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Description ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من AmphibiaWeb articles
Bufo asper has a large and stout body. The females have a snout-vent length of 95-140 mm, while the males have a snout-vent length of 70-100 mm. The skin is covered with warts or tubercles; the name of this species derives from its rough skin texture. The head is broad and blunt, without bony crests. This toad has an ovoid parotoid gland connected to the supraorbital ridge by a supratympanic ridge. The tympanum is visible. The hands and feet are spinous. The fourth toe is the longest, and all the toes except the fourth are fully webbed. Males have nuptial pads on the base of the first finger. Bufo asper is usually dark brown, gray or black in color, with black spotting ventrally. Males have a blackish coloring on their throats (Iskandar 1998; Inger and Stuebing 2005; Inger and Bacon 1968). Bufo asper tadpoles are small, reaching 12-15 mm before metamorphosis. The body is oval and somewhat flattened. The tail is leaf-shaped, rounded with a narrow tip. The lower lip is quite wide (Inger and Stuebing 2005), with the cuplike mouth enabling the tadpole to adhere to the bottom substrate in flowing water (Iskandar 1998). The denticle formula is II/III. Tadpole coloration is either all black or dark brown (Iskandar 1998).Skin toxins from Bufo asper were able to induce the following significanteffects on mice at a dose of 100 mg/mouse: locomotor difficulties, prostration,and convulsions, with partial recovery after 5 hours. The major toxic componentin Bufo asper skin extracts is bufotalin (a bufadienolide), with a lessercomponent of resibufogenin and minor amounts of other bufadienolides andbufotoxins (Daly et al. 2004). The diploid chromosome number is 22, with five pairs of large chromosomes andsix pairs of smaller chromosomes (Iskandar 1998).

مراجع

  • Daly, J. W., Noimai, N., Kongkathip, B., Kongkathip, N., Wilham, J. M., Garraffo, H. M., Kaneko, T., Spande, T. F., Ninit, Y., Nabhitabhata, J., and Chan-Ard, T. (2004). ''Biologically active substances from amphibians: preliminary studies on anurans from twenty-one genera of Thailand.'' Toxicon, 44, 805-815.
  • Emerson, S. B., and Hess, D. L. (1996). ''The role of androgens in opportunistic breeding tropical frogs.'' General and Comparative Endocrinology, 103, 220-230.
  • IUCN, Conservation International, and NatureServe. (2006). Global Amphibian Assessment: Bufo asper. www.globalamphibians.org. Accessed on 23 November 2007.
  • Inger, R. F. (1969). ''Organization of communities of frogs along small rain forest streams in Sarawak.'' Journal of Animal Ecology, 38, 123-148.
  • Inger, R. F. (2003). ''Sampling biodiversity in Bornean frogs.'' The Natural History Journal of Chulalongkorn University, 3(1), 9-15.
  • Inger, R. F. and Bacon, J. P. (1968). ''Annual reproduction and clutch size in rain forest frogs from Sarawak.'' Copeia, 1968, 602-606.
  • Inger, R. F. and Stuebing, R. B. (2005). A Field Guide to the Frogs of Borneo, 2nd edition. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
  • Inger, R. F., Voris, H. K., and Voris, H. H. (1974). ''Genetic variation and population ecology of some Southeast Asian frogs of the genus Bufo and Rana.'' Biochemical Genetics, 12(2), 121-145.
  • Iskandar, D. T. (1998). The Amphibians of Java and Bali. Research and Development Centre for Biology-LIPI, Bogor, Indonesia.
  • Nguyen, V. S., Ho, C. T., and Nguyen, T. Q. (2005). A Checklist of the Amphibians and Reptiles of Vietnam. Nha Xuat Ban Nong Nghiep, Hanoi, Vietnam.

