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صورة الحبار ذو الزعانف الكبيرة
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الحبار ذو الزعانف الكبيرة

Sepioteuthis lessoniana d'Orbigny 1826

Associations ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Animal Diversity Web

Some common predators of bigfin reef squid are large fish, such as blue-fin (Thunnus orientalis) and skipjack (Katsuwonus pelamis) tuna, Atlantic blue marlin (Makaira mazara), and sharks, as well as birds, whales, and humans. They are most vulnerable to predation during larval stages. Squid hatchlings are often cannibalistic, which is one of the main sources of predation on young squid. However, the rate of cannibalism is lower in this species than in other squid species.

Newly hatched young will swim in shoals and can interact with one another to increase chances of survival, by warning each other of predators and helping one another find food sources. During all life stages, bigfin reef squid rely on camouflage, changing their coloration based on their surroundings using their chromatophores. They may also use differently polarized skin patterns as a means of communication between individuals, which would allow them to communicate with each other while remaining camouflaged from predators that are unable to perceive polarized light. The ink produced by threatened squid can cause predators to lose their sight and sense of smell, due to the color and alkalinity of the ink.

Known Predators:

  • blue-fin tuna (Thunnus orientalis)
  • skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis)
  • albacore tuna (Thunnus alalunga)
  • Atlantic blue marlin (Makaira mazara)
  • oval squid (Sepioteuthis lessoniana)

Anti-predator Adaptations: cryptic

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حقوق النشر
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Filcek, K. and S. Kennedy 2012. "Sepioteuthis lessoniana" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Sepioteuthis_lessoniana.html
مؤلف
Kimberly Filcek, Radford University
مؤلف
Stacey Kennedy, Radford University
محرر
Christine Small, Radford University
محرر
Jeremy Wright, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
Animal Diversity Web

Morphology ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Animal Diversity Web

Bigfin reef squid possess a characteristic cephalopod body plan that is fusiform in shape, with a large mantle, attached head, and multiple arms. The genus name Sepioteuthis describes its cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis)-like appearance. Its main body mass is contained in the mantle (sometimes referred to as the "hood"), where the organs for reproduction, respiration, digestion, circulation, excretion, and propulsion are found. The mantle is a highly muscular organ which surrounds the entire body of the squid. The muscles of the mantle are made of two different types (circular and radial) of fibers that have different orientations. The majority of the mantle is made up of the circular muscle fibers. The remnant of an ancestral shell is also found within the mantle, and is known as the internal gladis (commonly called the "pen"). The distinguishing "big fins" referred to in the common name are located on the superior portion of the mantle. The fins extend along over 90% of the length of the mantle and give the squid a characteristic oval appearance. The maximum reported mantle length in males is 422 mm and 382 mm in females. The mantle length is regularly 200-300 mm. When fully grown, this small squid can weigh anywhere from 1 pound to 5 pounds.

The head contains the brain, eyes, and buccal mass (the beak/mouth and salivary glands) and is located below the mantle. Squid species have complex eyes that are capable of focusing and forming clear images. The pupils are adjustable, based on the amount of light entering the eye. Eight arms (not generally of identical length) and two tentacles are attached to the bottom portion of the head. The tentacles are primarily used for the capture of prey. Each of the arms is lined with toothed suction cups for manipulating prey, and the two tentacles possess toothed suction cups at their distal end.

Between the head and the mantle is the hyponome, which is a funnel that water is forced through as a means of propulsion. The giant axon controls part of the water jet propulsion system in squid. Action potentials in the giant axon cause contraction of mantle muscle fibers, forcing water though the hyponome. The squid can adjust the position of the hyponome to change the direction of propulsion.

Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged at the gills, which are located within the mantle. Bigfin reef squid (and other squid species) have a closed circulatory system with three hearts, two of which are brachial hearts found at the base of their gills. These are used to pump oxygen deficient blood through the gills, where carbon dioxide in the blood is exchanged for oxygen and pumped out of the body through the siphon. The third heart pumps oxygenated blood throughout the rest of the body. Hemocyanin, rather than hemoglobin, is the oxygen carrying protein in this species' blood. Hemocyanin is copper based, making the blood appear blue.

Like all cephalopods, bigfin reef squid have a complex digestive system, consisting of a stomach, a caecum, and a liver. Following digestion and absorption of nutrients by these structures, solid waste is passed out of the rectum. Both the mantle and the digestive gland tissues are used in energy storage.

Energy expenditure shifts towards the reproductive system gains priority as squid mature. Female bigfin reef squid have a large ovary (which can be seen through the transparent mantle tissue) and a nidamental gland for the production of egg cases and nutrients. Males have a large testis and a spermatophore gland and sac. Males also have modified arms, with the presence of hectocotyli to store spermatophores. This is one of the key characteristics used in determining the sex of individuals.

Bigfin reef squid can control their pigmented skin cells, called chromatophores, to rapidly change their body color and pattern. This species also has an ink sac, which can release a dark cloud of ink to disorient predators.

Range mass: 100 to 1400 g.

Average mass: 400 g.

Range length: 4 to 33 cm.

Other Physical Features: endothermic ; ectothermic ; heterothermic ; bilateral symmetry

Sexual Dimorphism: male larger; sexes colored or patterned differently; ornamentation

ترخيص
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
حقوق النشر
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Filcek, K. and S. Kennedy 2012. "Sepioteuthis lessoniana" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Sepioteuthis_lessoniana.html
مؤلف
Kimberly Filcek, Radford University
مؤلف
Stacey Kennedy, Radford University
محرر
Christine Small, Radford University
محرر
Jeremy Wright, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
Animal Diversity Web

Life Expectancy ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Animal Diversity Web

Bigfin reef squid generally complete their entire life cycle within 4 to 6 months of birth. Water temperature may affect rates of growth and sexual maturation in squid. In hot, equatorial waters, they have a shorter lifespan and reach smaller body sizes than individuals that live in “cooler” subtropical waters.

Range lifespan
Status: captivity:
315 (high) days.

Average lifespan
Status: wild:
171 days.

ترخيص
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
حقوق النشر
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Filcek, K. and S. Kennedy 2012. "Sepioteuthis lessoniana" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Sepioteuthis_lessoniana.html
مؤلف
Kimberly Filcek, Radford University
مؤلف
Stacey Kennedy, Radford University
محرر
Christine Small, Radford University
محرر
Jeremy Wright, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
Animal Diversity Web

Habitat ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Animal Diversity Web

Bigfin reef squid live in warm (typically 16°C to 34°C) coastal waters. At night, when they are most active, they are commonly found in shallow areas (0 to 100 m) around reefs, sea grass beds, sandy bottoms, or rocky shorelines. At the shore, where there are greater fluctuations in salinity, bigfin reef squid are found in waters varying from 28 ppt to 36 ppt. They surface at night, when they are less likely to be detected by predators. During the day, they generally move to deeper waters or near any form of cover, such as floating driftwood, reefs, rocks, or grasses.

Range depth: 0 to 100 m.

Habitat Regions: tropical ; saltwater or marine

Aquatic Biomes: reef ; coastal

ترخيص
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
حقوق النشر
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Filcek, K. and S. Kennedy 2012. "Sepioteuthis lessoniana" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Sepioteuthis_lessoniana.html
مؤلف
Kimberly Filcek, Radford University
مؤلف
Stacey Kennedy, Radford University
محرر
Christine Small, Radford University
محرر
Jeremy Wright, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
Animal Diversity Web

Behavior ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Animal Diversity Web

Bigfin reef squid are typically solitary, limiting the amount of communication that occurs between individuals. However, when in close proximity to others, as in feeding groups or breeding shoals, this species does display distinct communication behaviors. It uses rapid, vivid changes in its body color pattern (via chromatophores) to convey information about potential threats, food sources, or dominance. Physical intimidation, such as chasing or biting of other individuals, as well as additional visual displays of dominance, such as genital presentation and limb-spreading, have also been observed in shoals and in mating groups. They do not possess any specialized organs for sound detection or production (although vibrations are perceived), instead relying upon their highly developed sense of sight for communication and perception of their environment. In addition, bigfin reef squid possess sensitive chemoreceptors near their mouth and on the suckers (more developed in octopi and cuttlefish), which helps to distinguish between prey and non-prey items.

Communication Channels: visual ; tactile ; chemical

Other Communication Modes: photic/bioluminescent ; vibrations

Perception Channels: visual ; polarized light ; tactile ; vibrations ; chemical

ترخيص
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
حقوق النشر
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Filcek, K. and S. Kennedy 2012. "Sepioteuthis lessoniana" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Sepioteuthis_lessoniana.html
مؤلف
Kimberly Filcek, Radford University
مؤلف
Stacey Kennedy, Radford University
محرر
Christine Small, Radford University
محرر
Jeremy Wright, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
Animal Diversity Web

Conservation Status ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Animal Diversity Web

Bigfin reef squid are not found on any threatened or endangered species list. Their robust population and wide distribution makes it unlikely that it will become a threatened species in the near future.

US Federal List: no special status

CITES: no special status

State of Michigan List: no special status

ترخيص
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
حقوق النشر
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Filcek, K. and S. Kennedy 2012. "Sepioteuthis lessoniana" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Sepioteuthis_lessoniana.html
مؤلف
Kimberly Filcek, Radford University
مؤلف
Stacey Kennedy, Radford University
محرر
Christine Small, Radford University
محرر
Jeremy Wright, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
Animal Diversity Web

Life Cycle ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Animal Diversity Web

Egg capsules incubate for about 3 weeks, depending on temperature. The incubation period can last anywhere between 15 to 22 days. Upon hatching, the paralarvae are planktonic and are about 4.5 to 6.5 mm in mantle length (excluding tentacles), with fully functioning fins and ink sacs. They resemble miniature adults and are already strong swimmers.

Development - Life Cycle: indeterminate growth

ترخيص
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
حقوق النشر
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Filcek, K. and S. Kennedy 2012. "Sepioteuthis lessoniana" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Sepioteuthis_lessoniana.html
مؤلف
Kimberly Filcek, Radford University
مؤلف
Stacey Kennedy, Radford University
محرر
Christine Small, Radford University
محرر
Jeremy Wright, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
Animal Diversity Web

Benefits ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Animal Diversity Web

Squid species in general do not threaten humans in any measurable way. They do not actively prey upon humans and are rarely provoked to attack. There are no known adverse economic effects of bigfin reef squid.

Negative Impacts: injures humans (bites or stings)

ترخيص
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
حقوق النشر
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Filcek, K. and S. Kennedy 2012. "Sepioteuthis lessoniana" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Sepioteuthis_lessoniana.html
مؤلف
Kimberly Filcek, Radford University
مؤلف
Stacey Kennedy, Radford University
محرر
Christine Small, Radford University
محرر
Jeremy Wright, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
Animal Diversity Web

Benefits ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Animal Diversity Web

This species is among the most commercially important squid species. Since it is not a seasonal species, it can be fished throughout the year. It is used not only for food, but also as bait for many other species. Since bigfin reef squid have a rapid growth rate, short life span, low rates of disease, low rates of cannibalism, and tolerance to handling and captivity, they are commonly observed and raised in labs. This not only assists in learning about the lifecycle and reproduction of the squid, but also aids in determining the effects of temperature, salinity, and different food sources on the squid. Another positive aspect of raising bigfin reef squid in labs is that they offer a constant supply of giant squid axons, which are used in neuroscience and physiology research.

Positive Impacts: food ; research and education

ترخيص
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
حقوق النشر
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Filcek, K. and S. Kennedy 2012. "Sepioteuthis lessoniana" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Sepioteuthis_lessoniana.html
مؤلف
Kimberly Filcek, Radford University
مؤلف
Stacey Kennedy, Radford University
محرر
Christine Small, Radford University
محرر
Jeremy Wright, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
Animal Diversity Web

Associations ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Animal Diversity Web

Bigfin reef squid are predators of a number of species, primarily pisfishes and mollusks, but also eat zooplankton and other marine invertebrates. This species also serves as prey to a number of common predatory species. They can consume up to 50% of their body mass during their growth period and they have fast metabolic and growth rates, so they assist in the transfer of energy through trophic levels of the food web in marine ecosystems.

Commensal/Parasitic Species:

  • copepods (Doridicola similis)
  • Dicyema koshidai (Phylum Dicyemida)
  • Dicyema orientale (Phylum Dicyemida)
ترخيص
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
حقوق النشر
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Filcek, K. and S. Kennedy 2012. "Sepioteuthis lessoniana" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Sepioteuthis_lessoniana.html
مؤلف
Kimberly Filcek, Radford University
مؤلف
Stacey Kennedy, Radford University
محرر
Christine Small, Radford University
محرر
Jeremy Wright, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
Animal Diversity Web

Trophic Strategy ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Animal Diversity Web

Bigfin reef squid are strictly carnivorous. They primarily feed on other mollusks and fish, but also consume non-insect arthropods, zooplankton, and other marine invertebrates, depending upon life cycle stage and prey availability. This species has also been known to cannibalize smaller conspecifics. Squid use their specialized tentacles to capture live prey. The tentacles are then used to guide the prey to the specialized buccal region and the sharp, muscular beak, which is specialized for the tearing and crushing of prey.

Animal Foods: fish; mollusks; aquatic crustaceans; other marine invertebrates; zooplankton

Primary Diet: carnivore (Piscivore , Molluscivore )

ترخيص
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
حقوق النشر
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Filcek, K. and S. Kennedy 2012. "Sepioteuthis lessoniana" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Sepioteuthis_lessoniana.html
مؤلف
Kimberly Filcek, Radford University
مؤلف
Stacey Kennedy, Radford University
محرر
Christine Small, Radford University
محرر
Jeremy Wright, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
Animal Diversity Web

Distribution ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Animal Diversity Web

This species, known as either the bigfin reef or oval squid, is generally found in Indo-West Pacific waters, including the tropical waters of the Indian Ocean around the Red Sea and the seas between northern Australia, New Zealand and Asia, which connect the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Oval squid also occur as far north as the Mediterranean Sea and in eastern portions of the Pacific Ocean near the Hawaiian Islands.

Biogeographic Regions: australian (Native ); indian ocean; pacific ocean (Native ); mediterranean sea (Native )

ترخيص
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
حقوق النشر
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Filcek, K. and S. Kennedy 2012. "Sepioteuthis lessoniana" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Sepioteuthis_lessoniana.html
مؤلف
Kimberly Filcek, Radford University
مؤلف
Stacey Kennedy, Radford University
محرر
Christine Small, Radford University
محرر
Jeremy Wright, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
Animal Diversity Web

Reproduction ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Animal Diversity Web

When bigfin reef squid enter their reproductive stage, they tend to exhibit the same shoaling behavior exhibited when they first hatched. The group breeds in shoals during the day and separates at night to feed. During mating, male and female bigfin reef squid form close pairs that can last up to several days. Mating can occur in two different ways: "head-to-head” or “male-parallel” mating. In “head-to-head” mating, the male swims upside down and lunges forward towards the female, having already ejected several spermatophores from his funnel onto his hectocotyli, which he attempts to deposit into the female’s mouth funnel. The female will then transfer the spermatophores to her oviduct for fertilization. “Male-parallel” mating involves the male and female swimming side by side. The male then moves below the female, clasps her neck with his arms, and inserts his hectocotylus into the mantle cavity of the female, attaching the spermatophores at the opening of the oviduct.

