Ophiocara porocephala (Valenciennes 1837)

Occurs in brackish estuaries, river mouths and freshwater creeks (Ref. 2847). Found in the lower courses of rivers, often upstream from the tidal zone (Ref. 12693). Young are usually found while wading in rocky creeks near the coast (Ref. 2847).

Dorsal spines (total): 7; Dorsal soft rays (total): 8 - 9; Analspines: 1; Analsoft rays: 7

Amphidromous. Refers to fishes that regularly migrate between freshwater and the sea (in both directions), but not for the purpose of breeding, as in anadromous and catadromous species. Sub-division of diadromous. Migrations should be cyclical and predictable and cover more than 100 km.Characteristic elements in amphidromy are: reproduction in fresh water, passage to sea by newly hatched larvae, a period of feeding and growing at sea usually a few months long, return to fresh water of well-grown juveniles, a further period of feeding and growing in fresh water, followed by reproduction there (Ref. 82692).

Head and body dark; 2nd dorsal and caudal spotted; juveniles with irregular crossbars (Ref. 5493).

Adults occur in brackish estuaries, river mouths and freshwater creeks (Ref. 2847, 48637, 44894). Found in the lower courses of rivers, often upstream from the tidal zone (Ref. 12693). Young are usually found while wading in rocky creeks near the coast (Ref. 2847). Marketed fresh (Ref. 12693).

fisheries: of no interest; aquarium: commercial

分布於印度-西太平洋區海域，由東非到菲律賓，北至琉球群島，南至澳大利亞和新喀裡多尼亞。臺灣分布於北部及西部地區。

中小型魚類，可供食用。

第1背鰭：Ⅵ；第2背鰭：Ⅰ/ 8。臀鰭：Ⅰ/ 7；胸鰭：13；腹鰭：Ⅰ/ 5；尾鰭：3+14+3。縱列鱗 36；橫列鱗 16；背鰭前鱗 26。體長為體高的4.5倍；為頭長的2.9倍。頭長為吻長的3.8倍；為眼徑的5.1倍；眼間距的2.8倍。尾柄長為尾柄高的1.6倍。體延長，魚體前部分呈圓筒狀，後部側扁。背緣、腹緣微微隆起，尾柄較高。頭中大，形狀微尖，稍平扁；頭後高而側扁，頭寬大於頭高。頭部具有5個感覺管孔。臉頰圓突，在眼睛下方有6條橫行的感覺乳突線，排列呈放射狀，其下方尚有2條縱行感覺乳突線。吻中大，稍尖，吻長為眼徑的1.4倍。眼中大，上位，稍突出。兩眼間隔寬平，約為眼徑的2倍。鼻孔每側兩個，分離：前鼻孔圓形，具有短管，接近上唇；後鼻孔小，在眼睛前方。口大，前上位，口裂向後延伸至對應於眼睛中位後方。上、下頜齒形狀細尖，多行，內列齒形狀較大；鋤骨無齒。唇厚。舌大，游離。鰓孔寬大，向前向下延伸至眼後緣與前鰓蓋骨後緣的中間下方。前鰓蓋骨後緣具有5個感覺管孔。鰓被架6條。魚體身上有中型的弱櫛鱗；頸部、臉頰、鰓蓋以及胸鰭基部、腹部則為小圓鱗；吻部和下顎面無鱗。無側線。背鰭2個，相距較近：第1背鰭起於胸鰭基部後上方，第3、4棘最長，後端延伸幾乎到達第2背鰭起點；第2背鰭較長，平放時不延伸至尾鰭基部。臀鰭起點與第2背鰭相對。胸鰭寬圓，扇形，中側位。腹鰭長，起點於胸鰭基部的下方，內側鰭條長於外側的鰭條，左、右腹鰭靠近，但不相連、癒合，腹鰭末端不會延伸至肛門。尾鰭長圓形。頭部及體側為棕青色，腹側淺色，幼魚時體側有兩條灰白色橫帶，隨著成長而漸縮點，僅在體背留下不規則的淡黃色大斑；體側中部有4~5條灰黑色縱帶，並雜有青黃色或白色小圓斑，鰓蓋及臉頰部位也具有若干個小白斑分布。胸鰭基部常具有2個褐斑；尾柄上方有時有1個暗色斑塊；各鰭為灰黑色，第二背鰭、臀鰭及尾鰭邊緣顏色較淺。(林上智、林沛立編寫 2012/10)

中小型底層魚類，喜歡半淡鹹水環境，主要棲息於河口及紅樹林等汽水域。攻擊性強，為肉食性魚，一般以攝食小魚、蝦、蟹、水生昆蟲等為生。

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Ophiocara porocephala Ophiocara generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Eleotridae familian sailkatzen da.

Ofiokara (Ophiocara porocephala) – gatunek ryby z rodziny eleotrowatych.

頭孔塘鳢，俗名黑咕嚕仔、孔头蛇塘鳢，為輻鰭魚綱鱸形目塘鳢科的其中一種。