Phrynoidis aspera, the giant Asian toad, inhabits primary and old secondary rainforests of Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Myanmar and Borneo up to 1500 m above sea level and in Vietnam at about 700 m in elevation. Although not yet reported from Cambodia and Laos, it is likely also to occur in these countries. Phrynoidis aspera lives along banks of small to medium-sized streams and large rivers. It goes by various other common names including River Toad, Rough Toad, Kodok Buduk Sungal, Kodok Puru Besar.
The giant Asian toad has a large and stout body. Female snout-vent length measures 95-140 mm, and males 70-100 mm. Their rough skin is usually dark brown, gray or black in color and covered with warts or tubercles. The white belly has black spotting. These toads have a broad and blunt head, without bony crests, and have a visible tympanum. Males have blackish coloring on their throats and nuptial pads on the base of the first finger.
Phrynoidis aspera is nocturnal and partially aquatic, coming out at night and hiding under submerged stones during the day.It lives along stream banks rarely straying more than 2 meters (6 feet) from the water's edge.Males call to females from widely spaced sites along the stream banks at night, particularly when there is a full moon. The call is a raspy chirp, sometimes repeated.They do not form choruses.
Adults do not move much on a given day. However, research has found adult toads move distances of up to 465 meters over a period of 180 days.Inger (2003) hypothesizes that slow net movement allowed Phrynoidis aspera to disperse between the continent and Borneo over relatively short periods of sea regression during the Pleistocene.
The giant Asian toad reproduces year-round. Females lay huge clutches, with an average size of 12,792 eggs per clutch, in quiet portions of streams. Ripe ova have a diameter of 1.26 mm. The dark-colored tadpoles reach 12-15 mm before metamorphosis.They are somewhat flattened, with a leaf-shaped tail. Tadpoles typically adhere to the bottom of streams with slow to medium currents using their subterminal, cuplike mouths. Their enlarged lips enable bottom feeding.
Phrynoidis aspera is somewhat resilient to habitat loss and pollution, surviving where other frogs have disappeared in Sumatra and Java.It is listed as “of least concern” by the IUCN.However it occurs in varying abundances in different parts of its range and shows low genetic diversity in fragmented Malaysian forest, especially compared with other Phrynoidis species.
Giant Asian toads have large parotoid glands located behind their eyes.These secrete a toxic, white milk to deter predators when the toads get agitated.Skin toxins from Phrynoidis aspera induce locomotor difficulties, prostration, and convulsions in mice, with partial recovery after 5 hours. The major toxic component in Phrynoidis aspera skin extracts is bufotalin (a bufadienolide), with a lesser component of resibufogenin and minor amounts of other bufadienolides and bufotoxins.
This frog is eaten by people in Sabah and peninsular Malaysia.
(Marcelino and Whittaker 2014; IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group 2014; Inger 2003;)
The Asian giant toad (Phrynoidis asper), sometimes referred to as the river toad, is a species of true toad native to Mainland Southeast Asia and the Greater Sundas.[2] It is a medium-large toad, but it is easily confused with its larger relative, the giant river toad (P. juxtasper).[3]
Phrynoidis asper is generally a dark grey, green, black or brown in color, and is heavily covered in tubercles. Females can reach up to 14 cm (5.5 in) in snout–to–vent length and males up to 10 cm (3.9 in). They can be commonly found near stream and rivers.[4]
The Asian giant toad (Phrynoidis asper), sometimes referred to as the river toad, is a species of true toad native to Mainland Southeast Asia and the Greater Sundas. It is a medium-large toad, but it is easily confused with its larger relative, the giant river toad (P. juxtasper).
El sapo gigante asiático (Phrynoidis asper), algunas veces denominado sapo ribereño es un gran sapo nativo del Sureste asiático de la familia Bufonidae.[1]
El sapo gigante asiático es generalmente verde oscuro, negro o marrón y cubierto de tubérculos epidérmicos. Puede llegar a tener un tamaño de 22 cm.
Esta especie es endémica del Sureste Asiático, y aparece por debajo de los 1400 msnm:[2]
El sapo gigante asiático (Phrynoidis asper), algunas veces denominado sapo ribereño es un gran sapo nativo del Sureste asiático de la familia Bufonidae.