Elaborate breeding behaviors are known in this species, which largely involve the display of complex body patterns during courtship. One of the body patterns displayed is referred to as the “accentuated gonads” pattern, which occurs when squid reduce their body coloration and enhance the colors of their reproductive organs. This is likely an initial sign of reproductive maturity and receptiveness to other individuals. There are also sex-specific chromatophore displays used by males and females for breeding. Male oval squid use a “Stripe” pattern and a “Flicker” display, while females show a display known as the sexual “Saddle”. The “Stripe” display, similar to the “Zebra” display discussed below, indicates a willingness to mate to females. The male swims parallel to the female displaying this pattern to get her attention. Females respond to the “Stripe” pattern with the sexual “Saddle” pattern, which indicates that the female is mature and ready to breed. It is known as the “Saddle” because the female lightens her entire body except for a central band where the male grasps the female for mating. The male then indicates his intent to pass spermatophores to the female with a “Flicker” chromatophore display.

Prior to mating, male bigfin reef squid can become aggressive and they will battle other males using certain body patterns and postures to determine who will breed with the mature females. Males display color pattern variations to deter or compete against other intruding males. The “Zebra” display is characterized by the presence of irregular dark stripes on the squid’s skin and is agnostic towards other male, warding them off from breeding with paired females. Unpaired males will also sometimes mimic color displays of paired females, to get a paired male to waste spermatophores, leaving the unpaired male open to mate with the paired female. Males guard their mate while she lays her eggs, exhibiting additional agonistic display behaviors to ward off other males. These displays involve both body positioning, such as spreading their arms to look larger, and chromatophore displays. The male usually leaves once the female has spawned.

Mating System: polygynous

Bigfin reef squid can lay eggs year round and the onset of the major spawning season can vary by location. In warmer waters, such as around India, spawning can occur as early as January while in cooler waters near Japan, spawning can begin as late as September. Females can release 20 to 1180 eggs per individual, in egg capsules that contain up to 13 eggs each. These capsules are laid in single straight strands on rocks, corals, plants, submerged branches, and other surfaces along shore lines. Once the female lays her eggs, her body usually deteriorates and she usually dies before she can mate again, but a male can usually mate with several more females before he dies. Sexual maturity in the wild is reached, on average, 171 days after hatching, but this can vary from 161 to 315 days. In captive populations, males reached sexual maturity at approximately 140 days after hatching, while females began spawning when they were 156 to 196 days old. Both males and females mature earlier in captivity than in the wild. Growth to sexual maturity is distinguishable by size and close examination only, as juveniles closely resemble adults.

Breeding interval: Bigfin reef squid can begin mating as early as January to as late as September, depending on the location. Additional spawning can occur throughout the year.

Breeding season: Breeding occurs in the spring.

Range number of offspring: 20 to 1180.

Average number of offspring: 680.

Range gestation period: 15 to 22 days.

Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 156 to 196 days.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 171 days.

Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 100 to 140 days.

Key Reproductive Features: semelparous ; seasonal breeding ; year-round breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; fertilization (Internal ); oviparous ; sperm-storing

Paired males generally remain with the females for protection while the eggs are being laid, but mating partnerships are only temporary. Females coat the eggs in a gelatinous substance, forming an egg capsule that offers protection and nourishment while the egg develops. The eggs are layed in areas where the hatchlings will have cover to hide, in to attempt to avoid predation, but there is still a high risk of mortality. There is no parental care, imprinting, or protection from predators or the environment post-hatching.

Parental Investment: no parental involvement; precocial ; pre-fertilization (Protecting: Male); pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Female)

ترخيص
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
حقوق النشر
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Filcek, K. and S. Kennedy 2012. "Sepioteuthis lessoniana" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Sepioteuthis_lessoniana.html
مؤلف
Kimberly Filcek, Radford University
مؤلف
Stacey Kennedy, Radford University
محرر
Christine Small, Radford University
محرر
Jeremy Wright, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
Animal Diversity Web

Brief Summary ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من EOL authors

The bigfin reef squid or oval squid, Sepioteuthis lessoniana, is a common, small to medium-sized loliginid squid 3.8 - 33 cm (1.5 to 13.0inches) long that is native to temperate and tropical Pacific and Indian Ocean waters.It has recently been documented as spreading to the Mediterranean through the Suez Canal. They live near the shore, in areas with rocks or coral reefs, and eat mostly crustaceans and small fish.Taxonomic studies in the 1990s indicate that S. lessoniana is probably a cryptic species complex made up of several very similar and closely related species.Of the three species in the genus Sepioteuthis, S. lessoniana is has the largest distribution (Wikipedia 2014 and references therein).

As do all species in genus Sepioteuthis, bigfin reef squids have a large ovoid fin circling almost all the way around their mantle.This distinguishes them from other squids, and gives them a cuttlefish-like appearance, reflected in the genus name Sepioteuthis (Sepio is Greek for cuttlefish, teuthis means squid).Bigfin reef squid show social behavior such as schooling and shoaling of multiage individuals and less cannibalism than most other squid species (Boal and Gonzalez 2010; Ikeda et al. 2008). When the juveniles hatch they are miniature adults able to change body color and pattern (metachrosis) as do full adults. Bigfin reef squids have the fastest recorded growth rates of any large marine invertebrate, reaching 600g (1.3lb) in four months. They are a short-lived species, with a maximum recorded lifespan of 315 days (Wikipedia 2014; Boal and Gonzalez 2010; Izeda et al. 2008).

Sepioteuthis lessoniana are one of the most economically important squid species, fished year round in vast quantities for human food especially in Asia. They are regarded as a promising species for mariculture, because of their rapid growth rate, short life span, and tolerance to handling and captivity (Wikipedia 2014 and references therein).These squid have axons hundreds of times larger than other animals, used for very fast muscle contractions to enable their escape mechanisms.These giant axons play a valuable role in medical research in neuroscience (Lee et al. 1994). Sepioteuthis lessoniana are also noted as potential indicators of warming water temperatures, as population sizes respond very rapidly to temperature increase (Wikipedia 2014).

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حقوق النشر
Dana Campbell
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
EOL authors

Bigfin reef squid ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من wikipedia EN

Sepioteuthis lessoniana, commonly known as the bigfin reef squid, glitter squid or oval squid, is a species of loliginid squid. It is one of the three currently recognized species belonging to the genus Sepioteuthis. Studies in 1993, however, have indicated that bigfin reef squids may comprise a cryptic species complex. The species is likely to include several very similar and closely related species.

Bigfin reef squids are characterised by a large oval fin that extends throughout the margins of its mantle, giving them a superficial similarity to cuttlefish. They are small to medium-sized squids, averaging 3.8 to 33 centimetres (1.5 to 13.0 in) in length. They exhibit elaborate mating displays and usually spawn in May, but it can vary by location. The paralarvae resemble miniature adults and are remarkable for already having the capability to change body colouration upon hatching. Bigfin reef squids have the fastest recorded growth rates of any large marine invertebrate, reaching 600 g (1.3 lb) in only four months. They are a short-lived species, with a maximum recorded lifespan of 315 days.

The diet of bigfin reef squids comprises mainly crustaceans and small fish. They are found in the temperate and tropical waters of the Pacific and Indian Oceans, and have recently been introduced into the Mediterranean as a Lessepsian migrant. They are commonly found near the shoreline, near rocks, and coral reefs. They are fished extensively for human consumption in Asia. Because of their rapid growth rate, short life span, and tolerance to handling and captivity, bigfin reef squids are regarded as one of the most promising species for mariculture. They are also a valuable source of giant axons for medical research.

Taxonomy and nomenclature

Bigfin reef squids are also known as northern calamary in Australia and New Zealand, to distinguish them from the southern reef squid (or southern calamary), Sepioteuthis australis.[6][7] Other common names include green-eyed squid in English; koonthal in Malayalam; oosi kanava in Tamil;[8] calmar tonnelet in French; calamar manopla in Spanish;[9] Großflossen-Riffkalmar in German;[10] mu he`e in Hawaiian; 莱氏拟乌贼 in Chinese;[11] torak in Malaysian;[12] アオリイカ (aori-ika) in Japanese;[13] kinn mon in Burmese;[14] and 무늬오징어 (munuiojing-eo), 흰꼴뚜기 (huinkkolttugi), or 미즈이카 (mizuika) in Korean.[15][16]

Sepioteuthis lessoniana is one of the three currently recognised species classified under the genus Sepioteuthis of the pencil squid family, Loliginidae. It belongs to the suborder Myopsina of the squid order Teuthida.[17] Sepioteuthis literally means 'cuttlefish squid', from Greek: σηπία (sēpía, 'cuttlefish') and τευθίς (teuthis, 'squid').[18]

It was first described by the French naturalist André Étienne d'Audebert de Férussac and named after René Primevère Lesson. The type specimen was collected by Lesson off the coast of New Guinea during the circumnavigational voyage of the French corvette La Coquille (1822–1825) under the command of Louis Isidore Duperrey.[19] Numerous other species of Sepioteuthis were described from the Pacific and Indian Oceans in the late 19th century and in the early 20th century. In 1939 the Belgian malacologist William Adam examined the specimens of Sepioteuthis recovered from the tropical western Pacific. He synonymised the twelve species then considered valid under Sepioteuthis lessoniana.[20]

A study in 1993 by Segawa et al. revealed that the population of S. lessoniana in Okinawa may actually be composed of three distinct species.[21] This was confirmed in genetic studies by Izuka et al. in 1994. Triantafillos and Adams in 2005 also showed that S. lessoniana in Shark Bay, Australia is composed of two species.[6] These findings indicate that S. lessoniana may actually comprise several very similar and closely related species. It is now believed that S. lessoniana is a cryptic species complex.[17][20][22]

Description

Like other members of the genus Sepioteuthis, bigfin reef squids are easy to distinguish from other squids in that they possess thick and muscular oval fins that extend around almost the entire mantle.[23] The fins extend about 83 to 97% of the mantle length and are 67 to 70% of the mantle length in width.[24][25] Because of these fins, bigfin reef squids are sometimes mistaken for cuttlefish, a fact reflected by their scientific names. A narrow blue or white line is visible at the point of attachment of the fins to the mantle.[9] A fleshy ridge is also present where the fins meet at the back of the squid.[25]

The mantles of bigfin reef squids are cylindrical, tapering to a blunt cone at the posterior. The mantle is usually 4 to 33 cm (1.6 to 13.0 in) long in males and 3.8 to 25.6 cm (1.5 to 10.1 in) long in females.[22] Both sexes can reach a maximum mantle length of 38 cm (15 in).[2][9] Adult males weigh 403.5 to 1,415 g (0.890 to 3.120 lb), while adult females are 165 to 1,046 g (0.364 to 2.306 lb).[22] Both sexes can attain a maximum documented weight of 1.8 kg (4.0 lb).[2][9] The forward margin of the mantle on the ventral side is concave.[25]

Their eyes are large and covered entirely by a transparent secondary cornea.[26] They are greenish at the base.[27] A pair of prominent ridges (olfactory crests) are present on the ventral surface of the head at the rear edge of the eyes.[24][25] The mouth area is supported by seven triangular flaps (buccal lappets), each with 0 to 7 suckers of less than 0.2 mm in diameter and 18 to 25 teeth. The strong, curved, and short beaks (rostra) are mostly black to dark brown. The radula has seven rows of teeth.[26]

Gladius of S. lessoniana

The spermatophores of males are about 4.5 mm (0.18 in) long and 0.15 mm wide. The ink sac is pear-shaped, with a silvery blue-green outer layer. The vane of the gladius (the rigid internal remnants of the mollusc shell) is oval-shaped and pointed at both ends (lanceolate). It has a broad midrib (rachis).[26][27]

The eight arms are thick, tapering to a narrow point. They are unequal in length, with arm pair I the shortest, followed by arm pair II and arm pair IV, and arm pair III the longest.[27] All of them possess two rows of suckers. Each sucker has a diameter less than 2 mm (0.08 in), decreasing distally, and a ring of 17 to 28 sharp acute teeth. The left arm of pair IV in males is modified into a sexual organ known as the hectocotylus. They bear long fleshy protrusions (papillae) with toothless suckers at the distal portion.[25] The tentacles are thick and long, extending the length of the mantle when retracted. They are slightly compressed laterally.[27] A prominent ridge (a keel) is present on the outer surface of each of the tentacle clubs (the wide tip of the tentacles). There are four rows of suckers on the manus (proximal part of the club) and the dactylus (distal part of the club). The larger suckers in the centre of the manus have 17 to 18 widely spaced teeth.[25]

Coloration

A bigfin reef squid from the Komodo National Park showing vivid iridescence. They are often attracted to divers' lights at night.

Large chromatophores densely cover the upper surfaces of the head, mantle and arms. They are distributed more sparsely on the ventral side.[26][27] The fins do not possess chromatophores on the underside.[24] Living specimens range in colour from translucent creamy white through pale yellow to brownish pink and brownish violet.[24][26][27]

Like some other cephalopods, bigfin reef squids are capable of metachrosis – rapidly changing body colouration and patterns through voluntary control of chromatophores.[28] They also possess iridophores (particularly in the head), a form of structural colouration that produces iridescent metallic greens and red when illuminated.[29] They are also possibly one of two squid species with leucophores. Leucophores are a reflector-type structural colouration that reflects ambient light, such that they are white in white light, green in green light, and so on.[30] Bigfin reef squids are remarkable for having the ability to produce complex body patterns from the moment they hatch. In comparison, other loliginid squid species do not produce complex body patterns at less than four months of age. The patterns produced by bigfin reef squids, however, are less diverse than those of the Caribbean reef squids.[31]

Bigfin reef squids do not possess photophores, and are thus not truly bioluminescent.[26]

Sexual dimorphism

It is often difficult to superficially distinguish between male and female bigfin reef squids. Some authors say that females are generally smaller than males,[22] but this distinction is not observed in other studies.[28] Closer examination of sexually mature specimens, however, will usually distinguish males from females by the presence of the hectocotylus on the fourth left arm in males, and the nidamental glands and the pale ovaries within the mantle in females. Males also purportedly show a more conspicuous pattern of transverse streaks on their dorsal side.[27]

Ecology

Distribution and habitat

A bigfin reef squid among corals in the Red Sea of Egypt

The bigfin reef squid is a neritic warm water-dwelling squid. They are usually found 0 to 100 m (0 to 328 ft) below the water's surface.[25] They tend to remain close to the shoreline, near rocks and reefs.[31][32] They are slightly more active during the night and will move to deeper waters or find cover in daytime. Large numbers of juveniles can often be found hiding beneath floating driftwood.[12]

The bigfin reef squid is the most widespread species in the genus Sepioteuthis. It is found in temperate and tropical regions of the Indian Ocean and the western Pacific Ocean.[2] Their original range extends east to the Hawaiian Islands, west to the Red Sea, north to Japan, and south to Australia and New Zealand (42°N to 42°S and 32°E to 154°W).[2] The range has also expanded to include parts of the Mediterranean Sea. In 2002, bigfin reef squids were first documented in the Gulf of İskenderun of the southeastern Mediterranean Sea. They may have already existed in significant populations in the area prior to their discovery in 2002, as they have acquired a common name among the fishermen of the Aegean Seaσουπιοκαλάμαρο (soupiocalamaro, literally "cuttlefish-like squid"). It is a Lessepsian migrant, reaching the Mediterranean Sea through the Suez Canal.[24]

Diet and predators

The bigfin reef squid eats a variety of different marine organisms. Its main prey are usually prawns and other crustaceans, and fish.[33] Captive specimens were observed to consume one fish every 2 to 25 hours.[28]

Bigfin reef squids are, in turn, preyed upon by tuna, marlin, swordfish, and other predator fish and groundfish.[34][35]

Parasites

Bigfin reef squids serve as hosts to the copepod ectoparasite Doridicola similis and the worm-like dicyemid endoparasites Dicyema koshidai and Dicyema orientale.[36]

Biology and behaviour

A school of bigfin reef squids from the island of Réunion, off the eastern coast of Madagascar
Schooling bigfin reef squids from the Suma Aqualife Park, Kobe, Japan

Bigfin reef squids are closely related to the Caribbean reef squid (Sepioteuthis sepioidea), a species noted for its complex social interactions. Like Caribbean reef squids, bigfin reef squids also exhibit elaborate mating displays.

