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Gymnothorax mordax has a snake-like body, with no scales or lateral line (Eschmeyer 1983). Coloration is light or dark brown, to green, often mottled. Lack of pectoral and pelvic fins distinguishes it from all other eel-like fishes. The California Moray has numerous canine-type teeth that are translucent in the juvenile. A round gill opening is present, however respiration requires the moray to constantly open and close its mouth to push oxygenated water over their gills. A full grown adult can reach up to 152cm or 5ft (UCLA 2000).
Other Physical Features: bilateral symmetry
Inhabits cracks and crevices within rocky reefs in the subtidal zone to 40m (UCLA), but is usually found at 0.6-20m (Eschmeyer 1983).
Aquatic Biomes: reef
Perception Channels: tactile ; chemical
US Federal List: no special status
CITES: no special status
California moray eels usually won't leave their crevices to attack divers, unless they are aggravated by divers prodding, spearing, or capturing them. Since they do have numerous razor sharp teeth they can inflict serious lacerations on a diver if they do bite (Eschmeyer 1983).
The California moray is popular aesthetic fish among the diving community. Unlike some other eels, Gymnothorax mordax is not poisonous to humans and, therefore, can be eaten (Eschmeyer 1983).
Nocturnal predator on small reef fishes, octopi, shrimp, crabs, lobster, and sea urchins (Bushing 2000). Gymnothorax mordax uses its well developed sense of smell to hunt their prey (PBS 2000).
Distribution ranges from Magdalena Bay, Baja, California, north to Point Conception (Bushing 2000). The population density of the Gymnothorax mordax is greater in southern California with the highest densities in Southern Channel Islands, and Catalina (R.E.E.F. 2000).
Biogeographic Regions: pacific ocean (Native )
Gymnothorax mordax reproduces by external fertilization. Eggs hatch into a specialized planktonic larva called a leptocehalus that eventually settle to the bottom. Juvenile morays can be found in tidal pools, but upon maturation seek deeper water. Very little is know about the leptocephali and juvenile stages of their life cycle, because most specimens found are probably over thiry years old (Eschmeyer 1983). It is hypothesized that the morays off the coast of southern California do not reproduce because the water is too cold. Instead the ocean currents bring the leptocehalali north from Baja California, which then settled out of the upper water column to mature in southern California. The life span of the California moray is speculated to be thirty years or more (UCLA 2000).
Gymnothorax mordax és una espècie de peix de la família dels murènids i de l'ordre dels anguil·liformes.
Els mascles poden assolir els 152 cm de longitud total.[3]
Es troba al Pacífic oriental: des de Point Conception (Califòrnia, Estats Units) fins al sud de la Península de Baixa Califòrnia (Mèxic). També a les Illes Galápagos.[3]
Gymnothorax mordax és una espècie de peix de la família dels murènids i de l'ordre dels anguil·liformes.
The California moray (Gymnothorax mordax) is a moray eel of the family Muraenidae, found in the eastern Pacific from just north of Santa Barbara to Santa Maria Bay in Baja California.[2] They are the only species of moray eel found off California, and one of the few examples of a subtropical moray. They typically occupy boulder or cobble habitats up to 40 m in depth.[3] They can attain lengths of about 5 ft (1.52 m) and are believed to live for upwards of 22–26 years.[4] Like other morays, they have no pelvic or pectoral fins or gill covers.
