Distribution
(
الإسبانية، القشتالية
)
المقدمة من INBio
Distribucion en Costa Rica: Ampliamente distribuido en ambas vertientes. Elevaciones entre 0-1000 m.
Distribucion General: Nativo de México hasta el norte de Argentina y Las Antillas.
- مؤلف
- Nelson Zamora
- محرر
- Mery Ocampo
Morphology
(
الإسبانية، القشتالية
)
المقدمة من INBio
Árbol.
- مؤلف
- Nelson Zamora
- محرر
- Mery Ocampo
Population Biology
(
الإسبانية، القشتالية
)
المقدمة من INBio
En el pacífico seco, esta especie presenta características ecológicas y morfológicas muy diferentes a las que presenta cuando crece en la Vertiente del Atlántico u otras áreas húmedas o muy húmedas de la Vertiente del Pacífico.
- مؤلف
- Nelson Zamora
- محرر
- Mery Ocampo
Diagnostic Description
(
الإسبانية، القشتالية
)
المقدمة من INBio
Árbol de 8 a 30 m de altura. Hojas simples, alternas, de 8 a 18 cm de largo por 3 a 8 cm de ancho, ovado-lanceoladas o elípticas. Inflorescencias panículadas axilares o terminales, de 5 a 15 y hasta 30 cm de largo. Flores blancas tornándose pardo-obscuras, cuando secas. Frutos nueces cilíndricas de 0.5 cm de largo, con la corola persistente con una sola semilla.Presenta ramitas verticiladas con nudos engrosados donde habitan hormigas (formicarios). Además es la única especie del género en el país que tiene una pubescencia con tricomas estrellados más densos por el envés.
- مؤلف
- Nelson Zamora
- محرر
- Mery Ocampo
Benefits
(
الإسبانية، القشتالية
)
المقدمة من INBio
La madera de Laurel tiene buenas propiedades de secado, es relativamente liviana, grano recto, fuerte, durable, fácil de trabajar y altamente resistente al ataque de insectos. Las variaciones del color van desde el amarillo pálido, casi blanco, hasta el pardo oscuro con vetas negras, con una separación notable entre la albura y el duramen. Es una de las especies de mayor demanda en el mercado maderero de Costa Rica. Su uso es muy amplio en carpintería, construcción de muebles, gabinetes, pisos, paneles decorativos, etc. Además se considera como una especie con grandes posibilidades para pulpa de papel. La floración es abundante muy visitadas por abejas, sin embargo no se recomienda como especie melífera por los alcaloides carcenígenos que poseen las flores. Se ha usado medicinalmente en casos de contusiones, catarros, dermatosis, tumores, llagas, como desinflamatorio, estimulante, tónico y en la elaboración de ungüentos. Su propagación artificial no ha tenido mucho éxito, y la mayoría de la madera que hay en el mercado proviene de árboles silvestres.
- مؤلف
- Nelson Zamora
- محرر
- Mery Ocampo
Diagnostic Description
(
الإسبانية، القشتالية
)
المقدمة من INBio
Localidad del tipo: Perú. Huanúco; Pozuzo
Depositario del tipo: B
Recolector del tipo: Ruiz & Pavon (s.n)
- مؤلف
- Nelson Zamora
- محرر
- Mery Ocampo
Habitat
(
الإسبانية، القشتالية
)
المقدمة من INBio
Esta especie habita en una amplísima variedad de condiciones climáticas y edáficas, aunque en general prefiere las elevaciones bajas con climas de secos a muy húmedos, es común observala en potreros.
- مؤلف
- Nelson Zamora
- محرر
- Mery Ocampo
Associated Forest Cover
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Silvics of North America
Laurel is associated with other pioneer species common to
roadsides or gaps in mature forests, gallery forests, or savannas
that are subject to natural or human disturbances. Some of these,
yagrumo hembra or trumpet-tree (Cecropia peltata) and
yagrumo macho or matchwood (Didymopanax morototoni), have
extensive ranges that overlap that of laurel throughout the West
Indies and the tropical Americas. In the Subtropical Dry Forest
of Puerto Rico, laurel grows with almacigo or turpentine-tree
(Bursera simaruba), guayacan or common lignumvitae (Guaiacum
officinale), and the common naturalized exotics, bayahonda or
mesquite (Prosopis pallida) and tamarindo (Tamarindus
indica). In Subtropical Moist Forest it is associated with
roble blanco or white-cedar (Tabebuia heterophylla), cedro
hembra or Spanish-cedar (Cedrela odorata), algar-robo or
West-Indian-locust (Hymenaea courbaril), jaguey blanco or
shortleaf fig (Ficus laevigata), and the common
naturalized exotics, flamboyan or flamboyant-tree (Delonix
regia) and caoba dominicana or small-leaf mahogany (Swietenia
mahagoni). It also grows on disturbed tabonuco forest type
(Dacryodes excelsa), along with yagrumo macho and guano
or balsa (Ochroma pyramidale). Tabonuco is the mature
natural forest remnant of Subtropical Wet Forest (17).
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Climate
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Silvics of North America
Laurel reportedly grows best in Tropical Moist to Tropical Wet
Forest life zones (11,12) where mean annual rainfall ranges from
2000 to 5000 mm (80 to 200 in) and mean annual temperature is 24°
C (75° F). But in Trinidad (21) best growth of laurel was
observed outside rain forests where annual rainfall was between
1270 and 1900 mm (50 to 75 in). The natural distribution of
laurel in Puerto Rico seemed to follow this trend (19). In
Central America and the West Indies, laurel grows in Tropical or
Subtropical Dry Forest life zones; mean annual rainfall is about
750 to 2000 mm (about 30 to 80 in) and mean annual temperature is
from 25° to 27° 0 (77° to 81° F). Growth is
much slower and form is less impressive in the drier areas. In
Puerto Rico laurel grows mainly in coastal Subtropical Moist
Forest or in the Subtropical Wet Forest uplands (17) where mean
annual rainfall ranges from about 1000 mm (40 in) to 3500 mm (138
in) or more. Less frequently in Puerto Rico it occurs in
Subtropical Dry Forest where mean annual precipitation is between
600 and 1000 mm (24 and 40 in).
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Damaging Agents
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Silvics of North America
Rodents and birds destroy much of the
seed in forest clearings or on direct seeded areas where seeds
are not protected or covered (31). Coleoptera of the genus Amblycerus
also damage laurel seeds (12). In the nursery, seedlings have
been infected by a leaf-spot disease in Puerto Rico and by root
cutters (Phyllophaga spp.) in Venezuela (12). The
terminal of outplanted seedlings is very susceptible to damage or
malformation from competing weeds and vines (25).