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Janel Marcelino
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Distribution and Habitat ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من AmphibiaWeb articles
This species can be found in primary and old secondary rainforests of Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Myanmar and Borneo, up to 1500 m above sea level (Iskandar, 1998; Inger et al., 1974). It has also been reported to occur in Vietnam, at the border of Gia Lai and Dac Lac provinces to the northwest of Plei Tung Than; in Vietnam it occurs at about 700 m in elevation (Nguyen et al. 2005). It is likely also to occur in intervening Cambodia and Laos, but has not yet been reported from these countries. Bufo asper lives along banks of small to medium-sized streams (3-30 m wide) and large rivers (Inger at al. 1974).
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Life History, Abundance, Activity, and Special Behaviors ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من AmphibiaWeb articles
Bufo asper is nocturnal and partially aquatic, coming out at night and hiding under submerged stones during the day (Iskandar, 1998). It lives along stream banks rather than wandering through the forest, almost always remaining within 2 m of the water's edge (Inger et al. 1974). On Bornean streams, the median home ranges vary from 43-75 m (Inger et al. 1974). Males call to females from widely spaced sites along the stream banks at night, particularly when there is a full moon (Inger 1969; Iskandar 1998). The call has been described as a raspy chirp, which is sometimes repeated (Inger and Stuebing 2005). They do not form choruses (Emerson and Hess 1996). This species appears to reproduce year-round, as both sperm and eggs are produced throughout the year (Inger and Bacon 1968). Ripe ova have a diameter of 1.26 mm (Inger and Bacon 1968). This species lays huge clutches, with an average size of 12,792 eggs per clutch (Inger and Bacon 1968). Bufo asper prefers to lay its eggs in quiet portions of streams, as metamorphosing larvae were found at the edges of side pools of streams in Borneo (Inger et al. 1974). The tadpoles are somewhat flattened, and typically adhere to the bottom of streams with slow to medium currents using their subterminal, cuplike mouths. The lips are enlarged, enabling bottom feeding (Iskandar 1998). Bufo asper adults do not move much on a given day (Inger and Stuebing 2005). However, these toads have been found to show net movement (distance between the point of first and last capture over a given time period) of up to 465 m over a period of 180 days (Inger 2003). It has been hypothesized that this vagility may have allowed Bufo asper to disperse between the continent and Borneo over relatively short periods of sea regression during the Pleistocene (Inger 2003).
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Life History, Abundance, Activity, and Special Behaviors ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من AmphibiaWeb articles
This species is quite resilient. Although B. asper is affected by habitat loss and pollution, it has managed to survive in areas where many other frog species have disappeared, particularly on Sumatra and Java (Iskandar 1998; IUCN 2006). However, populations in Malaysian forest fragments were shown to have a relative lack of genetic diversity (vs. B. parvus and B. melanostictus), which reflects the coincidence of Bufo asper breeding and feeding areas, linear home ranges, and lack of breeding aggregations (Inger et al. 1974).
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Relation to Humans ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من AmphibiaWeb articles
This frog is consumed for food in Sabah and peninsular Malaysia (IUCN 2006).
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Brief Summary ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من EOL authors

Phrynoidis aspera, the giant Asian toad, inhabits primary and old secondary rainforests of Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Myanmar and Borneo up to 1500 m above sea level and in Vietnam at about 700 m in elevation. Although not yet reported from Cambodia and Laos, it is likely also to occur in these countries. Phrynoidis aspera lives along banks of small to medium-sized streams and large rivers. It goes by various other common names including River Toad, Rough Toad, Kodok Buduk Sungal, Kodok Puru Besar.

The giant Asian toad has a large and stout body. Female snout-vent length measures 95-140 mm, and males 70-100 mm. Their rough skin is usually dark brown, gray or black in color and covered with warts or tubercles. The white belly has black spotting. These toads have a broad and blunt head, without bony crests, and have a visible tympanum. Males have blackish coloring on their throats and nuptial pads on the base of the first finger.

Phrynoidis aspera is nocturnal and partially aquatic, coming out at night and hiding under submerged stones during the day.It lives along stream banks rarely straying more than 2 meters (6 feet) from the water's edge.Males call to females from widely spaced sites along the stream banks at night, particularly when there is a full moon. The call is a raspy chirp, sometimes repeated.They do not form choruses.

