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Although not much has been reported regarding specific predators of Laticauda colubrina, known predators for many sea kraits include sea eagles (Haliastur indus and Haliaetus leucogaster) and sharks, especially tiger sharks (Galeocerda cuvieri). Also, more unusual predators have been observed, including the attack and feeding of a portunid crab on one Laticauda colubrina. Anti-predator adaptations have been documented in g. Laticauda. For one, sea kraits seek cover in crevices or amidst plants on land to digest their food after foraging. This is because their swimming ability is drastically impaired after a meal, leaving them vulnerable to sharks. Also, the banded sea krait, like many other species of sea krait, are highly venomous. It uses this characteristic in a remarkably innovative anti-predator adaptation in which the tail of the krait is rotated so that it resembles a second head. As noted above, the physical description of the head and tail of the banded sea krait is very similar. In this way the sea krait can trick a predator into thinking it has two dangerous, venomous heads and therefore serve as a preventive, mimetic adaptation. This is especially important because they spend much time probing crevices for food, leaving them exposed to attack from behind. Using this type of mimetic defense the banded sea krait can hunt without being overly vulnerable to predators.
Known Predators:
Anti-predator Adaptations: mimic
Banded sea kraits are also called yellow-lipped sea kraits because of a characteristic yellow upper lip. Their heads are mostly black with a yellow band extending along the lip, underneath each eye. They also have a yellow snout and a yellow band above the eye. Similarly, their tails have a U-shaped yellow marking along the edge that borders a broad black band. They have a smooth, scaled body with a blue or gray base color. Twenty to sixty-five black bands form rings around the body. Their ventral surface is typically yellow or a cream color. There is apparent sexual dimorphism in the species most likely due to differences between male and female feeding patterns. Females feed on a larger species of eel that lives in deeper water while the males feed on smaller eels that inhabit shallow water. Therefore, females, weighing about 1800 g and measuring 150 cm in length on average, are typically larger than males which are only 600 grams on average and 75 to 100 cm in length. One giant sea krait has been reported at 3.6 m.
Also, their amphibious nature contributes to their morphological characteristics. For example, they lay eggs and digest food on land and have terrestrial adaptations similar to other terrestrial snakes such as a cylindrical body shape and ventral scales for crawling and climbing on land. However, they hunt and catch prey in the ocean and have certain aquatic adaptations for life in the water including valvular nostrils, salt glands, and a laterally compressed, paddle-like tail similar to true sea snakes. Because of the geographic distribution of the sea kraits, groups from different islands may vary in some physical characteristics such as head shape and size.
Average mass: 600 to 1800 g.
Range length: 75 to 360 cm.
Average length: 125 cm.
Other Physical Features: heterothermic ; venomous
Sexual Dimorphism: sexes alike; female larger
The lifespan and longevity of banded sea kraits in the wild is unknown. However, it has been suggested that sea snakes generally exhibit a relatively high rate of mortality especially in their young. It is unknown if this trend is upheld in this species. In captivity, sea snakes have proven to be difficult to maintain and often refuse food, become anorexic, and die in a short time due to variety of known and unknown causes. In at least one case study, some of the known causes of death in captive Laticauda colubrina were sepsis secondary to a necrotizing enteritis or pneumonia, multi-organ granulomas and sepsis, and multicentric lymphoid neoplasia with secondary sepsis. These are some problems that cause limited lifespan for the banded sea krait in captivity and, because of this, the species is rarely kept in institutions in the United States.
Banded sea kraits are found most frequently in warm, tropical climates in oceanic, coastal waters. Many are found off the shore of small islands and they often hide in small crevices or under rocks. Their primary habitat is shallow coral reef waters where their primary food source (eel) resides. They have many special adaptations for diving including a saccular lung allowing them to dive to depths up to 60 m in search of food. They spend a much of their lives in the ocean but also spend anywhere between twenty-five and fifty percent of their life on rocky islets in order to court, mate, lay eggs, digest food, and shed their skins. They can also be found in mangrove areas. They have the ability to climb trees and have even been recorded at the highest points of the islands in which they reside (36 to 40 m high). They are not characterized as a pelagic species.
Range elevation: 36 to 40 (high) m.
Range depth: 60 (low) m.
Average depth: <20 m.
Habitat Regions: tropical ; saltwater or marine
Aquatic Biomes: reef ; coastal
Other Habitat Features: intertidal or littoral
Laticauda colubrina, also known as banded sea kraits, originated in the region of northern Papua New Guinea. This species of sea krait is the most widely distributed of the Laticauda complex which includes the related species, Laticauda colubrina and Laticauda saintgirosi. The breeding range of banded sea kraits is limited to the Australian and Oriental Oceanic geographic ranges. Because they inhabit coral reefs and live mostly off the coast of small islands, they have a patchy geographic distribution, a characteristic off most sea snake species. Generally, they are widespread through Indo-Australian Archipelago, the Bay of Bengal, Thailand, Malaysia, and Singapore. More specifically, the breeding range extends westward to the the Andaman and Nicobor Islands and northward to Taiwan and the Miyako and Yaeyaema island groups in the southwestern part of the Ryukyu Archipelago in southern Japan. They are present off the coast of Thailand but only on its western coast. Their eastern limit is Palua and they are present on the island groups from the Solomon Islands to Tonga in the southwestern Pacific. Their distribution is heavily reliant on several key factors including the presence of coral reefs, sea currents, suitable terrestrial shelter, and paleography. They are not found in the Atlantic and Caribbean oceanic regions.
Biogeographic Regions: oriental (Native ); australian (Native )
Banded sea kraits are considered feeding specialists. Regardless of geographic location, they have a diet consisting almost entirely of eels of the order Anguilliform and families Congridae, Muraenidae, and Ophichthidae. Females and males typically differ in their food habits leading to the sexual dimorphism in the species. Females are typically larger and eat larger conger eels. Males usually feed on the smaller moray eels.
Sea kraits use their elongate bodies and small heads to probe cracks, crevices, and small openings in the coral matrix in order to forage for eels. They have venomous fangs and their venom contains powerful neurotoxins that affect the muscles of the diaphragm of its prey. Upon injection, these neurotoxins act rapidly, drastically impairing the swimming and breathing capabilities of an eel and making it easy to subdue. After a meal, the swimming ability of the banded sea krait is impaired and it must immediately return to land to digest its prey or else be vulnerable to predators in the water.
Although often described as strictly eel-eaters, examples of other types of bony fish of the families Synodontidae and Pomacentridae have been recorded from the stomachs of some Laticauda colubrina.
Animal Foods: fish
Primary Diet: carnivore (Piscivore )
Banded sea kraits are known hosts to endoparasitic chigger mites of the family Trombiculidae. Studies have found that larger, older snakes in Singapore contain larger numbers of mites with the maximum number of mites found in one snake being 60. These mites were found strictly within the trachea. However, the chiggers have also been found in the lung sacs in Laticauda colubrina of Taiwan. There are also known to be subject to nematodes, trematodes, and cestodes.
Also, as banded sea kraits strictly prey on eels, they certainly play a role in controlling eel population in the coral reef ecosystems they inhabit. While they feed on eels, they may also be vital to the survival of one species of eel, banded snake eels (Myrichthys colubrinus). This eel species in the Indo-Pacific looks very similar to the banded sea krait and appears to mimic its behavior. Therefore, the eel may use this as a defense strategy, appearing as a dangerous and venomous animal to predators.