More than 212 different forms of insects were found on laurel in
Panama. But none of the seedlings or trees affected showed any
signs of serious injury (12). In Puerto Rico laurel foliage has
been heavily attacked by the Spanish elm lacewing bug, Dictyla
montropidia (20). A canker-causing rust, Puccinia
cordiae, attacks laurel in the West Indies and has been
reported in Guatemala (12). Cankers form at the base of young
lateral branches and are sources for usually more serious
secondary infections. Trees planted on wet sites are very
susceptible. In the Solomon Islands, a black fungal or viral
canker (unknown spp.) has caused severe damage to nodes on main
stems (30). There may be some relationship between this disease
and the fact that these island., are continually humid, with no
distinct dry season Mistletoes (Loranthaceae) are also a problem
in some areas (12). At least one grass, Melinis minutiflora,
has had an adverse effect on laurel growth when extracts from
the grass were applied on young seedlings (12). Ant domitia are
common in the swollen nodes of laurel lateral branches. They are
most prominent in Central America and northwestern South America
being almost totally absent from the West Indies Ants usually
cause no damage to laurel plantings.
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Flowering and Fruiting
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Silvics of North America
In Costa Rica, laurel reaches
sexual maturity within 5 to 10 years (12). Some Costa Rican
provenances have flowered at 4 years and produced viable seed at
5 years when planted in Surinam (36).
Flowers are perfect and crowded on a widely branched terminal
panicle 10 to 30 cm (3.9 to 11.8 in) across. The calyx is
cylindrical with 11 prominent ribs. The corolla is white with
persistent oblong lobes, 5 to 7 mm (0.2 to 0.3 in) long and 1.5
to 3.5 mm (0.06 to 0.14 in) wide. There are five white stamens
that are erect and protrude well beyond the exserted style, which
is two-forked, each fork having two broad stigmas (16,30).
Flowers are perfect and crowded on a widely branched terminal
panicle 10 to 30 cm (3.9 to 11.8 in) across. The calyx is
cylindrical with 11 prominent ribs. The corolla is white with
persistent oblong lobes, 5 to 7 mm (0.2 to 0.3 in) long and 1.5
to 3.5 mm (0.06 to 0.14 in) wide. There are five white stamens
that are erect and protrude well beyond the exserted style, which
is two-forked, each fork having two broad stigmas (16,30).
Overall phenology is quite variable across the range, a common
phenomenon for tree species having such extended ranges. Major
flowering in Central America occurs from February through March
(30) and extends through May at least in Costa Rica (24). In the
southern part of the range, as in Surinam, flowering occurs
earlier, from December through January (36). In Puerto Rico there
are no marked wet or dry seasons, and flowering takes place in
almost any season (16). Laurel flowers throughout the year in
Colombia and Ecuador too, but there is altitudinal variation; the
high wet areas flower early in the year, and low dry areas flower
later on, into July and August (23). Pollination is by wind or
Lepidoptera, and perhaps by bees (12). Trees bear masses of
flowers that are quite conspicuous from great distances. If
surveys are synchronized with anticipated flowering times,
regional or local distributions can be determined easily and with
reasonable accuracy (30).
Fruits are cylindrical and ripen within 1 to 2 months after
flowering commences. Nutlets are oblong, one-seeded, about 6 mm
(0.25 in) long. Seeds are wind dispersed, yet they can persist on
the trees a few weeks after ripening. Seedfall is usually quite
variable since laurel flowers throughout the year. In Central
America maximum seedfall is usually in April and May (33).
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Genetics
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Silvics of North America
Considerable confusion still exists as to the taxonomy of laurel.
Great variation in climate, soils, and elevation within its
extensive natural range contribute to large differences in
flowering and fruiting phenology and morphological features such
as flower and leaf size (30). Thus Cordia alliodora has
several botanical synonyms. The most common are Cerdana
alliodora and Cordia gerascanthus. There is some
doubt whether Cordia trichotoma, growing in Brazil and
Argentina, is really a separate species or merely a variety of
C. alliodora (30).
Two distinct races are recognized in Costa Rica and probably exist
throughout the extensive native range which includes wet and dry
habitats (12). Laurel was included in the 1977 FAO Panel of
Experts Report on Forest Genetic Resources Priorities for Mexico,
the Caribbean, and Central and South America (8). The species is
not in danger of disappearing because of its large range, but
there are areas, such as in Colombia, where overcutting may
destroy local populations. For this reason and the fact that the
species exhibits fast growth in plantations and has utility for
various wood products, there is an urgent need for botanical,
genecological, and collecting work.
The most vigorous collection program for provenance testing now
underway is that coordinated by the OFI. Since 1977, 19 native
and 2 exotic collections have been made, within altitudinal
ranges of 50 to 2000 m (160 to 6,600 ft) and precipitation ranges
of 1040 to 4700 mm (41 to 185 in). Most results have been
analyzed for trials only 1 year old. Definite trends are not yet
possible to interpret but the Finca la Pineda, Nicaragua, seed
source has consistently performed well, as have the Finca la
Fortuna and San Francisco sources from the north coast of
Honduras. Sources from Costa Rica have usually given rather poor
nursery results but surviving trees have performed well in the
field (30). A separate collection of 24 Costa Rican plus-trees
did poorly in Puerto Rico from 1976 to 1978 and the test was
closed after 2 years (42). Tree improvement work is also underway
with laurel in Colombia; 31 superior trees were selected in 1978
(35). Seed collection areas have also been designated in Costa
Rica and Colombia (29). As the OFI-coordinated trials develop and
more data are analyzed, interesting trends should become
discernible as to adaptation of laurel provenances to particular
soil, climate, and altitudinal regions.
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Growth and Yield
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Silvics of North America
Mature laurel is a medium to large tree.
Under optimum growing conditions it may reach 30.5 in (100 ft)
and about 100 cm (36 in) in d.b.h. (12). More commonly, it is 20
in (66 ft) high and 46 cm (18 in) in d.b.h. The bole is
cylindrical and erect, with whorled branches appearing in
horizontal layers. There is good natural pruning for 50 to 60
percent of the bole, even in open-grown trees. Buttresses are
small, extending from 0.9 to 3.0 in (3 to 10 ft) upwards from the
ground.
The outer bark is greenish brown on young trees, becoming light
gray or brown and slightly fissured at maturity. Inner bark is
light brown, fibrous, and tasteless. It gives off a slight odor
of garlic, a fact that promoted its scientific name (16).
Although laurel is native to most of tropical America, it is not
yet a major plantation species in the Western or Eastern
Hemispheres. Thus, almost all growth records have been collected
from trees growing in natural forests. In older, mature stands
(more than 80 years), it is common to find only one individual
per 2.0 hectares (4.9 acres). In younger stands (less than 30
years), where tolerant species have not yet had time to outgrow
laurel, clumps of few to 30 or more individuals can be found over
small distances. There are no reports on total longevity.
According to OFI experience with field provenance collections, the
best stands of laurel are located on the Caribbean coast of
Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica. The oldest natural stands of
laurel for which growth data have been collected are found in the
Atlantic lowlands of Costa Rica (12); recorded d.b.h. was 79, 89,
and 91 cm (31, 35, and 36 in) for 40-, 50-, and 60-year-old
trees. Mean annual growth for an average tree at 40 years was
0.19 in' (34 fbm, International 0.25-in Log Scale). A volume
table with upper height and d.b.h. limits of 24 m (79 ft) and 76
cm (30 in) exists for laurel found in second-growth forest in
Alajuela and Heredia Provinces in northern Costa Rica (22).
