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غير معنونة ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Animal Diversity Web

This species was formerly known as Elaphe guttata. Recent phylogenetic studies have suggested that the name Pantherophis guttatus should be applied to this species, New World rat snakes appear to be more closely related to species of the tribe Lampropeltini (which includes kingsnakes) rather than Old World rat snakes (for which the generic name Elaphe still applies).

ترخيص
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حقوق النشر
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Hogrefe, S. 2012. "Pantherophis guttatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Pantherophis_guttatus.html
مؤلف
Sarah Hogrefe, Radford University
محرر
Karen Francl, Radford University
محرر
Kiersten Newtoff, Radford University
محرر
Melissa Whistleman, Radford University
محرر
Jeremy Wright, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
Animal Diversity Web

Behavior ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Animal Diversity Web

Corn snakes have rather poor eyesight and depend mainly on olfaction to perceive their environment. Like other snakes, their tongues, in conjunction with the Jacobson's organ in the roof of the mouth, detect scent molecules in the surrounding environment. In addition to the presence of these scents, corn snakes can also determine the direction from which the molecules were released. Corn snakes can also feel ground vibrations throughout their body, which are used to locate small or otherwise hidden prey or predators. Although they have no external ears, snakes have well-developed, functioning inner ears. When sound waves contact a snake's skin, the vibration is conducted through the bones of the jaw to the cochlea. Each of the jaws functions independent of the other in this respect, effectively allowing stereo hearing and directional sound location.

Corn snakes communicate in the same ways as most other species of snake. During the mating season, males give off pheromones that are detected by females. Communication is rare outside of mating season, as they are solitary animals.

Communication Channels: tactile ; chemical

Other Communication Modes: pheromones

Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; vibrations ; chemical

ترخيص
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
حقوق النشر
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Hogrefe, S. 2012. "Pantherophis guttatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Pantherophis_guttatus.html
مؤلف
Sarah Hogrefe, Radford University
محرر
Karen Francl, Radford University
محرر
Kiersten Newtoff, Radford University
محرر
Melissa Whistleman, Radford University
محرر
Jeremy Wright, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
Animal Diversity Web

Associations ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Animal Diversity Web

Corn snakes have few natural predators, mostly larger snakes and birds of prey. Carnivorous mammals may also eat corn snakes. Larger snakes, such as eastern kingsnakes and black racers, will consume corn snakes. A corn snake’s primary method of avoiding predators is by camouflage and fleeing from danger. Juveniles hide from predators under tree bark.

Known Predators:

  • eastern kingsnakes (Lampropeltis getula)
  • black racers (Coluber constrictor)

Anti-predator Adaptations: cryptic

ترخيص
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
حقوق النشر
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Hogrefe, S. 2012. "Pantherophis guttatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Pantherophis_guttatus.html
مؤلف
Sarah Hogrefe, Radford University
محرر
Karen Francl, Radford University
محرر
Kiersten Newtoff, Radford University
محرر
Melissa Whistleman, Radford University
محرر
Jeremy Wright, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
Animal Diversity Web

Morphology ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Animal Diversity Web

Corn snakes are mild-tempered, non-venomous snakes. Large spots run along dorsal side of the body, while the flat underside commonly has a black and white checkered pattern. The body tends to be brown and red-orange, but colors vary with region and can include gray and yellow. In captivity, breeders have created a wide variety of color patterns, or morphs. Pet corn snakes range in color from white to yellow to black, though most still retain the primary red/brown colors. Captive patterns include spots, stripes, and solid coloring over the snake's body. Males are larger than females, with an average length of 70 to 120 cm for the combined sexes. Snakes in warmer climates tend to be shorter, with an average adult length of approximately 48 cm. Hatchlings are paler and duller when they first hatch, and measure 20 to 35 cm.

Corn snakes can sometimes be confused with venomous southern copperheads (Agkistrodon contortrix), but the two can be differentiated by the narrower head, lighter coloration, and square-shaped spots that are found in red corn snakes.

Range length: 48 to 120 cm.

Other Physical Features: heterothermic

Sexual Dimorphism: male larger

Average mass: 900 g.

ترخيص
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
حقوق النشر
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Hogrefe, S. 2012. "Pantherophis guttatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Pantherophis_guttatus.html
مؤلف
Sarah Hogrefe, Radford University
محرر
Karen Francl, Radford University
محرر
Kiersten Newtoff, Radford University
محرر
Melissa Whistleman, Radford University
محرر
Jeremy Wright, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
Animal Diversity Web

Life Expectancy ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Animal Diversity Web

The longest recorded lifespan of this species in captivity was just over 32 years. Although no information on lifespan in the wild is currently available, it can be reasonably assumed that predation and disease cause wild individuals to have shorter average lifespans.

Range lifespan
Status: captivity:
32.3 (high) years.

Average lifespan
Status: captivity:
32.3 years.

ترخيص
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
حقوق النشر
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Hogrefe, S. 2012. "Pantherophis guttatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Pantherophis_guttatus.html
مؤلف
Sarah Hogrefe, Radford University
محرر
Karen Francl, Radford University
محرر
Kiersten Newtoff, Radford University
محرر
Melissa Whistleman, Radford University
محرر
Jeremy Wright, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
Animal Diversity Web

Habitat ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Animal Diversity Web

Corn snakes can be found in a wide variety of terrestrial habitats, preferring deciduous forests and rocky regions where crevices and logs provide nests. They can also be found in fields, grassy areas, and in suburban areas near homes and barns. This species has been found in mountainous regions up to about 1800 m in elevation but typically prefer lower elevations.

Range elevation: 1800 (high) m.

Habitat Regions: temperate ; terrestrial

Terrestrial Biomes: savanna or grassland ; forest

Other Habitat Features: suburban

ترخيص
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
حقوق النشر
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Hogrefe, S. 2012. "Pantherophis guttatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Pantherophis_guttatus.html
مؤلف
Sarah Hogrefe, Radford University
محرر
Karen Francl, Radford University
محرر
Kiersten Newtoff, Radford University
محرر
Melissa Whistleman, Radford University
محرر
Jeremy Wright, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
Animal Diversity Web

Conservation Status ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Animal Diversity Web

Although some natural habitat has been lost to human development, corn snakes show no sign of being a threatened species.

US Federal List: no special status

CITES: no special status

State of Michigan List: no special status

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern

ترخيص
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
حقوق النشر
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Hogrefe, S. 2012. "Pantherophis guttatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Pantherophis_guttatus.html
مؤلف
Sarah Hogrefe, Radford University
محرر
Karen Francl, Radford University
محرر
Kiersten Newtoff, Radford University
محرر
Melissa Whistleman, Radford University
محرر
Jeremy Wright, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
Animal Diversity Web

Life Cycle ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Animal Diversity Web

Juvenile corn snakes are fully developed when hatched. This species has ZZ/ZW sex determination, with the male snake contributing only Z chromosomes, while the female contributes the Z or W chromosome that determines the gender of the hatchlings (ZZ=male, ZW=female).

As they grow, juvenile corn snakes shed their skin several times, and will continue to shed after reaching adulthood. After shedding, the coloration of the scales turns more vivid and the patterns become clearer. Growth is directly related to how much food is available to the snake; juveniles grow faster on a regular diet of warm-blooded animals. In general, a juvenile reaches its full length shortly after reaching sexual maturity, at around two years of age.

Development - Life Cycle: indeterminate growth

ترخيص
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
حقوق النشر
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Hogrefe, S. 2012. "Pantherophis guttatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Pantherophis_guttatus.html
مؤلف
Sarah Hogrefe, Radford University
محرر
Karen Francl, Radford University
محرر
Kiersten Newtoff, Radford University
محرر
Melissa Whistleman, Radford University
محرر
Jeremy Wright, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
Animal Diversity Web

Distribution ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Animal Diversity Web

Corn snakes are found throughout the eastern and southern central United States, into northern Mexico. Two subspecies, Pantherophis guttatus guttatus (corn snake) and P. guttatus emoryi (Great Plains rat snake) are currently recognized. Corn snakes are found from southern New Jersey to Florida and westward through Mississippi to Louisiana. The range of Great Plains rat snakes extends from southwestern Illinois through Texas and into northern Mexico, and as far west as eastern New Mexico.

Biogeographic Regions: nearctic (Native )

ترخيص
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
حقوق النشر
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Hogrefe, S. 2012. "Pantherophis guttatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Pantherophis_guttatus.html
مؤلف
Sarah Hogrefe, Radford University
محرر
Karen Francl, Radford University
محرر
Kiersten Newtoff, Radford University
محرر
Melissa Whistleman, Radford University
محرر
Jeremy Wright, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
Animal Diversity Web

Trophic Strategy ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Animal Diversity Web

Corn snakes are carnivorous and do not need to eat often. They eat every few days in the wild. They kill prey by constriction and consume anything smaller than they are, including other corn snakes. Over half of their diet consists of rodents such as hispid cotton rats, white-footed mice and other mammal prey, such as eastern moles. In Florida, their diet consists mainly of reptiles and amphibians, which this may be a cause for this region's smaller snake sizes. Corn snakes will also climb trees and swallow bird eggs from unguarded nests.

Animal Foods: birds; mammals; amphibians; reptiles; eggs

Primary Diet: carnivore (Eats terrestrial vertebrates)

ترخيص
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
حقوق النشر
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Hogrefe, S. 2012. "Pantherophis guttatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Pantherophis_guttatus.html
مؤلف
Sarah Hogrefe, Radford University
محرر
Karen Francl, Radford University
محرر
Kiersten Newtoff, Radford University
محرر
Melissa Whistleman, Radford University
محرر
Jeremy Wright, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
Animal Diversity Web

Associations ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Animal Diversity Web

The biggest impact that corn snakes have on their ecosystem is their ability to control populations of small mammals and birds. Several species of apicomplexan parasites infect corn snake blood cells, liver, and lung tissue. Hepatozoon guttata (named for its host) is thought to be exclusive to red corn snakes and has been identified in individuals from southeast Florida. It is not known how the parasites spread from individual to individual.

Commensal/Parasitic Species:

  • Hepatozoon guttata (Order Eucoccidiorida, Phylum Apicomplexa)
  • Cryptosporidium serpentis (Order Eucoccidiorida, Phylum Apicomplexa)
  • Cryptosporidium saurophilum (Order Eucoccidiorida, Phylum Apicomplexa)
ترخيص
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
حقوق النشر
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Hogrefe, S. 2012. "Pantherophis guttatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Pantherophis_guttatus.html
مؤلف
Sarah Hogrefe, Radford University
محرر
Karen Francl, Radford University
محرر
Kiersten Newtoff, Radford University
محرر
Melissa Whistleman, Radford University
محرر
Jeremy Wright, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
Animal Diversity Web

Benefits ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Animal Diversity Web

Like many snake species, corn snakes play a vital role in controlling rodent populations, helping to prevent the spread of disease and crop damage in areas inhabited by humans. Corn snakes are also popular pets for reptile enthusiasts. Breeders have developed a variety of color morphs for the pet market. They are easy to care for if proper attention is paid to setting up their terrarium (dry, clean, with an area set up for them to bask under a heat lamp) and are generally safe for families with children. As pets, corn snakes are fed high protein diets consisting mainly of mice and rats, although day-old chicks have been shown to provide similar nutrition.

Positive Impacts: pet trade ; controls pest population

ترخيص
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
حقوق النشر
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Hogrefe, S. 2012. "Pantherophis guttatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Pantherophis_guttatus.html
مؤلف
Sarah Hogrefe, Radford University
محرر
Karen Francl, Radford University
محرر
Kiersten Newtoff, Radford University
محرر
Melissa Whistleman, Radford University
محرر
Jeremy Wright, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
Animal Diversity Web

Benefits ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Animal Diversity Web

Although a corn snake's preferred defense is to flee, cornered snakes will bite humans.

Negative Impacts: injures humans (bites or stings)

ترخيص
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
حقوق النشر
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Hogrefe, S. 2012. "Pantherophis guttatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Pantherophis_guttatus.html
مؤلف
Sarah Hogrefe, Radford University
محرر
Karen Francl, Radford University
محرر
Kiersten Newtoff, Radford University
محرر
Melissa Whistleman, Radford University
محرر
Jeremy Wright, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
Animal Diversity Web

Reproduction ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Animal Diversity Web

Not much is known about the mating systems of corn snakes. During mating season, the snakes locate each other using pheromones. Males fight each other for dominance, with the dominant male earning mating rites to the female.

Mating System: polygynous

Corn snakes reach sexual maturity at 16 to 18 months of age. Depending on the climate, the breeding season lasts from March to May, or year-round in the south. Gestation lasts one to two months, with females laying 10 to 15 (up to 30) eggs from May to early July in stumps, logs, or burrows that are warm and humid. The eggs are white and cylindrical, measuring 3.8 to 6.4 cm in length and 1.3 to 2.5 cm in diameter. Finding a corn snake nest is very rare, because females seek out secluded nesting sites. After approximately two months of incubation at an ideal temperature of 27.8 degrees Celsius, the eggs hatch between July and September. Not all healthy eggs hatch, as some hatchlings cannot penetrate the tough eggshell.

Females in the wild lay one clutch of eggs per year. In captivity, female corn snakes may lay a second clutch of eggs. If a female snake breeds a second time, she can produce fertile eggs within days of laying her first clutch. She will lay her second clutch following the same timeline as the first.

Breeding interval: Wild corn snakes breed once annually.

Breeding season: Snakes mate in spring; eggs hatch during the summer.

Range number of offspring: 10 to 30.

Average number of offspring: 10-15.

Range gestation period: 35 to 68 days.

Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 16 to 18 months.

Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 16 to 18 months.

Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; year-round breeding ; sexual ; fertilization ; oviparous

Average number of offspring: 12.

Corn snakes provide no care to their young. Male snakes leave the female after mating, and females leave their eggs after laying them in a secluded nest.

Parental Investment: no parental involvement; pre-fertilization (Provisioning, Protecting: Female); pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female)

ترخيص
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
حقوق النشر
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Hogrefe, S. 2012. "Pantherophis guttatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Pantherophis_guttatus.html
مؤلف
Sarah Hogrefe, Radford University
محرر
Karen Francl, Radford University
محرر
Kiersten Newtoff, Radford University
محرر
Melissa Whistleman, Radford University
محرر
Jeremy Wright, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
Animal Diversity Web

Corn Snake ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من EOL authors
Corn snakes may be found in the eastern United States from southern New Jersey south through Florida, west into Louisiana and parts of Kentucky. However, corn snakes are most abundant in Florida and the southeastern U.S.
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EOL authors

Pantherophis guttatus ( الأذرية )

المقدمة من wikipedia AZ
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wikipedia AZ

Pantherophis guttatus: Brief Summary ( الأذرية )

المقدمة من wikipedia AZ

Pantherophis guttatus (lat. Pantherophis guttatus) - pantherophis cinsinə aid ilan növü.

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Vikipediya müəllifləri və redaktorları
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wikipedia AZ

Užovka červená ( التشيكية )

المقدمة من wikipedia CZ

Užovka červená (Pantherophis guttatus), zvaná též guttáta či gutka, je nejedovatý had divoce žijící v jižních oblastech Severní Ameriky až po severní Mexiko. Obývá sušší bory, pole i odlesněné oblasti.

Popis

Jedná se o nejrozšířenějšího a pro svou nenáročnost nejoblíbenějšího domácího hada. Jak již název napovídá, její zbarvení je do červena, ale existují i jiné formy zbarvení. Zespodu je bílá s černou "šachovnicí". Užovka červená dorůstá 140 - 200 cm. Ve volné přírodě se užovky živí drobnými hlodavci. Dožívají se 12-18 let.

Chov

Pro její klidnou povahu a jednoduchost chovu je vhodná pro začátečníky. V zajetí je to nejčastěji chovaný druh hada. Utíká však ale každou sebemenší dírou.

Potrava

V zajetí stačí užovku krmit myšmi 2-3 měsíčně, mladé hady myšími holátky 4 měsíčně. Pro zpestření jídelníčku tohoto hada je možno použít třeba jednodenní kuře. Zhruba tři dny po krmení užovka potravu tráví a v této době je potřeba nechat ji v klidu.

Terárium

Pro jednoho jedince postačuje terárium o velikosti 120×60×50 cm. Dno terária by mělo být pokryto směsí písku a rašeliny v poměru 1:1, případně hoblinami či bukovými štěpkami. Terárium je potřeba vybavit kamenem (aby se měla užovka kam schovat a kde vyhřívat), miskou na vodu (velkou tak, aby se v ní celá mohla stočit) a topení (žárovka, topný kabel, je vhodná i topná fólie). Teplotu v teráriu udržujeme kolem 24-25 st., v noci necháme poklesnout na pokojovou teplotu. Vzhledem k tomu, že užovky rády lezou a prozkoumávají, je příhodné do terária umístit i nějaké větve, nejlépe z ovocného stromu.

Svlékání

Užovka červená se svléká zhruba jednou za měsíc a proces svlékání trvá přibližně týden. Během tohoto týdne užovka nepatrně ztratí barvu a jakoby zešedne, oči se jí zakalí. Užovka je zalezlá, protože hůř vidí a zhruba po týdnu opět dostane svou barvu a po třech dnech svleče starou kůži. Před svléknutím je nutno v teráriu udržovat ještě větší vlhkost. Pokud je svlečená kůže vcelku, znamená to, že užovka je zdravá a má vhodné podmínky k chovu. Pokud kůže celá není, může to znamenat nemoc, ale i třeba jen malou vlhkost v teráriu.