Commensal/Parasitic Species:
Although the economic importance specific to banded sea kraits is not referenced, it has been noted that Laticauda sea kraits have a variety of uses. For example, the skins of a variety of Laticauda have been used for leathercraft and sold in the Phillipines since 1930. The Japanese increased the demand for sea kraits when they began commercially importing them from the Philippines and exporting them to Europe as "Japanese sea snake leather". In the Ryukyu Islands of Japan and some other Asian countries the eggs and meat of sea kraits including species of Laticauda are consumed as food. Also, the venom of many snakes may have biomedical applications both in treatment and research. They are also an important part of various coral reef ecosystem and therefore play a role in the ecotourism of some of the islands and countries in which they are located.
Positive Impacts: food ; body parts are source of valuable material; ecotourism ; source of medicine or drug ; research and education
Although banded sea kraits are venomous they are extremely reluctant to bite humans even when provoked. They have been known to enter human residences and boats and some bites due to Laticauda colubrina have been documented. However, these attacks are extremely rare and there have been no recorded human fatalities due to this species.
Negative Impacts: injures humans (bites or stings, venomous )
When banded sea kraits hatch from the eggs they resemble small adults. They do not undergo any metamorphosis. They display determinant growth with rapid growth in young sea kraits which gradually ceases shortly after sexual maturity is reached. Males reach sexual maturity at about one and a half years and females are sexually mature at one and a half to two and a half years. However, not much has been studied on the specific topic of development in banded sea kraits.
Banded sea kraits have eyes and nostrils and can locate and identify prey by smell. In general, sea kraits and true sea snakes have well-developed eyes and Jacobson's organs but lack the heat-sensing organs found in some terrestrial snakes. Also, one study researching the reproductive behavior highlighted the vomeronasal system as a critical part of communication between males and females during reproductive processes. Contact pheromones provide the most critical cues for courtship. Males follow the trail of a female in order to court the female. Also, tongue-flicking was noticed and may be a visual communication cue. The lipid composition in the skin of conspecific males and females differs between sexes and potentially provides another cue for species and sex recognition.
Communication Channels: visual ; tactile ; chemical
Other Communication Modes: pheromones
Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; chemical
Laticauda colubrina is not listed on any of the databases of endangered species indicating that the conservation status of the species has not been documented and is unknown. However, because many Laticauda species aggregate on land they are highly vulnerable to capture. Commercial harvesting, human-induced reduction of habitat in mangrove swamps, industrial pollution of coral reefs and other coastal areas, and overfishing are all environmental hazards that negatively affect the biodiversity and population size of many species of sea snakes. Some researchers have proposed that rainfall and the availability of freshwater may be determining factors in many populations of sea snake species including Laticauda colubrina. To maintain a proper water balance, they drink fresh water or very dilute brackish water in order to counteract the dehydration they experience on land and in salt water. Therefore, the population dynamics of some species of Laticauda may be affected by drought and global climate change.
CITES: no special status
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern
In banded sea kraits, internal fertilization is accomplished by reproductive organs called "hemipenes". Males have two of these reproductive organs and, although both are fully functional, only one is used in any given mating. They are sheathed and lie at the base of the tail. During mating, one of the hemipenes protrudes from its sheath and turns inside out. In this conformation, its surface is covered with spikes and hooks that help secure in the cloaca of the female while mating.
Three main phases of banded sea krait courtship and reproduction have been described. The first phase is called the tactile phase. Males may swim around the shore attempting to find the point of exit of a female that has gone to land. This phase demonstrates the reliance of the sea kraits on pheromonal cues in order to locate and follow the trail of a female. The second phase includes mounting and body alignment. In this stage, a male will drape itself over a female and often twitch spasmodically in an attempt to stimulate the female. Finally, the third phase refers to the actual copulation of the sea kraits. Copulation in sea kraits involves the insertion of the hemipenis of the male into the cloaca of the female.
In a study of mating groups on a small Fijian island, 51% were a male and female pair, and the remainder involved a female and 2 to 9 males. However, males do not appear to exhibit any interaction or competition. Also, in the vast majority of cases, only one male actively courts with a female while the others simply wait and maintain contact with the female. This may reveal two different strategies for male courtship in sea kraits. In one strategy, the male actively tries to stimulate the female until it is ready to copulate. In the other strategy, a male is opportunistic, waiting for the moment in which the female is ready to copulate, then rapidly aligning its cloaca with that of the female. Therefore, in contrast to some other snake species, reproductive success in males seems independent of their body size and strength. On the other hand, the attractiveness of females does have a direct correlation with body size as larger females are more frequently and intensely courted. Also, females rarely show any overt response during the courtship process however they may signal by waving their tails when they are ready to copulate.
Mating System: polyandrous
The breeding cycle for Laticauda colubrina varies geographically. In some populations, such as those in the Philippines, the breeding is aseasonal. However, in other populations of Laticauda colubrina, like those in Fiji and Sabah, it is seasonal with the main mating period occurring during the three month period from September to December. In these populations, the eggs typically hatch from June to August. Like other species of Laticauda, these sea kraits are oviparous and return to land to lay their eggs. However, their clutch size is also subject to geographical variation. For example, clutch size has been reported as 4 to 10 in Fiji and 14 to 20 in New Caledonia. Gestation period has been difficult to document because of asynchronous breeding in many populations of Laticauda colubrina. Also, little has been researched and understood in regards to hatchling sea kraits. Their average birth mass and time to independence is unknown and requires further research.
Breeding interval: The breeding interval of banded sea kaits varies between seasonally or aseasonally depending on geographic location.
Breeding season: Some populations of banded sea kaits are aseasonal and have no specific breeding interval. Populations in Fiji breed seasonally from September to December or January.
Range number of offspring: 4 to 20.
Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 1.5 to 2.5 years.
Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 1.5 years.
Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; year-round breeding ; sexual ; fertilization ; oviparous
Parental investment for banded sea kraits has not been researched and is not known. Females lay eggs on the shore but it is unclear if they return to the sea or stay on shore to care for their eggs. It has been documented that females tend to spend more time on land than males do, but hypotheses of whether this is due to parental investment or a different, unrelated cause has not been tested. More research is required to determine by what modes and to what extent, parents care for their young in this species.
Parental Investment: pre-fertilization (Provisioning, Protecting: Female)
Ventrals large, one third to more than one half body width. Nostrils lateral; nasals separated by internasals; 21-25 longitudinal rows of imbricate scales at midbody; an azygous (single, not paired) prefrontal shield is usually present; rostral undivided; ventrals 213-243; subcaudals: males 37-47, females 29-35. Upper lip yellow. Total length: males 875 mm, females 1420 mm. Tail length: males 130 mm, females 145 mm.