Laurel intercrops well with agricultural crops (40). In the coffee
region of Chinchina, Colombia, at 1400 in (4,600 ft), in a
planting with 100 to 200 laurel trees per hectare (40 to
80/acre), laurel could produce 49 to 74 m³/ha (700 to 1,057
ft³/acre) per year over a 20-year period (26). When
intercropped with coffee in Costa Rica (41), laurel had a mean
annual increment of 10.8 m³/ha (154 ft³/acre) in a
15-year-old planting.
Table 1- Height and d.b.h. of laurel (Cordia
alliodora) in plantations at Los Diamantes and Turrialba,
Costa Rica
Plantation
location
Age
Total
Height
Diameter
(yr)
(m)
(ft)
(cm)
(in)
La
Isla (5)
29.9
22
72.2
25.1
9.9
Los
Diamantes (12)
24
29.3
96.1
37.8
14.9
Bajo
Chino (slope) (5)
18.4
NA¹
NA
19.6
7.7
Bajo
Chino (flat) (5)
18.4
NA
NA
25.4
10
Bajo
Chino (5)
17
NA
NA
30.7
12.1
Old
Arboretum (12)
13
13.2
43.3
16.6
6.5
Old
Arboretum (12)
13
19.6
64.3
22.2
8.7
Florencia
Norte (5)
12.8
NA
NA
18.6
7.3
Old
Arboretum (12)
10
13.4
44
21
8.3
¹Not
available.
Pure plantations of laurel were established as early as 1922 in
Nigeria (30). Quantitative growth data are available only from
Costa Rica, Puerto Rico, and Surinam. Through age 20 in Costa
Rica (table 1), mean annual height and d.b.h. increments were
slightly better than 1.0 m (3.3 ft) and 15 mm (0.6 in).
Afterwards, growth seemed to decline somewhat. Extrapolating from
7-year data in Surinam, laurel could obtain a minimum outside
bark d.b.h. of about 40 cm. (16 in) in 25 years (36). Projected
d.b.h. growth is 40 to 50 cm (16 to 20 in) at 20 years for
plantation sites in Colombia (29). In Puerto Rico's young
plantations (table 2), height and d.b.h. were better in
Subtropical Moist Forests and Subtropical Wet Forests than in
Subtropical Dry Forests. But height growth on steep slopes was
poorer than height growth on uniform or lower slopes in
Subtropical Wet Forests.
Table 2- Height and d.b.h. of laurel (Cordia
alliodora) on different sites in Pureto Rico
Location
Age
Height
Diameter
Life
zone / Solis / Slope
(yr)
(m)
(ft)
(cm)
(in)
Catalina
nursery
10
17
55.8
11.9
4.7
Subtropical
Wet, Ultisol, gentle
Luquillo
Biosphere Reserve (38)
Tract 105
(19)
6
6.7
22
7.1
2.8
Subtropical
Moist, Inceptisol, steep
Luquillo
Biosphere Reserve
8
7.6
24.9
8.9
3.5
Subtropical
Moist, Ultisol, moderate
Toro Negro
State Forest (19)
8
4.6
15.1
NA¹
NA
Subtropical
Wet, Inceptisol, steep
Carite
State Forest (20)
9
10.7
35.1
12.7
5
Subtropical
Wet, Ultisol, gentle
Guilarte
State Forest (20)
6
3.6
11.8
2.4
0.9
Subtropical
Wet, Ultisol, lower slope
Guánica
State Forest (20)
10
5
16.4
9
3.5
Subtropical
Dry, Alluvium, valley floor
¹Not
Available
Site variation affects laurel growth. In Costa Rica growth was
poor on shallow stony soils and on a steep slope having less
profile development than an adjacent flat area (5). In Surinam,
best diameter growth on sandy soils was on the lower slopes where
lower horizons had accumulated sufficient alluvial clay to retain
soil moisture during long dry periods (36). On heavier textured
soils best growth was also on the lower slopes; texture of the A
horizon was lighter (loamy sand) and internal drainage was better
there than on the ridge tops where drainage was poor because of
plinthite accumulations (36). Observations from Puerto Rico and
elsewhere indicate that growth in plantations slows, perhaps
considerably, before sawtimber size is reached.
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Reaction to Competition
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Silvics of North America
Silvicultural research of laurel
is still in its infancy. Advances are being made as more
countries recognize the value of laurel wood products and the
species' potential for fast growth. Any silvicultural technique
must consider that laurel is classed as an intolerant pioneer
species, demanding lots of light for best growth.
Attempts have been made with limited success to encourage natural
regeneration in Costa Rica by mechanically clearing or poisoning
undesirable species on selected sites (5). Considerable time and
money are needed, however, to keep down weeds or more tolerant
shrubs and trees once natural seeding has been established. Other
artificial regeneration systems are line and enrichment plantings
(12). In line plantings, swaths are cleared through natural
forest and laurel seedlings or stump plants are planted at
specified spacing up and down the lines. Shade from adjacent
forests doesn't seem to reduce growth of C. trichotoma
in Argentina (6).
In Surinam, enrichment plantings have been done in two ways (36).
In the first, commercial natural forest species are removed and
all undesirable plants are poisoned or cut 1 to 2 years before
the anticipated planting date. Laurel seedlings are then planted
in clumps of three, 1 m (3.3 ft) apart so that each seedling is
the apex of an equilateral triangle. Spacing between clumps is 10
by 5 m (33 by 16 ft), or 200 groups per hectare (81/acre). At the
final rotation some 130 to 150 trees per hectare (53 to 61/acre)
remain. Any laurel natural regeneration is left at planting time.
In the second method used in Surinam, all commercial species with
diameters from 20 to 40 cm (8 to 16 in) are left after initial
logging of 12.5/ha (30.9/acre) blocks. Rows 250 m (820 ft) long
spaced 1.5 m (5 ft) apart are then established in an east-west
orientation; planting holes are dug for laurel seedlings at 10 m
(33 ft) intervals along the lines. Weeding of seedlings is done
by machetes or poisoning. The first thinning is done after 3
years, and the best tree in each group is left.
As early as 1945 in Puerto Rico and 1963 in Costa Rica, laurel was
successfully established through the Taungya Method in which tree
seedlings are planted between rows of food crops; when crops are
harvested the tree seedlings are left in place (1). There are
several agroforestry systems under study in Costa Rica now to
determine whether laurel can be grown successfully in
associations with various cultivated crops (5). Some field
observations show that laurel grows better when secondary forest
brush is allowed to form the understory than when grass
predominates, as occurs in repeatedly cleaned plots (12). The
grass may offer greater root competition to laurel trees than the
other secondary shrubs.
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Rooting Habit
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Silvics of North America
No active research on root development is
known. Rooting has been reported as deep and extensive in Fiji
(30) and large and spreading with surface laterals and sometimes
a deep taproot in Puerto Rico (39). In both countries laurel has
suffered little blowdown or stem breakage in the crowns during
cyclonic storms.