Aktivita

Užovka červená je noční had. Přes den spí a v noci je aktivní. Proto ze špatně utěsněného terária uteče nejčastěji v noci, když je klid a všichni spí. Režim jí lze otočit, pokud terárium umístíme do tmavé části bytu, a v noci svítíme.

Mláďata a rozmnožení

U těchto hadů je možné se časem pokusit i o úspěšné rozmnožení. K množení by samice měla měřit minimálně 100 cm, ale protože se dá všeobecně had těžko měřit uvádí se pohlavní dospělost u guttát cca v 2,5 - 3 letech života. Vzhledem k tomu, že i v jejich domovině dochází k střídání teplot, je vhodnější k úspěšnějšímu páření nechat samici tzv. zazimovat. Jde o období, kdy na 1 - 3 měsíce snížíme hadům teplotu a tím se mu téměř zastaví metabolismus a po odzimování je jedinec více nastimulován k páření.

Gravidita u guttát trvá cca 60 dní. Po této době snese užovka vejce. Při správné inkubaci, která by měla být při teplotě 28 °C a dostatečné vlhkosti se po dalších 60 - 80 dnech vylíhnou mláďata, která jsou již soběstačná. Po prvním svleku můžeme začít krmit jednodenními holaty. Většinou s přijímáním potravy není problém. Pokud bude potravu několikrát odmítat, musíme sami ručně hádka rozkrmit.

Čeleď a kousnutí

Myši loví tak, že je udusí a potom je pozře. Není jedovatý, takže když kousne člověka, nic se mu nestane. Téměř vůbec to nebolí, spíše se každý lekne. Pokud hovoříme o nejedovatých hadech, pak se vždy jedná o kousnutí, nikoliv uštknutí jak bývá často mylně interpretováno, uštknout může pouze jedovatý had.

Reference

  1. Červený seznam IUCN 2018.1. 5. července 2018. Dostupné online. [cit. 2018-08-10]

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Užovka červená: Brief Summary ( التشيكية )

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Užovka červená (Pantherophis guttatus), zvaná též guttáta či gutka, je nejedovatý had divoce žijící v jižních oblastech Severní Ameriky až po severní Mexiko. Obývá sušší bory, pole i odlesněné oblasti.

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Kornsnog ( الدانماركية )

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Formatering
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Kornsnogen (pantherophis guttatus) er en snog, en ugiftig slange, som ofte er brugt som hobbydyr, fordi den er meget omgængelig. Den vænner sig hurtigt til sin ejer (hvis købt fra en avler) og bider kun som sidste udvej i selvforsvar. Normalt hvis den bliver bange, vil den bare flygte. Den lever i det sydøstlige USA, lige fra tørre savanneområder til tropiske skove. Den er derfor specialiceret til at overleve forhold hvor den ikke får meget mad.


Terrariet, fangenskab

De skal have en vandskål, som ikke må fylde hele terrariet, men der skal dog være plads til at den kan få et bad. Nogle eksemplarer kan godt lide at bade. De skal have frisk vand hver dag og det skal helst gives i stuetemperatur.

I et kornsnog terrarie, skal der være en vandskål, en varmelampe eller lign., bundmateriale (træspåner eller lign.), et skjulested, en terrarielåge der kan låses, og evt. noget slangen kan klatre på. En lys lampe eller uv lampe er ikke nødvendigt, da slangen er aktiv om natten, for ikke at stresse slangen bør der være mørkt om natten. Man kan godt have 2 kornsnoge i samme terrarie (en han og en hun) hvis der er plads nok.

temperaturen i terrariet bør i den ene ende være omkring ca. 24 grader C og den anden ende maks ca. 30 i temperatur. dette ville være den optimale temperatur såfremt snogen har lov til at regulere temperaturen ved at kunne klatre i diverse ting. temperaturen bør ikke være uden for de anbefalede 24-30 grader C.

Fugtigheden i buret bør ligge omkring 50-60%.


Fodring

Den bør kun fodres ca. 1 gang om ugen, med en mus, (størelsen kan varriere, en fuld voksen snog kan spise en stor mus. det er stor debat, hvor længne slangen bør have ro efter et måltid. Generalt siger man omkring 24-48 timer. dette er så slangen ikke brækker ådslet op igen.

Kornsnogen skal kun fodres 1 gang om ugen, med en stor mus. Man behøves ikke at give kornsnogen levende mus. Den kan sagtens tilvænnes at spise døde mus, som man kan opbevare i en fryser. Musene ligges i en skål med lunkent vand, i 7-10 min. Man kan godt give slangen en mus mens den er i terrariet men hvis den kommer til at sluge for meget bundmateriale kan den få forstoppelse og dø. Hvis man fodrer den i en bøtte ved siden af, vil slangen være lidt usikker i starten, men er ude af fare for at sluge noget den ikke skal. Man kan købe frosne mus i de fleste dyrehandlere.


Farve-variationer, Morf

Der er fremavlet masser af smukke kornsnoge variationer, kaldet morfer (fra det græske ord morf som betyder form). Bl.a. den mest normale røde kornsnog (morfen Wild Type, ofte skrevet som WT), som har en dyb rød farve, med orange firkantede mønstre, "tegnet op" med sort.

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anerythristic albino korn snog, avlet.

Nogle andre almindelige morfer er "anerythristic albino" og "amelanistic albino" disse er meget populære blandt forbrugere, men vil i deres naturlige habitat være sjældne. da begge gener er recessive. man kan avles ydeligere og skabe en slange med har begge gener, også kaldt "snow".

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Kornnatter ( الألمانية )

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Die Kornnatter (Pantherophis guttatus), auch Gewöhnliche Kornnatter, ist eine ungiftige Schlangenart aus der Familie der Nattern (Colubridae) und ist in Nordamerika beheimatet. Mit einer typischen Körperlänge von 120 bis 150 cm zählt sie zu den mittelgroßen Arten innerhalb der Gattung der Amerikanischen Kletternattern (Pantherophis). Sie ernährt sich als dämmerungs- und nachtaktiver Lauerjäger von kleinen Säugern, Amphibien, Reptilien und Vögeln. Aufgrund ihres großen Verbreitungsgebietes, welches sich über weite Teile der östlichen USA erstreckt, ist die Art in ihrem Erscheinungsbild sehr variabel.

Beschreibung

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Erwachsene Kornnatter in einem Versteck

Kornnattern erreichen eine Körperlänge von 120 cm bis 150 cm, in Ausnahmefällen auch über 180 cm (der beschriebene Rekord liegt bei 189 cm[1]). Die Kornnatter gehört damit zu den mittelgroßen Nattern innerhalb der Gattung Pantherophis. Das Gewicht einer adulten Kornnatter kann abhängig von Jahreszeit und Ernährungszustand erheblich schwanken und reicht von 200 g bei jungen, geschlechtsreifen Tieren bis zu über 800 g bei sehr großen und gut genährten Individuen.

Die Geschlechtsunterscheidung anhand äußerer Merkmale ist nur schwer möglich. Auskunft über das Geschlecht können dabei die sich beim Männchen durch das Vorhandensein von Hemipenistaschen, einer weniger spitzen Schwanzpartie sowie das Vorhandensein einer geringeren Anzahl von Subcaudalia beim Weibchen[2] im direkten Vergleich geben.

Der Körperbau der Kornnatter ist im Allgemeinen schlank, der Kopf ist nur leicht abgesetzt. Die Augen sind groß und nahezu unbeweglich, die große, runde Pupille wird von einem braunen Irisring eingeschlossen. Der 4. und 5., alternativ auch der 5. und 6. der 8–9 Oberlippenschilde (Supralabialia) stehen in Kontakt mit dem Auge, welches von einem Präoculare, zwei Postocularia und einem großen Supraoculare umgeben ist. Die Anzahl der 203–245 Ventralia und der 47–84 Subcaudalia nimmt innerhalb des Verbreitungsgebietes von Nord nach Süd zu.[3] Der Analschild ist geteilt.

In Färbung und Zeichnung ist die Kornnatter durch ihr großes Verbreitungsgebiet sehr variabel, die Grundfarbe reicht von einem matten Grau bis zu einem starken Braun-Orange. Die 34–47 rechteckigen, mehr oder weniger stark schwarz eingefassten Körper- und Schwanzflecken („Sattelflecken“) weisen zumeist eine orange bis rötlich-braune Färbung auf und sind in ihrer Form und Anzahl ein wichtiges Merkmal zur Abgrenzung der Kornnatter von der ihr sehr ähnlichen Prärie-Kornnatter (Pantherophis emoryi). Auch in der Intensität der Färbung lässt sich bei Pantherophis guttatus eine Veränderung entlang der Nord-Süd-Linie des Verbreitungsgebietes beobachten, wobei sich die eher kontrastarm grau-braun gefärbten Individuen aus nördlichen Populationen deutlich von ihren rötlicheren, kontrast- und farbintensiveren Artgenossen aus dem Süden unterscheiden.[4] Die helle Bauchseite zeichnet sich durch ein für die Kornnatter typisches „Schachbrettmuster“ aus, welches aus sich abwechselnden, hellen und braun-schwarzen, rechteckigen Schuppen besteht. Die Kopfoberseite ziert ein variables Ornament, welches am Hals in den ersten Sattelfleck überläuft.

Lebensraum und Verbreitung

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Verbreitungsgebiet von Pantherophis guttatus nach G. Köhler & P. Berg (2005)[5]

Das Verbreitungsgebiet der Kornnatter erstreckt sich entlang der Ostküste der Vereinigten Staaten vom Bundesstaat New York bis in die Florida Keys. Die westlichsten Populationen von Pantherophis guttatus finden sich in den Bundesstaaten Mississippi, Louisiana und Tennessee, wo das Verbreitungsgebiet an die Habitate der Slowinski-Kornnatter (Pantherophis slowinskii) und der Prärie-Kornnatter (Pantherophis emoryi) grenzt.

Bedingt durch das große Verbreitungsgebiet bewohnt die Kornnatter unterschiedlichste Lebensräume, die sich zum Teil erheblich in ihrer geographischen Beschaffenheit und dem Lokalklima unterschieden. So reicht ihr Lebensraum von Habitaten auf Seehöhe bis hinauf in höhere Lagen von über 750 m. In den unterschiedlichen Zonen ihres Verbreitungsgebietes bewohnt die Kornnatter sowohl sommerfeuchte Laub- und Nadelwälder, Busch- und Graslandareale als auch Feuchtgebiete, als Kulturfolger ist sie darüber hinaus häufig in der Nähe menschlicher Siedlungen zu finden.

Lebensweise

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Ventralzeichnung einer juvenilen Kornnatter

Verhalten

Kornnattern gelten im Allgemeinen als nacht- und dämmerungsaktive Tiere, können aber teilweise auch tagsüber an exponierten Stellen beim Sonnenbad beobachtet werden. Die Suche nach geeigneten Beutetieren findet zumeist nachts oder in der Dämmerung statt. Den Großteil ihres Lebens verbringt die Kornnatter verborgen unter Laubstreu, Rindenmulch, Felsen sowie in hohlen Baumstämmen und Höhlen.[6] Kornnattern sind ausgesprochen gute Kletterer und sind somit auch in Bäumen anzutreffen, wo sie Vögel erbeuten oder deren Nester plündern – Wasser wird, obwohl die Tiere gute Schwimmer sind, weitestgehend gemieden.

Auf Bedrohung reagieren Kornnattern zumeist mit Flucht, nur selten kann das typische Abwehrverhalten beobachtet werden – dabei richtet die Schlange ihr vorderes Körperdrittel in einer für viele Schlangenarten typischen S-Haltung auf und schnellt daraus bei anhaltender Bedrohung blitzschnell vor, um Abwehrbisse auszuführen. Besonders bei jungen Kornnattern kann in Stresssituationen auch ein deutliches Vibrieren mit der Schwanzspitze beobachtet werden, welches ein einschüchterndes, rasselndes Geräusch erzeugt.

In großen Teilen des Verbreitungsgebietes begeben sich Kornnattern in der kühleren Jahreszeit in eine mehr oder weniger ausgedehnte Winterruhe. Zu diesem Zweck versammeln sich oft hunderte Exemplare an geeigneten Stellen um gemeinsam zu überwintern. Diese Ruheperiode dauert je nach lokalem Klima bis zu 4 Monate, in denen die Tiere keine Nahrung zu sich nehmen.

Ernährungsweise

Als dämmerungs- und nachtaktiver Lauerjäger ernährt sich die Kornnatter von einem breiten Nahrungsspektrum, welches vorwiegend aus kleinen Säugetieren (Mäuse, Ratten), Reptilien (z. B.: Anolis) und Amphibien besteht, auch Vögel werden mitunter erbeutet. Darüber hinaus ist bekannt, dass die sehr kletterfreudigen Kornnattern auch Vogelnester plündern und die darin enthaltenen Eier und Jungvögel verspeisen.[7]

Die Kornnatter verfügt zum Beutefang über keinerlei Gift und tötet ihre Beute deshalb durch Erwürgen. Zu diesem Zweck schlingt sie ihren sehr muskulösen Körper mehrmals um das mit den Kiefern fixierte Beutetier und erhöht damit den Druck auf die inneren Organe ihres Opfers so lange, bis der Tod eintritt. Dem eigentlichen Schlingakt voraus geht zumeist eine kurze Ruhepause, ehe die erlegte Beute – zumeist mit dem Kopf voran – durch Bewegungen der äußerst flexiblen Kieferhälften und unterstützt von windenden Muskelbewegungen des vorderen Körperdrittels im Ganzen verschlungen wird.

 src=
Kopfprofil einer juvenilen Kornnatter

Sinnesleistungen

Die Kornnatter nimmt ihre Umgebung hauptsächlich durch das am Gaumendach liegende vomeronasale Organ wahr, welches dazu dient, die mit der gespaltenen Zunge aufgenommenen Geruchspartikel der Umgebungsluft zu analysieren und deren Ursprünge genau zu orten. Durch die Spaltung der Zunge ist die Schlange fähig, sich anhand der olfaktorisch wahrgenommenen Informationen auch räumlich zu orientieren. Der Gesichtssinn der Kornnatter ermöglicht ihr ein scharfes, binokulares Sehen auch auf längere Distanz (bis hin zum 5-fachen ihrer eigenen Körperlänge).[8]

 src=
Schlupf einer Kornnatter
 src=
Kornnatter in angriffsbereiter Haltung

Fortpflanzung, Entwicklung und Geschlechtsreife

Die Paarungszeit der Kornnatter beginnt mit dem Abschluss der ersten Häutung nach der Winterruhe (vereinzelt bei männlichen Exemplaren auch schon früher) im Frühjahr. Männliche Tiere zeigen zu dieser Zeit eine erhöhte Aktivität und durchstreifen unermüdlich das Gebiet auf der Suche nach paarungsbereiten Weibchen. Treffen zwei Männchen dabei aufeinander kommt es häufig zu unblutigen Ritualkämpfen, bei denen sich die Tiere umschlingen und versuchen, den Konkurrenten niederzudrücken. Weibchen signalisieren ihre Paarungsbereitschaft durch das vermehrte Abgeben von Pheromonen.

Der Paarung voraus geht zumeist ein ausgedehntes Balzritual, bei dem das Männchen das paarungsbereite Weibchen verfolgt und versucht, auf dessen Rücken zu gelangen. Die Paarung selbst geschieht durch das Einführen eines der beiden stachelbesetzten Hemipenes in die Kloake des Weibchens und dauert im Regelfall 10–30 Minuten.

Nach einer sehr variablen Trächtigkeitsdauer von 30 bis 70 Tagen legt das Weibchen gewöhnlich zwischen April und Juni ihre 8 bis 20 weichschaligen Eier an einem dafür geeigneten Ort (z. B. unter Baumstümpfen oder Felsen) ab und verlässt danach das Gelege. Ein Brutpflegeverhalten bei Kornnattern ist nicht bekannt.

Die 20–30 cm langen und unter 10 g schweren Jungschlangen schlüpfen in Abhängigkeit von der Inkubationstemperatur nach ungefähr 60 bis 80 Tagen aus den Eiern, indem sie die lederartige Kalkschale mit ihrem Eizahn eröffnen. Bis zu ihrer ersten Häutung ungefähr 1 bis 2 Wochen nach dem Schlupf ernähren sich die Neonaten von den Resten des vor dem Ausschlüpfen in die Bauchhöhle zurückgezogenen Dottersacks, danach erbeuten sie selbstständig ihre erste Nahrung, zumeist in Form von kleinen Amphibien und Reptilien, seltener auch jungen Säugetieren oder Wirbellosen[9]. In den ersten drei Lebensjahren wachsen Kornnattern recht zügig und sind beim Erreichen der Geschlechtsreife im Alter von ungefähr 3 Jahren (unter optimalen Ernährungsbedingungen kann die Geschlechtsreife auch schon erheblich früher, teilweise in einem Alter von erst 9 Monaten eintreten) bereits zwischen 100 und 120 cm lang. Während der Wachstumsphase unterliegen Färbung und Zeichnung des Individuums einem deutlichen Wandel vom weitgehend grau-braunen Jugendkleid zur häufig intensiv rot und orange leuchtenden Farbe der adulten Kornnatter.

