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Woodworthia maculata ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من wikipedia EN

Woodworthia maculata, also known as the New Zealand common gecko or Raukawa gecko, is a species in the family Diplodactylidae.[1] The specific name maculata means "speckled".[3]

Identification

W. maculata is a small to medium-sized gecko, with an average length of 155mm,[4] and has a predominant colour of grey or brown.[5] The name maculata refers to the speckled pattern seen on this species (NZ Herpetological Society). The eyes are a greenish brown, with the snout-to-eye distance slightly longer, or equal to, the eye-to-ear distance. 'The mouth is lined in pink and has a pink tongue with a grey tip.[4] Woodworthia maculata often occupies the same area as a couple of similar looking geckos; Dactylocnemis pacificus and W. chrysosireticus. W. maculata can be distinguished from W. chrysosireticus by the lack of black speckles which are seen on W. chrysosireticus. W. maculata differs from D. pacificus when looking closely at the nostril. In maculata the nostril scale is not in contact with the nostril, but in D. pacificus it is in contact.[6]

Range

W. maculata can be found all over New Zealand; however, individuals in different locations across the country (especially in the North Island) differ from each other in a number of ways. Individuals in the South Island are often more slender and darker in colour than those in the North Island. The species is not usually detected on Stewart Island.[7] In the Hauraki Gulf, the geckos are commonly found on stony beaches and are a smaller size, with crenulated longitudinal stripes. W. maculata are found in the Coromandel and central North Island are generally found in lowland forests and are much larger, as well as being of various colours. The Southern North Island populations appear to be two-thirds smaller than nearby populations and exhibit sexual dimorphism.[8] Populations which occupy the Cook Strait and nearby mainland's show to be a mix of the common Northern and Southern forms.[6]

Habitat preferences

W. maculata is terrestrial but is often found in trees, only in forested areas.[9] A study by H. Frank and DJ Wilson (2011)[10] showed that maculata is also commonly found in rocky areas with cracks and crevices, without a permanent shade cover. Few individuals were detected in highly grazed areas with no grass cover remaining.

Life cycle

W. maculata has been found to have a characteristically long lifespan, with a suggested lifespan of 20 years.[11] Some individuals have been aged at 29 years.[12][13] A more recent study proposes that the species may live up to 37 years in the wild. It has been suggested[12] that W. maculata may have a long lifespan to balance their slow reproductive rate.[14]

Diet

Geckos have a simple diet of live insects and smaller organisms. The diet of a gecko includes, but is not limited to, spiders, isopodas, moths, flies, grasshoppers and caterpillars. As expected, due to an individual's size and preference, the diet has a lot of variation. In other gecko species, the tail acts as a storage organ which can hold reserves of fat which the individual can use in times of food scarcity.[15] Most gecko species cannot digest leaves and other tough plant material easily, however W. maculata and other New Zealand gecko species feed off plant material that is easily digestible and high in energy like pollen, nectar, sap or fruit.[13] Mainland geckos are commonly preyed on invasive species such as stoats, cats, hedgehogs and rodents. On off-shore islands where these invasive species are not present, the morepork is considered the main predator.[16] Rodents eat both the adult gecko and their eggs and are particularly dangerous for larger geckos. Although W. maculata are too small to fight them off, their heads are too big to fit in gaps small enough in which they would be safe from the predator.[13] Cree[14] found that W. maculata reproduces annually, and has evidence to suggest that some populations may be reproducing biannually. Cree[14] also recognised that on average, each female produces less than 2 offspring per year and are slow to mature.

Conservation status

As of 2021 the Department of Conservation (DOC) classified the common gecko as Not Threatened under the New Zealand Threat Classification System.[17]