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Seed Production and Dissemination
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Silvics of North America
A persistent corolla
acts as a parachute for seed. Individual trees produce 2 to 8 kg
(4.4 to 17.6 lb) of seeds at 42,000 to 100,000 seeds per kg
(19,100 to 45,400 seeds/lb) (30,33,36). Based on provenance
collection work by the Oxford Forestry Institute (OFI) at Oxford
University in the United Kingdom (30), the optimum procedure is
threefold:
Collect fruits when they change color from green to brown
by shaking the entire tree or individual branches so that
seeds or fruits fall onto netting or sheets. Under normal
conditions the shaking and collection process should precede
natural seedfall by 2 to 3 weeks. Only ripe seeds should be
collected; fruits should not be pulled off branches.
Reduce seed moisture content to 10 percent or less by
drying in forced-draft ovens at about 70° C (158°
F). In OFI experience, seeds collected by shaking before
natural seedfall usually have a moisture content of 10
percent or less. Evidence from Costa Rica suggests that sun
drying may be harmful to seeds.
Store seeds at low humidity and temperature near 5° C
(41° F) in screwtop containers. Un-refrigerated seeds
can lose all viability within 5 or 6 months (33). Seeds
collected and processed according to OFI recommendations
have maintained good viability and shown 50 to 70 percent
germination after 3 years in storage. When withdrawn from
refrigeration, seeds should be germinated soon afterwards
(30).
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Seedling Development
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Silvics of North America
Germination is epigeous. Seeds of
laurel (fig. 1) germinate within 5 to 20 days after seedfall if
there is sufficient soil moisture and a good mineral seedbed.
Germination and nursery practices vary among countries currently
planting laurel for research or commercial purposes. Wildling
stock was successful in Puerto Rico in the late 1940's (20).
Planting on mounds and plowing or burning with subsequent
protection of sown seeds has been successful in Costa Rica (31).
In Surinam, seeds are sown directly into plastic bags or young
seedlings are dug up from specially prepared seedbeds located
directly beneath designated seed trees (36). In Colombia, seeds
are directly seeded onto nursery beds. The yield is about 20,000
seedlings per kilogram (9,100/lb) of seed, but only the most
vigorous seedlings are transplanted into plastic bags from
germination trays (29).
Several kinds of soil mixtures have been used for nursery beds or
bagged seedlings. These include clay in Belize; sterilized,
washed riversand in Nepal; well-tilled, fertile subsoil in
Colombia; and a mixture of equal parts of clay, sand, and black
earth in Brazil (30). In Colombia, germination has been poor
using sand/soil mixtures (2). Small-grained vermiculite has been
more successful in Costa Rica than conventional sand or loam
soils (12). There seem to be no particular requirements for
sterilization of soils.
Little consistency appears yet in determining optimum seedling
size for transplanting or outplanting (30). Reported
transplanting criteria for seedlings are 3 cm (1.2 in) tall in
Brazil, 14 days old in Nigeria, 2 months old in Belize, the
four-leaf stage in Ecuador, and the two-full-leaf stage in Fiji.
Outplanting has been done after seedlings spent 10 months in the
nursery in Belize, 5 months in Liberia, 5 to 8 months in Surinam,
and 2 to 6 months in Costa Rica (30). Outplanted seedlings in
Colombia are at least 15 cm (5.9 in) tall, and the recommended
minimum lower stem diameter is 20 mm (0.8 in) (30). Stump
planting, using a lifted seedling trimmed to 10 to 15 cm (4 to 6
in) of roots and 5 to 15 cm (2 to 6 in) of stem, is now probably
the most preferred outplanting technique.
Initial seedling growth after outplanting is usually rapid. Plants
have grown about 2 to 3 m (7 to 10 ft) per year after 3 years in
Surinam (36). Single individuals from Trinidad and Costa Rica
were 7 m (23 ft) and 11 and 17 em (4 and 7 in) in d.b.h. after 3
years (12). A 2-year-old planting in Colombia averaged 1.9 m (6.2
ft) in height and had 86 percent survival (3). After 7 years mean
annual height growth was 2.6 to 2.9 m (8.5 to 9.5 ft) on sands
and 2.0 to 2.2 m (6.6 to 7.2 ft) on heavier textured soils in
Surinam (36).
Fertilizers have been unsuccessful in improving juvenile height or
diameter growth (12). In one trial, several combinations of
nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium did not affect either height
or diameter growth of laurel in Costa Rica. In another trial,
growth of laurel seedlings 1 year after outplanting was not
significantly different between unfertilized and fertilized plots
of laurel alone or between fertilized and unfertilized plots with
laurel planted with maize (5).
At least two laboratory observations have shown that light and
temperature affect seedling growth (12), the best regime being a
long (14.5 hr) day and high constant temperature, 30° C (86°
F). Height growth occurs in periodic flushes during the growing
season; when branches are elongating, terminal growth is slow.
Cambial activity begins as the terminal initiates flushing. In
Costa Rica, growth rings are almost always annual (32). However,
boundaries between summer and early wood are not always distinct
or abrupt so that several disks from different bole levels are
usually needed to detect all growth rings.
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Soils and Topography
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Silvics of North America
The altitudinal range of laurel is broad, from almost sea level in
several countries, including Puerto Rico, up to 2000 in (6,560
ft) in the Colombian highlands. More commonly, it grows below 500
m (1,640 ft). Laurel grows best on well-drained, medium-textured
soils and does not tolerate either poor internal drainage or
water-logging. But it is not exacting in nutrient requirements,
adapting well to degraded and abandoned areas once used for row
crops, pasture, or shifting cultivation. Topography suited to
laurel ranges from flat coastal lowlands, having deep infertile
sands and little organic matter (Entisols or Oxisols), as in
Surinam (36), to very dissected mountainous uplands, with deep,
fertile volcanic soils high in organic matter
(Andepts-Inceptisols), as in Colombia and Costa Rica (29). In
Puerto Rico, laurel grows on shallow soils of the moist volcanic
uplands (Inceptisols), on deep-red clay soils of the moist to wet
volcanic uplands (Ultisols), and on shallow soils over limestone
(Alfisols).
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Special Uses
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Silvics of North America
Throughout its range, laurel is also used as a shade tree in
coffee and cacao plantations as well as in pastures. Humans eat
fruits in some places and both seeds and leaves are used for home
medicinal purposes (15). Laurel is suitable for ornamental use in
urban residential areas and has been tried for use in honey
production because of its copious flowering (16). In Brazil it
Yielded 266 liters (70 gal) of ethanol per ton of dry material;
this compares well with a yield of 325 liters (86 gal) per ton
produced by Protium spp., the best of 25 species tested
(28).
Laurel is still to be evaluated fully for pulping; physical and
mechanical properties of sawn and roundwood are quite good.