California morays are a common sight on rocky reefs surrounding islands in southern California (notably, Catalina Island in the California Channel Islands) and other islands in the Pacific.[5] Their geographic distribution extends from Point Conception, California to Magdalena Bay, Baja California.[6][7]
California moray juveniles can live in tide pools while adults live in deeper waters.[8] Adult California morays have high site fidelity, remaining in the same general location throughout their adult lives.[9]
The California moray has a distinct mutualistic symbiotic relationship with red rock shrimp where the cleaner shrimp clean the moray.[10] The red rock shrimp aggregate in large populations on the moray.[11] In addition to cleaning, the cleaner shrimp help kills parasites within the mouth cavity and have been found to reach the stomach to feed on parasites.[12]
The California moray is thought to be primarily piscivorous, and appears to specialize in the kelp bass, Paralabrax clathratus.[13] However, they are opportunistic predators whose diet also consists of invertebrate prey such as octopuses, lobsters, other California morays, and red rock shrimp.[3][14]
The California moray is the apex predator in the reef, its natural habitat, as they have few natural predators and face no intense competition for prey. They are thought to be nocturnal hunters due to their elusiveness in the daytime.[15]
Although many fishes have highly expandable skulls and can use suction feeding to capture prey, the fused skulls of morays prevents this.[8] Instead, California morays (like other moray eels) have a special set of pharyngeal jaws that allows prey to be transported from their mouths into their throats. These pharyngeal jaws look like miniature versions of the oral jaws and are more mobile than pharyngeal jaws in the other fishes.[16] As an additional aid to prey transport, they have a set of depressible teeth in the roof of their mouths that fold upward as prey is swallowed.[17] Despite the bite force of the California moray varying from 32N and 467N, morays do not exhibit a preference for certain food types based on their relative bite force.[18]
The California moray's prey manipulation behaviors, including consumption and transportation, also do not vary depending on prey type. However, the time spent on prey manipulation behaviors increases as prey size increases.[19] The California moray spends more time feeding as the size of the fish and cephalopods increases. However, when consuming a cephalopod, the California moray spends a greater proportion of time on transportation than feeding. Moreover, prey size increases with the size of the individual California moray.[20] When it comes time for the moray to feed on a cephalopod, like an octopus, the cephalopod will resist by latching on the head of the moray with its tentacles. To counter the cephalopod, the moray will twist and rotate its body so the tentacles can unhinge off the body so the moray can eat the cephalopod.[21] As a California moray grows, its prey becomes larger and it stops consuming smaller organisms.
California moray
California moray
California moray
The California moray is believed to mate and spawn in the warm waters off the coast of Baja Mexico, with larvae being transported northward to California during winter or El Niño Southern Oscillation events. At least one study has proposed that this species is non-reproductive in the most northern parts of its range due to the water temperature being too cold for gonadal development.[22] A study used otoliths (ear bones) of California morays from Catalina Island to estimate individuals' ages, which cross-referenced with data from the Oceanic Niño Index (ONI) and revealed that the majority of individuals examined likely only arrived on Catalina Island due to an El Niño Southern Oscillation event.[23] During an ENSO event, larvae drifted north due to the northward-flowing Davidson Current. The fertilization of eggs occurs in the water, and although the pelagic larval duration (PLD) of larval G. mordax is unknown, studies on related species suggest that the larval state persists in the open ocean for several months before settling to reefs.[24]
Human attacks due to the California moray are very rare but possible when venturing near them. California morays are not venomous, but they have the capability of causing deep puncture wounds with their bite. Injuries can become infected [25]
The California moray is classified by the IUCN Red List as a species of least concern.[26] The California moray is not commercially fished, but the species does face threats from pollution and habitat degradation.[8]
However, despite their stability, California morays have still been the subject of conservation efforts. A recent study has connected the conservation efforts in Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) to ecological impacts on California moray populations.[14] Within MPAs, California morays were found to be longer, older, heavier, had higher body condition, and were found in greater abundance. However, too great of an abundance was also connected to higher frequencies of cannibalism, the presence of disease, and lower growth rates.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Database entry includes a brief justification of why this species is classified of least concern. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) The California moray (Gymnothorax mordax) is a moray eel of the family Muraenidae, found in the eastern Pacific from just north of Santa Barbara to Santa Maria Bay in Baja California. They are the only species of moray eel found off California, and one of the few examples of a subtropical moray. They typically occupy boulder or cobble habitats up to 40 m in depth. They can attain lengths of about 5 ft (1.52 m) and are believed to live for upwards of 22–26 years. Like other morays, they have no pelvic or pectoral fins or gill covers.
Morena de California (Gymnothorax mordax) es una especie de peces de la familia de los morénidas en el orden de los Anguilliformes.