(Leviton et al. 2003)
Laticauda colubrina is a widespread, relatively abundant, and dangerously venomous sea krait ranging from the Andaman and Nicobar Islands and the Myanmar-Thai-Malaysian peninsula through the Indonesian archipelago to New Guinea and north to Palau, the Philippines, Taiwan, and the Ryukyu Islands, and southeastward along the island chain of the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, Fiji, and Tonga. The yellow-banded sea krait clade is composed of the widespread L. colubrina plusL. guineai (found in a small region of southern Papua New Guinea), L. saintgironsi (endemic to New Caledonia, where it is common), and L. frontalis (a dwarf species endemic to Vanuatu, where it is sympatric with L. colubrina). Members of the L. colubrina complex forage on reefs by searching underwater crevices while tongue-flicking, apparently identifying prey by smell; their diet consists almost exclusively of various kinds of eels. (Heatwole et al. 2005)
In Myanmar, occurs in coastal waters, tidal rivers, ashore (especially along rocky coasts). Reportedly not commonly encountered in “Indian and Indo-Chinese waters” although it is not uncommon around Singapore. Although rare in the Bay of Bengal, it ispossibly not uncommon along the Myanmar coast and west coast of the Malaysian Peninsula. This species also occurs in coastal waters of Thailand, Malaysia, and western Indonesia as far east as Polynesia and north along the east Asian coast and Philippines to southern Japan. Individuals have been observed on a small uninhabited island around a mile off the Rakhine coast in the Bay of Bengal, where they were seen at rest during the day at low tide in rock crevices; surrounding waters were rich in large corals. In New Caledonia, these snakes are reportedly often found inshore under vegetation. They have been found at depths of greater than 60 m, but seem to prefer depths of less than 20 m. Laticauda colubrina are active both during the day and at night. (Leviton et al. 2003)
Colubrine sea krait
Yellow-lipped sea krait
Nattern-Plattschwanz
Marine waters of eastern India (Bay of Bengal) through Indo-Malaysia to New Guinea, Australia (tropical northeastern coast), New Zealand, and the Pacific Islands; Solomon Islands: southern Japan. Philippine Islands, Melanesia, Polynesia.
Holotype: ZMB 9078
Type-locality: None given, unknown.
Vlnožil užovkový (Laticauda colubrina) je mořský had z čeledi korálovcovitých (Elapidae).
Vlnožil měří pouze 1 m. Tělo je pruhovaně zbarvené, což může vést k záměně s neškodnou rybou hadařem příčnopruhým. Dýchá podobně jako všichni hadi plícemi, proto se z vody musí pravidelně vynořovat, aby se nadechl.
Vlnožil užovkový se vyskytuje především ve vodách Oceánie, například u pobřeží Austrálie nebo Nové Kaledonie.
Jed vlnožila je podobně jako u všech korálovcovitých vysoce nebezpečný. Působí na nervový systém. Jedno uštknutí hada by dokázalo zabít dospělého člověka, tento druh má však velice malá ústa a navíc nebývá agresivní. Náruživě se však dovede bránit, pokud ho někdo blokuje, aby se vynořil a nadechl.[2]
Vlnožil užovkový je podobně jako všichni hadi masožravý. Živí se hlavně drobnými živočichy, především rybkami, které vyhledává ve skalních štěrbinách. Do štěrbin se dokáže dostat díky svému ohebnému tělu, které je navíc úzké (proto se potápěčům i přes to, že vlnožil obvykle jedové zuby používá zřídka, doporučuje, aby do různých rozsedlin nedávali ruce nebo prsty).[3]
IUCN považuje vlnožila užovkového za málo dotčený druh.[4]
V tomto článku byl použit překlad textu z článku Laticauda colubrina na anglické Wikipedii.
Obrázky, zvuky či videa k tématu vlnožil užovkový ve Wikimedia Commons
Vlnožil užovkový (Laticauda colubrina) je mořský had z čeledi korálovcovitých (Elapidae).
Der Nattern-Plattschwanz oder die Gelblippen-Seeschlange[1] (Laticauda colubrina) zählt innerhalb der Familie der Giftnattern (Elapidae) zur Gattung der Plattschwänze (Laticauda). Erstmals wissenschaftlich beschrieben wurde die Art im Jahre 1799 von dem deutschen Naturwissenschaftler Johann Gottlob Schneider.
Der Nattern-Plattschwanz hat einen zylindrischen, schlanken Körperbau, der Kopf ist oval und setzt sich kaum vom Körper ab. Das Tier erreicht eine Körperlänge zwischen 110 und 140 cm und ist auffällig gezeichnet. Die Grundfärbung liegt zwischen gelblich, weißlich blau und dunkelblau, während sich über den gesamten Körper relativ regelmäßig schwarze Querbänder ziehen. Die Kopfoberseite ist schwarz, die Schnauzenoberseite und -spitze ist gelblich oder entspricht der Grundfarbe. Zwischen Auge und Mundwinkel ist ein schwarzes Band zu erkennen, außerdem ist die Maulunterseite ebenfalls schwarz gefleckt und am Rand gestreift. Die schwarze Zeichnung des Kopfes kann in den ersten Querstreifen im Nacken übergehen oder mit ihm verbunden sein. Die Schwanzspitze ist vertikal flossenförmig abgeflacht.
Der Nattern-Plattschwanz ist nachtaktiv und hält sich am Tag oft außerhalb des Wassers in trockenen Spalten und Höhlen zwischen den Felsen der Küsten auf. Auch beim Klettern in kleinen Büschen wurde die Art bereits beobachtet. Laticauda colubrina dringt oft recht tief ins Inland von Inseln vor, auf den Salomonen hat er sich auf diese Weise im Brackwassersee Lake Te′Nggano etabliert. Damit ist er wohl die am stärksten am Land orientierte Seeschlange. Vermutlich kommt der Nattern-Plattschwanz auch zur Aufnahme von Süßwasser an Land. Er ernährt sich als Nahrungsspezialist von aalartigen Fischen. Zur Beute gehören auch solche, die durch Mimikry versuchen, Plattschwänze zu imitieren. Auf den Fidschi-Inseln konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass Weibchen größere Beutetiere fressen als Männchen, unabhängig von der Größe der Schlange. Ab Eintritt der Dämmerung machen sich die Tiere auf Nahrungssuche: Beutetiere werden mit dem Geruchssinn aufgespürt und mit einem Giftbiss gelähmt. Nattern-Plattschwänze sind ovipare (eierlegende) Schlangen. Die Weibchen setzen ein Gelege im Umfang von 6 bis 20 Eiern am Strand ab, teilweise in Massenansammlungen.[1]
Der Nattern-Plattschwanz besitzt vergleichsweise kleine, feststehende Giftzähne im vorderen Oberkiefer, über die bei einem Biss ein hochwirksames Gift abgegeben wird. Es setzt sich vor allem aus Neurotoxinen zusammen. Außerdem zeigt es myotoxische Eigenschaften und damit verbunden auch nierenschädigende Wirkung durch tote Muskelzellen.
Bisse können durchaus unbemerkt bleiben, da kaum lokale Reaktionen auftreten. Lebensbedrohliche Folgen können Kreislaufversagen oder Atemlähmung sein. Bissunfälle sind zwar nachgewiesen, jedoch aufgrund der nachtaktiven Lebensweise und sehr geringer Aggressivität äußerst selten.
Der Nattern-Plattschwanz ist in Ostindien und im westlichen Pazifischen Ozean verbreitet. Er ist von Sri Lanka über Südostasien bis nach Japan anzutreffen und dringt bis zu den Fidschi-Inseln vor. Die Art hält sich in Küstennähe und zumeist in Korallenriffen, Mangrovenwäldern und zwischen Felsen auf.
Der Nattern-Plattschwanz ist – einschließlich seiner Haut – im Anhang D der EU-Artenschutzverordnung unter Schutz gestellt.
Der Nattern-Plattschwanz oder die Gelblippen-Seeschlange (Laticauda colubrina) zählt innerhalb der Familie der Giftnattern (Elapidae) zur Gattung der Plattschwänze (Laticauda). Erstmals wissenschaftlich beschrieben wurde die Art im Jahre 1799 von dem deutschen Naturwissenschaftler Johann Gottlob Schneider.