In Gefangenschaft erreichen Kornnattern ein Alter von über 20 Jahren, über die Lebenserwartung im Freiland ist nur wenig bekannt, allerdings dürfte diese deutlich unter dem in Menschenhand erreichten Höchstalter liegen.

Systematik und Namensherkunft

Beschreibungsgeschichte

Die Erstbeschreibung der Kornnatter erfolgte bereits 1766 durch Carl von Linné unter dem Taxon Coluber guttatus, sie gehörte damals zu den ersten wissenschaftlich beschriebenen Schlangenarten Nordamerikas.

Erst beinahe ein Jahrhundert später wurde diese Klassifizierung durch Leopold Fitzinger revidiert und die Kornnatter somit 1843 unter dem heute wieder gültigen Namen Pantherophis guttatus weitergeführt, ehe sie 1985 – nach zahlreichen Neubeschreibungen – von G. Stebbins unter dem Taxon Elaphe guttata in die umfassende Gattung der Kletternattern (Elaphe, Fitzinger 1833) gestellt wurde, in welcher sowohl Alt- als auch Neuwelt-Colubriden beschrieben wurden.

Moderne Systematik

In eingehenden wissenschaftlichen Untersuchungen zur Monophylie der Gattung Elaphe stellten Utiger et al. (2002)[10] und Utiger et al. (2005)[11] anhand von DNA-Analysen und Untersuchungen am Aufbau der Hemipenes deutliche Abweichungen innerhalb der Gattung fest, woraufhin diese revidiert und in 13 Gattungen aufgespalten wurde. Seither wird die Kornnatter gemeinsam mit neun ihr nahe verwandten Spezies der wiedereingeführten Gattung Pantherophis Fitzinger, 1843 zugeordnet.

In einer nahezu zeitgleich veröffentlichten Überarbeitung durch Frank T. Burbrink (2002)[12] verloren auch die vier bislang beschriebenen Unterarten der Kornnatter (Elaphe guttata gutatta, E. g. rosacea, E. g. meahllmorum und E. g. emoryi) ihre Gültigkeit und wurden in verschiedene Arten eingegliedert, sodass keine Unterarten von Pantherophis guttatus anerkannt werden (Stand 2014).

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Wildfarbene und amelanistische Kornnatter im Terrarium.

Etymologie

Die wissenschaftliche Bezeichnung der Gattung Pantherophis setzt sich zusammen aus den griechischen Wörtern panthera (‚Leopard‘) und ophis (‚Schlange‘). Der Artname guttatus hingegen ist lateinisch und bedeutet übersetzt ‚gesprenkelt‘. Die Herkunft ihres am häufigsten verwendeten englischen Trivialnamen Corn Snake (‚Maisschlange‘ bzw. ‚Kornschlange‘) lässt Raum für zwei Erklärungen: Eine Variante ist der Lebensraum der Kornnatter, die mit Vorliebe auf Getreidefeldern und in Kornspeichern den dort häufig anzutreffenden Nagetieren auflauert. Eine weitere Erklärung liefert der bunte Indianermais (engl. Indian Corn), dessen Kolben Ähnlichkeit mit der Bauchzeichnung der Kornnatter aufweist.

Die Kornnatter und der Mensch

Als Kulturfolger hält sich die Kornnatter gerne in der Nähe menschlicher Siedlungen auf, um auf Kornfeldern und in Kornspeichern ihren Beutetieren aufzulauern. Diese Nähe zum Menschen in Verbindung mit ihrem sehr ruhigen Temperament und den einfach herzustellenden Haltungsbedingungen machte die Kornnatter schon sehr früh zu einem beliebten Terrarienpflegling. Aus den zahlreichen, auch in der Natur immer wieder vorkommenden Farbmutanten und Lokalformen züchtete der Mensch im Laufe weniger Jahrzehnte eine Vielzahl unterschiedlicher Farbvarietäten (sogar „scaleless“ also schuppenlose Tiere), die sich ungebrochener Beliebtheit bei Heimtierhaltern aus aller Welt erfreuen.

Gefährdung und Schutzstatus

Die Kornnatter wird von der IUCN als „nicht gefährdet“ (Least Concern) geführt, da sowohl ihr Lebensraum als auch die Stabilität der einzelnen Populationen bis auf Weiteres gesichert und gut dokumentiert sind.

Literatur

  • G. Köhler, P. Berg: Kornnattern. Herpeton, Offenbach 2005, ISBN 3-936180-14-8.
  • K. Kunz: Die Kornnatter. Natur und Tier-Verlag, Münster 2004, ISBN 3-937285-08-3.
  • D. Schmidt: Kornnattern und Erdnattern. Natur und Tier-Verlag, Münster 2000, ISBN 3-931587-48-7.
  • M. Hoffmann: Handbuch Schlangenpflege. BEDE-Verlag, 2006. ISBN 3898601358.
  • M. Glaß und D. Bohle: Haltungsgrundlagen der Kornnatter. Vivaria-Verlag, Meckenheim 2012, ISBN 978-3981317657.
  • M. Glaß und D. Bohle: Farb- und Zeichnungsvarianten der Kornnatter. Vivaria-Verlag, Meckenheim 2012, ISBN 978-3981317664.

Einzelnachweise

  1. L. Trutnau: Schlangen im Terrarium, Bd.1 – Ungiftige Schlangen. Ulmer, Stuttgart, S. 624 – zitiert in G. Köhler, P. Berg: Kornnattern. 2005 (siehe Literatur), S. 13.
  2. William M. Bird, Philip Peak, Danna L. Baxley: Natural history of an allopatric population of Red Cornsnakes, Pantherophis guttatus (Linnaeus, 1766) in central Kentucky, USA. In: The Journal of North American Herpetology. Jhrg. 2015, Nr. 1, S. 6–11 (PDF 130 kB)
  3. J. G. Walls: The guide to owning a corn snake. TFH Publications, Neptune City 1996, S. 63.
  4. J. C. Mitchell: Geographic variation of Elaphe guttata (Reptilia: Serpentes) in the Atlantic Coastal Plain. In: Copeia. Band 1, 1977, S. 33–41 – zitiert in: G. Köhler, P. Berg: Kornnattern. 2005 (siehe Literatur), S. 128.
  5. G. Köhler, P. Berg: Kornnattern. 2005 (siehe Literatur), S. 11.
  6. L. Trutnau: Erfahrungen mit der Kornnatter Elaphe guttata (Linnaeus 1766). In: Herpetofauna. Band 7, Nr. 38, 1985, S. 6–10
    – zitiert in G. Köhler, P. Berg: Kornnattern. 2005 (siehe Literatur), S. 128.
  7. J. Rossi: Snakes of the United States and Canada. Vol. 1 Eastern Area. Krieger, Malabar 1992, S. 209 – zitiert in G. Köhler, P. Berg: Kornnattern. 2005 (siehe Literatur), S. 128.
  8. G. Köhler, P. Berg: Kornnattern. 2005 (siehe Literatur), S. 20.
  9. W. J. Hamilton, Joseph A. Pollack: The Food of Some Colubrid Snakes from Fort Benning, Georgia. In: Ecology. Band 37, Nr. 3, Juli 1956, ISSN 0012-9658, S. 519–526, doi:10.2307/1930174.
  10. Urs Utiger, Notker Helfenberger, Beat Schätti, Catherine Joanne Schmidt, Markus Ruf, Vincent Ziswiler: Molecular systematics and phylogeny of old and new world ratsnakes, Elaphe auct., and related genera. In: Russian Journal of Herpetology. Band 9, Nr. 2, 2002, S. 105–124 (PDF 230 kB).
  11. Urs Utiger, Beat Schätti, Notker Helfenberger: The oriental Colubrine Genus Coelognathus Fitzinger, 1843 and classification of old and new world racers and ratsnakes (Reptilia, Squamata, Colubridae, Colubrinae). In: Russian Journal of Herpetology. Band 12, Nr. 1, 2005, S. 39–60 (PDF 330 kB).
  12. Frank T. Burbrink: Phylogeographic analysis of the cornsnake (Elaphe guttata) complex as inferred from maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses. In: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. Band 25, 2002, S. 465–476.
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Kornnatter: Brief Summary ( الألمانية )

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Die Kornnatter (Pantherophis guttatus), auch Gewöhnliche Kornnatter, ist eine ungiftige Schlangenart aus der Familie der Nattern (Colubridae) und ist in Nordamerika beheimatet. Mit einer typischen Körperlänge von 120 bis 150 cm zählt sie zu den mittelgroßen Arten innerhalb der Gattung der Amerikanischen Kletternattern (Pantherophis). Sie ernährt sich als dämmerungs- und nachtaktiver Lauerjäger von kleinen Säugern, Amphibien, Reptilien und Vögeln. Aufgrund ihres großen Verbreitungsgebietes, welches sich über weite Teile der östlichen USA erstreckt, ist die Art in ihrem Erscheinungsbild sehr variabel.

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Corn snake ( الإنجليزية )

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A close-up portrait
Gravid female
Young corn snake

The corn snake (Pantherophis guttatus), sometimes called red rat snake, is a species of North American rat snake in the family Colubridae. The species subdues its small prey by constriction.[4][5] It is found throughout the southeastern and central United States. Though superficially resembling the venomous copperhead (Agkistrodon contortrix) and often killed as a result of this mistaken identity, the corn snake lacks functional venom and is harmless. The corn snake is beneficial to humans[6] because it helps to control populations of wild rodent pests that damage crops and spread disease.[7]

The corn snake is named for the species' regular presence near grain stores, where it preys on mice and rats that eat harvested corn (maize).[8] The Oxford English Dictionary cites this usage as far back as 1675, whilst other sources maintain that the corn snake is so-named because the distinctive, nearly-checkered pattern of the snake's belly scales resembles the kernels of variegated corn.[9][10]

The corn snake is also referred to as a red rat snake.[11]

Description

As an adult the corn snake may have a total length (including tail) of 61–182 cm (2.00–5.97 ft).[12] In the wild, it usually lives around ten to fifteen years, but in captivity can live to an age of 23 years or more.[13] The record for the oldest corn snake in captivity was 32 years and 3 months.[14] The natural corn snake is usually orange or brown bodied with large red blotches outlined in black down their backs.[15] The belly has distinctive rows of alternating black and white marks.[16] This black and white checker pattern is similar to Indian corn which is where the name corn snake may have come from.[17] The corn snake can be distinguished from a copperhead by the corn snake's brighter colors, slender build, slim head, round pupils, and lack of heat-sensing pits.[18]

Taxonomy

Until 2002, the corn snake was considered to have two subspecies: the nominate subspecies (P. g. guttatus) described here and the Great Plains rat snake (P. g. emoryi). The latter has since been split off as its own species (P. emoryi), but is still occasionally treated as a subspecies of the corn snake by hobbyists.

P. guttatus has been suggested to be split into three species: the corn snake (P. guttatus), the Great Plains rat snake (P. emoryi, corresponding with the subspecies P. g. emoryi), and Slowinski's corn snake (P. slowinskii, occurring in western Louisiana and adjacent Texas).[19]

P. guttatus was previously placed in the genus Elaphe, but Elaphe was found to be paraphyletic by Utiger et al., leading to placement of this species in the genus Pantherophis.[20] The placement of P. guttatus and several related species in Pantherophis rather than in Elaphe has been confirmed by further phylogenetic studies.[21][22] Many reference materials still use the synonym Elaphe guttata.[23] Molecular data have shown that the corn snake is actually more closely related to kingsnakes (genus Lampropeltis) than it is to the Old World rat snakes (genus Elaphe) with which it was formerly classified. The corn snake has even been bred in captivity with the California kingsnake (Lampropeltis californiae) to produce fertile hybrids known as "jungle corn snakes".[24]

Range

Natural habitat

In the wild, the corn snake prefers habitats such as overgrown fields, forest openings, trees, palmetto flatwoods, and abandoned or seldom-used buildings and farms, from sea level to as high as 6,000 ft (1,800 m). Typically, the corn snake remains on the ground until the age of four months but can ascend trees, cliffs, and other elevated surfaces.[25] It can be found in the Southeastern United States ranging from New Jersey to the Florida Keys.

In colder regions, the corn snake brumates during winter. However, in the more temperate climate along the coast, it shelters in rock crevices and logs during cold weather. It also can find shelter in small, closed spaces, such as under a house, and come out on warm days to soak up the heat of the sun. During cold weather, the corn snake is less active; so it hunts less.[26][27]

Introduced range

Often called the "American corn snake", P. guttatus is a proscribed pest in much of Australia. There are active extermination campaigns and advice for the public in Victoria,[28] New South Wales,[29] and Queensland.[30]

Reproduction

It has been found that corn snakes (along with other colubrids) reach sexual maturity by means of size, as opposed to age. [31]

Young Okeetee Phase corn snake
Baby corn snakes hatching from their eggs

Corn snakes are relatively easy to breed. Although not necessary, they are usually put through a cooling (also known as brumation) period that takes 60–90 days to get them ready for breeding. Corn snakes brumate around 10 to 16 °C (50 to 61 °F) in a place where they cannot be disturbed and with little sunlight.

Corn snakes usually breed shortly after the winter cooling. The male courts the female primarily with tactile and chemical cues, then everts one of his hemipenes, inserts it into the female, and ejaculates his sperm. If the female is ovulating, the eggs will be fertilized and she will begin sequestering nutrients into the eggs, then secreting a shell.

Egg-laying occurs slightly more than a month after mating, with 12–24 eggs deposited into a warm, moist, hidden location. Once laid, the adult snake abandons the eggs and does not return to them. The eggs are oblong with leathery, flexible shells. About 10 weeks after laying, the young snakes use a specialized scale called an egg tooth to slice slits in the egg shell, from which they emerge at about 5 in (13 cm) long.[32]

Reproduction in captivity has to be done correctly so the clutch's mortality rate decreases. This includes accurate sexing, establishing proper pre-breeding conditioning, and timely pairing of adults. Corn snakes are temperate zone colubrids, and share a reproductive pattern where females increase their feeding during summer and fall. This only applies to corn snakes that are sexually mature, which typically indicates the snake is around 75 cm (30 inches) in length or weight 250 g.[33]

Diet

Captive corn snake eating young mouse

Like all snakes, corn snakes are carnivorous and, in the wild, they eat every few days. While most corn snakes eat small rodents, such as the white-footed mouse, they may also eat other reptiles, or amphibians, or climb trees to find unguarded bird eggs.[34]

Seasons play a large role in the thermal regulation patterns of corn snakes, which is the main mechanism of digestion for snakes. During fall, corn snakes maintain a body temperature approximately 3 degrees Celsius higher than the surrounding environment after consuming a meal,[35] while corn snakes in the winter are not seen to thermoregulate after digestion. Captive snakes do this by using heat mats as an underneath heat source replicates their natural conditions. Corn snakes demonstrate nocturnal patterns, and use the warm ground at night to thermoregulate, therefore heat mats replicate this source.

American "rat snakes", such as P. guttatus, had venomous ancestors, which lost their venom after they evolved constriction as a means of prey capture.

Intelligence and behavior

Like many species of the Colubridae, corn snakes exhibit defensive tail vibration behavior.[36] Behavioral / chemosensory studies with corn snakes suggest that odor cues are of primary importance for prey detection, whereas visual cues are of secondary importance.[37][38]

However; a study conducted by Dr. David Holzman of the University of Rochester in 1999 found that snakes' cognitive abilities (in specific regards to spatial learning) actually rival that of birds and rodents.[39] Holzman challenged the typical testing method that was being used by biologists to examine snakes' navigational abilities, claiming the structure of the arena itself was biologically in favor of rodents. He hypothesized that if the typical arena being used to test the animals was modified to cater to snake's innate biologically driven goals, thus providing them with problem sets that they would likely encounter in their natural environment, this would give a more accurate view of their intelligence.

The study involved testing 24 captive-bred corn snakes, placing them in a wide-open tub with walls too high for them to climb out. Eight holes were cut out underneath, with one hole leading to a shelter. An intense light was positioned to shine directly on the arena, exploiting the snake's natural aversion to bright open spaces. This provided a biologically meaningful objective for the snakes: to seek out cozy dark shelter.

Not only did they find that, when given proper incentive, the snakes exhibited an acute ability to learn and navigate their surroundings, they also found snakes rely on their sense of vision much more than many herpetologists had previously assumed. They did, however, find that younger snakes were able to more quickly locate the holes than older snakes, as the younger snakes were more resourceful in their application of senses – where the older snakes more heavily relied on their sense of sight.[40]

In captivity

Corn snakes are one of the most popular types of snakes to keep in captivity or as pets, second only to the ball python. However, they are the most popular pet snake in Brazil. Their size, calm temperament, and ease of care contribute to this popularity. Captive corn snakes tolerate being handled by their owners, even for extended periods.[41]

Variations

A docile young corn snake (an introduced species) captured from the wild on the island of Nevis, West Indies, in 2009

After many generations of selective breeding, captive bred corn snakes are found in a wide variety of different colors and patterns. These result from recombining the dominant and recessive genes that code for proteins involved in chromatophore development, maintenance, or function. New variations, or morphs, become available every year as breeders gain a better understanding of the genetics involved.

