Lingula Bruguière 1791

Lingula (lat. für "kleine Zunge") ist eine Gattung der Armfüßer (Brachiopoda). Die Tiere leben in selbstgegrabenen Röhren im sandigen Schlamm an den Ufern tropischer und subtropischer Meere. Im Unterschied zu anderen Armfüßern tolerieren sie auch Brackwasser. Die Seiten der Wohnröhre werden mit einem klebrigen Sekret, das die Tiere aus ihrem Mantel absondern, verfestigt. In den Röhren können sie sich mit Hilfe ihres muskulösen, langen Stiels auf und ab bewegen. Wie alle Armfüßer ernährt sich Lingula als Filtrierer.

In Japan, Südostasien und in der Südsee wird der muskulöse Stiel der Tiere von Menschen gegessen.

Merkmale

Lingula wird mit Stiel etwas über 20 Zentimeter lang und hat ein zweiklappiges, schlossloses Gehäuse. Die beiden Gehäusehälften werden lediglich durch Schließ- und Öffnungsmuskeln zusammengehalten und nicht durch Schlossgruben und -zähne gesichert. Somit sind die Klappen gegeneinander stark beweglich, verschiebbar und können zum Graben verwendet werden. Das Gehäuse besteht aus wechselnden Lagen von Kalziumphosphat und organischem Material.

Ein lebendes Fossil

Lingulafossil aus dem Devon

Lingula lässt sich fossil schon im Silur vor 400 Millionen Jahren nachweisen und ist damit eine der erdgeschichtlich ältesten, heute noch lebenden Gattungen und gilt als lebendes Fossil. Es hat sowohl das große Massenaussterben an der Perm-Trias-Grenze als auch das bekanntere an der Kreide-Tertiär-Grenze überlebt. Die fossilen Reste lassen sich morphologisch nicht von den rezenten unterscheiden. Auch aus dem Ordovizium sind Schalen Lingula-ähnlicher Armfüßer bekannt. Hier ist allerdings die Schaleninnenseite und damit die Anzahl und die Lage der Muskelansatzstellen unbekannt, so dass sie Lingula nicht zugeordnet werden können.

Rezente Arten

• Lingula adamsi Dall, 1873
• Lingula anatina Lamarck, 1801
• Lingula parva Smith, 1871
• Lingula reevei Davidson, 1880
• Lingula rostrum (Shaw, 1798)
• Lingula translucida Dall, 1920
• Lingula tumidula Reeve, 1841

Literatur

• Erich Thenius: Lebende Fossilien: Oldtimer der Tier- und Pflanzenwelt; Zeugen der Vorzeit. München: Pfeil, 2000, ISBN 3-931516-70-9.

Weblinks

– Sammlung von Bildern, Videos und Audiodateien

• Introduction to Lingulata University of California Museum of Paleontology (UCMP)
• WoRMS taxon details Lingula Bruguière, 1791

Lingula is a genus of brachiopods within the class Lingulata. Lingula or forms very close in appearance have existed possibly since the Cambrian. Like its relatives, it has two unadorned organo-phosphatic valves and a long fleshy stalk. Lingula lives in burrows in barren sandy coastal seafloor and feeds by filtering detritus from the water. It can be detected by a short row of three openings through which it takes in water (sides) and expels it again (middle).

Anatomy and morphology

Shell

A shell encloses the organs and other internal parts of the body, except for a long, fleshy stalk (or pedicle) that extends from the tail (or posterior) end of the shell. This shell has two nearly identical tan or bronze valves, that are often tinged greenish or bluegreenish. These are held together by muscles between them. The valves are secreted by two mantle folds, one on the dorsal and one on the ventral side of the body. The valves are composed of chitin, protein, and calcium phosphate and consist of about 50% organic material. The outer surface is covered by a thin glossy layer of protein called periostracum. The high organic content of the shell makes it somewhat soft and flexible. These valves are located on the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the animal. The front (or anterior) end of the shell has a squared off (or truncate) shape and the rear end tapers to a point where the stalk emerges. This point (called apex) is the earliest part of the valve. The shell of the young animal roughly remains the same, adding much material at the front and less at the sides. Many growth lines are visible, parallel to the margins of the shell. The valves widen slightly at the front end, forming a narrow opening (or gape), through which water is pumped in at the sides and out from the middle. The ventral valve is slightly longer and slightly more convex. The margin of the valves is fringed by chitinous tan colored bristle (or chaetae), short at the side of the valves, but much longer at the front where they assist in keeping open the access of the body cavity to the outside water. In death, the gape is closed and the bristles may be absent or short as they become brittle and darker in color when dry.^[2]