Adults do not move much on a given day. However, research has found adult toads move distances of up to 465 meters over a period of 180 days.Inger (2003) hypothesizes that slow net movement allowed Phrynoidis aspera to disperse between the continent and Borneo over relatively short periods of sea regression during the Pleistocene.

The giant Asian toad reproduces year-round. Females lay huge clutches, with an average size of 12,792 eggs per clutch, in quiet portions of streams. Ripe ova have a diameter of 1.26 mm. The dark-colored tadpoles reach 12-15 mm before metamorphosis.They are somewhat flattened, with a leaf-shaped tail. Tadpoles typically adhere to the bottom of streams with slow to medium currents using their subterminal, cuplike mouths. Their enlarged lips enable bottom feeding.

Phrynoidis aspera is somewhat resilient to habitat loss and pollution, surviving where other frogs have disappeared in Sumatra and Java.It is listed as “of least concern” by the IUCN.However it occurs in varying abundances in different parts of its range and shows low genetic diversity in fragmented Malaysian forest, especially compared with other Phrynoidis species.

Giant Asian toads have large parotoid glands located behind their eyes.These secrete a toxic, white milk to deter predators when the toads get agitated.Skin toxins from Phrynoidis aspera induce locomotor difficulties, prostration, and convulsions in mice, with partial recovery after 5 hours. The major toxic component in Phrynoidis aspera skin extracts is bufotalin (a bufadienolide), with a lesser component of resibufogenin and minor amounts of other bufadienolides and bufotoxins.

This frog is eaten by people in Sabah and peninsular Malaysia.

(Marcelino and Whittaker 2014; IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group 2014; Inger 2003;)

مراجع

  • Frost, D.R. 2013. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 5.6 (9 January 2013). Electronic Database. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. Available at: http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.html.
  • Inger, R.F., 2003. Sampling biodiversity in Bornean frogs. The Natural History Journal of Chulalongkorn University, 3(1), 9-15.
  • IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group. 2014. Phrynoidis asper. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014: e.T54579A62062983. Downloaded on 06 May 2016 from http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/54579/0
  • Marcelino, J. and K. Whittaker, 29 October 2014. Bufo asper. Amphibia Web: Information on amphibian biology and conservation. [web application]. 2016. Berkeley, California. Retrieved May 6, 2016 from http://amphibiaweb.org/cgi/amphib_query?where-genus=Phrynoidis&where-species=aspera&account=amphibiaweb.
  • Inger, R. F. and Bacon, J. P., 1968. Annual reproduction and clutch size in rain forest frogs from Sarawak. Copeia 1968(3):602-606.

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Marcelino, J. and K. Whittaker, 29 October 2014. Bufo asper. Amphibia Web: Information on amphibian biology and conservation. [web application]. 2016. Berkeley, California. Retrieved May 6, 2016.
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Phrynoidis asper ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من wikipedia EN

The Asian giant toad (Phrynoidis asper), sometimes referred to as the river toad, is a species of true toad native to Mainland Southeast Asia and the Greater Sundas.[2] It is a medium-large toad, but it is easily confused with its larger relative, the giant river toad (P. juxtasper).[3]

Description

Phrynoidis asper is generally a dark grey, green, black or brown in color, and is heavily covered in tubercles. Females can reach up to 14 cm (5.5 in) in snout–to–vent length and males up to 10 cm (3.9 in). They can be commonly found near stream and rivers.[4]

Gallery

References

  1. ^ IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2014). "Phrynoidis asper". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014: e.T54579A62062983. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T54579A62062983.en. Retrieved 25 September 2021.
  2. ^ Frost, Darrel R. (2015). "Phrynoidis asper (Gravenhorst, 1829)". Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 29 September 2015.
  3. ^ Haas, A.; Hertwig, S.T. & Das, I. (2020). "Phrynoidis juxtasper (Giant River Toad)". Frogs of Borneo. Retrieved 26 January 2020.
  4. ^ "Phrynoidis aspera". AmphibiaWeb: Information on amphibian biology and conservation. [web application]. Berkeley, California: AmphibiaWeb. 2014. Retrieved 24 January 2020.
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Phrynoidis asper: Brief Summary ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من wikipedia EN

The Asian giant toad (Phrynoidis asper), sometimes referred to as the river toad, is a species of true toad native to Mainland Southeast Asia and the Greater Sundas. It is a medium-large toad, but it is easily confused with its larger relative, the giant river toad (P. juxtasper).