Color morphs

  • Normal / Carolina / Wildtype – Orange with black lines around red-colored saddle markings going down their back and with black-and-white checkered bellies. Regional diversity is found in wild-caught corn snakes, the most popular being the Miami and Okeetee Phases. These are the most commonly seen corn snakes.
  • Miami Phase (originates in the Florida Wildtype) – Usually smaller corn snakes with some specimens having highly contrasting light silver to gray ground color with red or orange saddle markings surrounded in black. Selective breeding has lightened the ground color and darkened the saddle marks. The "Miami" name is now considered an appearance trait.
  • Okeetee Phase – Characterized by deep red dorsal saddle marks, surrounded by very black borders on a bright orange ground color. As with the Miami Phase, selective breeding has changed the term "Okeetee" to an appearance rather than a locality. Some on the market originate solely from selectively breeding corn snakes from the Okeetee Hunt Club.
  • Candy-cane (selectively bred amelanistic) – Amelanistic corn snakes, bred toward the ideal of red or orange saddle marks on a white background. Some were produced using light Creamsicle (an amel hybrid from Great Plains rat snake x corn snake crosses) bred with Miami Phase corn snakes. Some Candy-canes will develop orange coloration around the neck region as they mature and many labeled as Candy-canes later develop significant amounts of yellow or orange in the ground color. The contrast they have as hatchlings often fades with maturity.
  • Reverse Okeetee (selectively bred amelanistic) – An amelanistic Okeetee Phase corn snake, which has the normal black rings around the saddle marks replaced with wide white rings. Ideal specimens are high contrast snakes with light orange to yellow background and dark orange/red saddles. Note: An Albino Okeetee is not a locale-specific Okeetee—it is a selectively bred amelanistic.
  • Fluorescent Orange (selectively bred amelanistic) – A designer amelanistic corn snake that develops white borders around bright red saddle marks as adults on an orange background.
  • Sunglow (selectively bred amelanistic) – Another designer amelanistic corn snake that lacks the usual white speckling that often appears in most albinos and selected for exceptionally bright ground color. The orange background surrounds dark orange saddle marks.
  • Blood Red (selectively bred "diffused") – Carry a recessive trait (known as diffused) that eliminates the ventral checkered patterns. These originated from a somewhat unicolor Jacksonville, Florida and Gainesville, Florida strain of corn snake. Through selective breeding, an almost solid ground color has been produced. Hatchlings have a visible pattern that can fade as they mature into a solid orange-red to ash-red colored snake. The earlier Blood Red corn snakes tended to have large clutches of smaller than average eggs that produce hard-to-feed offspring, though this is no longer the case.
  • Crimson (Hypomelanistic + Miami) – Very light high contrast corn snakes, with a light background and dark red/orange saddle marks.
  • Anerythristic (anerythristic type A, sometimes called "Black Albino") – The complement to amelanism. The inherited recessive mutation of lacking erythrin (red, yellow and orange) pigments produces a corn snake that is mostly black, gray and brown. When mature, many anerythristic type A corn snakes develop yellow on their neck regions, which is a result of the carotenoids in their diet.
An anerythristic corn snake
  • Charcoal (sometimes known as anerythristic type B) – Can lack the yellow color pigment usually found in all corn snakes. They are a more muted contrast compared to Anerythristics.
  • Caramel – Another Rich Zuchowski-engineered corn snake. The background is varying shades of yellow to yellow-brown. Dorsal saddle marks vary from caramel yellow to brown and chocolate brown.
  • Lavender – Have a light pink background with darker purple-gray markings. They also have ruby- to burgundy-colored eyes.
  • Cinder – Originated with Upper Keys corn snakes and, as such, are often built slimmer than most other morphs. They may resemble anerythristics, but they have wavy borders around their saddles.
  • Kastanie – Hatch out looking nearly anerythristic, but gain some color as they mature, to eventually take on a chestnut coloration. This gene was first discovered in Germany.
  • Hypomelanistic (or Hypo for short) – Carry a recessive trait that reduces the dark pigments, causing the reds, whites and oranges to become more vivid. Their eyes remain dark. They range in appearance between amelanistic corn snakes to normal corn snakes with greatly reduced melanin.
  • Ultra – A hypomelanistic-like gene that is an allele to the amelanistic gene. Ultra corn snakes have light gray lines in place of black. The Ultra gene is derived from the gray rat snake (Pantherophis spiloides). All Ultra and Ultramel corn snakes have some amount of gray rat snake in them.
  • Ultramel – An intermediate appearance between Ultra and amel, which is the result of being heterozygous for Ultra and amel at the albino locus.
  • Dilute – Another melanin-reducing gene in which the corn snake looks as if it is getting ready to shed.
  • Sunkissed – A hypo-like gene which was first found in Kathy Love's corn snake colony.
  • Lava – An extreme hypo-like gene which was discovered by Joe Pierce and named by Jeff Mohr. What would normally be black pigment in these corn snakes is, instead, a grayish-purple.

Pattern morphs

Amelanistic striped corn snake
  • Motley – Has a clear belly and an "inverted" spotting pattern. May also appear as stripes or dashes.
  • Striped – This morph also has a clear belly and a striping pattern. Unlike the Motley corn snake, the striped corn snake's colors will not connect, but may sometimes break up and take on a "cubed" appearance. Cubes and spots on a striped corn snake are the same as the saddle color on a similar-looking normal corn snake, unlike Motley corn snakes. Striped is both allelic and recessive to Motley, so breeding a striped corn snake and a (homozygous) Motley corn snake will result in all-Motley corn snakes and then breeding the (heterozygous) Motley corn snake offspring will result in ¾ Motley corn snakes and ¼ striped corn snakes.
  • Diffused – Diffuses the patterning on the sides and eliminates the belly pattern. It is one component of the Blood Red morph.
  • Sunkissed – While considered a hypo-like gene, sunkissed corn snakes also have other effects, such as rounded saddles and unusual head patterns.
  • Aztec, Zigzag and Banded – Selectively bred multigenetic morphs that are not dependent on a single gene.

Compound morphs

There are tens of thousands of possible compound morphs. Some of the most popular ones are listed here.

  • Snow (amelanistic + Anerythristic) – As hatchlings, this color variation is composed of white and pink blotches. These corn snakes are predominantly white and tend to have yellow neck and throat regions when mature (due to carotenoid retention in their diet). Light blotches and background colors have subtle shades of beige, ivory, pink, green or yellow.
  • Blizzard (amelanistic + Charcoal) – Totally white with red eyes, with very little to no visible pattern.
  • Ghost (Hypomelanistic + Anerythristic type A) – Exhibit varying shades of grays and browns on a lighter background. These often create pastel colors in lavenders, pinks, oranges and tans.
  • Phantom – A combination of Charcoal and Hypomelanistic.
  • Pewter (Charcoal + Diffused) – Silvery-lavender, with very little pattern as adults.
  • Butter (amelanistic + Caramel) – A two-tone yellow corn snake.
  • Amber (Hypomelanistic + Caramel) – Have amber-colored markings on a light brown background.
Opal corn snake
  • Plasma (Diffused + Lavender) – Hatch out in varying shades of grayish-purple.
  • Opal (amelanistic + Lavender) – Look like Blizzard corn snakes once mature, with pink to purple highlights.
  • Granite (Diffused + Anerythristic) – Tend to be varying shades of gray as adults, with males often having pink highlights.
  • Fire (amelanistic + Diffused) – An albino version of the Diffused morph. These corn snakes are typically very bright red snakes, with very little pattern as adults.

Scale mutations

  • Scaleless corn snakes are homozygous for a recessive mutation of the gene responsible for scale development. While not completely scaleless above, some do have fewer scales than others. However, all of them possess ventral (belly) scales. They can also be produced with any of the aforementioned color morphs. The first Scaleless corn snakes originated from the cross of another North American rat snake species to a corn snake and they are therefore, technically, hybrids. Scaleless mutants of many other snake species have also been documented in the wild.

Hybrids

Hybrids between corn snakes and any other snake is very common in captivity, but rarely occurs in the wild. Hybrids within the genera Pantherophis, Lampropeltis, or Pituophis so far have been proven to be completely fertile.

Many different corn snake hybrids are bred in captivity. A few common examples include:

  • Jungle corn snakes are hybrids between a corn snake and a California kingsnake (Lampropeltis californiae). These show extreme pattern variations, taking markings from both parents. Although they are hybrids of different genera, they are not sterile.
  • Tri-color Jungle corn snakes are hybrids between a Querétaro kingsnake and a corn snake. The color is similar to that of an amelanistic corn snake.
  • Creamsicle corn snakes are hybrids between an albino corn snake and a Great Plains rat snake (P. emoryi). The first-generation hybrids are known as "Rootbeers". Breeding these back to each other can produce Creamsicles.
  • Turbo corn snakes are hybrids between a corn snake and any Pituophis species.
  • Corn snakes hybridized with milk snakes are called a variety of names, depending on the subspecies of milk snake used. For example, a Honduran milk snake × corn snake is called a Cornduran, a Sinaloan milk snake × corn snake is called a Sinacorn and a Pueblan milk snake × corn snake is called a Pueblacorn.
  • Brook Korn corn snakes are hybrids between a Brook's kingsnake and a corn snake. Like the jungle corn snake, these hybrids also show extreme pattern variations.

When hybrids of corn snakes are found in the wild, they have usually hybridized with other Pantherophis species whose ranges overlap with corn snakes.

References

  1. ^ Echternacht, A.; Hammerson, G.A. (2016). "Pantherophis guttatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T63863A71740603. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T63863A71740603.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  2. ^ Stejneger L, Barbour T (1917). A Check List of North American Amphibians and Reptiles. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. iv + 125 pp. (Elaphe guttata, p. 82).
  3. ^ "Pantheropis guttatus ". The Reptile Database.
  4. ^ Crother, B. I. (2012). "Scientific and standard English names of amphibians and reptiles of North America north of Mexico, with comments regarding confidence in our understanding" (PDF). Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles Herpetological Circular. 39: 1–68.
  5. ^ Saviola, Anthony; Bealor, Matthew (2007). "Behavioural complexity and prey-handling ability in snakes: gauging the benefits of constriction". Behaviour. 144 (8): 907–929. doi:10.1163/156853907781492690. JSTOR 4536488.
  6. ^ "Corn Snake".
  7. ^ "Did Someone Say Snakes?". Archived from the original on 2013-08-03. Retrieved 2013-08-19.
  8. ^ "FLMNH - Eastern Corn Snake (Pantherophis guttatus)". 17 August 2020.
  9. ^ "Corn Snake | Petco". www.petco.com.
  10. ^ "Smithsonian National Zoo Corn Snake Fact Sheet".
  11. ^ "Corn snake". Smithsonian's National Zoo. 2018-04-11. Retrieved 2023-04-22.
  12. ^ "Corn Snake Fact sheet". Smithsonian National Zoological Park. Archived from the original on 2016-08-19. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
  13. ^ Slavens, Frank; Slavens, Kate. "Elaphe guttata guttata ". Archived from the original on 2015-09-24.
  14. ^ "Corn Snake - Pantherophis guttatus ". www.petmd.com.
  15. ^ "Corn snake". Smithsonian's National Zoo. 2018-04-11. Retrieved 2023-04-22.
  16. ^ "Corn snake". Smithsonian's National Zoo. 2018-04-11. Retrieved 2023-04-22.
  17. ^ "Corn snake". Smithsonian's National Zoo. 2018-04-11. Retrieved 2023-04-22.
  18. ^ "Reptiles and Amphibians of Virginia". Virginia Herpetological Society. Archived from the original on 2015-04-14. Retrieved 2014-11-27.
  19. ^ Burbrink, Frank T. (December 2002). "Phylogeographic analysis of the cornsnake (Elaphe guttata) complex as inferred from maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 25 (3): 465–476. doi:10.1016/s1055-7903(02)00306-8. PMID 12450751.
  20. ^ Utiger U, Helfenberger N, Schätti B, Schmidt C, Ruf M, Ziswiler V (2002). "Molecular Systematics and Phylogeny of Old and New World ratsnakes, Elaphe Auct., and related genera (Reptilia, Squamata, Colubridae)". Russian Journal of Herpetology 9 (2): 105-124.
  21. ^ Burbrink, Frank T.; Lawson, Robin (April 2007). "How and when did Old World ratsnakes disperse into the New World?". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 43 (1): 173–189. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.09.009. PMID 17113316.
  22. ^ Pyron, R. Alexander; Burbrink, Frank T. (August 2009). "Neogene diversification and taxonomic stability in the snake tribe Lampropeltini (Serpentes: Colubridae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 52 (2): 524–529. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2009.02.008. PMID 19236930.
  23. ^ Bartlett, Patricia; Bartlett, R. D. (2006-05-26), Corn Snakes and Other Rat Snakes, Complete Pet Owner's Manual (2nd ed.), Hauppauge NY: Barron's Educational Series, ISBN 978-0-7641-3407-4
  24. ^ "Jungle Corn Snakes".
  25. ^ Conant R, Collins JT (1991). A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians, Eastern and Central North America, Third Edition. Peterson Field Guide Series. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. 608 pp. ISBN 0-395-37022-1 (hardcover), ISBN 0-395-58389-6 (paperback).
  26. ^ "9 Interesting Facts About Corn Snakes".
  27. ^ "Corn snake". Smithsonian's National Zoo. 2018-04-11. Retrieved 2021-05-23.
  28. ^ "Eastern corn snake". Agriculture Victoria. 2020-05-21. Retrieved 2021-07-14.
  29. ^ "American corn snake". Department of Primary Industries, New South Wales, Australia. Retrieved 2021-07-14.
  30. ^ "American corn snake". Business Queensland. 2018-05-10. Retrieved 2021-07-14.
  31. ^ The Captive Breeding of Colubrid Snakes: This document, written by Steven T. Osborne, was originally published as a 4 part series in the 1982 edition ( Volume 4: Number 3,4,7, & 9 ) of the San Diego Herpetological Society Newsletter.http://www.kingsnake.com/colubrid/4.html
  32. ^ "Fact Sheets Corn Snake" (PDF).
  33. ^ Griswold, William (January 1, 2001). "Captive Care and Breeding of the Corn Snake, Elaphe guttata". Care in Captivity. 11 (4): 37. Retrieved May 14, 2021.
  34. ^ "ADW: Pantherophis guttatus: INFORMATION". University of Michigan Museum of Zoology.
  35. ^ Greenwald, O.E.; Kanter, Mar E. (July 1979). "The Effects of Temperature and Behavioral Thermoregulation on Digestive Efficiency and Rate in Corn Snakes (Elaphe guttata guttata)". Physiological Zoology (Vol 52 ed.). The University of Chicago. 52 (3): 398–408. doi:10.1086/physzool.52.3.30155760. S2CID 87250648. Retrieved May 14, 2021.
  36. ^ Allf, Bradley C.; Durst, Paul A. P.; Pfennig, David W. (October 2016). "Behavioral Plasticity and the Origins of Novelty: The Evolution of the Rattlesnake Rattle". The American Naturalist. 188 (4): 475–483. doi:10.1086/688017. PMID 27622880. S2CID 3906174.
  37. ^ Saviola, Anthony; McKenzie, Valerie; Chiszar, David (19 April 2012). "Chemosensory responses to chemical and visual stimuli in five species of colubrid snakes". Acta Herpetologica. 7 (1): 91–103. doi:10.13128/Acta_Herpetol-9491.
  38. ^ Worthington-Hill, J.O.; Yarnell, R.W.; Gentle, L.K. (3 July 2014). "Eliciting a predatory response in the eastern corn snake (Pantherophis guttatus) using live and inanimate sensory stimuli: implications for managing invasive populations" (PDF). International Journal of Pest Management. 60 (3): 180–186. doi:10.1080/09670874.2014.953230. S2CID 85416157.
  39. ^ University Of Rochester (February 8, 1999). "A Real Smart Asp: Snakes Show Surprising Ability To Learn". ScienceDaily. Retrieved 7 August 2021.
  40. ^ Holtzman, David A.; Harris, Terrence W.; Aranguren, Guillermo; Bostock, Elizabeth (January 1999). "Spatial learning of an escape task by young corn snakes, Elaphe guttata guttata". Animal Behaviour. 57 (1): 51–60. doi:10.1006/anbe.1998.0971. PMID 10053071. S2CID 573713.
  41. ^ "Welcome to The Corn Snake.co.uk - Corn Snake Care Sheet, Corn Snake Facts, Corn Snake Photos, Corn Snake Forum, Corn Snake Downloads and more..." www.thecornsnake.co.uk.
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Corn snake: Brief Summary ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من wikipedia EN
A close-up portrait Gravid female Young corn snake

The corn snake (Pantherophis guttatus), sometimes called red rat snake, is a species of North American rat snake in the family Colubridae. The species subdues its small prey by constriction. It is found throughout the southeastern and central United States. Though superficially resembling the venomous copperhead (Agkistrodon contortrix) and often killed as a result of this mistaken identity, the corn snake lacks functional venom and is harmless. The corn snake is beneficial to humans because it helps to control populations of wild rodent pests that damage crops and spread disease.

The corn snake is named for the species' regular presence near grain stores, where it preys on mice and rats that eat harvested corn (maize). The Oxford English Dictionary cites this usage as far back as 1675, whilst other sources maintain that the corn snake is so-named because the distinctive, nearly-checkered pattern of the snake's belly scales resembles the kernels of variegated corn.

The corn snake is also referred to as a red rat snake.