General strength properties are good and similar to those of
mahogany (4,9,34). Specific gravity ranges from 0.44 to 0.52
(10). Freshly felled material seasons rapidly with only slight
warping and checking; volumetric shrinkage is around 9 percent.
Wood is easy to work, finishes smoothly, and glues readily (18).
Heartwood is not receptive to preservative treatments but has
some resistance to fungi, termites, and marine borers (4). Degree
of resistance appears to be related to coloring of the heartwood,
darker colored wood being more resistant than lighter colored
heartwood. Heartwood coloring is also used to distinguish between
laurel blanco (light) and laurel negro (dark) wood in Central
America (27). The former is associated with the soft-wooded Cordias,
like C. alliodora; the latter is associated
with the harder, heavier density (specific gravity 0.63 to 0.84)
Cordias like C. gerascanthus (4). Variations in
heartwood coloring within any of two major groups could be caused
by local site properties as well as by age (27).
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Vegetative Reproduction
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Silvics of North America
Coppicing and epicormic branching
on injured young trees have been reported in Costa Rica (12).
Sprouting was seer from lateral roots in Trinidad (21). But
research in this particular area seems nonexistent except for us
of stem and branch sets in laurel tree improvement work in
Colombia (14,35).
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Brief Summary
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Silvics of North America
Boraginaceae -- Borage family
L. H. Liegel and J. W. Stead
Laurel (Cordia alliodora) is a tropical hardwood that
grows from Mexico to Argentina. It is also known as capá
prieto. The species frequently serves as shade for coffee trees
and farm animals. The wood is easy to work and the dark colored
heartwood is a favorite of woodworkers for fine carpentry.
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Distribution
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Silvics of North America
Laurel is the most widely distributed species of Cordia, a
genus including some 200 species ranging from shrubs to large
trees. The geographic range is quite extensive, from latitude 25°
N. to 25° S., or roughly from the State of Sinaloa in Mexico
to Misiones in Argentina (30). The range also includes most of
the West Indies (16). Laurel is thought to have been introduced
to Jamaica (13) and was first planted in Surinam as an exotic
plantation species in 1967 (36). It has also been planted as an
ornamental in Florida (16). Local distribution maps are not
generally available, except for Mexico (7), Colombia (37), and
Puerto Rico (16) where ranges are given for both geographical and
political regions. In Puerto Rico laurel grows in more than half
of the municipalities, in 8 of 13 State Forests, and in the
Luquillo Experimental Forest Biosphere Reserve.
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Cordia alliodora
(
الأستورية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia AST
Cordia alliodora ye una especie botánica de planta con flor de la familia de les Boraginaceae
Descripción
Ye un árbol de 8 a 30 m d'altor. Fueyes simples, alternes, de 8 a 18 cm de llongura por 3 a 8 cm d'anchu, ováu-llanceolaes o elíptiques. Inflorescencies panículadas axilares o terminales, de 5 a 15 y hasta 30 cm de llargu. Flores blanques tornándose pardu-fosques, cuando seques. Fruto nueces cilíndriques de 5 mm de llargu, cola corola persistente con una sola grana.
Presenta ramines verticilaes con nuedos engrosaos onde habiten formigues (formicarios). Amás ye la única especie del xéneru nel país que tien una pubescencia con tricomas estrellaos más trupos pol viesu.
Propiedaes
En Michoacán y Quintana Roo a esta especie úsase-y nel tratamientu d'enfermedaes de los pulmones.
Les fueyes son la parte de la planta más emplegada. En Michoacán el so cocimientu usar pa curar enfermedaes pulmonares. En Oaxaca úsense calecíes y puestes como emplastu nes rodíes en casu de tindayo. El so cocción alministrar por vía oral como antipalúdico y pal llatíu. Tostaes y molíes, aplicar de forma esterna como antisépticu. En Yucatán tómase'l miel dos o tres veces per selmana, pa los nervios. Anque tamién s'usa la planta como cicatrizante de feríes (Yucatán). En Quintana Roo úsense les granes molíes pa les afecciones cutanees. En Guerrero pal embelicu salíu, facer col látex dos o tres curaciones.[1]
- Hestoria
Nel sieglu XVI, Francisco Hernández de Toledo rellata: el polvu sollivia les úlceras apodrellaes y aprovecha extraordinariamente a los enfermos de tos.
Nel sieglu XX, Maximino Martínez reporta los usos siguientes: estimulante y p'enfermedaes del sistema respiratoriu.
- Química
Nel duramen del tarmu de Cordia alliodora, detectáronse los componentes quinoideos cordiaacromos A, B y C; policíclicos alioquinol C, cordiaaquinol C y cordiol A; bencenoides aliodorol y cordallinol; el monoterpeno aliodorín, y el componente heterocíclico d'osíxenu cordiacromeno A. De les fueyes aislláronse dellos derivaos oxo-hidroxilaos del ácidu oleanenoico.[1]
Taxonomía
Cordia alliodora describióse por (Ruiz & Pav.) Oken y espublizóse en Allgemeine Naturgeschichte 3(2): 1098. 1841[2]
- Etimoloxía
Cordia: nome xenéricu dau n'honor del botánicu alemán Valerius Cordus (1515-1544).[3]
alliodora: epítetu llatín que significa "con golor a ayu"[4]
- Sinonimia
-
Cerdana alliodora Ruiz & Pav.
-
Cordia alliodora (Ruiz & Pav.) Cham. ex A.DC.
-
Cordia andina Chodat
-
Cordia gerascanthus Jacq.
-
Lithocardium alliodorum Kuntze
-
Cerdana cujabensis Xibla Mansu ex A.DC.
-
Cordia cerdana Roem. & Schult.
-
Cordia cujabensis Xibla Mansu & Lhotsky ex Cham.
-
Cordia goudotii Chodat
-
Cordia velutina Mart.
-
Gerascanthus alliodorus (Ruiz & Pav.) M.Kuhlm. & Mattos
-
Gerascanthus cujabensis (Xibla Mansu & Lhotzky ex Cham.) Borhidi
-
Gerascanthus velutinus Fresen.
-
Lithocardium cujabense Kuntze[5]
- Español:Lloréu blancu, pardillo (VE), alatrique, capá, lloréu blancu, lloréu negru, folio ayu (Bolivia y Perú), canalete, (Colombia),[6] urua,
- Francés: cypre, bois de Chypre, pardillo
- Portugués: louro-amarelo, falsu-louro, freijó-branco, louro-alho, louro-branco, louro-negru, uruá, uruazeiro.[7]
Ver tamién
Referencies
Bibliografía
- Alverson, W.S., D.K. Moskovits & J.S. Shopland 2000. Bolivia: Pando, Ríu Tahauamanú. Rapid Biol. Inv. 1: 1–79.
- Arrázola, S., W. Ferreira, M. Mercáu & N. de la Barra 2000. Caracterización de les unidaes ambientales y evaluación de la degradación de la vexetación na zona petrolera de Carrasco–Cochabamba, Bolivia. Revista Boliviana Ecol. Cons. Amb. 7: 93–114.