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Phrynoidis asper ( الإسبانية، القشتالية )

المقدمة من wikipedia ES

El sapo gigante asiático (Phrynoidis asper), algunas veces denominado sapo ribereño es un gran sapo nativo del Sureste asiático de la familia Bufonidae.[1]

Descripción

El sapo gigante asiático es generalmente verde oscuro, negro o marrón y cubierto de tubérculos epidérmicos. Puede llegar a tener un tamaño de 22 cm.

Distribución

Esta especie es endémica del Sureste Asiático, y aparece por debajo de los 1400 msnm:[2]

Referencias

  1. Frost, D.R. «Phrynoidis asper ». Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.1. (en inglés). Nueva York, EEUU: Museo Americano de Historia Natural. Consultado el 5 de mayo de 2015.
  2. https://web.archive.org/web/20100904215722/http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/54579/0/rangemap
  • Gravenhorst, 1829 : Deliciae Musei Zoologici Vratislaviensis (Reptilia Musei Zoologici Vratislaviensis. Recensita et Descripta). Fasciculus Primus, continens Chelonions et Batrachia: I-XIV. Leopold Voss, Leipzig (texto íntegro).

 title=
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Phrynoidis asper: Brief Summary ( الإسبانية، القشتالية )

المقدمة من wikipedia ES

El sapo gigante asiático (Phrynoidis asper), algunas veces denominado sapo ribereño es un gran sapo nativo del Sureste asiático de la familia Bufonidae.​

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Phrynoidis aspera ( الباسكية )

المقدمة من wikipedia EU

Phrynoidis aspera Phrynoidis generoko animalia da. Anfibioen barruko Bufonidae familian sailkatuta dago, Anura ordenan.

Erreferentziak

Ikus, gainera

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Phrynoidis aspera: Brief Summary ( الباسكية )

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Phrynoidis aspera Phrynoidis generoko animalia da. Anfibioen barruko Bufonidae familian sailkatuta dago, Anura ordenan.

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Phrynoidis aspera ( الفرنسية )

المقدمة من wikipedia FR

Phrynoidis aspera est une espèce d'amphibiens de la famille des Bufonidae[1].

Répartition

 src=
Photographies d'amphibiens lors d'un voyage d'étude, région de Tenasserim, Birmanie : A Phrynoidis aspera ; B Limnonectes doriae ; C Microhyla fissipes ; D Odorrana hosii ; E Chalcorana eschatia ; F Fejervarya sp. ; G Occidozyga martensii ; H Sylvirana malayana

Cette espèce se rencontre en dessous de 1 400 m d'altitude[1] :

Sa présence est incertaine au Cambodge et au Laos.

Elle a été introduite dans le Sud-Ouest de Sulawesi.

Description

Les mâles mesurent de 70 à 100 mm et les femelles de 95 à 140 mm[2].

 src=
Phrynoidis aspera faisant le mort face à un danger, île de Java, Indonésie

Écologie

 src=
Phrynoidis aspera

Alimentation

Phrynoidis aspera est principalement myrmécophage avec une prédilection pour les fourmis et dans une moindre mesure pour les termites. Elle intègre également, en proportion beaucoup plus réduite, des coléoptères et des orthoptères à son régime alimentaire[3].

Parasites

Phrynoidis aspera peut être parasitée par différentes espèces d’helminthes[4].

Publication originale

  • Gravenhorst, 1829 : Deliciae Musei Zoologici Vratislaviensis (Reptilia Musei Zoologici Vratislaviensis. Recensita et Descripta). Fasciculus Primus, continens Chelonions et Batrachia: I-XIV. Leopold Voss, Leipzig (texte intégral).