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Pantherophis guttatus ( الإسبانية، القشتالية )

المقدمة من wikipedia ES

La serpiente del maíz (Pantherophis guttatus) es una especie de serpiente de la familia Colubridae.[2]​ Se le llama serpiente del maíz por el patrón que se dibuja en la parte del vientre que recuerda al de una mazorca de maíz ancestral, es una serpiente solitaria y no vive en hoyos sino en la planicie, y los campos y praderas son las mejores áreas para encontrar su alimento, protección y escondite. Son populares en el mercado de mascotas, quizás por ser más pequeñas y dóciles que otras especies de serpientes y por no poseer veneno.

Distribución

Su área de distribución es de Maryland y Nueva Jersey llegando hacia el sur a la costa del golfo de México; la subespecie Elaphe guttata emoryi (la serpiente ratera de los grandes llanos) se puede encontrar en Texas, el norte de México y subiendo a través de Kansas y de Misuri.

Como especie exótica

Debido a su potencial colonizador y constituir una amenaza grave para las especies autóctonas, los hábitats o los ecosistemas, esta especie ha sido incluida en el Catálogo Español de Especies Exóticas Invasoras, regulado por el Real Decreto 630/2013, de 2 de agosto, estando prohibida en este caso para Baleares su introducción en el medio natural, posesión, transporte, tráfico y comercio.[3]

Características

Su apariencia es de color amarillo con triángulos naranja mandarina con bordes negros o perfilados, miden 70 a 80cm. Viven hasta 20 años.

Biología

 src=
Dos Elaphe sobre un lecho de corteza.

Cuando son jóvenes se alimentan de grillos, escarabajos, gusanos; al llegar a la edad adulta consumen lagartijas, pájaros y roedores; son buenas escaladoras y trepan árboles buscando aves y murciélagos. Aunque en cautividad, desde su nacimiento se las puede alimentar a base de ratones de diferentes tamaños dependiendo de la longitud de la serpiente, en su juventud se les proporciona "pinkis" o ratones recién nacidos, luego pasando a "primer pelo", "destetados", jóvenes y adultos.

Están más activas por la noche o durante las horas del amanecer y al anochecer. Sobre todo son terrestres pero algunas son semiarbóreas. Mientras las especies de Elaphe se alimentan de peces, ranas, roedores y otros mamíferos, E. guttata empieza por alimentarse de invertebrados pequeños como grillos, moviéndose rápidamente hasta los roedores. E. guttata es ovípara y llega a la madurez sexual a los dos años de edad.

Taxonomía

En 2002, todas las serpientes norteamericanas del género Elaphe se reclasificaron en el género Pantherophis, cambiando su Elaphe guttata a Pantherophis guttatus, sin embargo no se aceptó este cambio, y sigue refiriéndose como Elaphe. [cita requerida]

En 2003 el Herpetological Review rechazó el cambio de Elaphe a Pantherophis sobre la base de insuficientes estudios. El "International Committee for Zoological Nomenclature, ICZN" no ha tomado ese cambio. Los cambios taxonómicos se hacen oficiales cuando los aprueba el ICZN, y mientras no lo publiquen, los artículos con la reclasificación taxonómica se toman como sugerencias taxonómicas. [cita requerida]

Cuidados en cautiverio

 src=
Una Elaphe engullendo un ratón.

Son populares en el mercado de mascotas, son conocidas por ser más pequeñas y dóciles que otras especies de serpientes. No son venenosas, otra razón para explicar su adopción como mascota.

Los Elaphe fueron las primeras serpientes en cautiverio.[4]​ por su naturaleza dócil, fácil de cuidar y amplia variedad de morfologías, son las más comunes serpientes en el mercado de las mascotas.[5]

Como mascota, los juveniles Elaphe son alimentados con carne molida y algunas veces grillos e insectos una o dos veces semanalmente, los adultos pueden comer un pedazo de carne por semana. Las serpientes deben mantenerse con una Tº de entre 21-25 en la zona fría y 30 °C (de una lámpara de calor o una manta térmica), y un ciclo de luz de 8 a 12 h por día. Requieren poca humedad, entre 40 a 50 %, y buen lugar para permanecer y para ascensos. Ramas de árboles son buenas como cama. Puede ser útil una bandeja de agua para los juveniles, asegurando que no sea mayor a la serpiente, porque se puede lastimar debajo que él.

Las E. guttata y las otras especies de Elaphe cuando están en cautiverio se deben tener en un lugar de por lo menos 2 m³ y el contenedor debe tener una tapa segura. Una serpiente que quiere salir puede empujar contra la tapa o el cristal hasta que encuentre una apertura bastante grande para su cabeza; donde vaya su cabeza va su cuerpo. Algunas serpientes frotarán constantemente su nariz contra la tapa del terrario en un esfuerzo de encontrar una salida. Las abrasiones que resultan se deben tratar con un ungüento antiséptico y antibiótico. Los mobiliarios en el recinto se deben entonces evaluar para proporcionar a un ambiente más natural.

Referencias

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Pantherophis guttatus: Brief Summary ( الإسبانية، القشتالية )

المقدمة من wikipedia ES

La serpiente del maíz (Pantherophis guttatus) es una especie de serpiente de la familia Colubridae.​ Se le llama serpiente del maíz por el patrón que se dibuja en la parte del vientre que recuerda al de una mazorca de maíz ancestral, es una serpiente solitaria y no vive en hoyos sino en la planicie, y los campos y praderas son las mejores áreas para encontrar su alimento, protección y escondite. Son populares en el mercado de mascotas, quizás por ser más pequeñas y dóciles que otras especies de serpientes y por no poseer veneno.

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Maisi-roninastik ( الإستونية )

المقدمة من wikipedia ET

Maisi-roninastik (Pantherophis guttatus) on Colubridae sugukonna maoliik.

Klassifikatsioon

Maisironinastikud liigitatakse roomajate andmebaasis maoperekonda Pantherophis.

Levila

Neid kägistajamadusid võib kohata Ameerika Ühendriikides.

Seltsilisloomadena ka Eestis ja mitmel pool mujal.

Viited

  1. Loomade elu, 5:277.

Välislingid

Videod
  • YouTube'i video: Maisi-roninastik kestumas, veebiversioon (vaadatud 14.11.2014)
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Maisi-roninastik: Brief Summary ( الإستونية )

المقدمة من wikipedia ET

Maisi-roninastik (Pantherophis guttatus) on Colubridae sugukonna maoliik.

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Pantherophis guttatus ( الباسكية )

المقدمة من wikipedia EU

Pantherophis guttatus Pantherophis generoko animalia da. Narrastien barruko Colubridae familian sailkatuta dago.

Erreferentziak

  1. (Ingelesez)IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. www.iucnredlist.org. 2012ko urriaren 20an eskuratua.
  2. The Species 2000 and ITIS Catalogue of Life

Ikus, gainera

(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Pantherophis guttatus: Brief Summary ( الباسكية )

المقدمة من wikipedia EU

Pantherophis guttatus Pantherophis generoko animalia da. Narrastien barruko Colubridae familian sailkatuta dago.

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Viljakäärme ( الفنلندية )

المقدمة من wikipedia FI

Viljakäärme (Pantherophis guttatus, aik. Elaphe guttata) on tarhakäärmeiden heimoon kuuluva pohjoisamerikkalainen käärmelaji. Se on kuristajakäärme, eikä sillä siten ole myrkkyhampaita. Viljakäärme kasvaa noin 90–150 senttimetriä pitkäksi. Viljakäärmeellä esiintyy normaalin eli luonnonmukaisen lisäksi monia jalostettuja värimuotoja kuten amelanistinen, anerytristinen, snow, hypomelanistinen, okeetee, käänteinen okeetee, sunglow, caramel, ghost, bloodred, miami phase, candycane, charcoal, pewter ja creamsicle.[2] Yhteensä niitä on noin 70 erilaista. Viljakäärme elää keskimäärin 15–20-vuotiaaksi; ennätys on 23 vuotta.

Levinneisyys ja elinympäristö

Viljakäärmeen asuinalueeseen kuuluu kauttaaltaan Yhdysvaltojen kaakkoisosat.[3] Alue kattaa näin ollen Philadelphian, Miamin, New Orleansin sekä Saint Lousin nelikulmioisen alueen sisäosat. Viljakäärmeet elävät kovin vaihtelevissa ympäristöissä, ne viihtyvät sekä kuivassa että kosteassa ilmastossa. Suurimmassa osassa asuinympäristöään viljakäärmeet elävät hiekkaisissa mäntymetsissä sekä ruohoisissa ja pensasalueilla. Levinneisyysalueen eteläisissä osissa sekä Floridan eteläkärjen saaristossa on trooppista metsää sekä suota. Viljakäärme on semi-fossoriaalinen eli se viettää suuren osan ajastaan maan alla. Viljakäärmeet oleskelevat maakerroksen ja kivien alla, ontoissa puunrungoissa sekä nisäkkäiden rakentamissa käytävissä. Ihmisasutuksen lähellä viljakäärmeitä löytää useiltakin paikoilta kuten viljelyksiltä, puutarhoista, hylätyistä putkistoista ja rakennusten perustuksista. Vaikka viljakäärme on maassa elävä laji se osaa myös käyttää hyödykseen korkeuden ja ne kiipeilevätkin suhteellisen ketterästi. Viljakäärme on hämäräaktiivinen ja liikkuu siis enimmäkseen illalla auringon laskettua sekä toisaalta varhain aamulla.

Terraariossa

Viljakäärmeen poikasia pidetään tarpeeksi suuressa säilytyslaatikossa tai muussa pakovarmassa ilmastoidussa laatikossa tai terraariossa, esimerkiksi faunaboksissa. Liian isossa terraariossa viljakäärmeen poikaset ahdistuvat ja lopettavat syömisen. Myös käärmeen tarkkailu on pienessä terraariossa tai faunaboksissa helpompaa. Käärmeen voi siirtää varsinaiseen terraarioonsa noin puolivuotiaana. Viljakäärmeellä pitää olla terraariossa, oksia ja ylipäätäänsä suojapaikkoja.

Aikuisen viljakäärmeen terraarion tulisi sisältää paljon piilopaikkoja, jotta se tuntisi olonsa turvalliseksi, terraariossa tulisi olla myös mahdollisuus kiipeillä (oksia tai kallioseinämä) ja kaivella (tarpeeksi pohjamateriaalia). Terraarion koko olisi vähintään esim. 90 × 40 × 70 cm tai suurempi, jotta käärmeellä olisi riittävästi tilaa liikkua ja mahdollisuus käyttää lihaksiaan. Viljakäärmeellä, kuten muillakin matelijoilla, tulee myös olla lämpimämpi ja viileämpi pää terraariossa. Viljakäärmeellä pitää olla vesiastia, johon se mahtuu kokonaan.

Ruokinta

Pieni poikanen syö pakastettuja ja sen jälkeen sulatettuja ”pinkkejä” eli vastasyntyneitä hiiriä. Poikasta ruokitaan noin 4–6 päivän välein. Ruoan koko ja ruokintaväli kasvaa käärmeen mukana; keskenkasvuinen käärme syö noin viikon välein ja aikuinen noin 2 viikon välein. Sopivalla kasvuvauhdilla käärme on täysikasvuinen noin 4–6 vuoden iässä, joka tarkoittaa 100–200 gramman painonnousua vuodessa.

Nahanluonti

Muiden matelijoiden tavoin myös viljakäärmeet luovat aika ajoin nahkansa. Nahan luominen on matelijoiden tapa uudistaa ihoaan, kun nisäkkäiden iho irtoaa pieninä mikroskooppisina paloina eli hilseenä. Koska käärmeen iho ei veny rajattomasti, luovat pienet poikaset nahan paljon useammin kuin täysikasvuiset käärmeet. Poikaset voivat luoda nahan jopa 6–10 kertaa ensimmäisen vuoden aikana, kun taas täysikasvuiset yksilöt luovat nahkansa noin 3–5 kertaa vuodessa. Käärmeen nahka irtoaa useimmiten yhtenäisenä sukkana. Käärmeeseen ei saa koskea kun se on vaihtamassa nahkaa. Nahanluonnin lähestyessä käärmeen silmät muuttuvat sameiksi ja ihon väri harmahtavaksi. Värin muuttuminen johtuu vanhan nahan alle kertyvästä nesteestä, joka saa lopulta aikaan ulomman ihokerroksen irtoamisen.

Lemmikkikäärmeellä

Joillakin värimuodoilla, kuten snow'lla ja ghostilla, ihon värissä on nahanluonnin lähestyessä vaikea havaita mitään muutoksia. Käärmeiden käytös muuttuu usein araksi ja useimmat pysyttelevät tuon ajan enimmäkseen piilossa. Jotkin yksilöt voivat jopa kieltäytyä syömästä nahanluonnin aikana. Nahanluontiin valmistautuvan käärmeen olisi parasta antaa olla rauhassa omissa oloissaan. Ruokintaakin kannattaa yleensä siirtää eteenpäin, kunnes nahka on luotu. Samea vaihe kestää käärmeestä riippuen noin viikon, minkä jälkeen käärme muuttuu nopeasti lähes normaalin näköiseksi. Muutaman päivän kuluttua käärme luo nahkansa. Nahkaa luodessaan käärme alkaa hangata kuonoaan terraarion seiniin ja sisusteisiin yrittäessään saada nahan rikki kuonon päästä. Tämän jälkeen käärme hieroo kylkiään esineisiin ja puskee läpi ahtaista koloista. Kun nahan irtoaminen on saatu hyvin alulle, käärme ikään kuin ryömii ulos nahasta supistamalla vartalonsa lihaksia. Vanha nahka kääntyy irrotessaan nurin päin kuin jalasta vedetty sukka.

Lähteet

  1. a b Hammerson, G.A.: Pantherophis guttatus IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.1. 2007. International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN, Iucnredlist.org. Viitattu 24.6.2014. (englanniksi)
  2. Matelijat.info
  3. Cornsnake.co.uk

Aiheesta muualla

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Viljakäärme: Brief Summary ( الفنلندية )

المقدمة من wikipedia FI

Viljakäärme (Pantherophis guttatus, aik. Elaphe guttata) on tarhakäärmeiden heimoon kuuluva pohjoisamerikkalainen käärmelaji. Se on kuristajakäärme, eikä sillä siten ole myrkkyhampaita. Viljakäärme kasvaa noin 90–150 senttimetriä pitkäksi. Viljakäärmeellä esiintyy normaalin eli luonnonmukaisen lisäksi monia jalostettuja värimuotoja kuten amelanistinen, anerytristinen, snow, hypomelanistinen, okeetee, käänteinen okeetee, sunglow, caramel, ghost, bloodred, miami phase, candycane, charcoal, pewter ja creamsicle. Yhteensä niitä on noin 70 erilaista. Viljakäärme elää keskimäärin 15–20-vuotiaaksi; ennätys on 23 vuotta.

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Serpent des blés ( الفرنسية )

المقدمة من wikipedia FR

Pantherophis guttatus

Pantherophis guttatus, le Serpent des blés, est une espèce de serpents de la famille des Colubridae[2].

Répartition

Cette espèce est endémique des États-Unis[2]. Elle se rencontre en Louisiane, en Arkansas, au Mississippi, en Alabama, en Floride, en Géorgie, en Caroline du Sud, en Caroline du Nord, au Tennessee, au Kentucky, en Virginie, en Virginie-Occidentale, au Maryland, au Delaware, au New Jersey et en Pennsylvanie.

Elle a été introduite aux Antilles, aux îles Caïmans, aux îles Vierges, à Anguilla, à Antigua et à Saint-Barthélemy.

Elle est considérée comme espèce invasive en Australie, où elle est régulée dans certaines régions[3].

Habitat

Pantherophis guttatus vit dans les champs dont la végétation est abondante, à l'orée des forêts ou encore dans les bâtiments abandonnés ou rarement utilisés. On le rencontre à partir du niveau de la mer jusqu'à une altitude d'environ 1800 mètres. Généralement, ces serpents restent à terre, mais ils sont néanmoins capables de monter aux arbres, sur des escarpements rocheux ou sur d'autres surfaces en hauteur[4].

Dans les régions les plus froides, ces serpents hivernent durant la mauvaise saison. Toutefois, dans les climats plus tempérés le long de la côte, ils se réfugient dans des fissures rocheuses ou sous des souches de bois lorsqu'il fait froid, mais sortent pendant les jours chauds pour profiter de la chaleur du soleil[5]. Quand il fait froid, ils sont moins actifs et chassent moins.

Statut de protection

L’espèce n’est pas considérée comme en danger et est inscrite comme en préoccupation mineure sur la liste rouge de l’UICN. Elle est toutefois interdite de prélèvement en milieu naturel en Georgie[6].

Pantherophis guttatus est considérée comme une espèce pouvant porter atteinte aux espèces sauvages dans plusieurs pays où elle a été introduite. C’est le cas de l’Australie, dont les territoires de Victoria, New South Wales et Queensland régulent sa présence. Dans la loi française, l’espèce est également interdite à la vente en Guadeloupe, en Guyane et sur l’île de la Réunion afin de limiter son introduction dans la nature[7].

Description

Le serpent des blés a une couleur de fond orangée, son dos est parsemé de taches rouges (appelées « selles »), bordées de noir. La face ventrale représente généralement un damier blanc et noir. Il est de taille moyenne, entre 75 et 120 cm avec un record à 183 cm[réf. incomplète][8],[9].

Sa distribution étant assez vaste, le phénotype peut changer selon les endroits où il se trouve. Par exemple dans le comté de Jasper, en Caroline du Sud, il a été trouvé plusieurs serpents des blés avec des couleurs plus intense et des pourtours noirs plus large, cette variante a été nommé Okeetee (en référence à l'Okeetee Hunt Club, lieu de sa découverte)[10],[11].