Bigfin reef squids also exhibit both schooling and shoaling behaviours. Very young bigfin reef squids will also stay close together (shoaling), but do not swim together parallel to each other (schooling). Unlike most other squid species, bigfin reef squids are rarely cannibalistic. Shoals can include animals of different sizes without the threat of larger members attacking and consuming the smaller members. Whether bigfin reef squids recognise each other individually still remains unknown.[28]

Phototaxis

Bigfin reef squids exhibit strong positive phototactic behaviour (attraction to light) and will move readily within a certain distance of a light source. Studies have proposed that this might be an involuntary stimulus behaviour, as the squids immediately stop all other movements once a light source is switched on. The colour of the light does not matter, but it has been shown that they react more strongly to underwater lights between the intensities of 1.5 to 2.5 lx, with peak ranges of 2.5 to 10.0 lx.[37]

Hearing

Bigfin reef squids and the common octopus (Octopus vulgaris) were studied to resolve a century-long debate over whether cephalopods can hear. Unlike fishes, cephalopods do not possess air-filled swim bladders, which might amplify sound waves travelling in water.[38] The results were published in 2009. It showed that bigfin reef squids and octopuses utilise their statocysts for detecting vibrations, an organ primarily used for maintaining spatial orientation. The common octopus can hear sounds between 400 Hz and 1000 Hz. Bigfin reef squids have a slightly better hearing range of 400 Hz to 1500 Hz. Both hear best at a frequency of 600 Hz. Relatively, their hearing is comparable to prawns and some other invertebrates but is less sensitive than that of most fishes.[39]

The difference in the hearing ranges for octopus and bigfin reef squids may be explained by the difference in their habitats. The octopus is demersal (bottom-dwelling) with excellent camouflage capabilities. Bigfin reef squids, on the other hand, are usually in open water with limited hiding places. Hearing would thus be more important for the squids to escape predators. The ability to hear is particularly relevant for avoiding mammalian predators of the suborder Odontoceti (particularly dolphins), who use echolocation to find prey.[38][39]

Mating behaviour

Video of swimming bigfin reef squids

Bigfin reef squids exhibit two most common social body patterning and posturing behaviours related to mating.[28]

The first is dubbed "accentuated gonads", in which they will sometimes increase the visibility of their gonads while reducing the rest of their body colouration. This makes their reproductive organs appear bright white through the transparent mantle. It may indicate the reproductive condition of the signalling squid.[28]

Another common behaviour, primarily seen in males, is dubbed "spread arms", in which the squid will slightly tilt its body forward, head down and arms spread widely and raised above. The mantle is darkened. This behaviour is exhibited mostly when the squids are chasing or following another individual. It is thought to be a signal of reproductive arousal or aggression, similar to the "zebra display" behaviour of Sepioteuthis sepioidea, the "intense zebra display" behaviour of Sepia officinalis, and the "lateral display" of Loligo plei. Females will also sometimes use this display to rebuff courting males.[28]

There are three known courtship behaviours in bigfin reef squids, dubbed "male-upturned" mating, "male-parallel" mating, and "head-to-head" mating.[40] Actual insertion in each position lasts for only a few seconds.[28][40]

"Male-upturned" mating involves rapid back and forth swimming by the courting male beside a slower-swimming female. The male will then flip over so that he is swimming upside down and quickly lunge forward towards the female. He will quickly eject several spermatophores from his funnel into his hectocotylus and attempt to deposit them on the female's mouth funnel, then jet away from the female.[28] "Head-to-head" mating is regarded as a variation of this tactic.[40]

"Male-parallel" mating involves the male and female swimming side by side. The male will then raise one or two of his arm pair I upwards and swing them back and forth. He moves below the female and clasps the female's neck with his arms. In contrast to the previous behaviours, in this position the male actually inserts his hectocotylus into the mantle cavity of the female, attaching the spermatophores right at the opening of the oviduct rather than at the mouth. Possibly for this reason, it is usually more successful in fertilizing the female than other mating behaviours.[40]

In addition to the above, males will often engage in "sneaking" behaviour. In this scenario, a smaller male will attach spermatophores to the female's mouth area while she is being courted by a larger male using the "male-upturned" behaviour. Even when successful, the male using this strategy is usually chased away by the larger male afterwards.[40]

The spermatophores usually remain embedded near the mouth of the female. Mating usually occurs well before spawning, but may also happen on the spawning grounds themselves. In those cases, the male will stay near the female's side as she lays eggs.[28]

Males have been observed to exhibit mating behaviours with other males. Some males have been found with numerous spermatophores embedded in their mouth funnels.[22][28] Since bigfin reef squids distinguish sex by visual cues, this may be a form of deception. The smaller males (termed "female mimics" or "sneaker males") might have assumed body patterning typical of females in order to trick larger males. Believing they are females, they will then waste their spermatophores on them.[41] This behaviour has also been observed in other cephalopods.[22]

Reproduction and life cycle

Egg strands of bigfin reef squids

The main spawning season for bigfin reef squids usually begins in May, but they lay eggs all year round and spawning seasons can vary by location.[33][42][43] A single female can spawn more than once in her lifetime.[22] Females can release 20 to 1180 eggs per individual and will die soon afterwards.[22]

The females spawn by passing eggs from their oviducts. These eggs are then coated in gelatinous substances from the nidamental glands and oviducal glands, forming an egg 'capsule'. The egg capsules of the bigfin reef squids contain two to nine eggs each.[44] These are laid in single straight strands on rocks, corals, aquatic plants, submerged branches and other surfaces.[23][45] At this point, the eggs are 3 mm (0.12 in) in diameter and the egg capsules about 58.2 mm (2.29 in) in length and 12.6 mm (0.50 in) in width, on average.[46]

A small (possibly subadult) bigfin reef squid from East Timor

The capsules incubate for about 3 weeks, depending on temperature. In warmer Indonesia, the incubation period was recorded to be only 15 to 16 days, while in Thailand it takes around 20 to 22 days. They gradually enlarge by absorbing water, reaching around 82.4 mm (3.24 in) in length and 14.6 mm (0.57 in) in width. Unfertilised eggs remain milky white and do not develop further. Fertilised eggs undergo cell division reaching a diameter of 16 mm (0.63 in) with the developing embryo at 11 mm (0.43 in) on the day before hatching. Upon hatching, the paralarvae are 6 mm (0.24 in) in mantle length (excluding tentacles), with fully functioning fins and ink sacs.[46] They resemble miniature adults and are already strong swimmers.[33] They exhibit schooling behaviour two weeks after hatching.[31]

Hatchlings are often cannibalistic. This is regarded as the main cause of death in young squids, particularly in dense populations.[22] However, cannibalism usually happens only when eaten individuals were already weakened significantly or dead, so the actual cause of death may have been something else.[31] Subadults are usually recognisable by their size, ranging from 20 to 60 mm (0.79 to 2.36 in) in length.[33] They reach sexual maturity at less than 210 days in the wild. Males reach sexual maturity earlier than females. In captive populations, males mature 140 days after hatching at most. Females will begin spawning at around 156 to 196 days after hatching. Both males and females mature earlier in captivity than in the wild. Water temperature may play an important role in the earlier sexual maturation of captive specimens. High temperatures may induce shorter lifespans and smaller body sizes, while cooler temperatures favour longer lifespans and larger individuals.[22][47]

Bigfin reef squids have one of the fastest recorded growth rates for any large marine invertebrate. They can reach 600 g (1.3 lb) in only four months.[48] Nonetheless, size can not often be reliably correlated with age, as variations of body size within a generation is fairly common.[22] In captivity, bigfin reef squids have a lifespan of 161 to 315 days for both sexes.[22][28]

Economic importance

Stir-fried bigfin reef squid
Bigfin reef squid caught off Pekan, Malaysia by jigging.

Commercial fishing and human consumption

Bigfin reef squids are one of the most commercially important squid species,[49] and are widely consumed as human food. They are usually caught in large numbers by trawling, seine fishing, or fixed net traps.[25] In small-scale fishing, they are caught by jigging, drive-in nets, slingshot-driven spearguns, or with squid pots.[50]

Fishing operations for bigfin reef squids (particularly in jigging) are usually done at night and utilise bright lights, taking advantage of their attraction to illumination.[37][51][52] They are especially abundant during the full moon and in foggy weather. Populations of bigfin reef squids are not seasonal, and they can be fished throughout the year. They are also used as fish bait in hook and line fishing.[23]

Because of their rapid growth rate, short life span, and tolerance to handling and captivity, bigfin reef squids are regarded as one of the most promising species for mariculture. Although there have been several studies about this, there have been no reported commercial-scale cultures, as of 2011.[42][48]

Biomedical research

The bigfin reef squid is the first squid species to have been cultured for more than one generation. It is remarkable for its ability to readily adapt to being confined in tanks,[31][53] and is one of the few squid species of which the entire life span has been observed under laboratory conditions.[54]

Bigfin reef squids are also valuable sources for squid giant axons used in research in neuroscience and physiology. Unlike axons of other animals, squid axons are very large. Those of bigfin reef squids can range in diameter from 350 to 560 μm (in contrast to the typical 1 μm for humans).[31][55] In life, these giant axons are used by the squids to coordinate escape jetting behaviour, enabling the squid to contract its muscles in a split second directly from the brain.[56]

Global warming

Bigfin reef squids adapt to warmer temperatures by laying more eggs, making them a good indicator species for climate change.[47][57] In conjunction with their rapid growth rates and short lifespans, bigfin reef squid populations may rise dramatically in response to global warming. Overfishing may also play an important role. In the Gulf of Thailand, the fishing industry has been forced to adapt to the large numbers of bigfin reef squids now present in the area, believed to be the result of overfishing of the squid's natural predators. The Australian scientist George Jackson describes them as "the weeds of the sea."[34]

Warmer waters may also accelerate the squid's expansion into areas in which it was not previously native. Its recent discovery as a Lessepsian migrant in the Mediterranean Sea may be an example.[35][58]

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sepioteuthis lessoniana.
Wikispecies has information related to Sepioteuthis lessoniana.