Stalk

The stalk (or pedicle) is a long white extension of the body, that emerges at the apex from between the valves, and not, as in articulate brachiopods, from a special opening in the dorsal valve. At the rear end, that is deepest in the sea bed, the skin (or epithelium) secretes a glue-like mucus that binds to the substrate's particles, thus temporarily anchoring the animal. The very thick skin (cuticle) is not composed of cells, and is opaque, being secreted by a very thin white epidermis, which is attached by a very thin layer of connective tissue to the white muscle inside. The muscle fibres are attached to the connective tissue and are wound like helixes. In the centre of the muscle runs an inconspicuous tube-shaped opening along the entire length, which is an extension of, and in open connection with, the body cavity within the shell. It is lined by a layer of one cell thick mesothelium.^[2]

Internal organs

Ovaries have a fine texture and a tan to orange color. Male gonads are coarse-grained and creamy white.^[3]

Reproduction

Species such as Lingula anatina have a breeding season that extends from summer to fall and breed annually. Their larvae are planktonic.^[4]

Living fossil

Lingula has long been considered an example of a living fossil; in fact, the perceived longevity of this genus led Darwin to coin this concept. This living fossil status is now considered unjustified. This status is based on the shape of the shell only, and it has been shown that this shape corresponds to a burrowing lifestyle, occurring in different brachiopod lineages, with different and evolving internal structures.^[1]

Taxonomy

The genus Lingula was created in 1791 by Jean Guillaume Bruguière. George Shaw describe Mytilus rostrum in 1798, but this species was later assigned to Lingula. In 1801 Jean-Baptiste Lamarck described L. anatina, its type species.^[1]

Possible etymologies

Lingula is probably derived from the Latin word for tongue "lingua" and a diminutive suffix -ula, so small tongue. Alternatively it may be derived from the Latin word for spoon (Lingula) directly. The origin of the epithet anatina is not known, but in Latin "anatina" means "belonging to the duck", possibly due to its resemblance to a duck bill. Another possible derivation could be from the French anatife ('goose barnacle'), for its likeness.^[1]

Reassigned species

The following species, previously assigned to Lingula are now considered better placed in other genera:^[5]

• L. albida = Glottidia albida
• L. alveolata = †Dignomia alveolata
• L. attenuata = †Palaeoglossa attenuata
• L. audebarti = Glottidia audebarti^[1]
• L. criei = †Tomasina criei
• L. davisii = †Lingulella davisii
• L. imbituvensis = †Langella imbituvensis
• L. lesueuri = †Ectenoglossa lesueuri
• L. nebrascensis = †Trigonoglossa nebrascensis
• L. pinnaformis = †Lingulepis pinnaformis
• L. plumbea = †Monobilina plumbea
• L. polita = †Dicellomus polita
• L. semen = Glottidia semen^[1]
• L. subspatulata = †Barroisella campbelli
• L. williamsana = †Lingulipora williamsana

Extinct species

The following are extinct Lingula species.^[6]

• ? †Lingula tenuis Sowerby
• †Lingula dregeri Andreae, 1893
• †Lingula waikatoensis Pen, 1930
• ? †Lingula eocenica Moroz & Ermokhyna, 1990

Extinct Glottidia or Lingula species:

• Glottidia dumortieri (Nyst, 1843)
• Glottidia antarctica (Buckman, 1910)
• Glottidia inexpectans Olsson, 1914
• Glottidia bravardi Figueiras & Martinez, 1995

Ecology

Lingula inhabits a vertical burrow in soft sediments, with the front face upward near the surface of the sea bed. The cilia on the lophophore create a current through the mantle cavity, which ensures the supply of food particles and oxygen.^[2]

Cuisine

It is eaten in various parts of the world, such as Vietnam. Because they live in mud, they first need to be cleansed in fresh water. The most popular part is the stalk, which is crunchy to eat. They are also fermented.^[7]

Gallery

• 

  The sole evidence of the presence of Lingula anatina is a small three-lobed slit on the surface of the substrate

• 

  Lingula anatina in tubes in the sand, lateral and dorsal or ventral views; the dotted line indicates position in retraction

• 

  Lingula anatina: animal removed from the shell, mantle reflected, coiled arms separated slightly; a) mouth (marginal setae omitted); ventral aspect, three-quarter face

• 

  Lingula anatina: interior of the valve showing muscle scars; V. peduncle valve D. brachial valve