Los machos pueden llegar alcanzar los 152 cm de longitud total.[1]
Se encuentra en el Pacífico oriental: desde Point Conception (California, Estados Unidos) hasta el sur de la Península de Baja California (México). También en las Islas Galápagos.[1]
Morena de California (Gymnothorax mordax) es una especie de peces de la familia de los morénidas en el orden de los Anguilliformes.
Gymnothorax mordax Gymnothorax generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Muraenidae familian sailkatzen da.
Gymnothorax mordax Gymnothorax generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Muraenidae familian sailkatzen da.
Gymnothorax mordax
La murène de Californie (Gymnothorax mordax) est une espèce de poissons de la famille des murènes. On la trouve dans l'océan Pacifique.
La murène de Californie peut atteindre une taille de 152 cm[1]. Comme les autres espèces de murènes, elle ne possède pas de nageoires pelviennes, de nageoires pectorales et d'écailles.
Souvent marbrée, elle peut également avoir une teinte brune ou verte.
Leur fente operculaire étant très étroite, Gymnothorax mordax doit constamment ouvrir et fermer sa bouche pour pouvoir respirer.
La murène de Californie se trouve en Californie, aux îles Galápagos, aux États-Unis et au Mexique.
Gymnothorax mordax
La murène de Californie (Gymnothorax mordax) est une espèce de poissons de la famille des murènes. On la trouve dans l'océan Pacifique.
De Californische murene (Gymnothorax mordax) is een straalvinnige vis uit de familie van murenen (Muraenidae), orde palingachtigen (Anguilliformes), die voorkomt in het oosten en het zuidoosten van de Grote Oceaan.
De Californische murene kan een maximale lengte bereiken van 152 centimeter. Het lichaam van de vis heeft een aalachtige vorm. De ruggengraat bevat 146 tot 154 wervels. De soort heeft één rugvin en één aarsvin; deze vinnen hebben geen stekels.
Deze murene is een zoutwatervis die voorkomt in subtropische wateren op een diepte van 1 tot 40 meter.
Het dieet van de vis bestaat hoofdzakelijk uit macrofauna en vis.
De soort kan worden bezichtigd in sommige voor het publiek toegankelijke aquaria. Voor de mens is de Californische murene niet ongevaarlijk: het dier kan verwondingen veroorzaken.
De soort staat niet op de Rode Lijst van de IUCN.
Mediabestanden die bij dit onderwerp horen, zijn te vinden op de pagina Gymnothorax mordax op Wikimedia Commons. De Californische murene (Gymnothorax mordax) is een straalvinnige vis uit de familie van murenen (Muraenidae), orde palingachtigen (Anguilliformes), die voorkomt in het oosten en het zuidoosten van de Grote Oceaan.
cá lịch biển California (danh pháp khoa học: Gymnothorax mordax) là một loài cá lịch biển, được tìm thấy ở phía đông Thái Bình Dương ở độ sâu đến 40 m. Chiều dài của nó lên đến 152 cm. Chúng sống thọ đến 30 tuổi và có không có xương chậu, vây ngực, hoặc nắp mang.
cá lịch biển California
cá lịch biển California
cá lịch biển California
Bài viết Lớp Cá vây tia này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn. cá lịch biển California (danh pháp khoa học: Gymnothorax mordax) là một loài cá lịch biển, được tìm thấy ở phía đông Thái Bình Dương ở độ sâu đến 40 m. Chiều dài của nó lên đến 152 cm. Chúng sống thọ đến 30 tuổi và có không có xương chậu, vây ngực, hoặc nắp mang.
cá lịch biển California
cá lịch biển California
cá lịch biển California
螫裸胸鱔，又稱螫裸胸鯙，為輻鰭魚綱鰻鱺目鯙亞目鯙科的其中一種，分布於東太平洋區，從美國加州至加利福尼亞灣海域，棲息深度1-40公尺，體長可達152公分，為底棲性魚類，生活在岩石底質海域，屬肉食性，平時躲藏在岩縫、洞穴中，夜間覓食，以章魚、甲殼類、魚類等為食，可作為食用魚及觀賞魚。
这是一篇關於魚類的小作品。你可以通过编辑或修订扩充其内容。 