References

  1. ^ a b Woodworthia maculata at the Reptarium.cz Reptile Database. Accessed 11 October 2018.
  2. ^ Listed by New Zealand.
  3. ^ New Zealand Frogs and Reptiles, Brian Gill and Tony Whitaker, David Bateman limited, 2001
  4. ^ a b Jewell, T. 2008 A photographic guide to reptiles and amphibians of New Zealand. New Holland, Auckland. 144 p.
  5. ^ Towns, D. R. (1985). A field guide to the lizards of New Zealand. Wellington, N.Z.: New Zealand Wildlife Service, Dept. of Internal Affairs
  6. ^ a b Bell T (compiler) 2010: NZ Lizards Database Species Synopsis. Common Gecko, Woodworthia maculatus Available: http://herpetology.landcareresearch.co.nz. Accession date: 06/04/2016. Landcare Research NZ Ltd.
  7. ^ Hitchmough, Rodney Arthur (1997). "A Systematic Revision of the New Zealand Gekkonidae". Victoria University of Wellington. Retrieved 7 April 2016.
  8. ^ Whitaker, A.H. "Interim results from a study of Hoplodactylus maculatus (Boulenger) at Turakirae Head, Wellington". New Zealand Wildlife Service occasional publication No. 2. Archived from the original on 2016-05-08. Retrieved 2016-05-04.
  9. ^ Wotton, Debra M. (2002). "Effectiveness of the common gecko (Hoplodactylus maculatus) as a seed disperser on Mana Island, New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Botany. 40 (4): 639–647. doi:10.1080/0028825X.2002.9512820. S2CID 86800029.
  10. ^ Frank, H.; Wilson, D.J. (2011). "Distribution, status and conservation measures for lizards in limestone areas of South Canterbury, New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Zoology. 38 (1): 15–28. doi:10.1080/03014223.2010.520326.
  11. ^ Whitaker, A. H. (1987). "The roles of lizards in New Zealand plant reproductive strategies". New Zealand Journal of Botany. 25 (2): 315–328. doi:10.1080/0028825X.1987.10410078.
  12. ^ a b Bannock, C. A.; Whitaker, A.H.; Hickling, G.J. (1999). "Extreme longevity of the common gecko (Hoplodactylus maculatus) on Motunau Island, Canterbury, New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Ecology. 23 (1): 101–103. JSTOR 24054753.
  13. ^ a b c Bauer, A. M. (2013). Geckos: The animal answer guide. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
  14. ^ a b c Cree, Alison (1994). "Low annual reproductive output in female reptiles from New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Zoology. 21 (4): 351–372. doi:10.1080/03014223.1994.9518005.
  15. ^ Rowlands, R. P. (1995). New Zealand geckos: A guide to captive maintenance and breeding. Auckland, N.Z.: Print Media Specialists.
  16. ^ Kelly, Clint D. (2015). "Sexual size and shape dimorphism and allometric scaling patterns in head traits in the New Zealand common gecko Woodworthia maculatus". Zoology. 118 (4): 248–254. doi:10.1016/j.zool.2015.02.002. PMID 25958103.
  17. ^ Hitchmough, R.; Barr, B.; Knox, C.; Lettink, M.; Monks, J. M.; Patterson, G. B.; Reardon, J. T.; van Winkel, D.; Rolfe, J.; Michel, P. (2021). Conservation Status of New Zealand Reptiles, 2021 (PDF). New Zealand Threat Classification Series. Vol. 35. Department of Conservation. pp. 3–6. Retrieved 13 January 2022.

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Woodworthia maculata: Brief Summary ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من wikipedia EN

Woodworthia maculata, also known as the New Zealand common gecko or Raukawa gecko, is a species in the family Diplodactylidae. The specific name maculata means "speckled".

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Woodworthia maculatus ( الإسبانية، القشتالية )

المقدمة من wikipedia ES

Woodworthia maculatus es una especie de gecko que pertenece al género Woodworthia de la familia Diplodactylidae.[2]​ Es una especie vivípara, endémica de Nueva Zelanda.[2]

Referencias

  1. Gray, J. (1845) Catalogue of the specimens of lizards in the collection of the British Museum. pp. 1-289.
  2. a b Uetz, P. & Jirí Hošek (ed.). «Woodworthia maculatus». Reptile Database (en inglés). Reptarium. Consultado el 18 de mayo de 2016.

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Woodworthia maculatus: Brief Summary ( الإسبانية، القشتالية )

المقدمة من wikipedia ES

Woodworthia maculatus es una especie de gecko que pertenece al género Woodworthia de la familia Diplodactylidae.​ Es una especie vivípara, endémica de Nueva Zelanda.​

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Woodworthia maculatus ( الفرنسية )

المقدمة من wikipedia FR

Woodworthia maculatus est une espèce de gecko de la famille des Diplodactylidae[1].

Répartition

Cette espèce est endémique de Nouvelle-Zélande[1].

Publication originale

  • Gray, 1845 : Catalogue of the specimens of lizards in the collection of the British Museum. p. 1-289 (texte intégral).

Notes et références

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Woodworthia maculatus: Brief Summary ( الفرنسية )

المقدمة من wikipedia FR

Woodworthia maculatus est une espèce de gecko de la famille des Diplodactylidae.