References

Lingula adalah genus brakiopoda dalam kelas Lingulata. Lingula dikenal sebagai "moule-à-queue" (kerang berekor) di Kaledonia Baru, "bec de cane" (paruh bebek) di beberapa pantai di Samudera Hindia, dan "shamisen-gai" di Jepang (karena mirip dengan shamisen, kecapi Jepang). Lingula diketahui telah ada mungkin sejak Kapur atau setidaknya Tersier. Seperti kerabatnya, ia memiliki dua katup fosfat tanpa hiasan dan tangkai berdaging panjang. Lingula tinggal di liang di dasar laut tandus pesisir berpasir dan makan dengan menyaring detritus dari air. Lingula dapat dideteksi oleh deretan pendek tiga bukaan di mana dibutuhkan dalam air (sisi) dan mengusir lagi (tengah). Di Thailand, ada perikanan terbatas Lingula anatina, di mana ia dikenal sebagai hoi pak ped.^[3]

Referensi

Pranala luar

• Introduction to the Lingulata
• Informasi terkait dengan Lingula dari Wikispecies.
• Media yang berhubungan dengan Lingula di Wikimedia Commons.
• Brachiopoda world database
• BrachNet

Lingula Bruguière, 1791^[1] è un genere di Brachiopodi appartenente alla famiglia Lingulidae (di recente istituzione; precedentemente era inglobato nella classe Inarticulata) .

Fossile vivente

Lingula comprende alcune specie fossili oltre a rappresentanti tuttora viventi, considerati veri e propri fossili viventi, dato che nel corso degli ultimi 400 milioni di anni non hanno subito trasformazioni morfologiche^[2]. Si ritrovano fin dal Cambriano (periodo iniziato 540 milioni di anni fa e durato 35 milioni di anni) e presentano un'evoluzione caratterizzata da lentissimi cambiamenti nel corso di un tempo molto lungo. Questa caratterizzazione come fossile vivente è però superata, dato che è basata unicamente sulla forma della conchiglia, che corrisponde ad un modo di vita interrato in una tana, mentre la struttura interna dell'animale si è evoluta nel corso delle ere^[1].

Descrizione e modo di vita

La conchiglia è piccola e stretta, di forma allungata; il guscio è piuttosto sottile e formato da lamine di chitina e di fosfato di calcio. Le due valve simmetriche sono leggermente convesse e l'ornamentazione esterna è costituita solo da linee di accrescimento concentriche, poco accentuate^[2]. Gli esemplari viventi di Lingula vivono in ambienti litorali, entro gallerie verticali scavate nei substrati molli, in cui si infossano per mezzo di un peduncolo retrattile. Si pensa che la primitiva comparsa di questi brachiopodi sia dovuta alla colonizzazione di ambienti difficili (acque salmastre e povere di ossigeno), in cui vi era scarsa competizione da parte di altri organismi: tale specializzazione, forse, è una delle ragioni primarie della loro stasi evolutiva. Tuttavia, alcune specie fossili vivevano anche in ambienti di piattaforma e di bacino, per cui l'utilizzo di questo genere quale indicatore paleoambientale è oggi piuttosto limitato.

Tassonomia

• Lingula adamsi Dall, 1873
• Lingula anatina Lamarck, 1801
• Lingula parva Smith, 1872
• Lingula reevei Davidson, 1880
• Lingula rostrum Shaw, 1798
• Lingula translucida Dall, 1920
• Lingula tumidula Reeve, 1841

Note

Bibliografia

• J. G. Bruguière, Tableau Encyclopédique et Méthodique des trois Règnes de la Nature : vers, coquilles, mollusques et polypes divers, Parigi, Panckoucke, 1791.

→ Interpretationes vernaculae

Lingula est genus brachiopodum quod ad lingulatum classem pertinet.

Lingula ir pleckāju ģints no Lingulīdu kārtas. Ģints tika izdalīta 1792. gadā pēc mūsdienās dzīvojošās Lingula anatina sugas no Indonēzijas. Ģintī ir daudz fosilo sugu. Dzīvo no ordovika līdz mūsdienām. Izmirušās lingulas bija plaši izplatītas.