Phrynoidis aspera Phrynoidis generoko animalia da. Anfibioen barruko Bufonidae familian sailkatuta dago, Anura ordenan.
Phrynoidis aspera Phrynoidis generoko animalia da. Anfibioen barruko Bufonidae familian sailkatuta dago, Anura ordenan.
Phrynoidis aspera est une espèce d'amphibiens de la famille des Bufonidae[1].
Cette espèce se rencontre en dessous de 1 400 m d'altitude[1] :
Sa présence est incertaine au Cambodge et au Laos.
Elle a été introduite dans le Sud-Ouest de Sulawesi.
Les mâles mesurent de 70 à 100 mm et les femelles de 95 à 140 mm[2].
Phrynoidis aspera est principalement myrmécophage avec une prédilection pour les fourmis et dans une moindre mesure pour les termites. Elle intègre également, en proportion beaucoup plus réduite, des coléoptères et des orthoptères à son régime alimentaire[3].
Phrynoidis aspera peut être parasitée par différentes espèces d’helminthes[4].
Phrynoidis aspera (Parc national de Taman Negara, Malaisie)
Phrynoidis aspera (Parc national de Taman Negara, Malaisie)
Phrynoidis aspera (Parc national du Gunung Mulu, Malaisie)
Phrynoidis aspera (Parc national de Gunung Leuser, Sumatra, Indonésie)
Phrynoidis aspera est une espèce d'amphibiens de la famille des Bufonidae.
Bangkong sungai adalah nama sejenis kodok dari suku Bufonidae. Nama ilmiahnya adalah Bufo asper Gravenhorst, 1829. Kodok ini juga dikenal dengan nama lain: kodok buduk sungai, kodok puru besar, atau kodok batu. Dalam bahasa Inggris disebut Java toad, river toad atau Malayan giant toad.
Kodok buduk yang besar, tidak gendut dan agak ramping. Sering dengan bintil-bintil kasar dan benjol-benjol besar (asper, bahasa Latin = kasar, berduri). Jantan berukuran (dari moncong ke anus) 70-100 mm, betina 95-120 mm.
Punggung berwarna coklat tua kusam, keabu-abuan atau kehitaman. Sisi bawah berbintik hitam. Jantan biasanya dengan kulit dagu yang kehitaman. Selaput renang sampai ke ujung jari kaki.
Bangkong yang sering ditemui di dekat sungai, di bebatuan sampai ke tebing-tebing di bagian atas. Terkadang didapati pula di ranting semak belukar yang rendah. Aktif di waktu malam (nokturnal), kodok ini di siang hari bersembunyi di balik bebatuan; kadang-kadang berendam berkelompok dalam air yang tersembunyi.
Tidak seperti bangkong kolong, bangkong sungai dapat melompat jauh dengan kakinya yang relatif panjang. Kodok ini sering berpura-pura mati apabila ditangkap. Bila dipegang dan diletakkan terlentang di atas tempat yang datar dan rata, kodok ini akan tetap tidak bergerak sampai beberapa saat; untuk kemudian tiba-tiba membalikkan badan dan melompat seketika bila situasi dirasanya sudah aman.
Kodok jantan bersuara memanggil betina dari tepi sungai ketika bulan purnama. Bunyi: wok.. kak, berat dan berulang agak lambat.
Bangkong sungai menyebar mulai dari Indochina di utara hingga ke Sumatra, Kalimantan dan Jawa. Di Jawa tersebar hingga ke Pasuruan dan Malang di Jawa Timur.
Pada masa lalu, kulit bangkong yang dikeringkan kerap digunakan oleh pencuri Melayu. Asap yang dihasilkan dari kulit yang dibakar dipercaya dapat membius penghuni rumah agar tertidur nyenyak, sehingga pencurian dapat berjalan lancar (Taylor, 1962).
Bangkong sungai adalah nama sejenis kodok dari suku Bufonidae. Nama ilmiahnya adalah Bufo asper Gravenhorst, 1829. Kodok ini juga dikenal dengan nama lain: kodok buduk sungai, kodok puru besar, atau kodok batu. Dalam bahasa Inggris disebut Java toad, river toad atau Malayan giant toad.