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뉴질랜드도마뱀붙이 ( الكورية )

المقدمة من wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

뉴질랜드도마뱀붙이(Woodworthia maculata)는 뉴질랜드 커먼 게코(New Zealand common gecko), 라우카와 게코(Raukawa gecko)라고도 불리며, 돌도마뱀붙이과에 속한 이다.[1] 종명 maculata는 "결절이 돋아난"이라는 뜻이다.[2]

보전

보전부(:en:Department of Conservation (New Zealand))는 2012년부로 뉴질랜드도마뱀붙이를 뉴질랜드 멸종위기 분류체계(:en:New Zealand Threat Classification System)에 '미위협(Not Threatened)'으로 분류하였다.[3]

식별

뉴질랜드도마뱀붙이는 꼬리까지 평균 155mm에 이르는[4] 중소형 도마뱀붙이류이며 체색은 주로 회갈색이다.[5] 종명 maculata는 점박이 무늬를 의미한다.(뉴질랜드 양서파충류학회) 눈은 녹갈색이며, 주둥이-눈 길이(snout-to-eye distance)는 눈-귀 길이(eye-to-ear distance)와 같거나 다소 길다. 입테두리는 분홍빛을 띄고, 분홍색 혀의 끝은 회색이다.[4] 뉴질랜드도마뱀붙이는 흔히 Dactylocnemis pacificus, W. chrysosireticus 따위의 비슷하게 생긴 도마뱀붙이류와 같은 영역에 서식한다. 뉴질랜드도마뱀붙이는 W. chrysosireticus 와 달리 검은 결절이 없고, 콧구멍을 가까이 들여다보면 콧구멍비늘(nostril scale)이 콧구멍에 맞닿아있는 D. pacificus 와는 달리 떨어져있어 서로 구별할 수 있다.[6]

분포

뉴질랜드도마뱀붙이는 뉴질랜드 전역에 서식하지만, 나라 곳곳의 다양한 장소(특히 북섬)에 서식하는 개체군 사이에는 다양한 차이가 존재한다. 남섬의 개체는 대개 북섬의 개체에 비해 가늘고 색이 짙다. 스튜어트섬에서는발견하기 어렵다.[7] 하우라키만(:en:Hauraki Gulf)에서는 바위 해안가에서 흔하게 발견되며, 덩치가 작고, 가장자리가 뾰족뾰족한 가로줄무늬가 나있다. 코로만델(:en:Coromandel (New Zealand electorate))과 북섬 중부의 개체들은 대개 저지대 삼림지역에 서식하며, 덩치가 상당히 크고 체색이 다양하다. 북섬 남부의 개체군은 근처의 개체군에 비해 덩치가 2/3에 불과하고 성적 이형성을 띈다.[8] 쿡 해협과 근방의 본토 지역을 차지한 개체군은 북섬, 남섬 개체군의 특징이 섞인 모습을 보여준다.[6]

서식

뉴질랜드도마뱀붙이는 지면에 서식하지만 나무가 우거진 곳에서는 나무에서도 자주 발견된다.[9] H. 프랭크(H. Frank), DJ 윌슨(DJ Wilson)의 연구(2011)[10]에 따르면 뉴질랜드도마뱀붙이는 항상 그늘진 곳이 없고 갈라진 틈새가 많은 바위 투성이 지역에서도 흔히 발견된다. 몇몇 개체들은 심하게 방목되어 풀이 거의 없는 곳에서도 발견되었다.

생애

뉴질랜드도마뱀붙이는 상당히 오래 산다. 아나스타시아디스(Anastasiadis)와 휘태커(Whitaker)(1987)는 20년 이상 산다고 말했지만[11] 배녹(Bannock)과 동료들의 연구에 쓰인 개체들 중에는[12] 29살 이상 산 개체도 존재했다. 한편 좀 더 최근에 이루어진 바우어(Bauer)(2013)[13]의 연구에 따르면 야생에서는 37년까지 살아가는 것으로 보인다고 한다. 배녹과 동료들[12]에 따르면 뉴질랜드도마뱀붙이는 번식율이 낮아서 균형을 맞추기 위해 오래 살게 된 것 같다고 한다.

포식/피식

뉴질랜드도마뱀붙이는 곤충 따위의 작은 유기체를 먹고 살아가는데, 거미, 등각류, 나방, 파리, 메뚜기, 노래기 따위가 있다. 개체의 덩치와 취향에 따라 먹잇감은 상당한 차이를 보인다. 돌도마뱀붙이류처럼 꼬리에 지방을 저축하여 굶주림을 대비하지는 못한다.[14] 대부분의 도마뱀붙이류는 이파리 같은 거친 식물성 물질을 쉽게 소화시키지 못하지만, 뉴질랜드도마뱀붙이 등의 뉴질랜드에서 서식하는 도마뱀붙이류는 꽃가루, 꽃꿀, 수액, 과일처럼 소화가 잘 되고 열량이 높은 식물성 물질을 먹는다.[13]