References

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  33. ^ a b c d E.G. Silas; K. Satyanarayana Rao; R. Sarvesan; K. Prabhakaran Nair & M.M. Meiyappan (1982). "The exploited squid and cuttlefish resources in India: a review" (PDF). Marine Fish Information Service: Technical and Extension Series (34): 1–17. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-07-22. Retrieved 2011-08-15.
  34. ^ a b Caroline Williams (March 4, 2009), "Jellyfish sushi: Seafood's slimy future", New Scientist, pp. issue 2698
  35. ^ a b Taylor Bildstein (2002). "Global warming is good (if you like calamari)" (PDF). Australasian Science Magazine. 23 (7): 30–32.
  36. ^ "Sepioteuthis lessoniana Lesson, 1830". World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved August 15, 2011.
  37. ^ a b Sakri Ibrahim & Sukree Hajisamae (1999). "Response of squids to different colours and intensities of artificial light" (PDF). Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science. 22 (1): 19–24. ISSN 1511-3701. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-30. Retrieved 2011-08-13.
  38. ^ a b Matt Walker (2009-06-15). "The cephalopods can hear you". BBC Earth News. Retrieved August 17, 2011.
  39. ^ a b Marian Y. Hu; Hong Young Yan; Wen-Sung Chung; Jen-Chieh Shiao & Pung-Pung Hwang (2009). "Acoustically evoked potentials in two cephalopods inferred using the auditory brainstem response (ABR) approach" (PDF). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A. 153 (3): 278–283. doi:10.1016/j.cbpa.2009.02.040. PMID 19275944.
  40. ^ a b c d e Toshifumi Wada; Takeshi Takegaki; Tohru Mori & Yutaka Natsukari (2005). "Alternative male mating behaviors dependent on relative body size in captive oval squid Sepioteuthis lessoniana (Cephalopoda, Loliginidae)" (PDF). Zoological Science. 22 (6): 645–651. doi:10.2108/zsj.22.645. hdl:10069/21978. PMID 15988158. S2CID 7663392. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-07-22. Retrieved 2011-08-15.
  41. ^ Jean Geary Boal (2006). "Social recognition: a top down view of cephalopod behavior" (PDF). Vie et Milieu. 56 (2): 69–79. ISSN 0240-8759. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-09-29. Retrieved 2011-08-15.
  42. ^ a b Wen-Sung Chung & Chung-Cheng Lu (2005). "The influence of temperature and salinity on the statolith of the oval squid Sepioteuthis lessoniana Lesson, 1830 during early development stages" (PDF). Phuket Marine Biological Center Research Bulletin. 66: 175–185. ISSN 0858-1088. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-30. Retrieved 2011-08-15.
  43. ^ John W. McManus; Cleto L. Nañola Jr.; Rodolfo B. Reyes Jr. & Kathleen N. Kesner (1992). Resource Ecology of the Bolinao Coral Reef System (PDF). International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management in behalf of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and the United States Coastal Resources Management Project. p. 4. ISBN 978-971-8709-28-3. ISSN 0115-4389.
  44. ^ K. L. Lamprell & A. M. Scheltema (2001). Zoological Catalogue of Australia: 2. Mollusca: Aplacophora, Polyplacophora, Scaphopoda, Cephalopoda. Csiro Publishing. p. 213. ISBN 978-0-643-06707-3.
  45. ^ Allison Runck (November 21, 2010). "Bigfin Reef Squid – Sepioteuthis lessoniana Lesson, 1830". Australian Museum. Retrieved October 10, 2011.
  46. ^ a b V. Deepak Samuel & Jamil Patterson (2002). "Intercapsular embryonic development of the big fin squid Sepioteuthis lessoniana (Loliginidae)" (PDF). Indian Journal of Marine Sciences. 31 (2): 150–152.
  47. ^ a b G.D. Jackson & M.L. Domeier (2003). "The effects of an extraordinary El Niño / La Niña event on the size and growth of the squid Loligo opalescens off Southern California" (PDF). Marine Biology. 142 (5): 925–935. doi:10.1007/s00227-002-1005-4. S2CID 55045945.
  48. ^ a b Nick Starešinić; Erica A. G. Vidal & Leigh S. Walsh (2004). "New species for mariculture in the Eastern Pacific". Naše More (in Croatian and English). 5 (1–2): 24–36. ISSN 0469-6255.
  49. ^ Deepak V. Samuel & Jamila Patterson (2003). "A comparative study on the radula of three coleoid cephalopods" (PDF). South Pacific Study. 24 (1): 33–38. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-06-02. Retrieved 2011-08-15.
  50. ^ J.O. Dickson & B.R. Ricafrente (2007). The squid fishery in Carigara Bay, Samar: catch of Photololigo duvaucelii by squid jigs and Sepioteuthis lessoniana by hanging squid pot (PDF). Research Output of the Fisheries Sector Program. Bureau of Agricultural Research, Department of Agriculture, Republic of the Philippines. pp. 178–181. ISBN 978-971-8511-77-0. ISSN 0115-4389.
  51. ^ Sujit Sundaram & V.D. Deshmukh (2011). "On the emergence of squid jigging in India" (PDF). Fishing Chimes. 30 (12): 18–20.
  52. ^ Donald J. Macintosh; Elizabeth C. Ashton & Vinij Tansakul (2002). "Utilization and knowledge of biodiversity in the Ranong Biosphere Reserve, Thailand" (PDF). ITCZM Monograph (7): 1–30. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-10-05. Retrieved 2011-08-13.
  53. ^ Stephen A. Smith; Joseph M. Scimeca & Mary E. Mainous (2011). "Culture and maintenance of selected invertebrates in the laboratory and classroom" (PDF). ILAR Journal. 52 (2): 153–164. doi:10.1093/ilar.52.2.153. PMID 21709308. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-25. Retrieved 2011-08-13.
  54. ^ George D. Jackson; Ross A. Alford & J. Howard Choat (2000). "Can length frequency analysis be used to determine squid growth? – An assessment of ELEFAN". ICES Journal of Marine Science. 57 (4): 948–954. doi:10.1006/jmsc.2000.0582.
  55. ^ Isao Inoue (1981). "Activation-inactivation of potassium channels and development of the potassium-channel spike in internally perfused squid giant axons" (PDF). The Journal of General Physiology. 78 (1): 43–61. doi:10.1085/jgp.78.1.43. PMC 2228625. PMID 6265593.
  56. ^ Marion Nixon & John Zachary Young (2003). The Brains and Lives of Cephalopods. Oxford University Press. p. 98. ISBN 978-0-19-852761-9.
  57. ^ Presenter: Robyn Williams, Guest: George Jackson (June 16, 2001). "The Science Show". The Science Show. ABC. Radio National. George Jackson: "...There’s one species, the tropical calamari (Sepioteuthis lessoniana) is its name, and I was actually involved with some overseas researchers. We were putting forward a grant with that very thing; that because this species was so wide spread in shallow water, it had such rapid growth rates and highly predatory that it in fact should be quite a good indicator species..."
  58. ^ Argyro Zenetos; Maria-Antonietta Pancucci-Papadopoulou; Stamatis Zogaris; Eva Papastergiadou; Leonidas Vardakas; Katerina Aligizaki & Alcibiades N. Economou (2009). "Aquatic alien species in Greece (2009): tracking sources, patterns and effects on the ecosystem" (PDF). Journal of Biological Research-Thessaloniki. 12: 135–172.

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Bigfin reef squid: Brief Summary ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من wikipedia EN

Sepioteuthis lessoniana, commonly known as the bigfin reef squid, glitter squid or oval squid, is a species of loliginid squid. It is one of the three currently recognized species belonging to the genus Sepioteuthis. Studies in 1993, however, have indicated that bigfin reef squids may comprise a cryptic species complex. The species is likely to include several very similar and closely related species.

Bigfin reef squids are characterised by a large oval fin that extends throughout the margins of its mantle, giving them a superficial similarity to cuttlefish. They are small to medium-sized squids, averaging 3.8 to 33 centimetres (1.5 to 13.0 in) in length. They exhibit elaborate mating displays and usually spawn in May, but it can vary by location. The paralarvae resemble miniature adults and are remarkable for already having the capability to change body colouration upon hatching. Bigfin reef squids have the fastest recorded growth rates of any large marine invertebrate, reaching 600 g (1.3 lb) in only four months. They are a short-lived species, with a maximum recorded lifespan of 315 days.

The diet of bigfin reef squids comprises mainly crustaceans and small fish. They are found in the temperate and tropical waters of the Pacific and Indian Oceans, and have recently been introduced into the Mediterranean as a Lessepsian migrant. They are commonly found near the shoreline, near rocks, and coral reefs. They are fished extensively for human consumption in Asia. Because of their rapid growth rate, short life span, and tolerance to handling and captivity, bigfin reef squids are regarded as one of the most promising species for mariculture. They are also a valuable source of giant axons for medical research.

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Sepioteuthis lessoniana ( الإسبانية، القشتالية )

المقدمة من wikipedia ES

Sepioteuthis lessoniana el calamar de arrecifes, o calamar ovalado, es una especie de importancia comercial de loligínido. Es una de las tres especies actualmente reconocidas pertenecientes al género Sepioteuthis. Los estudios realizados en 1993, sin embargo, han indicado que los calamares de arrecifes pueden comprender un complejo de especies crípticas. La especie es probable que incluya varias especies muy similares y estrechamente relacionados.[1]

Se caracterizan por una gran aleta de óvalo que se extiende a lo largo de los márgenes de su manto, dándoles una similitud superficial con la sepia. Son pequeñas y calamares medianos, con un promedio de 3,8 a 33 cm de longitud. Exhiben muestra de apareamiento elaborados y generalmente desovan en mayo, pero pueden variar según la ubicación. Las paralarvas parecen adultos en miniatura y son notables para los que ya tienen la capacidad de cambiar la coloración cuerpo sobre la eclosión. Calamares arrecifes Bigfin tienen las tasas de crecimiento más rápido registrado de cualquier gran invertebrado marino, llegando a 600 g (1,3 libras) en sólo cuatro meses. Son una especie de vida corta, con una vida útil máxima registrada de 315 días.

La dieta de calamares arrecifes Bigfin comprende principalmente crustáceos y peces pequeños. Se encuentran en las aguas templadas y tropicales del Pacífico e Índico, y recientemente se han introducido en el Mediterráneo como migrante lessepsiana.[4]​ Se encuentran comúnmente cerca de la costa, cerca de las rocas y arrecifes de coral. Se pescan en grandes cantidades para la alimentación humana en Asia. Debido a su rápida tasa de crecimiento, vida corta, y la tolerancia a la manipulación y el cautiverio, calamares arrecifes Bigfin son considerados como una de las especies más prometedoras para la maricultura. También son una fuente valiosa de axones gigantes para la investigación médica.

Taxonomía y nomenclatura

También se conoce como calamar del norte de Australia y Nueva Zelanda, para distinguirlos de los calamares sur de arrecife (o calamar sur), Sepioteuthis australis [5] [6] Otros nombres comunes incluyen el calamar de ojos verdes en Inglés, koonthal en malayalam, oosi kanava en Tamil, [7] calmar tonnelet en francés, calamar manopla en castellano, [8] Großflossen-Riffkalmar en alemán, [9] mu he`e en hawaiano, 莱 氏 拟 乌贼 en chino, [10] torak en Malasia, [11] ア オ リ イ カ (Aori-ika) en japonés, [12] y kinn lun en birmano. [13]

Sepioteuthis lessoniana es una de las tres especies reconocidas actualmente clasificados bajo el género de la familia Sepioteuthis calamar lápiz, Loliginidae. Pertenece al suborden myopsina del orden calamares Teuthida [14] Sepioteuthis significa literalmente 'calamares sepia ", del griego:.. Σηπία (sepia," sepia ") y τευθίς (Teutis," calamares ") [15]

Fue descrita por primera vez por el naturalista francés André Étienne d'Audebert de Férussac y el nombre de René Primevère Lección. El espécimen tipo fue recogido por la lección de la costa de Nueva Guinea durante el viaje circunnavegacional de la corbeta francesa La Coquille (1822 hasta 1825), bajo el mando de Luis Isidoro Duperrey. [16] Otras numerosas especies de Sepioteuthis fueron descritos desde el Pacífico y Índico a finales del siglo XIX y principios del siglo XX. En 1939 el malacólogo belga William Adam examinó las muestras de Sepioteuthis recuperados del Pacífico occidental tropical. Él synonymised las doce especies entonces considerado válido bajo Sepioteuthis lessoniana. [17]

Un estudio realizado en 1993 por Segawa et al. reveló que la población de S. lessoniana en Okinawa en realidad puede estar compuesto de tres especies distintas. [18] Esto se confirmó en los estudios genéticos por Izuka et al. en 1994. Triantafillos y Adams en 2005 también demostraron que S. lessoniana en Shark Bay, Australia se compone de dos especies. [5] Estos hallazgos indican que S. lessoniana puede comprender realmente varias especies muy similares y estrechamente relacionados. Se cree ahora que S. lessoniana es una especie críptica complejos. [14] [17] [19] Descripción

Al igual que otros miembros del género Sepioteuthis, calamares arrecifes Bigfin son fáciles de distinguir de otros calamares en que poseen aletas ovales gruesas y musculosas que se extienden alrededor de casi todo el manto. [20] [21] Las aletas se extienden alrededor del 83 al 97% de la longitud del manto y son 67 a 70% de la longitud del manto de ancho. [22] [23] Debido a estas aletas, calamares arrecifes Bigfin a veces son confundidos con sepia, [24] un hecho reflejado por sus nombres científicos. Una línea azul o blanco estrecha es visible en el punto de unión de las aletas al manto. [8] Una cresta carnosa también está presente en donde las aletas se encuentran en la parte posterior del calamar. [23]

Los mantos de calamares arrecifes Bigfin son cilíndricos y va disminuyendo hasta un cono romo en la parte posterior. El manto es normalmente de 4 a 33 cm de largo en el macho y 38 a 256 mm de largo en la hembra. [19] [25] Ambos sexos pueden alcanzar una longitud máxima manto de 38 cm ( 15 in). [1] [8] Los machos adultos pesan 403,5 a 1.415 g (0,890 a 3,120 libras), mientras que las hembras adultas son 165 a 1.046 g (0,364 a 2,306 libras). [19] Ambos sexos pueden alcanzar un peso máximo documentado de 1,8 kg (4,0 lb). [1] [8] El margen delantero del manto en el lado ventral es cóncava. [23]

Sus ojos son grandes y cubierto totalmente por una córnea secundaria transparente. [26] Ellos son verdosas en la base. [27] Un par de rebordes prominentes (crestas olfativas) están presentes en la superficie ventral de la cabeza en el borde trasero de la los ojos. [22] [23] El área de la boca con el apoyo de siete aletas triangulares (orejeras bucal), cada uno con 0 a 7 lechones de menos de 0,2 mm de diámetro y de 18 a 25 dientes. Los picos fuertes, curvas y cortas (rostra) son en su mayoría negro al marrón oscuro. El radula tiene siete filas de dientes. [26] Gladius de S. lessoniana

Los espermatóforos de los varones son alrededor de 4,5 mm (0,18 pulgadas) de largo y 0,15 mm de ancho. El saco de tinta es en forma de pera, con una capa exterior azul-verde plateado. La paleta del gladius (los restos internas rígidas de la concha de moluscos) es de forma ovalada y señaló en ambos extremos (lanceoladas). Cuenta con una nervadura central ancha (raquis). [26] [27]

Los ocho brazos son gruesos, se estrecha a un punto estrecho. Ellos son desiguales en longitud, con par de brazos que la más corta, seguida de par brazo II y IV par brazo, y un par III el más largo brazo. [27] Todos ellos poseen dos filas de ventosas. Cada lechón tiene un diámetro de menos de 2 mm (0,08 in), disminuyendo en sentido distal, y un anillo de 17 a 28 dientes agudos afilados. El brazo izquierdo de par IV en los machos se modifica en un órgano sexual conocido como el hectocótilo. Llevan protuberancias carnosas largas (papilas) con ventosas sin dientes en la parte distal. [23] Los tentáculos son grueso y largo, que se extiende la longitud del manto cuando se retrae. Ellos se comprimen ligeramente lateralmente. [27] Una cresta prominente (una quilla) está presente en la superficie exterior de cada uno de los clubes de tentáculos (la punta ancha de los tentáculos). Hay cuatro filas de ventosas en la manus (parte proximal del club) y el dáctilo (parte distal del club). Los retoños más grandes en el centro de la manus tienen de 17 a 18 dientes muy espaciados. [23] Coloración Un calamar arrecife bigfin desde el parque nacional de Komodo que muestra irisaciones vívida. A menudo se sienten atraídos por las luces de los buceadores en la noche.