மஞ்சள் வாய் கடல் விரியன் (Laticauda colubrina), அல்லது வரிகொண்ட கடல் விரியன் என அழைக்கப்படுவது கடல்வாழ் பாம்பினத்தை சேர்ந்த வெப்பவலயத்துக்குரிய இந்திய பசிபிக் கடல் பிராந்தியத்தில் காணப்படும் ஒரு நச்சுப் பாம்பினமாகும். இப்பாப்பு தனித்துவமான கறுப்புக் கோடுகளையும் மஞ்சள் நிற வாயையும் நீந்துவதற்கு உரிய துடுப்புப் போன்ற வாலையும் கொண்டது. இது அதன் அதிகமான நேரத்தை வேட்டையாடுவதற்காக நீருக்கு அடியில் கழிப்பதுடன் சமிபாடு, ஒய்வு, இனப்பெருக்கம் ஆகியவற்றுக்கு தரைக்குத் திரும்பும். நரம்புத்தொகுதியைத் தாக்கவல்ல இதனது வீரியமான நஞ்சு, கடல் விலாங்கு மற்றும் சிறிய மீன்களைப் பிடிக்க உதவும். தரைக்கு வரும்போது இவை மனிதரையும் தாக்குகின்றது. இது தற்காப்புக்காகவே மனிதரைத் தாக்குகின்றது.
மஞ்சள் வாய் கடல் விரியனின் தலைப்பகுதி கருமை நிறமுடையது. மூக்கு நீண்டதாகவும் பிரிபடாத வளைந்த செதில்களையும் கொண்டது. மேல் உதடு மற்றும் வாய்ப்பகுதியில் உள்ள மஞ்சள் நிறம் தலையை நோக்கி கண் வரை பரந்திருக்கும்.[3]
உடல் தட்டையான உருளை வடிவத்தைக் கொண்டது, அகலத்தை விட உயரமானது. இதன் மேற்பகுதி தனித்துவமான நீலங்கலந்த நரைநிற மறை கொண்டதாக காணப்படும். வயிறு மஞ்சள் கலந்த கீழ்ப்பற செதில்களைக் கொண்டதாக மூன்றில் ஒன்று முதல் அரைப் பங்கு வரைக் காணப்படும். பாம்பின் முழு நீளத்திற்கும் சீரான இடைவெளியில் அமைந்த கறுப்பு வளையங்கள் காணப்படும். ஆனால் வயிற்றுப் பகுதியில் இவ்வளையங்கள் குறுகியதாக அல்லது தடைப்பட்டு காணப்படும். நடு உடலில் 21 முதல் 25 வரையான நீள வரிசைகள் மேற்படிந்த செதில்கள் காணப்படும். [3] பாம்பின் வால் நீந்துவதற்குரியதாக துடுப்புப் போன்று காணப்படும்.[4]
சராசரியாக ஆண் பாம்பின் மொத்த நீளம் 875 mm (34.4 in) உடையதாகவும், வால் 130 mm (5.1 in) நீளமாகவும் இருக்கும். பெண் பாம்பு குறிப்பிடத்தக்களவு பெரிதாக சராசரி நீளம் 1,420 mm (56 in) மற்றும் வால் 145 mm (5.7 in)கொண்டிருக்கும்.[3]
மஞ்சள் வாய் கடல் விரியன் கிழக்கு இந்தியப் பெருங்கடல் மற்றும் மேற்குப் பசிபிக் பெருங்கடல் வரைப் பரந்து காணப்படுகின்றது. இது இந்தியாவின் கிழக்குக் கரை, வங்காளதேசத்தின் வங்காள விரிகுடாக் கடல் ஓரம், மியன்மார், தெற்காசியாவின் மற்றைய பகுதிகளில் இருந்து மலாய் தீவுக்கூட்டம் மற்றும் சீனா, தாய்வான் ஆகியவற்றின் சில பகுதிகள்,யப்பானின் ரிக்யூ தீவுகள்ஆகியவற்றில் காணப்படுகின்றது. இவ்வினம் பிஜி ஏனைய பசிபிக் தீவுகளில் பொதுவாகக் காணப்படும். அவுத்திரெலியா, நியூ கலிடோணியா, நியூ சீலாந்து ஆகியவற்றில் இவை உள்ளதாக நாடோடிகளின் பதிவுகள் காட்டுகின்றன. [1]
மஞ்சள் வாய்க் கடல் விரியன் பகுதி நீர் வாழ்க்கைக்குரிய விலங்கு ஆகும். இளமைப் பருவத்தை நீரிலும் கரையோர தரையிலும் கழிக்கும். முதிர்ந்த விலங்குகள் தரையில் மேலும் ஊடுருவி அதன் பாதியளவு காலத்தைக் கழிக்கும். ஆண்கள் தமது புணர்ச்சிக் காலத்தில் தரையில் செயலூக்கம் கூடியவையாகவும் ஆழம் குறைந்த நீரில் வேட்டையாடுவதாகவும், பெண் புணர்ச்சிக்காலத்தில் தரையில் செயலூக்கம் குறைந்ததாகவும் ஆழமான நீரில் வேட்டையாடுவதாவும் காணப்படும். ஏனெனில் ஆண்கள் நீளம் குறைந்தவை என்பதால் வேகமாக ஊர்வதும் நீந்துவதும் அவற்றால் முடியும்.[4]
மஞ்சள் வாய் கடல் விரியன் (Laticauda colubrina), அல்லது வரிகொண்ட கடல் விரியன் என அழைக்கப்படுவது கடல்வாழ் பாம்பினத்தை சேர்ந்த வெப்பவலயத்துக்குரிய இந்திய பசிபிக் கடல் பிராந்தியத்தில் காணப்படும் ஒரு நச்சுப் பாம்பினமாகும். இப்பாப்பு தனித்துவமான கறுப்புக் கோடுகளையும் மஞ்சள் நிற வாயையும் நீந்துவதற்கு உரிய துடுப்புப் போன்ற வாலையும் கொண்டது. இது அதன் அதிகமான நேரத்தை வேட்டையாடுவதற்காக நீருக்கு அடியில் கழிப்பதுடன் சமிபாடு, ஒய்வு, இனப்பெருக்கம் ஆகியவற்றுக்கு தரைக்குத் திரும்பும். நரம்புத்தொகுதியைத் தாக்கவல்ல இதனது வீரியமான நஞ்சு, கடல் விலாங்கு மற்றும் சிறிய மீன்களைப் பிடிக்க உதவும். தரைக்கு வரும்போது இவை மனிதரையும் தாக்குகின்றது. இது தற்காப்புக்காகவே மனிதரைத் தாக்குகின்றது.
The yellow-lipped sea krait (Laticauda colubrina), also known as the banded sea krait or colubrine sea krait, is a species of venomous sea snake found in tropical Indo-Pacific oceanic waters. The snake has distinctive black stripes and a yellow snout, with a paddle-like tail for use in swimming.
It spends much of its time under water to hunt, but returns to land to digest, rest, and reproduce. It has very potent neurotoxic venom, which it uses to prey on eels and small fish. Because of its affinity to land, the yellow-lipped sea krait often encounters humans, but the snake is not aggressive and only attacks when feeling threatened.