- Balick, M. J., M. H. Nee & D. Y. Atha 2000. Checklist of the vascular plants of Belize. Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 85: i–ix, 1-246.
- Brako, L. & J. L. Zarucchi 1993. Catalogue of the Flowering Plants and Gymnosperms of Peru. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 45: i–xl, 1–1286.
- Breedlove, D. Y. 1986. Flora de Chiapas. Llistaos Floríst. Méxicu 4: i–v, 1–246.
- Correa A., M. D., C. Galdames & M. S. de Stapf 2004. Catálogu de les Plantes Vasculares de Panamá. Cat. Pl. Vasc. Panamá 1.
- Cowan, C. P. 1983. Flora de Tabasco. Llistaos Floríst. Méxicu 1: 1–123.
- Gibson, D. N. 1970. Boraginaceae. In Standley, P. C. & L. O. Williams (eds.), Flora of Guatemala - Part IX, Numbers 1 and 2. Fieldiana, Bot. 24(9/1–2): 111–167.
- Hokche, O., P.Y. Berry & O. Huber 2008. Nuev. Cat. Fl. Vas. Venezuela 1–860.
- Ibarra-Manriquez, Guillermo & S. Sinaca Colin 1995. Llista floristica comentada de la Estación de Biologia Tropical "Los Tuxtlas", Veracruz, Mexico.. Revista Biol. Trop. 43(1–3): 75–115.
- Jardim, A., T. J. Killeen & A. Fuentes 2003. Guia Árb. Arb. Bosq. Secu Chiquitano i–x, 1–324.
- Jørgensen, P. M. & S. Lleón-Yánez 1999. Catalogue of the vascular plants of Ecuador. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 75: iviii,.
- Killeen, T. J. & T. S. Schulenberg 1998. A biological assessment of Parque Nacional Noel Kempff Mercáu, Bolivia. RAP Working Papers 10: 1–372.
- Killeen, T. J., Y. García Estigarribia & S. G. Beck (eds.) 1993. Guia Arb. Bolivia 1–958.
- Reference article Llinares, J. L. 2003 [2005]. Llistáu comentáu de los árboles nativu y cultivar na república d'El Salvador. Ceiba 44(2): 105–268.
- Macbride, J. F. 1960. Boraginaceae, Flora of Peru. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 13(5/2): 539–609.
- Martínez, Y., M. Sousa S. & C. H. Ramos Álvarez 2001. Rexón de Calakmul, Campeche. Llistaos Floríst. Méxicu 22: 1–55.
- Miller, J. S. 1988. A revised treatment of Boraginaceae for Panama. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 75(2): 456–521. View in BotanicusView in Biodiversity Heritage Library
- Molina R., A. 1975. Enumeración de les plantes d'Hondures. Ceiba 19(1): 1–118.
- Parker, T. & B. Bailey 1991. A biological assessment of the Alto Madidi region and adjacent areas of Northwest Bolivia. RAP Working Papers 1: 1–108.
- Peréz, A., M. S. S., A. M. Hanan, F. Chiang & P. Tenorio 2005. Vexetación terrestre. Biodiver. Tabasco 65–110.
- Reference article Reyes-García, A. & M. Sousa S. 1997. Depresión central de Chiapas. La Selva baxa caducifolia. Llistaos Floríst. Méxicu 17: 1–41.
- Schulenberg, T. S. & K. Awbrey 1997. A rapid assessment of the humid forests of South Central Chusquisaca, Bolivia. RAP Working Papers 8: 1–84.
- Serrano, M. & J. Terán 2000. Identific. Esp. Veg. Chuquisaca 1–129.
- Sousa S., M. & Y. F. Cabrera C. 1983. Flora de Quintana Roo. Llistaos Floríst. Méxicu 2: 1–100.
- Stevens, W. D., C. Ulloa O., A. Pool & O. M. Montiel 2001. Flora de Nicaragua. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 85: i–xlii, 1–2666.
- Steyermark, J. et al. 1995. Flora of the Venezuelan Guayana Project.
- Vásquez M., R. 1997. Flórula de les Reserves Biolóxiques de Iquitos, Perú: Allpahuayo-Mishana, Explornapo Camp, Explorama Lodge. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 63: i-xii, 1–1046.
Enllaces esternos
Esta páxina forma parte del wikiproyeutu Botánica, un esfuerciu collaborativu col fin d'ameyorar y organizar tolos conteníos rellacionaos con esti tema. Visita la páxina d'alderique del proyeutu pa collaborar y facer entrugues o suxerencies.
Cordia alliodora: Brief Summary
(
الأستورية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia AST
Ahus k'aspi
(
كتشوا
)
المقدمة من wikipedia emerging languages
Ahus k'aspi (Ajos kaspi), Ahus qiru (Ajos kiru),[2] Misunsal[3] icha Arañakaspi[4] (Cordia alliodora) nisqaqa huk rikch'aq sach'am, Amarumayu sach'a-sach'a suyupi wiñaq.
Pukyukuna
-
↑ Cordia alliodora (Ruiz & Pav.) Oken. Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture (2005-11-08) (p'unchaw: 2010-03-10 )
-
↑ Medicinal Plants and Animals in the Peruvian Amazon – bluemorphotours.com – Ajos kiro, Ajos caspi: Cordia alliodora.
-
↑ Markus Dörfle: Árboles de bosque secundario en la comunidad de Challhua Yacu en la vía Hollín - Loreto. Proyecto Gran Sumaco (Ecuador), Challwa Yaku 2002. p. 32. Misunal: Cordia alliodora.
-
↑ Jorge Grijalva Olmedo, Fausto Jara Suárez, Venus Arévalo V., Aníbal Cerda, Francisco Guerra: Iniciativa comunitaria para la conservacion y manejo sostenible del bosque de comunidades kichwas en la subcuenca de los ríos Napo‐Wambuino y Puni‐Arajuno (versión preliminar). Programa Nacional de Forestería, Proyecto FLOAGRI “Gestión participativa de recursos agrícolas y forestales por las poblaciones rurales de la Amazonía”. Instituto Nacional Autónomo de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIAP), Estación Experimental Santa Catalina, Quito 2008. p. 15. Arañacaspi: Cordia alliodora.
Hawa t'inkikuna
Ahus k'aspi: Brief Summary
(
كتشوا
)
المقدمة من wikipedia emerging languages
Ahus k'aspi (Ajos kaspi), Ahus qiru (Ajos kiru), Misunsal icha Arañakaspi (Cordia alliodora) nisqaqa huk rikch'aq sach'am, Amarumayu sach'a-sach'a suyupi wiñaq.
Kotia
(
لغة التونجية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia emerging languages
Ko e kotia (hingoa mei he lea fakalatina) ko e fuʻu ʻakau lahi ia, sai maʻa e tufunga. Naʻe ʻomi ki Tongá ni (ʻoku lahi ʻi ʻEua) taʻefuoloa mei ʻAmelika tonga, kā ʻoku tupu he taimí ni tatau ko e vao.