Grandes cromatóforos densamente cubren las superficies superiores de la cabeza, manto y brazos. Se distribuyen más escasamente en la parte ventral. [26] [27] Las aletas no poseen cromatóforos en la parte inferior. [22] especímenes vivos varían en color desde el blanco cremoso translúcido a través pálido amarillo al rosa marrón y marrón violeta. [22 ] [26] [27]

Al igual que algunos otros cefalópodos, los calamares arrecifes Bigfin son capaces de metachrosis - cambiando rápidamente coloración corporal y los patrones a través del control voluntario de los cromatóforos [24] [28] También poseen iridophores (sobre todo en la cabeza), una forma de coloración estructural que produce iridiscente. verdes metálicos y de color rojo cuando está iluminado. [29] También son, posiblemente, una de las dos especies de calamar con leucoforos. Leucoforos son una coloración estructural de tipo reflector que refleja la luz ambiental, de tal manera que son de color blanco en la luz blanca, verde en luz verde, y así sucesivamente. [30] calamares arrecifes Bigfin son notables por tener la capacidad de producir patrones corporales complejas a partir de la momento en que nacen. En comparación, otras especies loligínido no producen patrones corporales complejas en menos de cuatro meses de edad. Los patrones producidos por calamares arrecifes Bigfin, sin embargo, son menos diversos que los de los calamares de arrecifes del Caribe. [31]

Calamares arrecifes Bigfin no poseen fotóforos, y por lo tanto no son verdaderamente bioluminiscente. [26] El dimorfismo sexual

A menudo es difícil distinguir entre superficialmente calamares arrecifes Bigfin masculinos y femeninos. Algunos autores dicen que las hembras son generalmente más pequeñas que los machos, [19] pero esta distinción no se observa en otros estudios. [28] Un examen más detallado de los ejemplares sexualmente maduros, sin embargo, se suele distinguir machos de las hembras por la presencia de la hectocótilo en el cuarto brazo izquierdo en los machos, y las glándulas nidamentales y los ovarios pálidos dentro del manto en las mujeres. [25] Los machos también muestran supuestamente un patrón más conspicuo de rayas transversales en su lado dorsal. [27]

Ecología

Distribución y hábitat

Un calamar arrecife bigfin entre los corales en el Mar Rojo de Egipto

El calamar arrecife bigfin es un cálido calamares que viven en el agua nerítica. [25] Ellos se encuentran generalmente de 0 a 100 m (0 a 328 pies) por debajo de la superficie del agua. [23] Ellos tienden a permanecer cerca de la costa, cerca de las rocas y arrecifes. [31] [32] Son ligeramente más activa durante la noche y se trasladarán a aguas más profundas o encontrar la cubierta durante el día. Un gran número de jóvenes a menudo se pueden encontrar escondido debajo de trozos de madera flotante. [11]

El calamar arrecife bigfin es la especie más extendida en el género Sepioteuthis. Se encuentra en las regiones templadas y tropicales del Océano Índico y el Océano Pacífico occidental. [1] [25] Su área de distribución original se extiende al este de las islas de Hawái, al oeste con el Mar Rojo, al norte de Japón, y el sur de Australia y Nueva Zelanda (42 ° N y 42 ° S y 32 ° E a 154 ° W). [1] La gama también se ha ampliado para incluir partes del mar Mediterráneo. En 2002, los calamares arrecifes Bigfin primero fueron documentados en el Golfo de İskenderun del sudeste del Mar Mediterráneo. Es posible que ya han existido en las poblaciones importantes de la zona, ya que han adquirido un nombre común entre los pescadores del mar Egeo - σουπιοκαλάμαρο (soupiocalamaro, literalmente "calamar sepia como"). Es un migrante lessepsiana, alcanzando el mar Mediterráneo a través del Canal de Suez. [22] La dieta y los depredadores

El calamar arrecife bigfin come una variedad de diferentes organismos marinos. Su presa principal son generalmente gambas y otros crustáceos y peces. Se observaron [33] ejemplares en cautiverio para consumir un pescado cada 2 a 25 horas. [28]

Calamares arrecifes Bigfin están, a su vez, presa de atún, marlin, pez espada y otros peces depredadores y peces de fondo. [34] [35] Los parásitos

Calamares arrecifes Bigfin sirven como anfitriones al copépodo ectoparásito Doridicola similis y el gusano-como dicyemid endoparásitos Dicyema koshidai y Dicyema orientale. [36]

Biología y comportamiento

Una escuela de calamares arrecifes Bigfin de la isla de Reunión, en la costa oriental de Madagascar La escolarización calamares arrecifes Bigfin de la Suma Aqualife Park, Kobe, Japón

Calamares arrecifes Bigfin están estrechamente relacionados con el calamar arrecife del Caribe (Sepioteuthis sepioidea), una especie conocida por sus complejas interacciones sociales. Al igual que los calamares de arrecifes del Caribe, calamares arrecifes Bigfin también exhiben las pantallas de apareamiento elaborados. [24]

Calamares arrecifes Bigfin también exhiben ambos comportamientos escolares y cardúmenes. Muy pequeños calamares arrecifes Bigfin también se quedarán muy juntos (shoaling), pero no nadar juntos paralelos entre sí (escolaridad). A diferencia de la mayoría de las otras especies de calamar, calamares arrecifes Bigfin rara vez son caníbales. Shoals pueden incluir animales de diferentes tamaños sin la amenaza de los miembros más grandes que atacan y consumen los miembros más pequeños. Ya sea calamares arrecifes Bigfin reconocen entre sí de forma individual sigue siendo desconocido. [28]

Fototaxis

Exhiben fuerte comportamiento fototácticas positivo (atracción a la luz) y se moverán fácilmente dentro de una cierta distancia de una fuente de luz. Los estudios han propuesto que esto podría ser un comportamiento de estímulo involuntario, como los calamares se detienen de inmediato el resto de los movimientos una vez a la fuente de luz está encendida. El color de la luz no importa, pero se ha demostrado que reaccionan con más fuerza a luces bajo el agua entre las intensidades de 1,5 a 2,5 lx, con rangos de pico de 2,5 a 10,0 lx. [37] Audición

Se estudiaron los calamares arrecifes Bigfin y el pulpo común (Octopus vulgaris) para resolver un debate secular sobre si cefalópodos pueden oír. A diferencia de los peces, cefalópodos no poseen vejiga natatoria llenos de aire, lo que podría amplificar las ondas sonoras que viajan en el agua. [38] Los resultados fueron publicados en 2009. Se demostró que los calamares arrecifes Bigfin y pulpos utilizan sus estatocistos de vibraciones de detección, un órgano principalmente utilizado para el mantenimiento de la orientación espacial. Los pulpos comunes pueden oír sonidos entre 400 Hz y 1000 Hz. Calamares arrecifes Bigfin tienen un poco mejor rango de audición de 400 Hz a 1.500 Hz. Tanto oír mejor a una frecuencia de 600 Hz. Relativamente, su audición es comparable a gambas y algunos otros invertebrados, pero es menos sensible que el de la mayoría de los peces. [39]

La diferencia en la audiencia va para el pulpo y calamares arrecifes Bigfin pueden explicarse por la diferencia en sus hábitats. El pulpo es demersales (bottom-vivienda) con excelentes capacidades de camuflaje. Bigfin calamares arrecifes, por otro lado, son por lo general en aguas abiertas con escondrijos limitados. Audiencia lo tanto, sería más importante para los calamares para escapar de los depredadores. La capacidad de escuchar es particularmente relevante para evitar a los depredadores mamíferos del suborden Odontoceti (particularmente los delfines), que utilizan la ecolocalización para encontrar presas. [38] [39]

Conducta de apareamiento

Exhiben dos patrones más comunes del cuerpo social y comportamientos posturas relacionadas con el apareamiento. [28]

El primero es apodado "gónadas acentuados", en los que a veces se aumentará la visibilidad de sus gónadas, mientras que la reducción del resto de su coloración cuerpo. Esto hace que sus órganos reproductivos aparecen de color blanco brillante a través del manto transparente. Puede indicar la condición reproductiva de los calamares de señalización. [28]

Otro comportamiento común, visto sobre todo en los machos, es apodado "extender los brazos", en el que el calamar se inclinará ligeramente su cuerpo hacia adelante, la cabeza hacia abajo y los brazos extendió ampliamente y levantó arriba. El manto se oscurece. Este comportamiento se presenta principalmente cuando los calamares están persiguiendo o después de otro individuo. Se cree que es una señal de excitación de reproducción o de agresión, similar a la "pantalla de cebra" comportamiento de Sepioteuthis sepioidea, la "pantalla de cebra intensa" comportamiento de Sepia officinalis, y el "display lateral" de Loligo plei. Las mujeres también se utilizan a veces esta pantalla para rechazar el cortejo los machos. [28]

Existen tres comportamientos de cortejo conocidos en calamares arrecifes Bigfin, apodados apareamiento "macho-vuelta hacia arriba", "macho-paralelo" de apareamiento, y el apareamiento "cabeza a cabeza". [40] la inserción real en cada posición dura sólo unos pocos segundos . [28] [40]

"Macho-vuelta hacia arriba" de apareamiento implica volver rápido y vuelta nadando por el macho corteja al lado de una mujer más lenta de la natación. El macho y luego la vuelta sobre lo que él está nadando boca abajo y rápidamente lanzarse hacia adelante hacia la hembra. Se expulsará rápidamente varios espermatóforos de su embudo en su hectocótilo y tratar de depositarlos en la boca del embudo de la hembra, a continuación chorro lejos de la hembra. [28] de apareamiento "Cabeza a cabeza" es considerado como una variación de esta táctica. [40]

"Macho-paralelo" apareamiento implica la parte de natación masculina y femenina al lado del otro. El macho luego subir uno o dos de su par de brazos que hacia arriba y girar hacia adelante y atrás. Se mueve por debajo de la hembra y agarra el cuello de la mujer con los brazos. A diferencia de los comportamientos anteriores, en esta posición el macho realidad inserta su hectoctylus en la cavidad del manto de la hembra, adjuntando los espermatóforos derecho en la apertura del oviducto en lugar de por la boca. Posiblemente por esta razón, es generalmente más éxito en la fertilización de la femenina que otros comportamientos de apareamiento. [40]

Además de lo anterior, los machos a menudo se involucrarán en el comportamiento "a escondidas". En este escenario, un macho pequeño adjuntará espermatóforos a área de la boca de la hembra mientras que ella está siendo cortejada por un macho mayor con el comportamiento "masculino-vuelta hacia arriba". Aun cuando tiene éxito, el macho con esta estrategia suele ahuyentarse por el macho más grande después. [40]

Los espermatóforos generalmente permanecen incrustados cerca de la boca de la hembra. El apareamiento ocurre generalmente mucho antes de desove, pero también puede ocurrir en las zonas de desove mismos. En esos casos, el macho permanece cerca del lado de la hembra como ella pone huevos. [28]

Al macho se ha observado en exhibir comportamientos de apareamiento con otros machos. Algunos se han encontrado con numerosos espermatóforos incrustados en sus embudos boca. [19] [28] Desde calamares arrecifes Bigfin distinguen el sexo por señales visuales, esto puede ser una forma de engaño. Los machos más pequeños (llamados "imita femeninas" o "hombres de zapatillas") podrían haber asumido patrón del cuerpo típico de las mujeres con el fin de engañar a los machos más grandes. Creyendo que son hembras, entonces pierden sus espermatóforos en ellos. [41] Este comportamiento también se ha observado en otros cefalópodos. [19] Ciclo de la reproducción y la vida Hebras de huevo de calamares arrecifes Bigfin

La principal temporada de desove de calamares arrecifes Bigfin por lo general comienza en mayo, pero pone huevos todos redondos y desove estaciones del año pueden variar según la ubicación. [25] [33] [42] [43] Una sola hembra puede desovar más de una vez en su curso de la vida. [19] Las hembras pueden liberar de 20 a 1.180 huevos por persona y morirán poco después. [19] [25]

Las hembras desovan pasando huevos de sus oviductos. Estos huevos son luego recubiertos de sustancias gelatinosas de las glándulas nidamentales y glándulas del oviducto, formando un huevo "cápsula". Las cápsulas de huevos de los calamares arrecifes Bigfin contienen dos a nueve huevos cada una. [44] Estos se establecen en hebras rectas individuales en las rocas, corales, plantas acuáticas, ramas sumergidas y otras superficies. [20] [45] En este punto, la los huevos son 3 mm (0,12 in) de diámetro y las cápsulas de huevos unos 58,2 mm (2,29 in) de largo y 12,6 mm (0,50 in) de ancho, en promedio. [46] Un pequeño (posiblemente subadulto) calamar arrecife bigfin de Timor Oriental

Las cápsulas se incuban durante aproximadamente 3 semanas, dependiendo de la temperatura. En más cálido Indonesia, el período de incubación fue grabado para ser sólo el 15 a 16 días, mientras que en Tailandia se tarda alrededor de 20 a 22 días. Ellos se agrandan paulatinamente mediante la absorción de agua, llegando a alrededor de 82,4 mm (3,24 pulgadas) de longitud y 14,6 mm (0,57 pulgadas) de ancho. Los huevos no fecundados permanecen de color blanco lechoso y no desarrollan más. Huevos fecundados se someten a la división celular alcanzando un diámetro de 16 mm (0,63 pulgadas) con el embrión en desarrollo a los 11 mm (0.43 in) el día antes de la eclosión. Al nacer, el paralarvas son 6 mm (0,24 pulgadas) de longitud del manto (excluidos los tentáculos), con aletas en pleno funcionamiento y sacos de tinta. [46] Se parecen adultos en miniatura y ya son buenos nadadores. [33] Ellos exhiben comportamiento escolarización dos semanas después de la eclosión. [31]

Las crías suelen ser caníbales. Esto se considera como la principal causa de muerte en los calamares jóvenes, sobre todo en poblaciones densas. [19] Sin embargo, el canibalismo suele ocurrir sólo cuando las personas comen ya se debilitaron significativamente o muerto, por lo que la causa real de la muerte pudo haber sido otra cosa. [ 31] Los subadultos son generalmente reconocibles por su tamaño, que van de 20 a 60 mm (0,79 a 2,36 pulgadas) de longitud. [33] Ellos alcanzan la madurez sexual a menos de 210 días en la naturaleza. Los machos alcanzan la madurez sexual antes que las hembras. En las poblaciones en cautividad, los machos maduran 140 días después de la eclosión en la mayoría. Las hembras comenzarán desove en alrededor de 156 a 196 días después de la eclosión. Tanto macho como hembra maduran antes en cautiverio que en su hábitat natural. La temperatura del agua puede desempeñar un papel importante en la maduración sexual temprana de especímenes en cautividad. Las altas temperaturas pueden inducir esperanzas de vida más cortos y tamaños corporales más pequeñas, mientras que las temperaturas más frías favorecen vidas más largas y especímenes mayores. [19] [47]

Tienen una de las tasas de crecimiento más rápido para grabar cualquier gran invertebrado marino. Pueden alcanzar 600 g (1,3 libras) en sólo cuatro meses. [48] Sin embargo, el tamaño puede no suele correlacionarse con fiabilidad con la edad, como las variaciones de tamaño del cuerpo dentro de una generación es bastante común. [19] En cautiverio, tienen una vida útil de 161 a 315 días para los dos sexos. [19] [28]

Importancia económica

Pesca comercial y consumo humano

Son una de las especies de calamar más comercialmente importantes, [49] y son ampliamente consumidos como alimento humano. Por lo general, se encuentran atrapados en grandes cantidades por la pesca de arrastre, cerco o trampas de red fija. [23] En la pesca en pequeña escala, son atrapados por jigging, drive-in redes, arpones-honda impulsado, o con macetas de calamar. [50 ] [51]

Las operaciones de pesca de calamares arrecifes Bigfin (particularmente en jigging) se realizan generalmente en la noche y utilizar las luces brillantes, aprovechando su atracción hacia la iluminación. [37] [52] [53] Son especialmente abundantes durante la luna llena y en tiempo brumoso . Las poblaciones de calamares arrecifes Bigfin no son estacionales, y pueden ser pescadas durante todo el año. [50] También se utilizan como cebo peces en el gancho y la pesca con caña. [20]

Debido a su rápida tasa de crecimiento, vida corta, y la tolerancia a la manipulación y el cautiverio, calamares arrecifes Bigfin son considerados como una de las especies más prometedoras para la maricultura. Aunque ha habido varios estudios sobre esto, no ha habido culturas a escala comercial reportados, a partir de 2011. [42] [48] La investigación biomédica

El calamar arrecife bigfin es la primera especie de calamar a se han cultivado durante más de una generación. Es notable por su capacidad de adaptarse fácilmente para ser confinado en tanques, [31] [54] y es una de las pocas especies de calamar de la cual toda la duración de la vida se ha observado en condiciones de laboratorio. [47]

Calamares arrecifes Bigfin también son fuentes valiosas para los axones gigantes del calamar utilizados en la investigación en neurociencia y la fisiología. A diferencia de los axones de otros animales, los axones de calamar son muy grandes. Aquellos de calamares arrecifes Bigfin pueden variar en diámetro desde 350 a 560 micras (en contraste con la típica 1 m para los seres humanos). [31] [55] En la vida, estos axones gigantes son utilizados por los calamares para coordinar de escape chorro de comportamiento, lo que permite el calamar se contraiga sus músculos en una fracción de segundos directamente desde el cerebro. [56] Calentamiento global

Calamares arrecifes Bigfin adaptarse a temperaturas más cálidas poniendo más huevos, por lo que una buena especie indicadora para el cambio climático. [47] [57] En conjunto con sus altas tasas de crecimiento y las esperanzas de vida cortas, arrecifes bigfin poblaciones de calamar puede aumentar dramáticamente en respuesta a lo global calentamiento. La pesca excesiva también puede jugar un papel importante. En el Golfo de Tailandia, la industria pesquera se ha visto obligado a adaptarse a la gran cantidad de calamares arrecifes Bigfin ahora presentes en la zona, que se cree que es el resultado de la sobrepesca de depredadores naturales del calamar. El científico australiano George Jackson los describe como "la mala hierba del mar." [34]

Las aguas más cálidas también pueden acelerar la expansión del calamar en áreas en las cuales no haya sido previamente nativo. Su reciente descubrimiento como un migrante lessepsiana en el Mar Mediterráneo puede ser un ejemplo. [35] [58]......