Morfoloģija

Šīs ģints pārstāvjiem ir dažāda izmēra saplacinātas, ovālas, reizēm gandrīz taisnstūrainas vai trīsstūrainas formas čaulas. Abi čaulas vāciņi ir vienāda izmēra. Čaulas virsma ar augšanas joslām, reizēm ar radiālu sīku krokojumu, retos gadījumos gandrīz pilnīgi gludas. Abu vāciņu galotnes vāji izbīdītas, atrodas vāciņu malā. Neīstās arejas ir mazas, ar garenisku švīkājumu; vēdera areja ar padziļinājumu kājas atverei. Lingulām ir seši muskuļu pāri. Daļai no tiem piestiprināšanās vietas ir apvienotas kopā. Kājas pamatne apliec nesadalītu aizmugurējo aizvērēju. Kāja ir labi attīstīta, izveidojusies par racējorgānu. Mantijas galā ir sariņi, kas veido it kā trīs atveres, no kurām vidējā kalpo ūdens izvadīšanai no mantijas dobuma, bet pa malējām ūdens ieplūst.

Ekoloģija

Lingulu dzīvesveids.

Lingulas izplatītas dienvidu jūru litorālajā zonā. Tās dzīvo izveidotās vertikālās alās. Ārpusē atrodas tikai pleckāja čaulas daļa. Briesmu gadījumos kāja strauji saraujas un čaula ievelkas alā.

Sistemātika

Mūsdienās dzīvojošo Lingula ģints sugas:

• Lingula adamsi _{Dall, 1873}
• Lingula anatina _{Lamarck, 1801}
• Lingula parva _{Smith, 1871}
• Lingula reevei _{Davidson, 1880}
• Lingula rostrum _{(Shaw, 1798)}
• Lingula translucida _{Dall, 1920}
• Lingula tumidula _{Reeve, 1841}

Lingula is een geslacht van brachiopoden. Het geldt als een typisch voorbeeld van een levend fossiel.

Lingula behoort tot een aparte, primitieve groep van brachiopoden, de zogenaamde ongearticuleerde brachiopoden. Dit betekent dat de twee schelpen slechts door spieren geopend en gesloten worden. Bij andere brachiopoden, en ook bij tweekleppigen, zorgen tanden en groeven aan de randen van de schelpen voor een betere sluiting.

Lingula is een uiterst oud geslacht. Fossielen die tot het geslacht Lingula worden gerekend zijn bekend van het Siluur, meer dan 400 miljoen jaar geleden. Ook uit het Ordovicium en zelfs het Cambrium zijn vergelijkbare vormen gevonden; omdat daar geen zachte delen van bekend zijn, is het echter onduidelijk of deze tot hetzelfde geslacht moeten worden gerekend. Geen ander dierengeslacht met levende vertegenwoordigers is van zo lang geleden bekend.

Ecologisch neemt Lingula een unieke positie in doordat het zich heeft aangepast aan het leven in brak water. Andere filtervoeders, in het bijzonder tweekleppigen en andere brachiopoden, leven alleen in zout water.

Soorten

• Lingula adamsi Dall, 1873
• Lingula anatina Lamarck, 1801
• Lingula parva Smith, 1871
• Lingula reevii Davidson, 1880
• Lingula rostrum (Shaw, 1798)
• Lingula translucida Dall, 1921
• Lingula tumidula Reeve, 1841

Lingula – rodzaj ramienionogów, który pojawił się na Ziemi w kambrze, około 550 milionów lat temu. Zwierzęta te żyły na dnie oceanu i w celu przetrwania ukrywały się w norach rytych w oceanicznym mule oraz wytwarzały osłaniającą ciało twardą muszlę.

Lingula zagrzebywała się w mule, przez co w toku ewolucji jej muszla stała się wąska i wydłużona. Taka podwójna ochrona musiała się świetnie sprawdzać, bo te ramienionogi znajdowane są zarówno w kambryjskich skałach, jak i na dnie dzisiejszych oceanów^[1].

W 2003r. francuski paleontolog Christian C. Emig z Centre d'Oceanologie w Marsylii opublikował artykuł, w którym dowodził, że kambryjskie i dzisiejsze lingule łączy jedynie podobny tryb życia i kształt muszli. W rzeczywistości nie należy ich zaliczać do tego samego rodzaju, gdyż różnią się budową miękkiej części ciała. Jego zdaniem historia dzisiejszych linguli zaczyna się nie wcześniej niż w późnej kredzie (ok. 70 mln lat temu), a może nawet jeszcze później^[1].

Przypisy

Lingula é um género de braquiópode inarticulado de concha fosfatada. É um animal marinho bentónico que vive enterrado nos substratos arenosos e móveis. A concha é achatada e biconvexa, com bordos laterais paralelos. As valvas têm ornamentação fina, sob a forma de estrias raidiais e concêntricas. O pedúnculo é musculado e comprido e consegue escavar o fundo arenoso para garantir a fixação. Como todos os braquiópodes, a Lingula alimenta-se por filtração com a ajuda do lofóforo.

