian Faunal Directory recognised extant taxa occurring in Australia;
The 2014 revision presents a separation as three families, equivalent to other mammalian taxonomic arrangements, and incorporates a clade identifying the type Rhinonicteris aurantia with genera Paratriaenops, Triaenops and Cloeotis. The three groups, the hipposiderid, rhinolophid and rhinonycterid families, were tested by several genomic and morphological studies that strongly supported monophyletic lineages. The families all appear to have diverged from a common ancestor around 42 Ma, and the Hipposideridae and Rhinonycteridae at approximately 39 Ma.[2] The origin of the family is determined to be the African continent.[2]
The arrangement of the family, with the subsequent inclusion of Miocene taxa,[5] may be summarised as:[2]
Rhinonycteridae is a family of bats, within to the suborder Yinpterochiroptera. The type species, the orange nose-leafed species group Rhinonicteris aurantia, is found across the north of Australia.
I Rinonitteridi (Rhinonycteridae Gray, 1866) sono una famiglia di pipistrelli, del sottordine dei Microchirotteri.
Questa famiglia comprende pipistrelli di piccole dimensioni con la lunghezza dell'avambraccio fino a 55 mm.
Precedentemente inclusi nella famiglia degli Ipposideridi con la quale condividono importanti caratteristiche morfologiche come la cintura scapolare modificata, il secondo dito della mano privo di falangi, la mancanza del trago e la presenza invece di un antitrago ben sviluppato, i Rinonitteridi risultano essere un gruppo ben distinto, alla luce di ricerche molecolari condotte nel 2015. La caratteristica principale che li contraddistingue dagli Ipposideridi è la particolare struttura della foglia nasale, con la presenza sul setto nasale di un processo che si proietta in avanti sopra la porzione anteriore e una parte posteriore fornita di diverse celle, in maniera simile ai ferri di cavallo, e sormontata in tre generi da tre protuberanze appuntite dall'aspetto simile ad un tridente.
Le specie di questa famiglia vivono nell'Africa subsahariana, Madagascar, Seychelles, Penisola Arabica, Asia meridionale e in Australia.
I Rinonitteridi (Rhinonycteridae Gray, 1866) sono una famiglia di pipistrelli, del sottordine dei Microchirotteri.