Referencias

  1. a b «Sepioteuthis lessoniana Férussac, 1831». SeaLifeBase presented through SpeciesBase. Consultado el 11 de agosto de 2011.
  2. «Sepioteuthis lessoniana Férussac, 1831 in Lesson, 1830-1831». Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Consultado el 13 de agosto de 2011.
  3. «Sepioteuthis lessoniana». Ocean Biogeographic Information System.
  4. M. Vecchione, E. Shea, S. Bussarawit, F. Anderson, D. Alexeyev, C.-C. Lu, T. Okutani, M. Roeleveld, C. Chotiyaputta, C. Roper, E. Jorgensen, N. Sukramongkol (2005). «Systematics of Indo-West Pacific loliginids». Phuket Marine Biological Center Research Bulletin (Phuket Marine Biological Center) 66: 23-26. ISSN 0858-1088.
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Sepioteuthis lessoniana: Brief Summary ( الإسبانية، القشتالية )

المقدمة من wikipedia ES

Sepioteuthis lessoniana el calamar de arrecifes, o calamar ovalado, es una especie de importancia comercial de loligínido. Es una de las tres especies actualmente reconocidas pertenecientes al género Sepioteuthis. Los estudios realizados en 1993, sin embargo, han indicado que los calamares de arrecifes pueden comprender un complejo de especies crípticas. La especie es probable que incluya varias especies muy similares y estrechamente relacionados.​

Se caracterizan por una gran aleta de óvalo que se extiende a lo largo de los márgenes de su manto, dándoles una similitud superficial con la sepia. Son pequeñas y calamares medianos, con un promedio de 3,8 a 33 cm de longitud. Exhiben muestra de apareamiento elaborados y generalmente desovan en mayo, pero pueden variar según la ubicación. Las paralarvas parecen adultos en miniatura y son notables para los que ya tienen la capacidad de cambiar la coloración cuerpo sobre la eclosión. Calamares arrecifes Bigfin tienen las tasas de crecimiento más rápido registrado de cualquier gran invertebrado marino, llegando a 600 g (1,3 libras) en sólo cuatro meses. Son una especie de vida corta, con una vida útil máxima registrada de 315 días.

La dieta de calamares arrecifes Bigfin comprende principalmente crustáceos y peces pequeños. Se encuentran en las aguas templadas y tropicales del Pacífico e Índico, y recientemente se han introducido en el Mediterráneo como migrante lessepsiana.​ Se encuentran comúnmente cerca de la costa, cerca de las rocas y arrecifes de coral. Se pescan en grandes cantidades para la alimentación humana en Asia. Debido a su rápida tasa de crecimiento, vida corta, y la tolerancia a la manipulación y el cautiverio, calamares arrecifes Bigfin son considerados como una de las especies más prometedoras para la maricultura. También son una fuente valiosa de axones gigantes para la investigación médica.

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Sepioteuthis lessoniana ( الفرنسية )

المقدمة من wikipedia FR

Le calmar récifal à grandes nageoires (de l'anglais Bigfin Reef Squid) (Sepioteuthis lessoniana) est une espèce de calmar de la famille des Loliginidés.

Description

Ce calmar légèrement aplati est pourvu d'une grande nageoire continu sur tout le pourtour de son manteau, large et fine, qui le fait parfois prendre pour une seiche (d'où le nom scientifique du genre). Il mesure de 25 à 35 cm[1] et parfois peut atteindre une taille de 45 cm. Le corps est translucide, mais parcouru de reflets métalliques verts ou bleutés, et moucheté de points scintillants pouvant émettre de la lumière par bioluminescence (ces organes spéciaux contiennent des bactéries bioluminescentes). Les yeux sont énormes par rapport au corps, reflétant la lumière de manière très vive, avec des reflets verts (notamment vus du dessus). Ces calmars sont pourvus de dix tentacules, mais seuls huit sont visibles en temps normal, les deux tentacules de chasse étant dissimulés[2].

Distribution

Cette espèce se rencontre dans l'océan Indien et l'océan Pacifique ouest.

Référence

  • Lesson, 1831 : Voyage autour du monde exécuté par Ordre du Roi, sur la Corvette de Sa Majesté, La Coquille pendant les années 1822, 1823, 1824 et 1825.

Synonymes

  • Sepioteuthis arctipinnis Gould, 1852
  • Sepioteuthis brevis Owen, 1881
  • Sepioteuthis doreiensis Quoy, 1835 in Férussac and D'Orbigny, 1834-1848
  • Sepioteuthis guinensis Quoy and Gaimard, 1832
  • Sepioteuthis hemprichii Ehrenberg, 1831
  • Sepioteuthis indica Goodrich, 1896
  • Sepioteuthis krempfi Robson, 1928
  • Sepioteuthis lunulata Quoy and Gaimard, 1832
  • Sepioteuthis malayana Wülker, 1913
  • Sepioteuthis mauritiana Quoy and Gaimard, 1832
  • Sepioteuthis neoguinaica Pfeffer, 1884
  • Sepioteuthis sieboldi Joubin, 1898
  • Sepioteuthis sinensis D'Orbigny, 1848 in Férussac and D'Orbigny, 1834-1848

Notes et références

  1. Collectif (trad. Michel Beauvais, Marcel Guedj, Salem Issad), Histoire naturelle [« The Natural History Book »], Flammarion, mars 2016, 650 p. (ISBN 978-2-0813-7859-9), p. Calmar de récif page 309
  2. « Sepioteuthis lessoniana, Sépia aux yeux verts », sur Aquaportail (consulté le 24 décembre 2013).
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Sepioteuthis lessoniana: Brief Summary ( الفرنسية )

المقدمة من wikipedia FR

Le calmar récifal à grandes nageoires (de l'anglais Bigfin Reef Squid) (Sepioteuthis lessoniana) est une espèce de calmar de la famille des Loliginidés.

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Sepioteuthis lessoniana ( الإيطالية )

المقدمة من wikipedia IT

Il calamaro di Lesson (Sepioteuthis lessoniana Lesson, 1830) è un calamaro appartenente alla famiglia Loliginidae proveniente dall'Indo-Pacifico[1]. È una delle tre specie riconosciute nel genere Sepioteuthis, ma degli studi nel 1993 hanno ipotizzato che Sepioteuthis lessoniana possa includere diverse specie molto simili e correlate.

Questi molluschi sono caratterizzati da una pinna ovale, abbastanza ampia, che si estende attorno ai margini del mantello come le pinne delle seppie.

Sono calamari di piccole dimensioni, tra i 3,8 e i 33 cm di lunghezza.

La riproduzione di solito avviene intorno a maggio; i giovani hanno già la capacità di cambiare colore e sembrano adulti in miniatura. Crescono molto velocemente e possono guadagnare fino a 600 g di peso in soli 4 mesi. La durata media della loro vita è però abbastanza corta: la lunghezza massima registrata è di 315 giorni. La dieta comprende crostacei e piccoli pesci.

Si trovano in acque temperate e tropicali dell'oceano Pacifico e dell'oceano Indiano, ma sono migrati anche nel mar Mediterraneo. Sono specie costiere, tipiche delle barriere coralline.

In Asia vengono pescati in grande quantità per essere mangiati. A causa della veloce crescita, inoltre, questa specie è una delle più promettenti per l'acquacoltura.

Tassonomia e nomenclatura

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Esemplare in un acquario di Tokyo

Questa specie viene chiamata bigfin reef squid o oval squid in inglese, ma è anche nota come northern calamary in Australia e Nuova Zelanda, per distinguerla da Sepioteuthis australis (southern reef squid)[2][3]. Altri nomi comuni sono oosi kanava in Tamil[4], calmar tonnelet in francese, calamar manopla in spagnolo[5], Großflossen-Riffkalmar in tedesco[6], 莱氏拟乌贼 in cinese[7], アオリイカ in giapponese[8] e kinn mon in birmano[9].

Sepioteuthis lessoniana è una delle tre specie riconosciute nel genere Sepioteuthis nella famiglia Loliginidae. Sepioteuthis significa "calamaro seppia"[10], dal greco σηπία (sēpía, "seppia") e τευθίς (teuthis, "calamaro").

L'olotipo fu trovato da René-Primevère Lesson nei pressi della Nuova Guinea durante il viaggio della corvetta francese La Coquille sotto il comando di Louis Isidore Duperrey[11]. Molte specie di Sepioteuthis vennero descritte nell'Indo-Pacifico; nel 1939 il malacologo belga William Adam esaminò gli esemplari di Sepioteuthis raccolti nella zona tropicale dell'est dell'oceano Pacifico e sinonimizzò le 12 specie considerate valide con S. lessoniana[12].

Uno studio nel 1993 di Segawa et al. ha rivelato che la popolazione di S. lessoniana in Okinawa potrebbe essere composta da tre distinte specie[13]. Sepioteuthis lessoniana potrebbe quindi includere più specie molto simili.

Descrizione

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Sepioteuthis lessoniana

Come le altre specie del genere Sepioteuthis, questi calamari sono facili da distinguere grazie alle loro pinne ovali, abbastanza spesse, che si estendono lungo tutto il margine del mantello[14][15]. Sono larghe circa il 70% del mantello e si estendono per l'83-97% della sua lunghezza[16]. A causa di queste pinne potrebbero essere confusi con le seppie[17].

Il mantello è cilindrico, ma posteriormente si assottiglia diventando quasi conico. La sua lunghezza media varia da 4 a 33 cm negli esemplari maschili e da 3,8 a 25,6 nelle femmine[18][19]. I maschi adulti pesano 403,5-1415 g, gli esemplari femminili non superano i 1046[18]. La lunghezza massima registrata è di 38 cm, il peso massimo 1,8 kg[5][20].

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Gladio di S. lessoniana

Gli occhi sono grandi, verdastri[21]. Sulla parte inferiore della testa sono presenti due creste che terminano dietro agli occhi[16][22]. La bocca presenta un becco di colore scuro, ricurvo; la radula ha 7 file di denti[23]. Gli spermatofori dei maschi sono lunghi circa 4,5 mm e larghi 0,15 mm. Il gladio ha una forma lanceolata, con una nervatura al centro[21][23].

Le otto braccia sono spesse e non di uguale lunghezza[21]. Ognuna di esse possiede due file di ventose di un diametro inferiore a 2 mm. Il braccio sinistro nel quarto paio di braccia nei maschi è modificato in un organo detto ectocotilo, utilizzato durante la riproduzione. I tentacoli sono lunghi, spessi, retrattili e leggermente compressi sui lati[21].

Colorazione

La testa, il mantello e le braccia sono coperti in gran parte da cromatofori, meno diffusi sulla superficie ventrale[21][23]. La colorazione degli esemplari vivi può variare dal bianco-giallastro al marrone-rosato o marrone-violaceo[16][21][23].

Come tutti i cefalopodi, S. lessoniana è capace di cambiare rapidamente colore tramite il controllo volontario dei cromatofori[17][24]. Non possiede invece fotofori e non è quindi bioluminescente[23].

Dimorfismo sessuale

Il dimorfismo sessuale non è molto marcato: i maschi sono spesso più grandi delle femmine[18], ma si possono riconoscere soltanto osservando il braccio sinistro nel quarto paio, che negli esemplari maschili è modificato nell'ectocotilo[19].

Biologia

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Gruppo di S. lessoniana nei pressi dell'isola della Riunione

Comportamento

Questa specie ha abitudini simili a Sepioteuthis sepioidea, nota per il complesso comportamento, soprattutto durante il corteggiamento[17].

A formare gruppi non sono solo gli esemplari adulti, ma anche gli esemplari giovanili, che però non nuotano gli uni paralleli agli altri come in un vero banco. Non è noto come riescano, in un gruppo, a riconoscersi individualmente tra loro[24].

Alimentazione

La dieta di questa specie è molto varia e comprende molte specie di animali marini. Le sue prede principali sono pesci e crostacei[25] (in particolare gamberi, granchi e stomatopodi[5]). Gli esemplari osservati in cattività mangiavano un pesce ogni 2-25 ore[24].

Predatori

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Uova di S. lessoniana

Questo calamaro è preda di diverse specie di pesci, come Thunnus albacares[26], Xiphias gladius e Istioforidi[27].

Parassiti

Può essere ospite del copepode parassita esterno Doridicola similis e dei diciemidi parassiti interni Dicyema orientale e Dicyema koshidai[1].

Riproduzione

La deposizione delle uova avviene solitamente durante il mese di maggio, ma S. lessoniana può deporre durante tutto l'anno; inoltre, a causa dell'areale molto ampio, il periodo riproduttivo può variare considerevolmente[19][25][28][29]. Durante l'accoppiamento, i maschi trasferiscono con l'ectocotilo gli spermatofori nella cavità palleale delle femmine. Queste ultime possono deporre da 20 a 1180 uova e muoiono poco dopo la riproduzione[18][19].

Le uova sono deposte in nastri di capsule su rocce, piante acquatiche e coralli[14][30]. Ogni capsula contiene da 2 a 9 uova[31].

L'incubazione ha una durata di 3 settimane, ma può cambiare al variare della temperatura. Nelle acque calde dell'Indonesia, l'incubazione dura fino a 16 giorni, in Thailandia raggiunge i 22. Alla schiusa i giovani sembrano adulti in miniatura[25], con pinne funzionanti e con già la capacità di espellere inchiostro[32]. Due settimane dopo gli esemplari giovanili iniziano a spostarsi in gruppi[33].