Ces phénotypes liés à une zone géographique précise sont appelés des localités. Il existe également la localité Miami, caractérisée par un phénotype composé de selles rouges sur un fond gris, que l’on trouvé en Floride dans le comté de Miami.

La localité Upper Keys est une forme insulaire que l’on trouve sur l’archipel des Keys au large de la Floride. Elle était considérée comme une sous espèce de Pantherophis guttatus avant 2002, et appelée alors Elaphe guttata rosacea[12].

Ce serpent vit en moyenne entre 6 et 8 ans, mais il peut atteindre 22 ans en captivité[13].

Alimentation

 src=
Pantherophis guttatus mangeant une souris

Pantherophis guttatus a une alimentation composée principalement de rongeurs. Il tue ses proies par constriction. Il est un grimpeur hors pair et peut escalader des arbres pour trouver des oiseaux ou encore des chauves-souris, bien qu'il préfère rester au niveau du sol. Comme les portées de jeunes souris sont difficiles à trouver dans la nature, beaucoup de serpents des blés nouveau-nés sont connus pour manger de petits lézards comme premiers repas[14]. Certains individus gardent ce type de régime jusqu'à l'âge adulte.

Reproduction

 src=
Jeunes serpents des blés sortant de leurs œufs

Les serpents des blés s'accouplent communément d'avril à juillet. Le mâle courtise la femelle d'abord via des signaux physiques et chimiques, puis la pénètre avec l'un de ses hémipénis. Si la femelle est en période d'ovulation, les ovules seront fécondés. Des réserves de nutriments seront stockés dans les futurs œufs et une coquille sera sécrétée. La ponte survient un peu plus d'un mois après l'accouplement, et 12 à 24 œufs sont déposés dans un lieu chaud et humide. Une fois la ponte terminée, la mère les abandonne définitivement. Les œufs sont allongés et possèdent une coquille flexible. Approximativement 8 semaines après la ponte, les jeunes serpents utilisent une écaille spécialisée appelée diamant pour découper une fente dans la coquille, de laquelle ils émergent[15].

Hybridation possible

L’espèce peut avoir une descendance fertile lors de son accouplement avec certaines autres espèces de colubridés nord américains. C’est le cas notamment des reproductions avec plusieurs espèces du genre Lampropeltis[16], comme par exemple Lampropeltis californae ou Lampropeltis triangulum.

Des hybrides naturels peuvent se former, Pantherophis guttatus partageant son aire de répartition avec plusieurs espèces de Lampropeltis, mais également avec les autres espèces de son Genre (Pantherophis emoryi et Pantherophis obsoletus par exemple).

Taxinomie

Les trois sous-espèces de Pantherophis guttatus ont été élevées au rang d'espèces : Pantherophis guttatus, Pantherophis emoryi et Pantherophis slowinskii[17].

Pantherophis guttatus était anciennement classé dans le genre Elaphe, mais des études d'Utiger et al. on montré que celui-ci était en fait paraphylétique, ce qui a mené au placement de cette espèce dans le genre Pantherophis[18]. Ce placement et celui de plusieurs espèces voisines dans le genre Pantherophis plutôt qu'Elaphe a été confirmé par des études phylogénétiques approfondies[19],[20].

Étymologie

Le nom anglais de serpent des maïs (corn snake) vient du fait que ces animaux chassaient les rats et les souris qui venaient se nourrir dans les récoltes de maïs des fermiers[21]. Le nom français de serpent des blés provient peut-être à la base d'une erreur de traduction, corn signifiant maïs en anglais américain et blé en anglais britannique.

En captivité

 src=
Serpent des blés anérythristique
 src=
Serpent des blés opale

Sa nature docile, le fait qu'il mord rarement, sa taille modérée à l'âge adulte (120 cm environ)[22], ses couleurs et son entretien relativement aisé en font un serpent populaire parmi les terrariophiles.

Les serpents des blés élevés en captivité sont généralement nourris de rongeurs achetés dans le commerce (surtout des souris). Les jeunes et les plus petits individus peuvent manger des souris ou rats nouveau-nés de tailles variées. La taille des proies grandit avec la taille de l'animal.

Après de nombreuses générations d'élevage sélectif, les serpents des blés se rencontrent dans une vaste variété de couleurs et de motifs. Cela résulte de combinaisons entre allèles de gènes codant des protéines impliquées dans le développement, la maintenance ou la fonction de chromatophores (cellules pigmentaires responsables notamment de la couleur de la peau et des yeux). De nouvelles variantes, ou mutations[23], apparaissent régulièrement, car les éleveurs comprennent de mieux en mieux les phénomènes génétiques impliqués.

De nombreux gènes récessifs et plusieurs gènes dominants ont ainsi été découverts. La combinaison de ces gènes entre eux a permis d’obtenir de nombreuses couleurs différentes, estimées à plus de 800[24].

Le type le plus couramment rencontré dans la nature, dit « type sauvage » de Pantherophis guttatus est d'un orangé plus ou moins vif, voire tirant sur le gris, avec des bandes rouges cerclées de noir.

Publication originale

  • Linnaeus, 1766 : Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis, Tomus I. Editio duodecima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii, Stockholm, Holmiae, p. 1-532 (texte intégral).

Notes et références

  1. (en) « Pantherophis guttatus », sur The Reptile Database (consulté le 4 septembre 2020).
  2. a et b (en) Référence Reptarium Reptile Database : Pantherophis guttatus
  3. (en) Precincts and Regions Department of Jobs, « Eastern corn snake - Agriculture », sur Agriculture Victoria, 23 février 2021 (consulté le 7 février 2022)
  4. Peterson Field Guide - Western Reptiles and Amphibians - 3rd Edition
  5. Reptilian Brumation
  6. (en) Nancy Clanton, « It’s illegal to kill most snakes in Georgia », The Atlanta Journal-Constitution,‎ 14 mai 2021 (ISSN , lire en ligne, consulté le 7 février 2022)
  7. « Législation du serpent des blés | Combien de serpents maximum peut-on avoir ? », sur Guttatophiles (consulté le 7 février 2022)
  8. http://srelherp.uga.edu/snakes/elagut.htm
  9. http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/herpetology/fl-guide/pantherophisguttatus.htm
  10. Mais seul le phénotype précis, décrivant la localité, permet d'appeler un serpent par cette localité et non l'endroit où il a été découvert, même s'il est à l'intérieur de la zone de distribution de la localité. Cf [1]
  11. http://scales.kazeo.com/localites/localites,r331247.html cette référence
  12. (en) Kevin M. Enge, « Red Rat Snake (Lower Keys Population) Biological Status Review Report », FLORIDA FISH AND WILDLIFE CONSERVATION COMMISSION,‎ 31 mars 2011, P.2, Biological information (lire en ligne [PDF])
  13. Corn Snake Fact sheet
  14. (en) Mark Perkins, « Feeding Corn Snakes », Corn Snake Information (consulté le 17 juin 2011)
  15. http://archives.picardie-nature.org/index.php?action=lecteur&document=259#page16
  16. « Les hybrides de Pantherophis guttatus / serpent des blés », sur Guttatophiles (consulté le 7 février 2022)
  17. Burbrink, 2002 : Phylogeographic analysis of the cornsnake (Elaphe guttata) complex as inferred from maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, vol. 25, n. 3, p. 465-476 (texte intégral « Copie archivée » (version du 12 mars 2012 sur l'Internet Archive)).
  18. Utiger, Helfenberger, Schätti, Schmidt, Ruf & Ziswiler, 2002 : Molecular systematics and phylogeny of Old and New World ratsnakes, Elaphe auct., and related genera (Reptilia, Squamata, Colubridae). Russian Journal of Herpetology, vol. 9, n. 2, p. 105–124 (texte intégral)
  19. Burbrink & Lawson, 2007 : How and when did Old World ratsnakes disperse into the New World? Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, vol. 43, p. 173-189.
  20. Pyron & Burbrink, 2009. Neogene diversification and taxonomic stability in the snake tribe Lampropeltini (Serpentes: Colubridae) Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, vol. 52, p. 524-529 (texte intégral).
  21. (en) « FLMNH - Eastern Corn Snake (Pantherophis guttatus) », Florida Museum of Natural History
  22. Philippe Gérard, Le Terrarium : Manuel d'élevage et de maintenance des animaux insolites, Campsegret, Animalia éd., 2004, 176 p. (ISBN 978-2-915740-07-3 et 2-915740-07-0)
  23. (en) « Corn Snakes For Sale - South Mountain Reptiles - Many Morphs Available », sur South Mountain Reptiles (consulté le 4 septembre 2020).
  24. (en-GB) « Ians Vivarium », sur Ians Vivarium (consulté le 7 février 2022)
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Serpent des blés: Brief Summary ( الفرنسية )

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Pantherophis guttatus

Pantherophis guttatus, le Serpent des blés, est une espèce de serpents de la famille des Colubridae.

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Kornsnákur ( الآيسلندية )

المقدمة من wikipedia IS

Kornsnákur (fræðiheiti: Pantherophis guttatus) er bandarísk tegund snáka af fjölskyldu rottusnáka. Einstaklingar geta orðið allt frá 76 cm upp í 1,5 m, þó flestir verði ekki stærri en 1,2 m. Kornsnákar eru mjög harðgerðir og verða einstaklingar iðulega um 6 til 8 ára en í haldi geta orðið allt að 23 ára.

Kornsnákurinn er kyrkislanga og vefur sig því utan um bráð sína og kyrkir hana. Fæða þeirra er helst lítil nagdýr og veiða þeir aðallega á kornökrum (og draga nafn sitt af því), í suður hluta bandaríkjanna eru þeir víða heimilisdýr hjá kornbændum en þeir nota þá til að halda nagdýrum frá korninu. Þeir eru helst virkir á næturnar og veiða þá.[1]

Þeir eru skapgóðir, rólegir og tregir við að bíta sér til varnar, þess vegna eru þeir mjög vinsæl gæludýr víðsvegar um heimi, og hægt er að fá þá í alls konar litum. Óheimilt er þó að halda þá sem gæludýr á Íslandi sem og aðrar slöngur og skriðdýr sökum möguleika á smithættu og eru þeir aflífaðir ef þeir finnast.[2]

Búsvæði

Villtir kornsnákar halda sig helst í grónu landi, skógar rjóðrum, í trjám og í yfirgefnum eða lítið notuðum byggingum. Þeir finnast frá sjávarmáli upp í u.m.þ.b. 1800m hæð. Þessir snákar halda sig að miklu leyti á jörðinni en eru þó færir í að klifra og geta klifrað upp í tré og upp kletta. [3] Náttúruleg heimkynni snákanna eru í suðaustanverðum bandaríkjunum, þeir finnast frá New Jersey í norðri, suður til Flórída og vestur til Texas. Á kaldari svæðum leggjast snákar í dvala yfir veturinn, en þó tekst þeim að halda sér gangandi á tempraðari svæðunum við ströndina og leita þar skjóls í sprungum á milli steina og í trjábolum. Sunnarlega á útbreiðslusvæði snákanna helst hitinn nægur yfir veturinn til að þeir þurfi ekki að leggjast í dvala.

Mökun

 src=
Kornsnákar við það að skríða úr eggjunum sínum

Kornsnákar makast stuttu eftir að þeir koma úr dvala eða eftir að byrjar að hitna á ný ef þeir lögðust ekki í dvala. Tegundin verpir eggjum og geta þau verið allt frá 12 upp í 30. Eggin eru um 60-80 daga að klekjast, kvendýrið verpir eggjunum á hlýjan, rakan og falinn stað, að þessu loknu yfirgefur móðirin eggin. Eggin sjálf eru aflöng með leðurkenndri mjúkri skurn. Um 10 vikum eftir varp nota ungarnir sérstaka hreisturplötu sem kallast eggtönn en hún er fremst á nefinu á þeim til að gera gat á eggið og skríða þaðan út um 15cm langir, tönnina missa þeir eftir fyrstu hamskipti. Snákarnir verða kynþroska um 18 mánaða til 3 ára.

  1. Corn Snake Fact sheet
  2. „Kornsnákur fannst í austurborginni“. visir.is. Sótt 24. júlí, 2012.
  3. Peterson Field Guide - Western Reptiles and Amphibians - 3rd Edition
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Kornsnákur: Brief Summary ( الآيسلندية )

المقدمة من wikipedia IS

Kornsnákur (fræðiheiti: Pantherophis guttatus) er bandarísk tegund snáka af fjölskyldu rottusnáka. Einstaklingar geta orðið allt frá 76 cm upp í 1,5 m, þó flestir verði ekki stærri en 1,2 m. Kornsnákar eru mjög harðgerðir og verða einstaklingar iðulega um 6 til 8 ára en í haldi geta orðið allt að 23 ára.

Kornsnákurinn er kyrkislanga og vefur sig því utan um bráð sína og kyrkir hana. Fæða þeirra er helst lítil nagdýr og veiða þeir aðallega á kornökrum (og draga nafn sitt af því), í suður hluta bandaríkjanna eru þeir víða heimilisdýr hjá kornbændum en þeir nota þá til að halda nagdýrum frá korninu. Þeir eru helst virkir á næturnar og veiða þá.

Þeir eru skapgóðir, rólegir og tregir við að bíta sér til varnar, þess vegna eru þeir mjög vinsæl gæludýr víðsvegar um heimi, og hægt er að fá þá í alls konar litum. Óheimilt er þó að halda þá sem gæludýr á Íslandi sem og aðrar slöngur og skriðdýr sökum möguleika á smithættu og eru þeir aflífaðir ef þeir finnast.

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Pantherophis guttatus ( الإيطالية )

المقدمة من wikipedia IT

La serpe del grano (Pantherophis guttatus (Linnaeus, 1766)) è un serpente non velenoso appartenente alla famiglia Colubridae, diffuso negli Stati Uniti d'America.[3]

Descrizione

La serpe del grano è un serpente costrittore, solitamente di colore arancione e con macchie dal rosso al marrone, possiede una testa stretta ed un corpo muscoloso. Le dimensioni degli esemplari adulti oscillano tra i 4–5 cm di diametro ed i 75–150 cm di lunghezza, per un peso che varia tra i 250 ed oltre i 500 grammi.

Biologia

Vive anche in campi di grano cacciando roditori, per questo molto apprezzata da contadini e allevatori.

Quando si sente minacciata agita la coda producendo piccole vibrazioni e si rizza su di essa, pronta a guizzare e, in casi estremi, spruzza un fluido maleodorante.

Alimentazione

La serpe del grano caccia prevalentemente roditori, stritolando e ingoiandoli.

Riproduzione

È un serpente oviparo e depone dalle 5 alle 25 uova fra detriti vegetali e materiale in decomposizione, il periodo di incubazione delle uova è di circa 60 giorni. Raggiunge la maturità sessuale a circa 2 anni di età.

Solitamente vive fra i 6 e gli 8 anni, ma in cattività può raggiungere anche 23 anni.[4]

Distribuzione e habitat

Vive nelle praterie e nei boschi negli Stati Uniti d'America orientali e sudorientali (New Jersey, Maryland, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama e Florida).[1]

Tassonomia

La serpe del grano era precedentemente collocata nel genere Elaphe, Utiger et al. hanno scoperto che tale genere è parafiletico, così la specie è stata ricollocata nel genere Pantherophis.[5] Il collocamento della serpe del grano e di diverse specie correlate nel genere Pantherophis anziché Elaphe è stato confermato da ulteriori studi filogenetici.[6][7]

Note

  1. ^ a b (EN) Hammerson, G.A. 2007, Pantheropis guttatus, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020. URL consultato il 10 dicembre 2015.
  2. ^ (EN) Stejneger L, Barbour T., A Check List of North American Amphibians and Reptiles, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press, 1917, p. 82.
  3. ^ a b (EN) Pantheropis guttatus, su The Reptile Database. URL consultato il 10 dicembre 2015.
  4. ^ Frank Slavens e Kate Slavens, Elaphe guttata guttata, su pondturtle.com.
  5. ^ (EN) Utiger, U., N. Helfenberger, B. Schätti, C. Schmidt, M. Ruf, and V. Ziswiler, Molecular Systematics and Phylogeny of Old and New World ratsnakes, Elaphe Auct., and related genera (Reptilia, Squamata, Colubridae), in Russian Journal of Herpetology, vol. 9, n. 2, 2002, pp. 105-124.
  6. ^ (EN) Burbrink, F. T. and R. Lawson, How and when did Old World ratsnakes disperse into the New World?, in Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, vol. 43, 2007, pp. 173-189.
  7. ^ (EN) Pyron, R. A. and F. T. Burbrink, Neogene diversification and taxonomic stability in the snake tribe Lampropeltini (Serpentes: Colubridae), in Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, vol. 52, 2009, pp. 524-529.

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Pantherophis guttatus: Brief Summary ( الإيطالية )

المقدمة من wikipedia IT

La serpe del grano (Pantherophis guttatus (Linnaeus, 1766)) è un serpente non velenoso appartenente alla famiglia Colubridae, diffuso negli Stati Uniti d'America.