The head of a yellow-lipped sea krait is black, with lateral nostrils and an undivided rostral scale. The upper lip and snout are characteristically colored yellow, and the yellow color extends backward on each side of the head above the eye to the temporal scales.[3]
The body of the snake is subcylindrical, and is taller than it is wide. Its upper surface is typically a shade of blueish gray, while the belly is yellowish, with wide ventral scales that stretch from a third to more than half of the width of the body. Black rings of about uniform width are present throughout the length of the snake, but the rings narrow or are interrupted at the belly. The midbody is covered with 21 to 25 longitudinal rows of imbricated (overlapping) dorsal scales.[3] The dorsal and lateral scales can be used to differentiate between this species and the similar yellow-lipped New Caledonian sea krait, which typically has fewer rows of scales and scales that narrow or fail to meet (versus the yellow-lipped sea krait's ventrally meeting dark bands).[4] The tail of the snake is paddle-shaped and adapted to swimming.[5]
On average, the total length of a male is 875 mm (2 ft 10.4 in) long, with a 13 cm (5.1 in) long tail. Females are significantly larger, with an average total length of 1.42 m (4 ft 8 in) and a tail length of 145 mm (5.7 in).[3]
The yellow-lipped sea krait is widespread throughout the eastern Indian Ocean and Western Pacific. It can be found from the eastern coast of India, along the coast of the Bay of Bengal in Bangladesh, Myanmar, and other parts of Southeast Asia, to the Malay Archipelago and to some parts of southern China, Taiwan, and the Ryukyu Islands of Japan. The species is also common near Fiji and other Pacific islands within its range. Vagrant individuals have been recorded in Australia, New Caledonia, and New Zealand.[1] Six specimens have been found around the North Island of New Zealand between 1880 and 2005, suspected to have come from populations based in Fiji and Tonga.[4] It is the most common sea krait identified in New Zealand, and second-most seen sea snake after the yellow-bellied sea snake - common enough to be considered a native species, protected under the Wildlife Act 1953.[4]
The venom of this elapid, L. colubrina, is a very powerful neurotoxic protein, with a subcutaneous LD50 in mice of 0.45 mg/kg body weight.[6] The venom is an α-neurotoxin that disrupts synapses by competing with acetylcholine for receptors on the postsynaptic membrane, similar to erabutoxins and α-bungarotoxins.[7] In mice, lethal venom doses cause lethargy, flaccid paralysis, and convulsions in quick succession before death. Dogs injected with lethal doses produced symptoms consistent with fatal hypertension and cyanosis observed in human sea snake bite victims.[6]
Some varieties of eels, which are a primary food source for yellow-lipped sea kraits, may have coevolved resistance to yellow-lipped sea krait venom.[8] Gymnothorax moray eels taken from the Caribbean, where yellow-lipped sea kraits are not endemic, died after injection with doses as small as 0.1 mg/kg body weight, but Gymnothorax individuals taken from New Guinea, where yellow-lipped sea kraits are endemic, were able to tolerate doses as large as 75 mg/kg without severe injury.[9]
Yellow-lipped sea kraits are semiaquatic. Juveniles stay in water and on adjacent coasts, but adults are able to move further inland and spend half their time on land and half in the ocean. Adult males are more terrestrially active during mating and hunt in shallower water, requiring more terrestrial locomotive ability. Adult females, though, are less active on land during mating and hunt in deeper water, requiring more aquatic locomotive ability. Because males are smaller, they crawl and swim faster than females.[5]
Body adaptations, especially a paddle-like tail, help yellow-lipped sea kraits to swim. These adaptations are also found in more distantly related sea snakes (Hydrophiinae) because of convergent evolution, but because of the differences in motion between crawling and swimming, these same adaptations impede the snake's terrestrial motion. On dry land, a yellow-lipped sea krait can still move, but typically at only slightly more than a fifth of its swimming speed. In contrast, most sea snakes other than Laticauda spp. are virtually stranded on dry land.[5]
When hunting, yellow-lipped sea kraits frequently head into deep water far from land, but return to land to digest meals, shed skin, and reproduce. Individuals return to their specific home islands, exhibiting philopatry. When yellow-lipped sea kraits on Fijian islands were relocated to different islands 5.3 km away, all recaptured individuals were found on their home islands in an average of 30.7 days.[10]
Yellow-lipped sea kraits collected near the tip of Borneo had heavy tick infections.[11]
Hunting is often performed alone, but L. colubrina kraits may also do so in large numbers in the company of hunting parties of giant trevally and goatfish. This cooperative hunting technique is similar to that of the moray eel, with the yellow-lipped sea kraits flushing out prey from narrow crevices and holes, and the trevally and goatfish feeding on fleeing prey.[12]
While probing crevices with their heads, yellow-lipped sea kraits are unable to observe approaching predators and can be vulnerable. The snakes can deter predators, such as larger fish, sharks, and birds, by fooling them into thinking that their tail is their head, because the color and movement of the tail is similar to that of the snake's head. For example, the lateral aspect of the tail corresponds to the dorsal view of the head.[13][14]
Yellow-lipped sea kraits primarily feed on varieties of eels (of the families Congridae, Muraenidae, and Ophichthidae), but also eat small fish (including those of the families Pomacentridae and Synodontidae).[15] Males and females exhibit sexual dimorphism in hunting behavior, as adult females, which are significantly larger than males, prefer to hunt in deeper water for larger conger eels, while adult males hunt in shallower water for smaller moray eels. In addition, females hunt for only one prey item per foraging bout, while males often hunt for multiple items.[5][16] After hunting, yellow-lipped sea kraits return to land to digest their prey.[10]
The yellow-lipped sea krait is oviparous, meaning it lays eggs that develop outside of the body.[1]
Each year during the warmer months of September through December, males gather on land and in the water around gently sloping areas at high tide. Males prefer to mate with larger females because they produce larger and more offspring.[17]
When a male detects a female, he chases the female and begins courtship. Females are larger and slower than males, and many males escort and intertwine around a single female. The males then align their bodies with the female and rhythmically contract; the resulting mass of snakes can remain nearly motionless for several days.[17][18] After courtship, the snakes copulate for about an average of two hours.[17]
The female yellow-lipped sea kraits then lay as many as 10 eggs per clutch. The eggs are deposited in crevices where they remain until hatching.[19] These eggs are very rarely found in the wild; only two nests have been definitively reported throughout the entire range of the species.[1]
Because yellow-lipped sea kraits spend much of their time on land, they are often encountered by humans. They are frequently found in the water intake and exhaust pipes of boats.[19] They are also attracted to light and can be distracted by artificial sources of light, including hotels and other buildings, on coasts.[1]
Fewer bites from this species are recorded compared to other venomous species such as cobras and vipers, as it is less aggressive and tends to avoid humans.[15] If they do bite, it is usually in self-defense when accidentally grabbed. Most sea snake bites occur when fishermen attempt to untangle the snakes from their fishing nets.[20]
In the Philippines, yellow-lipped sea kraits are caught for their skin and meat; the meat is smoked and exported for use in Japanese cuisine.[1] The smoked meat of a related Laticauda species, the black-banded sea krait, is used in Okinawan cuisine to make irabu-jiru (Japanese: イラブー汁, irabu soup).[21]
The yellow-lipped sea krait (Laticauda colubrina), also known as the banded sea krait or colubrine sea krait, is a species of venomous sea snake found in tropical Indo-Pacific oceanic waters. The snake has distinctive black stripes and a yellow snout, with a paddle-like tail for use in swimming.
It spends much of its time under water to hunt, but returns to land to digest, rest, and reproduce. It has very potent neurotoxic venom, which it uses to prey on eels and small fish. Because of its affinity to land, the yellow-lipped sea krait often encounters humans, but the snake is not aggressive and only attacks when feeling threatened.
Laticauda colubrina es una especie de serpiente de mar que se encuentra en aguas tropicales del Indo-Pacífico oceánico.