La maturità sessuale viene raggiunta dopo poco meno di 210 giorni di vita in natura, più presto in cattività; i maschi maturano prima. La temperatura sembra influenzare abbastanza la durata della vita degli esemplari (161-315 giorni in cattività[18][24]): l'acqua calda sembra infatti essere associata con minore durata della vita e minori dimensioni, mentre gli esemplari in acqua fredda sono di dimensioni maggiori[18][34]. La crescita è comunque molto veloce, in 4 mesi un esemplare di S. lessoniana può guadagnare fino a 600 g di peso[35].

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Esemplare in Egitto

Distribuzione e habitat

Questo mollusco è il calamaro che ha l'areale più ampio tra le specie del suo genere. Si trova in acque temperate e tropicali dell'Indo-Pacifico[19][20], ma diversi esemplari sono migrati anche nel mar Mediterraneo[1][16][36]. L'areale originariamente si estendeva dalle Hawaii e dal Giappone fino al mar Rosso; verso sud arrivava fino alla Nuova Zelanda[20].

Nel 2002 degli esemplari di S. lessoniana sono stati osservati nel golfo di Alessandretta, nel Mediterraneo, dove sono arrivati attraverso il canale di Suez (migrazione lessepsiana)[16].

Questa specie nuota tra 0 e 100 m di profondità[22] ed è prevalentemente costiera. A volte vive nelle barriere coralline[33][37]. È attiva soprattutto di notte e si sposta verso acque più profonde durante il giorno.

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Esemplare catturato a Pekan, Malaysia

Importanza economica

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Piatto di S. lessoniana

Pesca commerciale

È una delle specie di calamaro più importanti dal punto di vista commerciale[38] essendo molto diffusa come cibo. Questi calamari vengono catturati in grandi quantità con reti da pesca, in particolare con reti a strascico[22]. Localmente vengono anche pescati con nasse, esche artificiali e fucili subacquei[39][40].

La pesca viene effettuata soprattutto durante la notte, sfruttando l'attrazione dei calamari nei confronti delle luci[41][42][43]. Le popolazioni di questa specie non sono stagionali, ma possono venire pescate durante tutto l'anno[39]. Vengono anche catturate come esche per pesci[14].

A causa della loro crescita rapida, anche in cattività, e alla loro breve durata della vita, gli esemplari di S. lessoniana sono molto promettenti per l'acquacoltura.

Riscaldamento globale

S. lessoniana si adatta alle alte temperature deponendo più uova: questo la rende un buon indicatore di mutamenti climatici[34]. Anche a causa della crescita rapida, la popolazione di calamari potrebbe aumentare drasticamente in risposta al riscaldamento globale.

La pesca eccessiva dei pesci che predano questa specie è un'altra causa che porta all'aumento della popolazione di S. lessoniana, come è successo nel golfo del Siam.

Il riscaldamento delle acque, inoltre, rende possibile alle popolazioni di calamari di migrare in aree prima troppo fredde, come nel caso della migrazione nel mar Mediterraneo[27][44].

Note

  1. ^ a b c (EN) Bouchet, P. (2014), Sepioteuthis lessoniana, in WoRMS (World Register of Marine Species).
  2. ^ Lianos Triantafillos & Mark Adams, Genetic evidence that the northern calamary, Sepioteuthis lessoniana, is a species complex in Australian waters (PDF), in ICES Journal of Marine Science, vol. 62, International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, Elsevier, 2005, pp. 1665-1670, DOI:10.1016/j.icesjms.2005.06.004, ISSN 1054-3139.
  3. ^ Northern Calamari, su fishnames.com.au, Seafood Services Australia, 9 settembre 2006. URL consultato il 10 giugno 2014 (archiviato dall'url originale il 14 luglio 2014).
  4. ^ Sepioteuthis lessoniana Lesson, 1830 (Squid), su biosearch.in, Goa, India, bioSearch v 1.2, Bioinformatics Centre, National Institute of Oceanography. URL consultato il 10 giugno 2014 (archiviato dall'url originale l'8 ottobre 2011).
  5. ^ a b c Roper, C.F.E., M.J. Sweeney & C.E. Nauen, p. 110.
  6. ^ (DE) Sepioteuthis lessoniana - Grossflossen-Riffkalmar, su Meerwasser-Lexikon. URL consultato il 10 giugno 2014.
  7. ^ Common names of Sepioteuthis lessoniana, su sealifebase.org, SeaLifeBase presented through SpeciesBase. URL consultato il 10 giugno 2014.
  8. ^ Aquatic animals around Oita-ken. (Table of Japanese names), su coara.or.jp, Sueyoshi's page for fishes at Oita. URL consultato il 10 giugno 2014 (archiviato dall'url originale il 1º ottobre 2011).
  9. ^ Fish Around Myanmar Maintenance, su myanmardotcom.com, Myanmardotcom. URL consultato il 10 giugno 2014 (archiviato dall'url originale il 29 settembre 2011).
  10. ^ James B. Wood, Sepioteuthis lessoniana, Bigfin Reef squid, su thecephalopodpage.org, The Cephalopod Page, Waikiki Aquarium, University of Hawaii. URL consultato il 10 giugno 2014.
  11. ^ (FR) Louis Isidore Duperrey, Voyage Autour du Monde, Exécuté par Ordre du Roi sur la Corvette de La Majesté, La Coquille, pendant les années 1822, 1823, 1824 et 1825, par M. L. I. Duperrey, Arthus Bertrand, 1830, pp. 244, 468.
  12. ^ Takashi Okutani, Past, present and future studies on cephalopod diversity in tropical West Pacific (PDF), in Phuket Marine Biological Center Research Bulletin, vol. 66, Phuket Marine Biological Center, 2005, pp. 39-50, ISSN 0858-1088 (archiviato dall'url originale il 16 marzo 2012).
  13. ^ M.D. Norman & C.C. Lu, Preliminary checklist of the cephalopods of the South China Sea (PDF), in The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, Supplement No. 8, National University of Singapore, 2000, pp. 539-567 (archiviato dall'url originale il 31 marzo 2012).
  14. ^ a b c H.A. Mhitu, Y.D. Mgaya, & M.A.K. Ngoile, Growth and reproduction of the big fin squid, Sepioteuthis lessoniana, in the coastal waters of Zanzibar (PDF), in Conference on advances on marine sciences in Tanzania, IMS/WIOMSA, 1999, pp. 289-300. URL consultato l'11 giugno 2014 (archiviato dall'url originale il 4 marzo 2016).
  15. ^ G.A. Charles and K. Sivashanthini, Population dynamics of squid Sepioteuthis lessoniana (Lesson, 1830) from the northern coast of Sri Lanka (PDF), in Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, vol. 6, n. 1, Academic Journals, Inc., 2011, pp. 74-84, DOI:10.3923/jfas.2011.74-84, ISSN 1816-4927.
  16. ^ a b c d e E. Lefkaditou, M. Corsini-Foka, & G. Kondilatos, Description of the first Lessepsian squid migrant, Sepioteuthis lessoniana (Cephalopoda: Loliginidae), in the Aegean Sea (Eastern Mediterranean) (PDF), in Mediterranean Marine Science, vol. 10/2, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR), 2009, pp. 87-97, ISSN 1791-6763 (archiviato dall'url originale il 30 marzo 2012).
  17. ^ a b c Science in Pics: Breeding Bigfin Reef Squid, su theepochtimes.com, The Epoch Times, 25 luglio 2011. URL consultato il 10 giugno 2014 (archiviato dall'url originale il 10 ottobre 2012).
  18. ^ a b c d e f Y. Ikeda, Y. Ueta, F.E. Anderson, and G. Matsumoto, Reproduction and life span of the oval squid Sepioteuthis lessoniana (Cephalopoda: Loliginidae): comparison between laboratory-cultured and wild-caught squid, in JMBA2 - Biodiversity Records, Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 2008, pp. 1-8, DOI:10.1017/S175526720900061X.
  19. ^ a b c d e K. Sivashanthini, W.S. Thulasitha, & G.A. Charles, Reproductive characteristics of squid Sepioteuthis lessoniana (Lesson, 1830) from the northern coast of Sri Lanka (PDF), in Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science, Academic Journals, Inc., 2010, pp. 1-11, ISSN 1816-4927.
  20. ^ a b c Sepioteuthis lessoniana Férussac, 1831, su SeaLifeBase presented through SpeciesBase. URL consultato l'11 giugno 2014.
  21. ^ a b c d e f E.G. Silas, R. Sarvesan, K. Satyanarayana Rao, K. Prabhakaran Nair, & M.M. Meiyappan, Identity of common species of cephalopods in India (PDF), in Cephalopod Bionomics, Fisheries and Resources of the Exclusive Economic Zone of India, vol. 37, Cochin, India, Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, 1985, pp. 13-195.
  22. ^ a b c Anuwat Nateewathana, Aussanee Munprasit, & Penkae Dithachey, Systematics and distribution of oceanic cephalopods in the South China Sea, area III: Western Philippines (PDF), in Proceedings of the SEAFDEC Seminar on Fishery Resources in the South China Sea, Area III: Western Philippines, Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center, 1998, pp. 76-100.
  23. ^ a b c d e Anuwat Nateewathana, Taxonomic studies on loliginid squids (Cephalopoda: Loliginidae) from the Andaman Sea coast of Thailand (PDF), in Phuket Marine Biological Center Research Bulletin, vol. 57, Phuket Marine Biological Center, 1992, pp. 1-40, ISSN 0858-1088 (archiviato dall'url originale il 16 marzo 2012).
  24. ^ a b c d Jean Geary Boal, Susan A. Gonzalez, Social Behaviour of Individual Oval Squids (Cephalopoda, Teuthoidea, Loliginidae, Sepioteuthis lessoniana) within a Captive School, in Ethology, vol. 104, n. 2, 2010, p. 161, DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1998.tb00059.x.
  25. ^ a b c E.G. Silas, K. Satyanarayana Rao, R. Sarvesan, K. Prabhakaran Nair, & M.M. Meiyappan, The exploited squid and cuttlefish resources in India: a review (PDF), in Marine Fish Information Service: Technical and Extension Series, n. 34, Cochin, India, Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, 1982, pp. 1-17. URL consultato il 12 giugno 2014 (archiviato dall'url originale il 22 luglio 2018).
  26. ^ Organisms Preying on Sepioteuthis lessoniana, su SeaLifeBase. URL consultato il 12 giugno 2014.
  27. ^ a b Taylor Bildstein, Global warming is good (if you like calamari) (PDF), in Australasian Science Magazine, vol. 23, n. 7, Control Publications, 2002, pp. 30-32.
  28. ^ Wen-Sung Chung & Chung-Cheng Lu, The influence of temperature and salinity on the statolith of the oval squid Sepioteuthis lessoniana Lesson, 1830 during early development stages (PDF), in Phuket Marine Biological Center Research Bulletin, vol. 66, Phuket Marine Biological Center, 2005, pp. 175-185, ISSN 0858-1088 (archiviato dall'url originale il 30 marzo 2012).
  29. ^ John W. McManus, Cleto L. Nañola, Jr., Rodolfo B. Reyes, Jr., & Kathleen N. Kesner, Resource Ecology of the Bolinao Coral Reef System (PDF), International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management in behalf of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and the United States Coastal Resources Management Project, 1992, p. 4, ISBN 971-8709-28-2, ISSN 0115-4389.
  30. ^ Allison Runck, Bigfin Reef Squid – Sepioteuthis lessoniana Lesson, 1830, su australianmuseum.net.au, Australian Museum, 21 novembre 2010. URL consultato il 14 giugno 2014.
  31. ^ K. L. Lamprell & A. M. Scheltema, Zoological Catalogue of Australia: 2. Mollusca: Aplacophora, Polyplacophora, Scaphopoda, Cephalopoda, Csiro Publishing, 2001, p. 213, ISBN 978-0-643-06707-3.
  32. ^ V. Deepak Samuel & Jamil Patterson, Intercapsular embryonic development of the big fin squid Sepioteuthis lessoniana (Loliginidae) (PDF), in Indian Journal of Marine Sciences, vol. 31, n. 2, 2002, pp. 150-152.
  33. ^ a b Phillip G. Lee, Philip E. Turk, Won Tack Yang, & Roger T. Hanlon, Biological characteristics and biomedical applications of the squid Sepioteuthis lessoniana cultured through multiple generations (PDF), in The Biological Bulletin, vol. 186, Marine Biological Laboratory, 1994, pp. 328-341, DOI:10.2307/1542279, ISSN 0006-3185.
  34. ^ a b (EN) G.D. Jackson & M.L. Domeier, The effects of an extraordinary El Niño / La Niña event on the size and growth of the squid Loligo opalescens off Southern California (PDF), in Marine Biology, vol. 142, Springer-Verlag, 2003, pp. 925-935.
  35. ^ Nick Starešinić, Erica A. G. Vidal, & Leigh S. Walsh, New species for mariculture in the Eastern Pacific, in Naše more, vol. 5, n. 1-2, University of Dubrovnik, 2004, pp. 24-36, ISSN 0469-6255.
  36. ^ (EN) Salman A., New report of the loliginid squid Sepioteuthis lessoniana Lesson, 1830 in the Mediterranean, in Israel Journal of Zoology, vol. 48, 2002, pp. 249-250.
  37. ^ M.C. Dunning, M.D. Norman, & A.L. Reid, Cephalopods, in The Living Resources of the Western Central Pacific: Volume 2. Cephalopods, Crustaceans, Holothurians and Sharks, FAO Species Identification Guides for Fishery Purposes, Rome, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), South Pacific Forum Fisheries Agency (FFA), & the Norwegian Agency for International Development (NORAD), 1998, p. 688, ISSN 1020-6868.
  38. ^ Deepak V. Samuel & Jamila Patterson, A comparative study on the radula of three coleoid cephalopods (PDF), in South Pacific Study, vol. 24, n. 1, 2003, pp. 33-38 (archiviato dall'url originale il 2 giugno 2012).
  39. ^ a b K. Sivashanthini, G.A. Charles, & W.S. Thulasitha, Length-weight relationship and growth pattern of Sepioteuthis lessoniana Lesson 1830 (Cephalopoda:Teuthida) from the Jaffna Lagoon, Sri Lanka (PDF), in Journal of Biological Sciences, vol. 9, n. 4, Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2009, pp. 357-361, ISSN 1727-3048 (archiviato dall'url originale il 19 marzo 2012).
  40. ^ J.O. Dickson & B.R. Ricafrente, The squid fishery in Carigara Bay, Samar: catch of Photololigo duvaucelii by squid jigs and Sepioteuthis lessoniana by hanging squid pot (PDF), in Research Output of the Fisheries Sector Program, Bureau of Agricultural Research, Department of Agriculture, Republic of the Philippines, 2007, pp. 178-181, ISBN 971-8511-77-6, ISSN 0115-4389.
  41. ^ Sakri Ibrahim & Sukree Hajisamae, Response of squids to different colours and intensities of artificial light (PDF), in Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science, vol. 22, n. 1, Universiti Putra Malaysia Press, 1999, pp. 19-24, ISSN 1511-3701 (archiviato dall'url originale il 30 marzo 2012).
  42. ^ Sujit Sundaram & V.D. Deshmukh, On the emergence of squid jigging in India (PDF), in Fishing Chimes, vol. 30, n. 12, 2011, pp. 18-20.
  43. ^ Donald J. Macintosh, Elizabeth C. Ashton, & Vinij Tansakul, Utilization and knowledge of biodiversity in the Ranong Biosphere Reserve, Thailand (PDF), in ITCZM Monograph, n. 7, Integrated Tropical Coastal Zone Management, Asian Institute of Technology, 2002, pp. 1-30 (archiviato dall'url originale il 5 ottobre 2011).
  44. ^ Argyro Zenetos, Maria-Antonietta Pancucci-Papadopoulou, Stamatis Zogaris, Eva Papastergiadou, Leonidas Vardakas, Katerina Aligizaki, & Alcibiades N. Economou, Aquatic alien species in Greece (2009): tracking sources, patterns and effects on the ecosystem (PDF), in Journal of Biological Research-Thessaloniki, vol. 12, 2009, pp. 135-172.