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Pantherophis guttatus ( الملايو )

المقدمة من wikipedia MS

Ular jagung (Bahasa Inggeris: cornsnake, Pantherophis guttatus) atau ular tikus merah [1]merupakan spesies ular tikus Amerika Utara yang menumpaskan mangsa kecil dengan menjerut. Jolokan "ular jagung" berasal dari zaman dahulu apabila kaum petani di selatan Amerika Syarikat menyimpan bulir jagung dalam bekas binaan kayu. Tikus memasuki bekas itu untuk memakan jagung, dan ular jagung datang untuk memakan tikus.[2]

Ular jagung ditemui di seluruh rantau tenggara dan tengah Amerika Syarikat. Sifatnya yang jinak dan malu hendak mematuk, kepanjangan dewasa yang sederhana pada 3.9–6.0 kaki (1.2–1.8 m), coraknya yang menarik, dan penjagaan yang agak mudah menjadikan ular jagung sebagai haiwan belaan sukaramai. Di alam liar, ular jagung biasanya hidup selama sekitar 6–8 tahun, tetapi dalam kurungan ia mampu hidup mencecah umur 23 tahun.[3]

Rujukan

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Pantherophis guttatus: Brief Summary ( الملايو )

المقدمة من wikipedia MS

Ular jagung (Bahasa Inggeris: cornsnake, Pantherophis guttatus) atau ular tikus merah merupakan spesies ular tikus Amerika Utara yang menumpaskan mangsa kecil dengan menjerut. Jolokan "ular jagung" berasal dari zaman dahulu apabila kaum petani di selatan Amerika Syarikat menyimpan bulir jagung dalam bekas binaan kayu. Tikus memasuki bekas itu untuk memakan jagung, dan ular jagung datang untuk memakan tikus.

Ular jagung ditemui di seluruh rantau tenggara dan tengah Amerika Syarikat. Sifatnya yang jinak dan malu hendak mematuk, kepanjangan dewasa yang sederhana pada 3.9–6.0 kaki (1.2–1.8 m), coraknya yang menarik, dan penjagaan yang agak mudah menjadikan ular jagung sebagai haiwan belaan sukaramai. Di alam liar, ular jagung biasanya hidup selama sekitar 6–8 tahun, tetapi dalam kurungan ia mampu hidup mencecah umur 23 tahun.

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Kornsnok ( النرويجية )

المقدمة من wikipedia NO

Kornsnok også kalt rød rottesnok (vitenskapelig navn Pantherophis guttatus, tidligere Elaphe guttata[1]) er en slangeart i slekten klatresnoker (Pantherophis) som lever i de sørøstlige delene av USA. Den blir fra 100 til 180 cm lang. Arten blir normalt 6–8 år, men kan bli opp til 23 år gammel i fangenskap.[2][3]Kornsnoken lever på bakken, men er også en god klatrer. Arten er representert i Kristiansand dyrepark, Amadeus-parken, Haugaland Zoo, Akvariet i Bergen og Oslo Reptilpark.

Referanser

  1. ^ Crother, B. I. (ed.). 2012. SCIENTIFIC AND STANDARD ENGLISH NAMES OF AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES OF NORTH AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO, WITH COMMENTS REGARDING CONFIDENCE IN OUR UNDERSTANDING, pp. 1–68. SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES HERPETOLOGICAL CIRCULAR NO. 39. PDF at SSAR. Accessed 16 February 2015.
  2. ^ «Corn Snake Fact sheet».
  3. ^ Slavens, Frank, and Slavens, Kate, "Elaphe guttata guttata Arkivert 24. september 2015 hos Wayback Machine." entry in Slavens longevity index.

Litteratur

Eksterne lenker

zoologistubbDenne zoologirelaterte artikkelen er foreløpig kort eller mangelfull, og du kan hjelpe Wikipedia ved å utvide den.
Det finnes mer utfyllende artikkel/artikler på .
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Kornsnok: Brief Summary ( النرويجية )

المقدمة من wikipedia NO

Kornsnok også kalt rød rottesnok (vitenskapelig navn Pantherophis guttatus, tidligere Elaphe guttata) er en slangeart i slekten klatresnoker (Pantherophis) som lever i de sørøstlige delene av USA. Den blir fra 100 til 180 cm lang. Arten blir normalt 6–8 år, men kan bli opp til 23 år gammel i fangenskap.Kornsnoken lever på bakken, men er også en god klatrer. Arten er representert i Kristiansand dyrepark, Amadeus-parken, Haugaland Zoo, Akvariet i Bergen og Oslo Reptilpark.

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Wąż zbożowy ( البولندية )

المقدمة من wikipedia POL
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Wąż zbożowy (Pantherophis guttatus) – gatunek węża z rodziny połozowatych. Do niedawna klasyfikowany w rodzaju Elaphe. Często występuje także dzika hybryda węża zbożowego i Panthetrophis emoryi (ang. Great Plains Ratsnake).

Wygląd

Ubarwienie niezwykle zróżnicowane, najczęściej występujące to: tło pomarańczowe lub rudo-brązowe, na nim występują duże, nieregularne czerwone plamy w czarnych obwódkach. Brzuch jest białawy z czarnymi plamami w kształcie prostokątów. Głowa niewielka, a pysk zaokrąglony, oczy zaś mają okrągłe źrenice i złociste tęczówki. Całe ciało muskularne.

Zwykle dorasta do ok. 130 cm. Rekordowe osobniki osiągały ok. 180 cm. Waga dorosłego osobnika to ok. 400-500 g; zdarzają się osobniki ważące blisko 1 kg.

Pożywienie

Odżywia się głównie gryzoniami i jaszczurkami (głównie za młodu), sporadycznie nietoperzami i ptakami.

Rozmnażanie

W warunkach naturalnych gody odbywają się zwykle wiosną. Samica po ok. dwóch miesiącach składa od kilku do nawet 30 jaj, z których po ok. 55-60 dniach wykluwają się młode o długości ok. 25-30 cm. Przez pierwszy tydzień odżywiają się zapasami z jaja, po czym przechodzą pierwszą wylinkę i przystępują do samodzielnego żerowania.

Występowanie

Występuje najczęściej na polach uprawnych, zadrzewieniach i nieużytkach środkowej i południowo-wschodniej części Ameryki Północnej.

Informacje dodatkowe

Jest to wąż powszechnie hodowany w warunkach domowych. Jest to dobry wybór dla początkujących terrarystów; nie jest objęty ochroną przepisami Unii Europejskiej. Łatwy w utrzymaniu, hodowli i rozmnażaniu, jednak karmienie młodych osobników bywa uciążliwe. Owocem wieloletniej selektywnej hodowli jest ogromna gama odmian barwnych, oferująca mutacje w zakresie koloru i wzoru, gdzie niektóre odmiany nieznacznie tylko przypominają żyjące na wolności osobniki.

Przypisy

  1. Pantherophis guttatus. Czerwona księga gatunków zagrożonych (IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) (ang.).

Linki zewnętrzne

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Wąż zbożowy: Brief Summary ( البولندية )

المقدمة من wikipedia POL

Wąż zbożowy (Pantherophis guttatus) – gatunek węża z rodziny połozowatych. Do niedawna klasyfikowany w rodzaju Elaphe. Często występuje także dzika hybryda węża zbożowego i Panthetrophis emoryi (ang. Great Plains Ratsnake).

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Cobra-do-milho ( البرتغالية )

المقدمة من wikipedia PT

A cobra-do-milho ou cobra-do-milharal (Pantherophis guttatus) é uma espécie norte-americana da subfamília Colubrinae que subjuga sua presa por constrição.[5][6] Pode ser encontrada pela região sudeste dos Estados Unidos. Sua natureza dócil, relutância a morder, tamanho médio como adulto, padrão atraente, e cuidado comparativamente simples fazem com qual são comumente mantidas como animais de estimação em relação a outras espécies. Apesar de, na superfície, parecerem com a venenosa Agkistrodon contortrix e serem comumente mortas como resultado deste erro de identificação, cobras-do-milho são inofensivas e beneficiais a humanos.[7] Cobras-do-milho não tem veneno funcional e ajudam a controlar populaçoes de roedores selvagens que danificam cultivo e propagam doença.[8]

A cobra-do-milho é conhecida como 'corn snake' em inglês pela presença regular da espécie perto de celeiros, onde se alimentam de camundongos e ratos que comem o milho armazenado.[9] O Dicionário da Oxford de Inglês cita o uso do termo já em 1675. Algumas fontes mantêm que a cobra-do-milho foi nomeada pelo padrão distinto, quase-xadrez, das escamas em sua barriga, assemelhando-se a grãos de milho.[10][11] Independentemente da origem do nome, a referência pode ser um mnemônico útil para a identificação de cobras-do-milho.

Características

Cobras-do-milho adultas tem um comprimento entre 61 e 182 cm.[11] Na natureza, geralmente vivem cerca de 6 a 8 anos, mas em cativeiro podem viver até 23 anos ou mais.[12] O recorde de idade para um cobra-do-milho em cativeiro foi 32 anos e 3 meses.[13] Elas podem ser distinguidas de Agkistrodon contortrix por suas cores mais vivas, forma delgada, pupilas redondas, e falta de fosseta labiais.[14]

Distribuição geográfica e habitat

Cobras-do-milho selvagens preferem habitats como campos cobertos, clareiras na floresta, árvores, flatwoods de palmetto, e prédios e fazendas abandonadas ou pouco-usadas, do nível do mar até alturas de 2000 metros. Tipicamente, estas cobras permanecem na terra até a idade de quatro meses, mas podem subir árvores, penhascos, e outras superfícies elevadas.[15] Podem ser encontradas na região sudeste dos Estados Unidos, de Nova Jérsia até as Florida Keys.

Em regiões mais frias, cobras hibernam durante o inverno. Contudo, no clima mais temperado ao longo da costa, elas se abrigam nas fendas de pedras e troncos caídos; também podem achar abrigo em espaços pequenos e fechados, como debaixo de uma casa, e sair em dias quentes para se aquecerem no calor do sol. Quando o tempo está frio, cobras são menos ativas, portanto caçam menos.

Comportamento

Como muitas espécies de Colubridae, cobras-do-milho exibem o comportamento defensivo de vibrarem suas caudas.[16] Estudos comportamentais e quimiossensoriais com cobras-do-milho sugerem que sinais de odor são primariamente importantes para a detectação da presa, enquanto que os de vista são secundários.[17][18]

Dieta

 src=
Em cativeiro, comendo um rato filhote

Cobras-do-milho são carnívoras e, na natureza, comem a cada poucos dias. Enquanto a maioria das cobras-do-milho comem roedores pequenos, como Peromyscus leucopus, elas podem também comer outros répteis ou anfíbios, ou subir árvores para achar ovos de pássaro não-vigiados.[19] Por isso, são consideradas uma espécie semi-arboreal.

Cobras Americanas da subfamília Colubrinae, como P. guttatus, tinham ancestrais venenosos, que perderam o seu veneno quando evoluíram constrição como uma maneira de capturar presas.[20]

Reprodução

 src=
Fêmea gravida
 src=
Bebês chocando de seus ovos

Cobras-do-milho são relativamente fáceis de criar. Geralmente, criadores aguardam um período de 60 a 90 dias em brumação para prepará-las para procriar, no entanto não é estritamente necessário. Cobras-do-milho brumam a cerca de 10 a 16 °C em um lugar onde não podem ser incomodadas, e com pouca luz.

Cobras-do-milho geralmente procriam pouco depois do período de brumação. O macho corteja a fêmea primariamente usando sinais táteis e químicos. Se os ovos da fêmea forem fertilizados, ela começará a introduzir nutrientes nos ovos, e aí produzirá casca.

A postura dos ovos geralmente ocorre um pouco mais do que um mês após a procriação, com 12 a 24 sendo depositados em um local temperado, úmido, escondido. Após de ser botados, os ovos são abandonados pela cobra adulta, que não retorna a eles. Os ovos são oblongos com cascas de textura semelhante a couro, flexíveis. Cerca de 10 semanas após a postura, as cobras juvenís usam uma escama especializada conhecida como um dente de ovo para cortar frestas no ovo, do qual elas emergem com aproximadamente 15 cm em comprimento.

Classificação

Até 2002, a cobra-do-milho era considerada uma espécie com duas subespécies: a nomeada (P. g. guttatus), descrita aqui, e Pantherophis guttatus emoryi. Desde então, a última foi separada em sua própria espécie (P. emoryi) mas ainda é de vez em quando tratada como uma subespécie da cobra-do-milho por hobbyistas.

Já foi sugerido separar P. guttatus em três espécies: a cobra-do-milho (P. guttatus); Pantherophis emoryi, correspondendo com a subespécie; e Pantherophis slowinskii, ocorrendo no oeste de Louisana e adjacente ao Texas.[21]

Anteriormente, P. guttatus foi colocado no género Elaphe, mais Elaphe foi determinado como parafilético por Utiger et al., levando à classificação da espécie no género Pantherophis.[22] A mudança do género de está espécie e várias outras relacionadas para Pantherophis ao invés de Elaphe foi confirmada por estudos filogenéticos adicionais.[23][24] Muitos materiais de referência ainda usam o sinônimo Elaphe guttata.[25] Dados moleculares já mostraram que cobras-do-milho são mais estreitamente relacionadas com Lampropeltis do que Colubrinae do Velho Mundo, com as quais eram classificadas antigamente. Cobras-do-milho até já foram cruzadas em cativeiro com Lampropeltis californiae, produzindo híbridos férteis conhecidas como "jungle corn snakes",[26] ou, em português, "cobras-do-milho-da-selva".

Referências

  1. «Cobra do Milho – Informações Importantes». Cultura Mix. 2014. Consultado em 19 de junho de 2020
  2. Hammerson, G.A.; Echternacht, A (2007). «Pantherophis guttatus». Consultado em 22 de setembro de 2015
  3. Stejneger, Leonhard; Barbour, Thomas (1917). A Check List of North American Amphibians and Reptiles. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 82
  4. «Pantherophis guttatus». The Reptile Database
  5. Crother, Brian I.; et al. (2012). «Scientific and standard English names of amphibians and reptiles of North America north of Mexico, with comments regarding confidence in our understanding» (PDF). Checklist of the Standard English & Scientific Names of Amphibians & Reptiles 7.ª ed. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles. pp. 1–68
  6. Saviola, Anthony; Bealor, Matthew (2007). «Behavioural complexity and prey-handling ability in snakes: gauging the benefits of constriction». Behaviour. 144(8). Brill. pp. 907–929
  7. «Corn Snake - Pictures and Facts»
  8. Smith, Scott A. «Did Someone Say Snakes?». Consultado em 19 de agosto de 2013. Arquivado do original em 3 de agosto de 2013
  9. «FLMNH - Eastern Corn Snake (Pantherophis guttatus)»
  10. «PetCo Corn Snake Care Sheet» (PDF)
  11. a b «Corn Snake Fact Sheet». Smithsonian National Zoological Park. Arquivado do original em 19 de agosto de 2016
  12. Slavens, Frank; Slavens, Kate. «Elaphe guttata guttata». Arquivado do original em 24 de setembro de 2015
  13. «Corn Snake - Pantherophis guttatus». PetMD. Consultado em 19 de junho de 2020
  14. «Reptiles and Amphibians of Virginia». Virginia Herpetological Society
  15. Harcourt, Houghton M. (2003). Western Reptiles and Amphibians. Col: Peterson Field Guides 3.ª ed. [S.l.: s.n.] 533 páginas. ISBN 978-0-395-98272-3
  16. Allf, Bradley C.; Durst, Paul A. P.; Pfennig, David W. (2016). «Behavioral Plasticity and the Origins of Novelty: The Evolution of the Rattlesnake Rattle». The American Naturalist. 188(4). The University of Chicago Press. pp. 475–483
  17. Saviola, Anthony; McKenzie, Valerie; Chiszar, David (2012). «Chemosensory responses to chemical and visual stimuli in five species of colubrid snakes». Acta Herpetologica. 7(1). Firenze University Press. pp. 91–103
  18. Worthington-Hill, J. O.; Yarnell, R. W.; Gentle, L. K. (2014). «Eliciting a predatory response in the eastern corn snake (Pantherophis guttatus) using live and inanimate sensory stimuli: implications for managing invasive populations». International Journal of Pest Management. 60(3). Taylor & Francis Online. pp. 180–186
  19. «Pantherophis guttatus - Red corn snake». University of Michigan Museum of Zoology
  20. Fry, Bryan G.; Casewell, Nicholas R.; Wüster, Wolfgang; Vidal, Nicolas; Young, Bruce; Jackson, Timothy N. W. (2012). «The structural and functional diversification of the Toxicofera reptile venom system». Toxicon. 60(4). Elsevier. pp. 434–448
  21. Burbrink, Frank T. (2002). «Phylogeographic analysis of the cornsnake (Elaphe guttata) complex as inferred from maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses». Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 25(3). Elsevier. pp. 465–476
  22. Utiger, Urs; Helfenberger, Notker; Schätti, Beat; Schmidt, Catherine; Ruf, Markus; Ziswiler, Vincent (2002). «Molecular Systematics and Phylogeny of Old and New World Ratsnakes, Elaphe Auct., and Related Genera (Reptilia, Squamata, Colubridae)». 9(2). Russian Journal of Herpetology. pp. 105–124
  23. Burbrink, Frank T. (2007). «How and when did Old World ratsnakes disperse into the New World?». Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 43(1). Elsevier. pp. 173–189
  24. Burbrink, Frank T.; Pyron, R. Alexander (2009). «Neogene diversification and taxonomic stability in the snake tribe Lampropeltini (Serpentes: Colubridae)». Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 52(2). Elsevier. pp. 524–529
  25. Bartlett, Patricia; Bartlett, Richard D. (1996). Corn Snakes and Other Rat Snakes. Col: Complete Pet Owner's Manual. [S.l.: s.n.] 104 páginas. ISBN 978-0-7641-3407-4
  26. «Jungle Corn Snakes»
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Cobra-do-milho: Brief Summary ( البرتغالية )

المقدمة من wikipedia PT

A cobra-do-milho ou cobra-do-milharal (Pantherophis guttatus) é uma espécie norte-americana da subfamília Colubrinae que subjuga sua presa por constrição. Pode ser encontrada pela região sudeste dos Estados Unidos. Sua natureza dócil, relutância a morder, tamanho médio como adulto, padrão atraente, e cuidado comparativamente simples fazem com qual são comumente mantidas como animais de estimação em relação a outras espécies. Apesar de, na superfície, parecerem com a venenosa Agkistrodon contortrix e serem comumente mortas como resultado deste erro de identificação, cobras-do-milho são inofensivas e beneficiais a humanos. Cobras-do-milho não tem veneno funcional e ajudam a controlar populaçoes de roedores selvagens que danificam cultivo e propagam doença.