Ventrales grandes, un tercio más de la mitad de la anchura del cuerpo, las fosas nasales laterales, fosas nasales separadas por internasales; 21 a 25 hileras longitudinales de escamas imbricadas en el punto medio del cuerpo; un escudo prefrontal, ácigos generalmente presentes.
Cuerpo subcilíndrico, sólo un poco comprimido. Más alto que ancho rostral, un escudo que separa la ácigos prefrontales, a veces ausente; frontal considerablemente más largo que su distancia desde el extremo del hocico; un antes y después de dos oculares; 7-8 supralabiales, el tacto tercero-cuarto la temporals un ojo Dos, cinco infralabiales en contacto con la genials, ambos pares de los cuales suelen estar bien desarrollados y en contacto uno con el otro, el par anterior más pequeño que la parte posterior, una doble serie de escamas alargadas, la serie más grande del interior, en la audiencia margen. Escalas en las filas 21 a 23 (raramente 25). Ventrales 213 a 245, cerca de cuatro veces más largos que anchos. Caudales en los machos de 37 a 47, hembras de 29 a 35.
Longitud total: 875 mm los machos, las hembras 1.420 mm, longitud de la cola: 130 mm los machos, las hembras de 145 mm. En estas serpientes son de color claro o gris oscuro azulado por encima y amarillento por debajo, con bandas de negro más o menos de ancho uniforme en todo o estrechamiento en el vientre. Hocico amarillo, el color se extiende hacia atrás a cada lado de la cabeza a cada lado de la cabeza por encima del ojo por lo que los escudos temporales, dejando una barra oscura en el medio. El resto de la cabeza es de color negro.
Son venenosas, pero no son agresivas con los buceadores.
Estas serpientes se encontraban antes en gran abundancia en aguas de las Filipinas, y eran objeto de pesca especial por parte de los pescadores japoneses. Algunos de ellos eran capturados por su piel de colores muy contrastantes, y otros eran conservados vivos en sacos y enviados a Japón como alimento.
Presenta un área de dispersión muy amplia. Este de India, Sri Lanka, Birmania, Malasia, Indonesia, Melanesia, Polinesia, islas Salomón, etc. También las encontramos en el Océano Índico: golfo de Tailandia, Filipinas, islas Andaman y Nicobar; costas de Taiwán, Bahía de Bengala, costa de la península Malaya, archipiélago indoaustraliano hasta Nueva Guinea, isla Ryukyu en Japón, Nueva Gales del Sur y Queensland en Australia, Nueva Zelanda, oeste del Océano Pacífico hasta Fiyi, Nueva Caledonia; y este del Océano Pacífico en México, El Salvador y Nicaragua.[2]
Se ven a menudo en grandes cantidades en la compañía de partidas de caza de jureles gigantes (Caranx ignobilis) y salmonetes. Estas serpientes necesitan beber agua dulce y regularmente van a la tierra.
Laticauda colubrina es una especie de serpiente de mar que se encuentra en aguas tropicales del Indo-Pacífico oceánico.
Itsasoko sugea (Laticauda colubrina) ezkatadunen ordenako hidrofidoen familiako narrastia da, 1,5 m inguru luzea.
Isatsa alboetatik estua eta zapala du, zorrotzik gabe bukatzen zaiona. Eraztun formako zerrenda urdin berdexka eta gaztaina koloreko sarriz estalia du azala. Bengalako golkotik Txinakora bitarteko itsasoetan bizi da, baina lur barruan, eta itsasotik urrun samar ere ibiltzen da. Igerian oso lasterra da eta uretan harrapatzen dituen arrainak janez elikatzen da.
Itsasoko sugea (Laticauda colubrina) ezkatadunen ordenako hidrofidoen familiako narrastia da, 1,5 m inguru luzea.
Isatsa alboetatik estua eta zapala du, zorrotzik gabe bukatzen zaiona. Eraztun formako zerrenda urdin berdexka eta gaztaina koloreko sarriz estalia du azala. Bengalako golkotik Txinakora bitarteko itsasoetan bizi da, baina lur barruan, eta itsasotik urrun samar ere ibiltzen da. Igerian oso lasterra da eta uretan harrapatzen dituen arrainak janez elikatzen da.
Laticauda colubrina est une espèce de serpents marin de la famille des Elapidae[1], appelée communément tricot rayé à lèvres jaunes[2] ou tricot rayé jaune[3], plature couleuvrin[3], ou cobra de mer. D’autres espèces de tricots rayés font partie du genre Laticauda.
Cette espèce se rencontre dans le nord de l'océan Indien et dans l'océan Pacifique dans les eaux de l'Inde, du Sri Lanka, de la Birmanie, de la Thaïlande, de la Malaisie, du Viêt Nam, de Taïwan, du Japon, des Philippines, de l'Indonésie, de la Papouasie-Nouvelle-Guinée, des îles Salomon, du Vanuatu, de la Nouvelle-Calédonie, de la Polynésie française, de l'Australie, de la Nouvelle-Zélande et des Fidji.
On la rencontre aussi dans les eaux du Nicaragua, du Salvador et du Mexique[1].
Ce serpent vit dans les eaux côtières, les récifs coralliens, les mangroves et les forêts tropicales marécageuses.
Laticauda colubrina est appelé tricot rayé car il a de nombreuses bandes noires (de 20 à 65) encerclant son corps de couleur jaune ou crème. Sa queue aplatie en forme de palette natatoire lui sert à nager. Il mesure de 1 à 2 m de long[4]. Le mâle est plus petit, de près d'un tiers, que la femelle[5]. Pour respirer à la surface, il n'a pas besoin de sortir la tête de l'eau pour inspirer car ses narines sont situées sur le museau. Il peut rester immergé plus d'une heure mais il remonte généralement à la surface pour respirer toutes les 10 à 20 minutes[6]. Il est diurne et nocturne.
Ce serpent marin est partiellement marin et partiellement terrestre : il passe de longues heures dans les eaux côtières à chasser et à se nourrir de poissons, dont surtout des anguilles et de murènes ; il passe de longues heures à terre une fois rassasié à se chauffer au soleil, boire de l'eau douce et s'abriter dans un tronc creux d'un arbre ou dans les anfractuosités des rochers ; il réalise aussi sa mue à terre.
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L'accouplement a lieu dans l'eau[7] mais la femelle, contrairement aux autres serpents marins, pond ses œufs non pas dans l'eau mais dans le sol sous un tas de végétaux en décomposition.
C'est un animal docile qui mord peu mais il est extrêmement venimeux. Les très rares cas de morsures connues concernent essentiellement des pêcheurs en train de vider leurs filets[8].
Laticauda colubrina est une espèce de serpents marin de la famille des Elapidae, appelée communément tricot rayé à lèvres jaunes ou tricot rayé jaune, plature couleuvrin, ou cobra de mer. D’autres espèces de tricots rayés font partie du genre Laticauda.
Erabu kuning adalah jenis ular laut yang tersebar luas di lautan tropis Nusantara hingga Oseania.