Hingoa ʻi he ngaahi lea kehe
Tataku
Ko e kupu ʻeni ko e potuʻi ia (stub). ʻIo, ko koe, kātaki tokoni mai ʻi hono .
Kotia: Brief Summary
(
لغة التونجية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia emerging languages
Ko e kotia (hingoa mei he lea fakalatina) ko e fuʻu ʻakau lahi ia, sai maʻa e tufunga. Naʻe ʻomi ki Tongá ni (ʻoku lahi ʻi ʻEua) taʻefuoloa mei ʻAmelika tonga, kā ʻoku tupu he taimí ni tatau ko e vao.
Solanum mucronatum
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia EN
Solanum mucronatum: Brief Summary
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia EN
"Solanum mucronatum" (sometimes called "pepino", which usually refers to S. muricatum) is a flowering plant species in the nightshade family (Solanaceae). It probably belongs to those species formerly in Solanum but nowadays placed in Lycianthes, though its exact identity and name remain undetermined.
It is an annual shrub that is sometimes grown as an ornamental plant. It is also endangered due to habitat loss.
Cordia alliodora
(
الإسبانية، القشتالية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia ES
Cordia alliodora es una especie de planta con flor de la familia de las Boraginaceae
Descripción
Es un árbol de 8 a 30 m de altura. Hojas simples, alternas, de 8 a 18 cm de largo por 3 a 8 cm de ancho, ovado-lanceoladas o elípticas. Inflorescencias panículadas axilares o terminales, de 5 a 15 y hasta 30 cm de largo. Flores blancas tornándose pardo-obscuras, cuando secas. Frutos nueces cilíndricas de 5 mm de largo, con la corola persistente con una sola semilla.
Presenta ramitas verticiladas con nudos engrosados donde habitan hormigas (formicarios). Además es la única especie del género en el país que tiene una pubescencia con tricomas estrellados más densos por el envés.
Propiedades
En Michoacán y Quintana Roo a esta especie se le usa en el tratamiento de enfermedades de los pulmones.
Las hojas son la parte de la planta más empleada. En Michoacán su cocimiento se usa para curar enfermedades pulmonares. En Oaxaca se usan calentadas y puestas como emplasto en las rodillas en caso de tindayo. Su cocción se administra por vía oral como antipalúdico y para el latido. Tostadas y molidas, se aplican de forma externa como antiséptico. En Yucatán se toma la miel dos o tres veces por semana, para los nervios. Aunque también se usa la planta como cicatrizante de heridas (Yucatán). En Quintana Roo se usan las semillas molidas para las afecciones cutáneas. En Guerrero para el ombligo salido, se hacen con el látex dos o tres curaciones.[1]
- Historia
En el siglo XVI, Francisco Hernández de Toledo relata: el polvo alivia las úlceras pútridas y aprovecha extraordinariamente a los enfermos de tos.
En el siglo XX, Maximino Martínez reporta los usos siguientes: estimulante y para enfermedades del sistema respiratorio.
- Química
En el duramen del tallo de Cordia alliodora, se han detectado los componentes quinoideos cordiaacromos A, B y C; policíclicos alioquinol C, cordiaaquinol C y cordiol A; bencenoides aliodorol y cordallinol; el monoterpeno aliodorín, y el componente heterocíclico de oxígeno cordiacromeno A. De las hojas se han aislado varios derivados oxo-hidroxilados del ácido oleanenoico.[1]
Taxonomía
Cordia alliodora fue descrita por (Ruiz & Pav.) Oken y publicado en Allgemeine Naturgeschichte 3(2): 1098. 1841[2]
- Etimología
Cordia: nombre genérico otorgado en honor del botánico alemán Valerius Cordus (1515-1544).[3]
alliodora: epíteto latino que significa "con olor a ajo"[4]
- Sinonimia
-
Cerdana alliodora Ruiz & Pav.
-
Cordia alliodora (Ruiz & Pav.) Cham. ex A.DC.
-
Cordia andina Chodat
-
Cordia gerascanthus Jacq.
-
Lithocardium alliodorum Kuntze
-
Cerdana cujabensis Silva Manso ex A.DC.
-
Cordia cerdana Roem. & Schult.
-
Cordia cujabensis Silva Manso & Lhotsky ex Cham.
-
Cordia goudotii Chodat
-
Cordia velutina Mart.
-
Gerascanthus alliodorus (Ruiz & Pav.) M.Kuhlm. & Mattos
-
Gerascanthus cujabensis (Silva Manso & Lhotzky ex Cham.) Borhidi
-
Gerascanthus velutinus Fresen.
-
Lithocardium cujabense Kuntze[5]
Nombres comunes
- Español:Laurel blanco, capá prieto (Puerto Rico), pardillo (VE), alatrique, capá, laurel blanco, laurel negro, ajo ajo (Bolivia y Perú), canalete, (Colombia),[6] urua,(México) xochicauil, rosadillo
- Francés: cypre, bois de Chypre, pardillo
- Portugués: louro-amarelo, falso-louro, freijó-branco, louro-alho, louro-branco, louro-negro, uruá, uruazeiro.[7]
Referencias
- ترخيص
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- حقوق النشر
- Autores y editores de Wikipedia
Cordia alliodora: Brief Summary
(
الإسبانية، القشتالية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia ES
Cordia alliodora es una especie de planta con flor de la familia de las Boraginaceae
- ترخيص
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- حقوق النشر
- Autores y editores de Wikipedia
Cordia alliodora
(
الفرنسية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia FR
Cordia alliodora est une espèce d'arbre pouvant atteindre une hauteur de 35 mètres en Amérique Centrale et dépasser 50 mètres en Guyane, appartenant à la famille des Boraginacées (famille de la bourrache) et d'origine néotropicale[1] (du Sud du Mexique au Nord de l'Argentine[3]).
Appelé cèdre Sam en Guyane[4], ou encore Spanish Elm, Ecuador Laurel[5], cypre[1], salmwood[1] dans le monde anglophone, c'est un des différents Cordia arborescents appelés bocote dans le monde hispanophone et son bois est communément appelé freijo ou jennywood (tout comme celui de Cordia goeldiana).
Utilisations
Le bois de Cordia alliodora est apprécié pour la fabrication du pont des bateaux, en lutherie (guitare, basse...) et remplace parfois le mahogany ou le teck.
Cet arbre à croissance rapide et produisant un bois de qualité, a été identifié comme une espèce potentiellement intéressante pour la plantation de bois d’œuvre en Guyane[4] où elle est autochtone (une petite population est en effet connue dans la région de Saül)[6].
Aspects environnementaux
En dehors de son aire d'origine, Cordia alliodora a été identifié comme une espèce invasive problématique (Tonga, Vanuatu)[7],[8].
Par exemple, dans le milieu des années 1970, au Vanuatu, un programme de plantation forestière axé sur cette espèce a conduit à terme à une perturbation des écosystèmes et des communautés autochtones. L'espèce a été décrite comme une grave nuisance environnementale, car elle prend la place des espèces indigènes dans les forêts naturelles en s'y multipliant à un rythme plus rapide que la récolte. Il est par ailleurs devenu hôte d'une pourriture de la racine liée à Phellinus noxius[9].