본토에서는 흔히 담비, 고슴도치, 고양이, 설치류 따위의 침입종의 먹이가 된다. 침입종이 없는 연안의 섬들에서는 뉴질랜드솔부엉이에게 주로 먹힌다. 설치류는 성체도 알도 먹기 때문에 덩치 큰 도마뱀붙이류의 존속에 특히나 위험하다. 뉴질랜드도마뱀붙이는 포식자들을 무찌르기엔 너무 작지만, 포식자들로부터 안전할만큼 좁은 틈새로 숨기에는 머리가 너무 크다.[13] 크리(Cree)[15]는 뉴질랜드도마뱀붙이가 해마다 번식한다는 것을 밝혀냈으며, 어떤 개체군은 2년마다 번식할지도 모른다는 증거를 찾아냈다. 크리[15]는 각각의 암컷은 평균적으로 해마다 한두 마리의 새끼를 출산하며, 성숙하는 데 오래 걸린다는 것 또한 알아냈다.

각주

  1. Woodworthia maculata - Reptarium.cz Reptile Database.11 October 2018에 확인함.
  2. New Zealand Frogs and Reptiles, Brian Gill and Tony Whitaker, David Bateman limited, 2001
  3. Hitchmough, Rod; Anderson, Peter; Barr, Ben; Monks, Jo; Lettink, Marieke; Reardon, James; Tocher, Mandy; Whitaker, Tony. “Conservation status of New Zealand reptiles, 2012” (PDF). 《Department of Conservation》. The Government of New Zealand. 2015년 7월 18일에 확인함.
  4. Jewell, T. 2008 A photographic guide to reptiles and amphibians of New Zealand. New Holland, Auckland. 144 p.
  5. Towns, D. R. (1985). A field guide to the lizards of New Zealand. Wellington, N.Z.: New Zealand Wildlife Service, Dept. of Internal Affairs
  6. Bell T (compiler) 2010: NZ Lizards Database Species Synopsis. Common Gecko, Woodworthia maculatus Available: http://herpetology.landcareresearch.co.nz[깨진 링크(과거 내용 찾기)]. Accession date: 06/04/2016. Landcare Research NZ Ltd.
  7. Hitchmough, Rodney Arthur (1997). “A Systematic Revision of the New Zealand Gekkonidae”. Victoria University of Wellington. 2016년 4월 7일에 확인함.
  8. Whitaker, A.H. “Interim results from a study of Hoplodactylus maculatus (Boulenger) at Turakirae Head, Wellington”. New Zealand Wildlife Service occasional publication No. 2. 2016년 5월 8일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2016년 5월 4일에 확인함.
  9. Wotton, Debra M. (2002). “Effectiveness of the common gecko (Hoplodactylus maculatus) as a seed disperser on Mana Island, New Zealand”. 《New Zealand Journal of Botany》 40 (4): 639–647. doi:10.1080/0028825X.2002.9512820.
  10. Frank, H.; Wilson, D.J. (2011). “Distribution, status and conservation measures for lizards in limestone areas of South Canterbury, New Zealand”. 《New Zealand Journal of Zoology》 38 (1): 15–28. doi:10.1080/03014223.2010.520326.
  11. Whitaker, A. H. (1987). “The roles of lizards in New Zealand plant reproductive strategies”. 《New Zealand Journal of Botany》 25 (2): 315–328. doi:10.1080/0028825X.1987.10410078.
  12. Bannock, C. A.; Whitaker, A.H.; Hickling, G.J. (1999). “Extreme longevity of the common gecko (Hoplodactylus maculatus) on Motunau Island, Canterbury, New Zealand”. 《New Zealand Journal of Ecology》 23 (1): 101–103. JSTOR 24054753.
  13. Bauer, A. M. (2013). 《Geckos: The animal answer guide》. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
  14. Rowlands, R. P. (1995). New Zealand geckos: A guide to captive maintenance and breeding. Auckland, N.Z.: Print Media Specialists.
  15. Cree, Alison (1994). “Low annual reproductive output in female reptiles from New Zealand”. 《New Zealand Journal of Zoology》 21 (4): 351–372. doi:10.1080/03014223.1994.9518005.
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뉴질랜드도마뱀붙이: Brief Summary ( الكورية )

المقدمة من wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

뉴질랜드도마뱀붙이(Woodworthia maculata)는 뉴질랜드 커먼 게코(New Zealand common gecko), 라우카와 게코(Raukawa gecko)라고도 불리며, 돌도마뱀붙이과에 속한 이다. 종명 maculata는 "결절이 돋아난"이라는 뜻이다.

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