Kepala ular ini berwarna hitam. Bibir atas dan moncong berwarna kekuningan, dengan garis berwarna kuning pucat memanjang dari atas bibir atas hingga belakang mata. Tubuh ular ini berbentuk pipih, seperti halnya jenis ular laut lainnya, juga memiliki ekor pipih vertikal. punggung berwarna belang-belang hitam dan putih kekuning-kuningan, belang hitam lebih sempit dari belang putih-kuning. Bagian perut berwarna putih. Panjang ular jantan bisa mencapai 0.87 meter dengan panjang ekor 13 cm, sedangkan betina lebih besar, panjangnya mencapai 1.42 meter dengan panjang ekor mencapai 14.5 cm.[2][3]
Ular ini tersebar luas di perairan tropis Indo-Australia, mulai dari pantai timur India hingga perairan Nusantara, Filipina, Melanesia, pantai timur laut dan timur Australia, serta di perairan Laut China Selatan dan Timur dan laut selatan Jepang.[2][3]
Ular ini banyak beraktivitas di daerah pantai dan terumbu karang dekat pesisir pantai. Seperti ular laut pada umumnya, ular ini memangsa ikan kecil dan terkadang belut Moray dan jenis krustasea tertentu. Ular ini termasuk semiakuatik dan beraktivitas di dalam air ketika mencari makanan dan ular ini beraktivitas di darat (pesisir) ketika akan berganti kulit, istirahat, atau bereproduksi. Ular ini berkembangbiak dengan bertelur (ovipar) dan selalu meletakkan telurnya di darat, biasanya ular ini akan mencari celah-celah tertentu seperti rongga di bawah pohon kelapa, di bawah bebatuan, atau di dalam liang pasir, sepanjang celah itu tidak dipakai hewan lain.[2][3][4]
Erabu kuning juga menjadi objek wisata budaya. Salah satunya adalah sarana tempat tinggal ular ini yang ada di Tanah Lot, Bali. Di tempat tersebut, tepat sebelum menyeberang ke pura yang ada di tengah pantai, terdapat sebuah gua yang dijaga oleh seorang atau dua orang tokoh adat setempat dan di gua tersebut terdapat sarang yang dihuni oleh beberapa ekor ular Erabu kuning ini. Menurut kepercayaan masyarakat Tanah Lot, ular-ular yang dianggap suci ini berasal dari selendang Danghyang Niratha, Sosok yang paling berpengaruh dalam penyebaran agama Hindu di Bali. Diceritakan, untuk melindungi pura Tanah Lot yang ia bangun, dengan kesaktiannya ia mengubah selendangnya menjadi ular-ular yang sangat berbisa.[5]
Erabu kuning adalah jenis ular laut yang tersebar luas di lautan tropis Nusantara hingga Oseania.
Il serpente di mare bocca gialla (Laticauda colubrina) noto anche come serpente labbra gialle, serpente coda larga, serpente di mare dagli anelli, serpente di mare fasciato, serpente di mare bendato o semplicemente laticauda, appartiene alla famiglia degli elapidi e alla sottofamiglia Hydrophiinae, che comprende tutti i serpenti di mare che, come lui, si sono adattati alla vita marina.
Il serpente bocca gialla è caratterizzato da strisce bianche e nere di pari lunghezza che si alternano tra loro. La testa, contornata da una parte bianca che arriva fino alla bocca, ha la parte superiore quasi completamente nera. Molto simile a Laticauda laticaudata, se ne distingue per via della bocca completamente gialla. La coda è appiattita in modo da favorirne i movimenti in acqua. Le femmine sono più grandi e più pesanti rispetto ai maschi e possono arrivare a pesare fino a 3 volte i maschi.
Il Laticauda colubrina vive nelle acque del Golfo del Bengala, dell’oceano Indiano e dell’Oceano Pacifico. Gli stati nelle cui coste vivono questi serpenti marini sono: Thailandia, Malaysia, Singapore, India, Taiwan, Giappone, Australia, Papua Nuova Guinea, Indonesia, Vietnam, Cina, Isole Salomone, Filippine, Samoa e Sri Lanka. Questo serpente marino si trova in una vasta gamma di habitat. Si trova tra le barriere coralline, tra le mangrovie, nei pressi delle isole ed anche in mare aperto. In generale però il Laticauda colubrina sembra prediligere le acque poco profonde.
Questo rettile, essendo tale, ha bisogno di uscire dall’acqua per respirare, trascorrendo circa il 25% della giornata sulla terraferma ed il restante in acqua (dato ancora da ufficializzare). La durata della vita di questi serpenti è ancora sconosciuta, quel che è certo è che non possono essere tenuti in cattività poiché muoiono. Se messi in un acquario di solito rifiutano il cibo e diventano anoressici. I loro principali predatori sono le aquile di mare e gli squali.
La loro diversità di peso e di dimensioni si riflette anche sul tipo di dieta. Questi serpenti marini si nutrono prevalentemente di anguille. Le femmine mangiano anguille di grandi dimensioni mentre i maschi si nutrono di quelle più piccole. La stessa cosa vale per le murene, i maschi cacciano le murene giovani e piccole mentre le femmine quelle più grandi. Per procurarsi il cibo questi serpenti marini sondano le crepe e le fessure delle barriere coralline e delle rocce. Sono dotati di denti veleniferi che contengono potenti neurotossine. Questi composti tossici agiscono sui muscoli del diaframma delle loro prede. Quando un’anguilla viene morsa, le neurotossine agiscono molto velocemente. In poco tempo l’anguilla non è più in grado di nuotare e di respirare. Dopo essersi nutrito, il Laticauda colubrina non riesce più a nuotare con agilità. Se dovesse restare in acqua sarebbe più vulnerabile ai predatori. Per questo motivo si sposta sulla terraferma dove digerisce in un ambiente più sicuro.
Il veleno del Laticauda colubrina è molto potente, il suo LD50 è di 0,45 mg per Kg. Contiene una neurotossina che attacca le membrane postsinaptiche dei muscoli. Le vittime muoiono in breve tempo per arresto respiratorio e conseguente collasso cardiovascolare. Tuttavia il Laticauda colubrina è noto per essere un serpente di mare molto docile. Difficilmente attacca l’uomo, mordendo solo se costretto, ed anche quando morde spesso lo fa a secco, senza iniettare veleno. Quando minacciato preferisce spesso la fuga.
Il serpente marino è oviparo e quindi torna a terra per deporre le uova già fecondate dal maschio. Il periodo di accoppiamento va da settembre a dicembre, mentre la schiusa delle uova avviene da giugno ad agosto. Non appena le uova si schiudono, i piccoli che ne fuoriescono assomigliano in tutto e per tutto agli adulti e non hanno bisogno di subire alcuna metamorfosi. Si sviluppano in breve tempo ed i maschi raggiungono la maturità sessuale in circa un anno e mezzo. Le femmine invece sono mature sessualmente da un anno e mezzo ai due anni e mezzo di età.
Il serpente di mare bocca gialla (Laticauda colubrina) noto anche come serpente labbra gialle, serpente coda larga, serpente di mare dagli anelli, serpente di mare fasciato, serpente di mare bendato o semplicemente laticauda, appartiene alla famiglia degli elapidi e alla sottofamiglia Hydrophiinae, che comprende tutti i serpenti di mare che, come lui, si sono adattati alla vita marina.
Laticauda colubrina ialah satu spesies ular laut yang ditemui di perairan lautan Indo-Pasifik.
Laticauda colubrina ialah satu spesies ular laut yang ditemui di perairan lautan Indo-Pasifik.
Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons Wiosłogon żmijowaty (Laticauda colubrina) – gatunek węża morskiego z rodzaju Laticauda, występujący w wodach morskich Azji Południowo-Wschodniej.
Ubarwienie szaroniebieskie z czarnymi pasami, długość 1–2 m. Charakterystyczną cechą jest spłaszczony, wiosłowaty ogon, podobnie jak u innych węży z tego rodzaju.
Bardzo jadowity, ale mało agresywny. W przeciwieństwie do innych wręgowców, samica składa jaja na brzegu, w grotach skalnych[1].