A Lingula surgiu no periodo Cambriano e é o género mais antigo que se conhece. Todos os exemplares do registo fóssil mostram as mesmas características e aparentemente não sofreu alterações evolucionárias nos últimos 500 milhões de anos.

Espécies

• Lingula adamsi
• Lingula anatina
• Lingula dregeri
• Lingula eocenica
• Lingula parva
• Lingula reevii
• Lingula rostrum
• Lingula tenuis
• Lingula translucida
• Lingula tumidula
• Lingula waikatoensis

• 1 Виды
• 2 Галерея
• 3 Примечания
• 4 Ссылки

• Lingula adamsi
• Lingula anatina
• Lingula parva
• Lingula reevei
• Lingula rostrum
• Lingula translucida
• Lingula tumidula

Ископаемые виды:

• Lingula acutangula †
• Lingula allingi †
• Lingula beanii †
• Lingula borealica †
• Lingula borealis †
• Lingula bravardi †
• Lingula briseis †
• Lingula carbonaria †
• Lingula clintoni †
• Lingula cobourgensis †
• Lingula complanata †
• Lingula credneri †
• Lingula cuneata †
• Lingula curta †
• Lingula deitersensis †
• Lingula desiderata †
• Lingula dregeri †
• Lingula elegantula †
• Lingula elongata †
• Lingula eva †
• Lingula freboldi †
• Lingula fuyuanensis †
• Lingula huronensis †
• Lingula hyperborea †
• Lingula ingens †
• Lingula lamellata †
• Lingula liurjakhensis †
• Lingula marginata †
• Lingula marginia †
• Lingula meeki †
• Lingula metensis †
• Lingula minima †
• Lingula morsei †
• Lingula nanimensis †
• Lingula nitida †
• Lingula nympha †
• Lingula oblata †
• Lingula obtusa †
• Lingula olenekensis †
• Lingula ovata †
• Lingula percorrugata †
• Lingula philomela †
• Lingula polaris †
• Lingula progne †
• Lingula reevii †
• Lingula riciniformis †
• Lingula spatulata †
• Lingula sturti †
• Lingula subcircularis †
• Lingula subelliptica †
• Lingula subovalis †
• Lingula subspatulata †
• Lingula truncata †
• Lingula tumida †
• Lingula tumidula †
• Lingula waikatoensis †
• Lingula whitfieldi †
• Lingula xinlinensis †
• ?Lingula eocenica †

見內文

舌形貝屬（學名：Lingula）是舌形貝科下的一個屬，俗名海豆芽，模式種是鴨嘴海豆芽（Lingula anatina）。早在寒武紀中期，舌形貝屬動物就已存在^[1]。一些生物學家認為舌形貝屬生物是一種活化石，因為這一類物種從遠古一直生存到現在。跟其他腕足類一樣，舌形貝屬動物也是濾食（英语：Filter feeder）生物。

舌形貝屬生活在溫帶和熱帶海域，肉莖粗大，能在海底鑽洞穴居住，肉足可以在洞穴裡自由伸縮絕大部分。時間在洞穴裡，只靠外套膜上面的三個管子和外界接觸。

特徵

這類較小的無鉸腕足動物的殼很薄，兩瓣微凸，外廓呈舌形。腳狀瓣的嘴有一個三角形槽用來支撐腳。瓣內沒有牙和眼窩。其殼上的花紋只有一條纖細的線。^[2]

物種

舌形貝屬動物包括以下現存物種^[3]：

• 亞氏海豆芽 Lingula adamsi Dall, 1873
• 鴨嘴海豆芽 Lingula anatina Lamarck, 1801
• Lingula dregeri Andreae, 1893
• Lingula eocenica Moroz & Ermokhyna, 1990
• Lingula parva Smith, 1871
• Lingula reevii Davidson, 1880
• Lingula rostrum (Shaw, 1798)
• Lingula tenuis Sowerby
• Lingula translucida Dall, 1921
• Lingula tumidula Reeve, 1841
• Lingula waikatoensis Pen, 1930

參考文獻

• （英文） Proof that Lingula (Brachiopoda) is not a living-fossil, and emended diagnoses of the Family Lingulidae A paper that argues that genus Lingula is not as old as most think. By Christian C. Emig.