Galerie

Notes et références

  1. a et b Amphibian Species of the World, consulté lors d'une mise à jour du lien externe
  2. AmphibiaWeb. University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA, consulté lors d'une mise à jour du lien externe
  3. Yap, C. H., Nurul, D. A. R., Sofrina, S., Ibrahim, J. 2014. Feeding Habits of River Toad Phrynoidis aspera (Anura : Bufonidae) from Lowland Dipterocarp Forest in Kedah, Malaysia. Pensee Journal, 76(5): 182-188
  4. Rahman, W.A., Shakinah, Z. 2015. Influence of Some Environmental Parameters on Some Frog Populations and their Parasitc Fauna. Journal of Veterinary Science and Technology, 6(3): 1-5
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Phrynoidis aspera: Brief Summary ( الفرنسية )

المقدمة من wikipedia FR

Phrynoidis aspera est une espèce d'amphibiens de la famille des Bufonidae.

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Bangkong sungai ( الإندونيسية )

المقدمة من wikipedia ID

Bangkong sungai adalah nama sejenis kodok dari suku Bufonidae. Nama ilmiahnya adalah Bufo asper Gravenhorst, 1829. Kodok ini juga dikenal dengan nama lain: kodok buduk sungai, kodok puru besar, atau kodok batu. Dalam bahasa Inggris disebut Java toad, river toad atau Malayan giant toad.

Identifikasi

Kodok buduk yang besar, tidak gendut dan agak ramping. Sering dengan bintil-bintil kasar dan benjol-benjol besar (asper, bahasa Latin = kasar, berduri). Jantan berukuran (dari moncong ke anus) 70-100 mm, betina 95-120 mm.

Punggung berwarna coklat tua kusam, keabu-abuan atau kehitaman. Sisi bawah berbintik hitam. Jantan biasanya dengan kulit dagu yang kehitaman. Selaput renang sampai ke ujung jari kaki.

Kebiasaan

Bangkong yang sering ditemui di dekat sungai, di bebatuan sampai ke tebing-tebing di bagian atas. Terkadang didapati pula di ranting semak belukar yang rendah. Aktif di waktu malam (nokturnal), kodok ini di siang hari bersembunyi di balik bebatuan; kadang-kadang berendam berkelompok dalam air yang tersembunyi.

Bufo asper 060615 7469 jbti ed resize.jpg

Tidak seperti bangkong kolong, bangkong sungai dapat melompat jauh dengan kakinya yang relatif panjang. Kodok ini sering berpura-pura mati apabila ditangkap. Bila dipegang dan diletakkan terlentang di atas tempat yang datar dan rata, kodok ini akan tetap tidak bergerak sampai beberapa saat; untuk kemudian tiba-tiba membalikkan badan dan melompat seketika bila situasi dirasanya sudah aman.

Kodok jantan bersuara memanggil betina dari tepi sungai ketika bulan purnama. Bunyi: wok.. kak, berat dan berulang agak lambat.

Penyebaran

Bangkong sungai menyebar mulai dari Indochina di utara hingga ke Sumatra, Kalimantan dan Jawa. Di Jawa tersebar hingga ke Pasuruan dan Malang di Jawa Timur.

Pada masa lalu, kulit bangkong yang dikeringkan kerap digunakan oleh pencuri Melayu. Asap yang dihasilkan dari kulit yang dibakar dipercaya dapat membius penghuni rumah agar tertidur nyenyak, sehingga pencurian dapat berjalan lancar (Taylor, 1962).

Pranala luar

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Bangkong sungai: Brief Summary ( الإندونيسية )

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Bangkong sungai adalah nama sejenis kodok dari suku Bufonidae. Nama ilmiahnya adalah Bufo asper Gravenhorst, 1829. Kodok ini juga dikenal dengan nama lain: kodok buduk sungai, kodok puru besar, atau kodok batu. Dalam bahasa Inggris disebut Java toad, river toad atau Malayan giant toad.

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