Żywi się głównie rybami.
Żyje w morskich wodach przybrzeżnych, rafach koralowych i zaroślach namorzynowych
Alethinophidia Wiosłogon żmijowaty (Laticauda colubrina) – gatunek węża morskiego z rodzaju Laticauda, występujący w wodach morskich Azji Południowo-Wschodniej.
A Laticauda colubrina é uma espécie de cobra-marinha venenosa encontrada nas águas indo-pacíficas que aparenta ter duas cabeças.[1]
A Laticauda colubrina é uma espécie de cobra-marinha venenosa encontrada nas águas indo-pacíficas que aparenta ter duas cabeças.
Ploskochvost užovkový alebo ploskochvost užovkovitý (lat. Laticauda colubrina) je jedovatý morský had z čeľade koralovcovitých. Je to najrozšírenejší druh zo 4 ploskochvostov, ktoré sa rozmnožujú na súši.
Ploskochvost užovkový je svetlomodrej farby s charakteristickými tmavomodrými prstencami okolo tela. Typické su preň žlté pery. Na bruchu majú ploskochvosty na rozdiel od mornárov väčšie šupiny, ktoré im zlepšujú pohyb po pevnine. Dorastá do dĺžky 1 až 3 metrov a váži do 5 kilogramov. Je jedným zo 40 druhov, ktoré majú pádlovito sploštený chvost a žijú a živia sa v mori.
Tento druh žije prevažne v južnej a juhovýchodnej Ázii a to vo východnej časti Indického oceánu a na juhozápade Pacifiku. Obýva pobrežné vody, mangrovové močiare, ústia riek a koralové útesy.
Nie je agresívny. Je prudko jedovatý, ako všetky morské hady, ale pre človeka nie je nebezpečný, lebo nehryzie a to dokonca ani pri manipulácii.
V plytkej vode sa živí rybami, hlavne úhormi. Korisť loví pomocou silného jedu.
Tento morský had a jeho blízki príbuzní na rozdiel od väčšiny ploskochvostov, ktoré trávia celý život v mori a rodia živé mláďatá, vychádza v období rozmnožovania na súš a kladie vajcia pod napadané lístie. Znáša až 20 vajec. Po vyliahnutí sa mláďatá zdržiavajú v plytkej vode, časom sa po pobreží roztratia do mora.
Detail hlavy.
Commons ponúka multimediálne súbory na tému Ploskochvost užovkový
Wikidruhy ponúkajú informácie na tému Ploskochvost užovkový
Ploskochvost užovkový alebo ploskochvost užovkovitý (lat. Laticauda colubrina) je jedovatý morský had z čeľade koralovcovitých. Je to najrozšírenejší druh zo 4 ploskochvostov, ktoré sa rozmnožujú na súši.
Rắn cạp nia biển (danh pháp khoa học: Laticauda colubrina) là một loài rắn biển được tìm thấy ở các vùng biển Ấn Độ Dương-Thái Bình Dương nhiệt đới. Tổng chiều dài con đực trưởng thành 875 mm, con cái trưởng thành dài 1420 mm, đuôi dài, con cái có chiều dài đuôi 130 mm, con đực có đuôi dài 145 mm. Chúng là loài rắn độc nhưng không hung hăng.
Bài viết liên quan đến bộ bò sát có vảy này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn. Rắn cạp nia biển (danh pháp khoa học: Laticauda colubrina) là một loài rắn biển được tìm thấy ở các vùng biển Ấn Độ Dương-Thái Bình Dương nhiệt đới. Tổng chiều dài con đực trưởng thành 875 mm, con cái trưởng thành dài 1420 mm, đuôi dài, con cái có chiều dài đuôi 130 mm, con đực có đuôi dài 145 mm. Chúng là loài rắn độc nhưng không hung hăng.
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蓝灰扁尾海蛇（學名：Laticauda colubrina），又名黃唇青斑海蛇[3]，是蛇亞目眼镜蛇科扁尾海蛇屬下的一種有毒海蛇，俗名灰海蛇、火烧蛇。主要分布於印度洋至太平洋一帶的海域，孟加拉湾到马来半岛沿海、巴布亚新几内亚、澳大利亚、菲律宾、斐济、汤加、日本沿海以及台湾沿海等地[4]。目前未有任何亞種被確認。
藍灰扁尾海蛇的腹部扁平寬大，鼻端及吻部同樣扁平，吻鱗為單片大鱗；身上有21至25排不規則分佈的鱗片。其身體主要呈稍微被壓扁的近管狀的形狀，吻部高翹，前額有一片大鱗片（亦有部分蛇類可能沒有這塊鱗片）。有一片眶前鱗及兩片眶後鱗，7至8片上唇鱗，第三至四片上唇鱗貼近雙眼；有五片下唇鱗，接觸頦部。腹部有213至245片鱗片，雄蛇有37至47片尾鱗，雌蛇則有29至35片尾鱗。
雄性的藍灰扁尾海蛇約長9公分，雌蛇則可長達14公分。體色方面，牠們的背部多以藍色及灰色為主，腹部則以黃色為主，身上滿佈黑色的橫向條紋。唇部呈黃色，頭部則主要為黑色。
藍灰扁尾海蛇棲息於海洋之中，多於夜間出沒沿岸沙滩、岩礁间。日間時候，牠們多躲藏於海岸邊的岩縫間休眠。以海蛇科而言，藍灰扁尾海蛇擁有較強的陸行本領，即使離海有數十米之遙，仍有可能找到他們的蹤影。捕食方面以一般魚類為主。藍灰扁尾海蛇屬卵生蛇類，雌蛇每年均於海岸岩石間產卵，每次約能誕下5至6枚蛇卵。
藍灰扁尾海蛇擁有強烈的神經毒素，但由於牠們的口部細小，攻擊性較低，因此對人類的威脅並不特別嚴重。
蓝灰扁尾海蛇（學名：Laticauda colubrina），又名黃唇青斑海蛇，是蛇亞目眼镜蛇科扁尾海蛇屬下的一種有毒海蛇，俗名灰海蛇、火烧蛇。主要分布於印度洋至太平洋一帶的海域，孟加拉湾到马来半岛沿海、巴布亚新几内亚、澳大利亚、菲律宾、斐济、汤加、日本沿海以及台湾沿海等地。目前未有任何亞種被確認。
アオマダラウミヘビ（青斑海蛇, Laticauda colubrina）は、爬虫綱有鱗目コブラ科エラブウミヘビ属に分類されるヘビ。
全長80-150センチメートルとエラブウミヘビ属最大種[2][3]。腹面を覆う鱗（腹板）は幅広く[2]、陸上での活動に適している[3]。上唇や下唇を覆う鱗（上唇板、下唇板）は淡黄色[2]。黒く細い横帯が入る[2]。
極めて毒性が高い神経毒を持つ[1][2]。 しかし、性格は大人しいのであまり咬む事はない。
海洋に生息する[3]。夜行性で、昼間は海岸にある岩の割れ目などで休む[2]。ウミヘビ亜科としては陸に上がる傾向が強く、海岸から数十メートル離れた場所で見られることもある[2]。
食性は動物食で、魚類（特にアナゴやウツボ）を食べる[2][3]。
繁殖形態は卵生。海岸にある岩の割れ目などに1回に5-6個の卵を産む[2]。
強毒種だが、口が小さく攻撃性が低いことから海中で自主的に人に対して噛みつくことはない[2]。攻撃的ではないが、掴むと咬みついてくる可能性があるため、注意が必要｡
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