A cobra-do-milho é conhecida como 'corn snake' em inglês pela presença regular da espécie perto de celeiros, onde se alimentam de camundongos e ratos que comem o milho armazenado. O Dicionário da Oxford de Inglês cita o uso do termo já em 1675. Algumas fontes mantêm que a cobra-do-milho foi nomeada pelo padrão distinto, quase-xadrez, das escamas em sua barriga, assemelhando-se a grãos de milho. Independentemente da origem do nome, a referência pode ser um mnemônico útil para a identificação de cobras-do-milho.

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Ameriški gož ( الإسبانية، القشتالية )

المقدمة من wikipedia SL

Ameriški gož (znanstveno ime Elaphe guttata) je nestrupena kača, ki izvira iz Severne Amerike.

Prehranjevanje

Ameriški goži jedo predvsem glodavce; po navadi miši in podgane. Dobro plezajo, zato včasih pojedo tudi kakšnega ptiča ali netopirja. Na goliče (novorojene miši ali podgane) je v naravi včasih dokaj težko naleteti, zato mladiči ameriškega goža najpogosteje jedo kuščarje in manjše ptiče kot svoje prve obroke.

Ameriški goži so kot hišni ljubljenčki najpogosteje hranjeni z različnimi glodavci, v glavnem z mišmi. Zmrznjene miši so dobra izbira, saj lahko živ plen kačo rani in poškoduje ali na kačo prenese kakšno bolezen.

Kot domača žival

Ameriški gož je bila ena prvih kač v ujetništvu ljudi. Število rejcev je dokaj veliko, zato odvzem iz narave ni več potreben.

Minimalna priporočena velikost terarija za odraslega ameriškega goža je 76 litrov. Terarij velikosti 156 litrov je priporočena velikost, saj odrasli kači omogoča dostojno mero premikanja. Kača je pod stresom, če je terarij prevelik in brez mest za skrivanje, zato so priporočene okrasne rastline in razna skrivališča (umetni kamni, vejevje ipd.), ki kači omogočajo, da se počuti varno.

Ker so kače hladnokrvne živali, ne morejo ustvarjati svoje lastne notranje telesne toplote, zato je zelo pomembno primerno ogrevanje. Temperatura na eni strani terarija naj bi bila med 21–24 °C, na drugi strani pa je priporočena temperatura med 26–29 °C. Tako lahko kača sama menjava in uravnava svojo telesno temperaturo. Toploto lahko priskrbimo z grelno ploščo ali grelno lučjo (le-ta mora biti priključena na termometer za nadzor in uravnavanje temperature, ponoči pa ugasnjena). Premalo toplote lahko vodi k infekciji in tudi smrti kače, pretirana toplota pa lahko poškoduje njen živčni sistem in povzroči resno nevrološko poškodbo.

Ameriški gož potrebuje posodo s svežo vodo, da se lahko kača navlaži, umije in pije.

Glej tudi

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Ameriški gož: Brief Summary ( الإسبانية، القشتالية )

المقدمة من wikipedia SL

Ameriški gož (znanstveno ime Elaphe guttata) je nestrupena kača, ki izvira iz Severne Amerike.

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Pantherophis guttatus ( الفيتنامية )

المقدمة من wikipedia VI

Pantherophis guttatus (tên tiếng Anh: corn snake) là một loài rắn chuột nhỏ chuyên khuất phục con mồi bằng cách siết.[4][5] Nó được tìm thấy trên khắp miền đông nam và trung Hoa Kỳ. Sự hiền lành, kích thước vừa phải và màu sắc bắt mắt của loài này khiến chúng trở thành một loài bò sát kiểng phổ biến. Dù bề ngoài tương tự rắn độc Agkistrodon contortrix và thường bị giết do nhầm lẫn này, P. guttatus vô hại đối với con người.[6] Chúng giúp kiểm soát số lượng các động vật gậm nhấm chuyên phá hoại mùa màng và lan truyền bệnh.[7]

Mô tả

Con trưởng thành có chiều dài đạt 61–182 xentimét (2,00–5,97 ft).[8] Trong tự nhiên, chúng sống khoảng 6–8 năm, nhưng trong điều kiện có thể đạt đến hơn 23 tuổi.[9] Chúng có thể được phân biệt với A. contortrix bởi màu sắc sáng hơn, thân hình mảnh hơn và không có hốc chạm nhiệt.[10]

Chú thích

  1. ^ Hammerson, G.A. (2007). Pantheropis guttatus. Sách Đỏ IUCN các loài bị đe dọa. Phiên bản 2015.3. Liên minh Bảo tồn Thiên nhiên Quốc tế. Truy cập ngày 22 tháng 9 năm 2015.
  2. ^ Stejneger L, Barbour T. 1917. A Check List of North American Amphibians and Reptiles. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. iv + 125 pp. (Elaphe guttata, p. 82).
  3. ^ “Pantheropis guttatus”. The Reptile Database.
  4. ^ Crother, B. I. (2012). “Scientific and standard English names of amphibians and reptiles of North America north of Mexico, with comments regarding confidence in our understanding” (PDF). Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles Herpetological Circular 39: 1–68.
  5. ^ Bealor, M.T. and Saviola, A.J., 2007. Behavioural complexity and prey-handling ability in snakes: gauging the benefits of constriction. Behaviour, 144(8), pp.907-929. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853907781492690
  6. ^ “Corn Snake”.
  7. ^ “Did Someone Say Snakes?”.
  8. ^ “Corn Snake Fact sheet”. Smithsonian National Zoological Park.
  9. ^ Slavens, Frank; Slavens, Kate. “Elaphe guttata guttata”.
  10. ^ “Reptiles and Amphibians of Virginia”. Virginia Herpetological Society.


Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết liên quan phân họ rắn Colubrinae này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
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Pantherophis guttatus: Brief Summary ( الفيتنامية )

المقدمة من wikipedia VI

Pantherophis guttatus (tên tiếng Anh: corn snake) là một loài rắn chuột nhỏ chuyên khuất phục con mồi bằng cách siết. Nó được tìm thấy trên khắp miền đông nam và trung Hoa Kỳ. Sự hiền lành, kích thước vừa phải và màu sắc bắt mắt của loài này khiến chúng trở thành một loài bò sát kiểng phổ biến. Dù bề ngoài tương tự rắn độc Agkistrodon contortrix và thường bị giết do nhầm lẫn này, P. guttatus vô hại đối với con người. Chúng giúp kiểm soát số lượng các động vật gậm nhấm chuyên phá hoại mùa màng và lan truyền bệnh.

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玉米蛇 ( الصينية )

المقدمة من wikipedia 中文维基百科
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學名 Pantherophis guttatus
Linaeus, 1766


玉米蛇學名Pantherophis guttatus)又稱作紅鼠蛇以及玉米錦蛇,是一種原產於北美洲的食鼠蛇,由於它腹部的斑點狀花紋看起來像玉米而得名「玉米蛇」。玉米蛇是遊蛇科最為常見的寵物蛇是一種算是非常溫馴的蛇種。

解剖學描述

成年玉米蛇長度約為1.2至1.8米,原生種為橘黃色,具有帶黑邊的橘紅色豹斑蛇屬特有花紋。 玉米蛇會以基因&XY染色體最為個體的顏色分類,大部分的玉米蛇所屬顏色是橘、紅、黃。 很多人會將它和同屬而常見的豹斑蛇混淆,玉米蛇和豹斑蛇最大的外觀區別是腹部具有彩色斑點,頭部有花紋。 玉米蛇野生環境下可存活6至8年,但人工飼育環境下最長可至23年。 蜕皮时间不定,跟生长速度有关

行為學描述

捕食

於豹斑蛇屬其他物種一樣,玉米蛇主要以齧齒類、鳥類為食。玉米蛇將獵物纏住絞殺死後吞咽。

人工飼育

玉米蛇最佳飼養溫濕度為28℃至30℃,50%至70%。投喂小白鼠、鸟类等。 常見的疾病是腸炎和肺炎,應注意換季保暖與飲食衛生。

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玉米蛇: Brief Summary ( الصينية )

المقدمة من wikipedia 中文维基百科


玉米蛇(學名:Pantherophis guttatus)又稱作紅鼠蛇以及玉米錦蛇,是一種原產於北美洲的食鼠蛇,由於它腹部的斑點狀花紋看起來像玉米而得名「玉米蛇」。玉米蛇是遊蛇科最為常見的寵物蛇是一種算是非常溫馴的蛇種。

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コーンスネーク ( اليابانية )

المقدمة من wikipedia 日本語
コーンスネーク コーンスネーク
コーンスネーク Elaphe guttata
分類 : 動物界 Animalia : 脊索動物門 Chordata 亜門 : 脊椎動物亜門 Vertebrata : 爬虫綱 Reptilia : 有鱗目 Squamata 亜目 : ヘビ亜目 Serpentes : ナミヘビ科 Colubridae : ナメラ属 Elaphe : コーンスネーク E. guttata 学名 Elaphe guttata (Linnaeus, 1766) シノニム

Coluber guttuatus Linnaeus, 1766

和名 コーンスネーク 英名 Corn snake

コーンスネーク学名Elaphe guttata)は、ナミヘビ科ナメラ属に分類されるヘビ。別名アカダイショウ

分布[編集]

模式標本の産地(模式産地)はチャールストンサウスカロライナ州

アメリカ合衆国アラバマ州ケンタッキー州の一部、サウスカロライナ州、ジョージア州テネシー州南部、デラウェア州ニュージャージー州南部、ノースカロライナ州バージニア州フロリダ州ミシシッピ州メリーランド州南部、ルイジアナ州東部)

形態[編集]

最大全長183cm。胴体中央部の斜めに列になった背面の鱗の数(体列鱗数)は25-29。総排出口までの腹面にある幅の広い鱗の数(腹板数)は197-245。総排出口から後部の鱗の数(尾下板数)は47-84。
背面の色彩は赤やオレンジ、黄色、赤褐色、灰色と変異が大きく、黒く縁取られた赤やオレンジ色の15-50個の斑紋が入る。腹面の色彩は白く、黒や黒褐色の角張った斑紋が市松模様のように不規則に入る。個体によっては白や黒一色の個体もいる。和名や英名はこの斑紋がトウモロコシ(corn)のように見える事が由来とする説もある。
上唇(上唇板)や下唇を覆う鱗(下唇板)は白く、黒く縁取られる。左右の眼の間には三日月状に黒く縁取られた赤やオレンジ色の斑紋が入る。また眼の後方から口角を通り頸部にかけて、黒く縁取られた赤やオレンジ色の斑紋が入る。頭部背面には矢尻状の黒く縁取られた赤やオレンジ色の斑紋が入る。
虹彩は赤やオレンジで、瞳孔は丸い。

腹板数や尾下板数、斑紋の数は分布域南部の個体群の方が多い傾向がある。

分類[編集]

ナメラ属の系統解析結果からPantherophis属とする説もある。

ミトコンドリア内にあるシトクロムb塩基配列解析から、本種の亜種とされていたプレーンズコーンスネークE. emoryi)が独立種として分割された。またプレーンズコーンスネークとの亜種間雑種と考えられていた個体群も、独立種ルイジアナコーンスネークE. slowinskii)として記載された。

生態[編集]

森林を好むが、草原、農耕地などにも生息する。地表棲だが、木登りもうまく樹上に登る事もある。半夜行性ないし夜行性で、主に薄明時や夜間に活動する。昼間は地面に空いた穴や石や倒木の下などで休む。分布域北部の個体群は冬季に冬眠するが、南部の個体群は周年活動する。

食性は動物食で、小型哺乳類、鳥類やその卵、爬虫類、両生類などを食べる。成蛇は主に小型哺乳類、特に齧歯類を食べる。

繁殖形態は卵生。5-7月に1回に12-25個の卵を産む。卵は60-75日で孵化する。

人間との関係[編集]

ペットとして飼育されることもあり、日本にも輸入されている。

品種[編集]

  • アメラニスティック(アルビノ) - 黒色色素欠損。黒色部が白くなる。劣性遺伝。
  • アネリスリスティック - 赤色色素欠損。劣性遺伝。
  • オケッティ - 背面の体色がオレンジがかった赤で、斑紋が濃赤色。主にサウスカロライナ州に見られる地域変異。
    • リバースオケッティ - オケッティのアメラニスティック。オケッティの黒色部が白い。劣性遺伝。
  • ハイポメラニスティック - 黒色色素減衰。黒色部が薄くなる。
  • マイアミフェイズ - 背面の体色が灰褐色で、斑紋は縁取りが不鮮明で赤い。主にフロリダ州南部の個体群に由来する。

関連項目[編集]

 src= ウィキメディア・コモンズには、コーンスネークに関連するメディアがあります。

参考文献[編集]

  • Go!!Suzuki 「ナミじゃないナミヘビ講座 コーンスネークとその近縁種(第一回)」『クリーパー』第29号、クリーパー社、2005年、4-5、10-17頁。
  • Go!!Suzuki 「ナミじゃないナミヘビ講座 コーンスネークとその近縁種(第3回)」『クリーパー』第31号、クリーパー社、2006年、50-56、66-67頁。
  • 鳥羽通久 「ペットとしてのヘビ 第2回 コーンスネークの分類」『クリーパー』第8号、クリーパー社、2001年、38、46-50頁。
  • 鳥羽通久 「ペットとしてのヘビ 第12回 コーンスネークの分類」『クリーパー』第22号、クリーパー社、2004年、26頁。
  • 千石正一監修 長坂拓也編著 『爬虫類・両生類800種図鑑 第3版』、ピーシーズ、2002年、109-111頁。
  • 山田和久 『爬虫・両生類ビジュアルガイド ヘビ』、誠文堂新光社、2005年、36-37頁。
執筆の途中です この項目は、動物に関連した書きかけの項目です。この項目を加筆・訂正などしてくださる協力者を求めていますPortal:生き物と自然プロジェクト:生物)。
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コーンスネーク: Brief Summary ( اليابانية )

المقدمة من wikipedia 日本語

コーンスネーク(学名:Elaphe guttata)は、ナミヘビ科ナメラ属に分類されるヘビ。別名アカダイショウ。

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옥수수뱀 ( الكورية )

المقدمة من wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

Corn snake close up.jpg
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옥수수뱀 암컷
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옥수수뱀 성체

옥수수뱀(corn snake)은 북아메리카에 서식하는 뱀과의 일종이다. 독이 없으며 작은 먹이를 옥죄어 질식시켜 잡아먹는다.[2] 미국 중부 및 동남부 전역에서 발견된다. 온순하고 잘 물지 않으며 적당히 큰데다 비늘이 아름다워 애완용으로 많이 길러진다.사육 하에서 먹이로는 파충류 시장에서 유통되는 뱀 전용 먹이인 핑키(어린 쥐)와 마우스(큰 쥐) 등을 급여한다 얼핏 보면 위험한 독사인 구리머리살모사와 비슷하게 생겼다.

특징

옥수수뱀 성체의 몸길이는 60cm~120cm이다. 야생에서, 그들은 일반적으로 약 6-8년동안 산다. 그들은 자신의 밝은 색깔, 날씬한 몸집 및 열 감지 기관으로 구리머리살모사와 구별할 수 있다.

생태

일반적으로, 옥수수뱀은 생후 4개월까지 지상에 머무른다.

추운 지역에서, 옥수수뱀은 겨울 동안 겨울잠을 잔다. 그러나, 해안을 따라 더 온화한 기후에서 옥수수뱀은 추운 날씨동안 바위 틈새와 통나무로 숨고, 태양의 열을 흡수하는 따뜻한 날에 나온다. 추운 날씨 동안 옥수수뱀은 둔해져 활동을 거의 하지 않고 그로 인해 먹이활동도 둔해지게 된다.

각주

  1. Hammerson, G.A. (2007). Pantheropis guttatus. 《멸종 위기 종의 IUCN 적색 목록. 2015.3판》 (영어). 국제 자연 보전 연맹. 2015년 9월 22일에 확인함.
  2. Crother, B. I. (2012). “Scientific and standard English names of amphibians and reptiles of North America north of Mexico, with comments regarding confidence in our understanding” (PDF). 《Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles Herpetological Circular》 39: 1–68.
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