Notes et références
-
↑ a b c et d (en) « Cordia alliodora (Ruiz & Pav.) Oken », Germplasm Resources Information Network, United States Department of Agriculture, 8 novembre 2005 (consulté le 10 mars 2010)
-
↑ http://tropicos.org/Name/4001123?tab=synonyms
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↑ (en) P. D. Rymer, C .W. Dick, G. G. Vendramin, A. Buonamici et D. Boshier, « Recent phylogeographic structure in a widespread ‘weedy’Neotropical tree species, Cordia alliodora (Boraginaceae). », Journal of Biogeography, vol. 40(4), 2013, p. 693-706 (lire en ligne).
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↑ a et b Julie Bossu, Potentiel de Bagassa guianensis et Cordia alliodora pour la plantation en zone tropicale : Description d'une stratégie de croissance optimale alliant vitesse de croissance et qualité du bois., Université des Antilles-Guyane, 2015 (lire en ligne)
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↑ (en) D.J. Mabberley, The plant book: A portable dictionary of the vascular plants, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1997
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↑ « Le Cèdre Sam (Cordia alliodora), une espèce méconnue des guyanais ! », sur Parc amazonien de Guyane, 2013 (consulté le 1er janvier 2017).
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↑ (en) Ezekiel Edward, Pantaleo K. T. Munishi et Philip E. Hulme, « Relative Roles of Disturbance and Propagule Pressure on the Invasion of Humid Tropical Forest by Cordia alliodora(Boraginaceae) in Tanzania », Biotropica, vol. 41, no 2, 2009, p. 171–178 (ISSN , DOI )
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↑ (en) CABI, « Cordia alliodora (Ecuador laurel) », Invasive Species Compendium - Datasheets, maps, images, abstracts and full text on invasive species of the world (consulté le 5 mars 2017)
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↑ Country report on the forestry invasive species situation in Vanuatu. Proceedings of the Asia-Pacific Forest Invasive Species Conference. Kunming, Yunnan Province, China 17–23 août 2003. http://www.fao.org/docrep/008/ae944e/ae944e0a.htm
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Cordia alliodora: Brief Summary
(
الفرنسية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia FR
Cordia alliodora est une espèce d'arbre pouvant atteindre une hauteur de 35 mètres en Amérique Centrale et dépasser 50 mètres en Guyane, appartenant à la famille des Boraginacées (famille de la bourrache) et d'origine néotropicale (du Sud du Mexique au Nord de l'Argentine).
Appelé cèdre Sam en Guyane, ou encore Spanish Elm, Ecuador Laurel, cypre, salmwood dans le monde anglophone, c'est un des différents Cordia arborescents appelés bocote dans le monde hispanophone et son bois est communément appelé freijo ou jennywood (tout comme celui de Cordia goeldiana).
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Knoflookboom
(
البلجيكية الهولندية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia NL
De knoflookboom (Cordia alliodora) is een neotropische boom in de ruwbladigenfamilie (Boraginaceae). De naam heeft de boom te danken aan de geur van het hout en de bast, arbol de ajo. Spaanse namen voor de boom zijn: ajo ajo, alatrique, canalete, capá, laurel blanco en laurel negro. In het Engels heet de boom laurel, Ecuador laurel, cypre, salmwood en Spanish elm.
De boom wordt vaak gebruikt als schaduwboom in koffieplantages en voor constructie- en timmerhout. Het hout is makkelijk te bewerken en wordt zowel buitenshuis als binnenshuis gebruikt voor algemeen timmerwerk, meubels, spoorwegen, bruggen, fineer, boten en is zeer goed geschikt voor de productie van papier.
De boom wordt tot 30 m hoog, maar minder in veel van het groeigebied, en heeft een cilindervormige kroon met etages van horizontale takken. De bast van jonge bomen is groenachtig bruin en wordt bij het ouder worden van de boom lichtgrijs of bruin en is licht gegroefd bij een volwassen boom.
De boom bloeit met witte bloemen in 10 tot 30 cm brede pluimen.
In andere talen
- Duits: Dominika-Rosenholz
- Engels: Laurel
- Frans: Le bois de rose, Bois de Chypre, Cypre
Externe links
Knoflookboom: Brief Summary
(
البلجيكية الهولندية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia NL
De knoflookboom (Cordia alliodora) is een neotropische boom in de ruwbladigenfamilie (Boraginaceae). De naam heeft de boom te danken aan de geur van het hout en de bast, arbol de ajo. Spaanse namen voor de boom zijn: ajo ajo, alatrique, canalete, capá, laurel blanco en laurel negro. In het Engels heet de boom laurel, Ecuador laurel, cypre, salmwood en Spanish elm.
De boom wordt vaak gebruikt als schaduwboom in koffieplantages en voor constructie- en timmerhout. Het hout is makkelijk te bewerken en wordt zowel buitenshuis als binnenshuis gebruikt voor algemeen timmerwerk, meubels, spoorwegen, bruggen, fineer, boten en is zeer goed geschikt voor de productie van papier.
De boom wordt tot 30 m hoog, maar minder in veel van het groeigebied, en heeft een cilindervormige kroon met etages van horizontale takken. De bast van jonge bomen is groenachtig bruin en wordt bij het ouder worden van de boom lichtgrijs of bruin en is licht gegroefd bij een volwassen boom.
De boom bloeit met witte bloemen in 10 tot 30 cm brede pluimen.
Louro-amarelo
(
البرتغالية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia PT
O louro-amarelo (Cordia alliodora) é uma árvore neotropical. Abrange duas variedades: Cordia alliodora var. glabra A. DC. 1845 e Cordia alliodora var. tomentosa A. DC. 1845.
Ocorrência
Do México até a Argentina.
No Brasil, é encontrada na Amazônia e na floresta semidecídua.
Fontes
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Louro-amarelo: Brief Summary
(
البرتغالية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia PT
O louro-amarelo (Cordia alliodora) é uma árvore neotropical. Abrange duas variedades: Cordia alliodora var. glabra A. DC. 1845 e Cordia alliodora var. tomentosa A. DC. 1845.
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Cordia alliodora
(
الفيتنامية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia VI
Cordia alliodora là loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Mồ hôi. Loài này được (Ruiz & Pav.) Oken mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1841.[1]
Chú thích
Liên kết ngoài
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Cordia alliodora: Brief Summary
(
الفيتنامية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia VI
Cordia alliodora là loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Mồ hôi. Loài này được (Ruiz & Pav.) Oken mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1841.
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.
Commons nisqaqa multimidya kapuyninkunayuqmi kay hawa: Ahus k'aspi.
Wikispecies nisqaqa qillqasqa p'anqayuqmi kay hawa: Ahus k'aspi
Datos: Q3303753
Multimedia:
Bài viết liên quan đến họ Mồ hôi (Boraginaceae) này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn. 