Bibliografia

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Sepioteuthis lessoniana: Brief Summary ( الإيطالية )

المقدمة من wikipedia IT

Il calamaro di Lesson (Sepioteuthis lessoniana Lesson, 1830) è un calamaro appartenente alla famiglia Loliginidae proveniente dall'Indo-Pacifico. È una delle tre specie riconosciute nel genere Sepioteuthis, ma degli studi nel 1993 hanno ipotizzato che Sepioteuthis lessoniana possa includere diverse specie molto simili e correlate.

Questi molluschi sono caratterizzati da una pinna ovale, abbastanza ampia, che si estende attorno ai margini del mantello come le pinne delle seppie.

Sono calamari di piccole dimensioni, tra i 3,8 e i 33 cm di lunghezza.

La riproduzione di solito avviene intorno a maggio; i giovani hanno già la capacità di cambiare colore e sembrano adulti in miniatura. Crescono molto velocemente e possono guadagnare fino a 600 g di peso in soli 4 mesi. La durata media della loro vita è però abbastanza corta: la lunghezza massima registrata è di 315 giorni. La dieta comprende crostacei e piccoli pesci.

Si trovano in acque temperate e tropicali dell'oceano Pacifico e dell'oceano Indiano, ma sono migrati anche nel mar Mediterraneo. Sono specie costiere, tipiche delle barriere coralline.

In Asia vengono pescati in grande quantità per essere mangiati. A causa della veloce crescita, inoltre, questa specie è una delle più promettenti per l'acquacoltura.

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Sepioteuthis lessoniana ( البلجيكية الهولندية )

المقدمة من wikipedia NL

Sepioteuthis lessoniana is een soort in de taxonomische indeling van de inktvissen, een klasse dieren die tot de stam der weekdieren (Mollusca) behoort. De inktvis komt enkel in zout water voor en is in staat om van kleur te veranderen. Hij beweegt zich voort door water in zijn mantel te pompen en het er via de sifon weer krachtig uit te persen. De inktvis is een carnivoor en zijn voedsel bestaat voornamelijk uit vis, krabben, kreeften en weekdieren die ze met de zuignappen op hun grijparmen vangen.

De inktvis komt uit het geslacht Sepioteuthis en behoort tot de familie Loliginidae. Sepioteuthis lessoniana werd in 1830 beschreven door Lesson.[1]

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
  1. World Register of Marine Species, Sepioteuthis lessoniana. Marinespecies.org. Geraadpleegd op 3 oktober 2011.
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Mực lá ( الفيتنامية )

المقدمة من wikipedia VI

Mực lá (danh pháp hai phần: Sepioteuthis lessoniana) là một loài mực ống quan trọng về thương mại. Giống như các thành viên khác của chi Sepioteuthis, mực là dễ dàng để phân biệt với mực khác ở chỗ chúng có vây dày hình bầu dục khỏe mở rộng xung quanh gần như toàn bộ lớp áo[5][6]. Vây mở rộng khoảng 83-97% chiều dài áo và 67-70% chiều rộng lớp áo. Vì những cái vây này, mực lá đôi khi bị nhầm lẫn với mực nang[7], một thực tế phản ánh bằng tên khoa học của nó. Lớp áo của mực lá có hình trụ, thon dần đến một hình nón cùn ở phía sau. Lớp áo thường là dài 4–33 cm ở con đực và 3,8-25,6 cm ở con cái. Cả con đực và con cái có thể đạt chiều dài lớp áo tối đa 38 cm, con đực cân nặng 403,5 đến 1.415 g (0,890-3,12 lb), trong khi con cái trưởng thành là từ 165 đến 1.046 g. Cả con đực và con cái có thể đạt được trọng lượng tối đa 1,8 kg đã được ghi nhận trong văn bản. Các chế độ ăn uống của mực lá bao gồm cá chủ yếu là động vật giáp xác và cá nhỏ. Chúng được tìm thấy ở vùng biển ôn đới và nhiệt đới của Thái Bình Dương và Ấn Độ Dương, và gần đây đã được du nhập vào Địa Trung Hải. Chúng thường được tìm thấy gần bờ biển, gần tảng đá, và các rạn san hô. Chúng bị được đánh bắt với số lượng lớn cho con người ở châu Á. Do tốc độ tăng trưởng nhanh chóng của chúng, vòng đời ngắn, và dễ chuyên chở và dễ sống trong điều kiện nuôi nhốt, mực lá được coi là một trong những loài có triển vọng nhất cho nuôi trồng hải sản.

Chú thích

  1. ^ a ă Sepioteuthis lessoniana Férussac, 1831”. SeaLifeBase presented through SpeciesBase. Truy cập ngày 11 tháng 8 năm 2011.
  2. ^ Sepioteuthis lessoniana Férussac, 1831 in Lesson, 1830-1831”. Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Truy cập ngày 13 tháng 8 năm 2011.
  3. ^ Sepioteuthis lessoniana. Ocean Biogeographic Information System.
  4. ^ Gabriella Bianch (1985). “Cephalopods”. Field Guide: Commercial Marine and brackish Water Species of Pakistan (PDF). FAO Species Identification Sheets for Fishery Purposes. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. tr. 163.
  5. ^ H.A. Mhitu, Y.D. Mgaya, & M.A.K. Ngoile (1999). “Growth and reproduction of the big fin squid, Sepioteuthis lessoniana, in the coastal waters of Zanzibar” (PDF). Conference on advances on marine sciences in Tanzania (IMS/WIOMSA): 289–300.
  6. ^ G.A. Charles and K. Sivashanthini (2011). “Population dynamics of squid Sepioteuthis lessoniana (Lesson, 1830) from the northern coast of Sri Lanka” (PDF). Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences (Academic Journals, Inc.) 6 (1): 74–84. ISSN 1816-4927. doi:10.3923/jfas.2011.74-84.
  7. ^ “Science in Pics: Breeding Bigfin Reef Squid”. The Epoch Times. Ngày 25 tháng 7 năm 2011. Truy cập ngày 17 tháng 8 năm 2011.

Tham khảo


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Mực lá: Brief Summary ( الفيتنامية )

المقدمة من wikipedia VI

Mực lá (danh pháp hai phần: Sepioteuthis lessoniana) là một loài mực ống quan trọng về thương mại. Giống như các thành viên khác của chi Sepioteuthis, mực là dễ dàng để phân biệt với mực khác ở chỗ chúng có vây dày hình bầu dục khỏe mở rộng xung quanh gần như toàn bộ lớp áo. Vây mở rộng khoảng 83-97% chiều dài áo và 67-70% chiều rộng lớp áo. Vì những cái vây này, mực lá đôi khi bị nhầm lẫn với mực nang, một thực tế phản ánh bằng tên khoa học của nó. Lớp áo của mực lá có hình trụ, thon dần đến một hình nón cùn ở phía sau. Lớp áo thường là dài 4–33 cm ở con đực và 3,8-25,6 cm ở con cái. Cả con đực và con cái có thể đạt chiều dài lớp áo tối đa 38 cm, con đực cân nặng 403,5 đến 1.415 g (0,890-3,12 lb), trong khi con cái trưởng thành là từ 165 đến 1.046 g. Cả con đực và con cái có thể đạt được trọng lượng tối đa 1,8 kg đã được ghi nhận trong văn bản. Các chế độ ăn uống của mực lá bao gồm cá chủ yếu là động vật giáp xác và cá nhỏ. Chúng được tìm thấy ở vùng biển ôn đới và nhiệt đới của Thái Bình Dương và Ấn Độ Dương, và gần đây đã được du nhập vào Địa Trung Hải. Chúng thường được tìm thấy gần bờ biển, gần tảng đá, và các rạn san hô. Chúng bị được đánh bắt với số lượng lớn cho con người ở châu Á. Do tốc độ tăng trưởng nhanh chóng của chúng, vòng đời ngắn, và dễ chuyên chở và dễ sống trong điều kiện nuôi nhốt, mực lá được coi là một trong những loài có triển vọng nhất cho nuôi trồng hải sản.

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莱氏拟乌贼 ( الصينية )

المقدمة من wikipedia 中文维基百科
二名法 Sepioteuthis lessoniana
(Lesson, 1830)[1]

莱氏拟乌贼学名Sepioteuthis lessoniana)为枪乌贼科拟乌贼属英语Sepioteuthis的动物,俗名香匙鱿母大尾鱿鱼软墨軟絲仔。分布于日本群岛夏威夷群岛马来群岛印度近海、红海,包括黄海南海等海域,生活环境为海水,常见于暖水区。该物种的模式产地德语Terra typica在印度马拉巴尔[1]

参考文献

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 中国科学院动物研究所. 莱氏拟乌贼. 《中国动物物种编目数据库》. 中国科学院微生物研究所. [2009-04-28]. (原始内容存档于2016-03-05).

Template:臺灣常食用海洋生物

外部連結

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莱氏拟乌贼: Brief Summary ( الصينية )

المقدمة من wikipedia 中文维基百科

莱氏拟乌贼(学名:Sepioteuthis lessoniana)为枪乌贼科拟乌贼属(英语:Sepioteuthis)的动物,俗名香匙、鱿母、大尾鱿鱼、软墨及軟絲仔。分布于日本群岛夏威夷群岛马来群岛印度近海、红海,包括黄海南海等海域,生活环境为海水,常见于暖水区。该物种的模式产地(德语:Terra typica)在印度马拉巴尔

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アオリイカ ( اليابانية )

المقدمة من wikipedia 日本語
アオリイカ 萊氏擬烏賊.jpg 分類 : 動物界 Animalia : 軟体動物門 Mollusca : 頭足綱 Cephalopoda : 閉眼目 Myopsida : ヤリイカ科 Loliginidae : アオリイカ属 Sepioteuthis : アオリイカ S. lessoniana 学名 Sepioteuthis lessoniana
Lesson, 1830 和名 アオリイカ(障泥烏賊) 英名 Bigfin Reef Squid

アオリイカ(障泥烏賊、Sepioteuthis lessoniana) は、ヤリイカ科アオリイカ属に属するイカの一種。日本沿岸に分布する大型のイカで、食用や釣りの対象として人気がある。

特徴[編集]

胴長は約40-45cm。大きいものでは50cm以上、重さは6kg以上に達する。沿岸域に生息するイカとしては大型の部類に入る。

胴が丸みを帯び、胴の縁に渡って半円形のひれを持つ。外見はコウイカに似るが、甲は薄くて透明な軟甲である。雄の背中には白色の短い横線模様が散在するが、雌は横線模様が不明瞭である。標準和名のアオリイカは漢字では障泥烏賊と書くが、この名前はひれの色や形が障泥(あおり)と呼ばれる馬の胴体に巻く泥よけの馬具に似ることによる。

(動画)アオリイカ

ハワイ以西の西太平洋からインド洋熱帯温帯域に広く分布する。日本では北海道以南の沿岸に分布し、特に太平洋側では鹿島灘以南、日本海側では福井県の西側以南に多い。

通常は深場に生息するが、からにかけて産卵のため海岸近くの浅場にやってくる。海藻や岩の隙間にマメの鞘のような寒天質の卵鞘を一ヶ所に固めて産卵する。産み付けられた卵が魚に食べられる事は無い。卵鞘の中にバクテリアがいて、魚が嫌がる物質を出していると考えられている[1]。卵からは20日ほどで孵化し、幼体は浅い海で小魚や甲殻類を捕食して成長する。夏には体長数cmの幼体が浅い海で落ち葉のように擬態し、波間に漂う様が観察できる。幼体は沿岸の浅い海で体長15cm-20cmほどまで成長し、になると深場に移動する。

外見がバショウに似ることからバショウイカとも呼ばれる。その他藻場に産卵するため四国地方ではモイカ、九州地方ではミズイカ、クツイカ、沖縄地方ではシロイカ(シルイチャー)などの別名がある。

利用[編集]

おもに大型個体が産卵のため浅場にやってくるからにかけてがだが、地方によってはに浅場で成長した幼体を狙って漁獲する。

アオリイカは大型で、しかも防波堤などから釣れる手軽さもある。そのため日本古来の「餌木」という疑似餌を使った釣り(エギング)が幅広い年齢層に人気を呼んでいる。他の釣りも含めて釣り人によるゴミのポイ捨てや違法駐車、無断駐車、釣ったイカの墨が漁港を汚すなどの問題も顕在化している。

餌木」に対して活きた魚を泳がせアオリイカに捕食させ、ヤエンと呼ばれる釣具を降ろして掛ける釣法もあり、「ヤエン釣り」と呼ばれている。近年アオリイカブームに乗り、ヤエン釣り人口も増加傾向にある。

肉質は弾力性に富み、甘みがある。遊離アミノ酸が国産のイカとしては最高水準であり、旨みが強い。刺身天ぷら、煮つけなどに利用される。国内で捕獲されるアオリイカは漁獲量は少なく、料理屋、料亭などで消費される高級品。一般に国内で販売されているものは輸入品であり、近年東南アジア方面からの輸入が増加している。 また、徳島県牟岐町にはアオリイカを使ったアオリイカ黒焼きそばというイカスミ入りの焼きそばがある。

分類[編集]

 src=
アメリカアオリイカ Sepioteuthis sepioidea

ヤリイカ亜科Loligininae)から独立してアオリイカ亜科Sepioteuthinae)とする分類もある。

注釈・参考文献[編集]

  1. ^ Pichon D, Gaia V, Norman MD, Boucher-Rodoni R (2005). “Phylogenetic diversity of epibiotic bacteria in the accessory nidamental glands of squids (Cephalopoda: Loliginidae and Idiosepiidae)”. Marine Biology 147 (6): 1323-32.
 src= ウィキメディア・コモンズには、アオリイカに関連するカテゴリがあります。  title=
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アオリイカ: Brief Summary ( اليابانية )

المقدمة من wikipedia 日本語

アオリイカ(障泥烏賊、Sepioteuthis lessoniana) は、ヤリイカ科アオリイカ属に属するイカの一種。日本沿岸に分布する大型のイカで、食用や釣りの対象として人気がある。

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Habitat ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من World Register of Marine Species
shelf

مرجع

van der Land, J. (ed). (2008). UNESCO-IOC Register of Marine Organisms (URMO).

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Jacob van der Land [email]
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World Register of Marine Species