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Chionoecetes és un gènere de crancs que viuen al nord de l'Oceà Pacífic i a l'Oceà Atlàntic.[1]
El nom del gènere Chionoecetes significa en grec: habitant de la neu[2]
Es pesquen tan al nord com és a l'Oceà Àrtic, de Terranova a Grenlàndia i el nord de Noruega i al Mar de Bering i els Golf d'Alaska. Pel sud arriba a Califòrnia (Chionoecetes bairdi).
Se'n reconeixen 7 espècies:[3]
Chionoecetes és un gènere de crancs que viuen al nord de l'Oceà Pacífic i a l'Oceà Atlàntic.
El nom del gènere Chionoecetes significa en grec: habitant de la neu
Es pesquen tan al nord com és a l'Oceà Àrtic, de Terranova a Grenlàndia i el nord de Noruega i al Mar de Bering i els Golf d'Alaska. Pel sud arriba a Califòrnia (Chionoecetes bairdi).
Chionoecetes is a genus of crabs that live in the northern Pacific and Atlantic Oceans.[1][2]
Common names for crabs in this genus include "queen crab" (in Canada) and "spider crab". The generic name Chionoecetes means snow (χιών, chion) inhabitant (οἰκητης, oiketes);[3] opilio means shepherd, and C. opilio is the primary species referred to as snow crab. Marketing strategies, however, employ snow crab for any species in the genus Chionoecetes. The name "snow crab" refers to their being commonly found in cold northern oceans.
Snow crab are caught as far north as the Arctic Ocean, from Newfoundland to Greenland and north of Norway in the Atlantic Ocean, and across the Pacific Ocean, including the Sea of Japan, the Bering Sea, the Gulf of Alaska, Norton Sound, and even as far south as California for Chionoecetes bairdi.
In 2019 the Norwegian Supreme Court ruled that the species is considered a sedentary species living on the seabed, and thus governed by the United Nations Law of the Sea.[4]
Seven extant species are currently recognised in the genus:[5]
Crabs are prepared and eaten as a dish in many different ways all over the world. The legs are usually served in clusters and are steamed, boiled, or grilled. Snow crab can also be used as an ingredient in other dishes such as snow crab macaroni and cheese.[6]
Snow crabs are an important part of the ecosystem throughout the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. They eat other invertebrates in the benthic shelf like crustaceans, bivalves, brittle stars, polychaetes, phytobenthos, foraminiferans, annelid worms, and mollusks. They are also fed on by halibut, cod, larger snow crabs, seals, squid, and Alaskan king crabs. Snow crabs are also highly sought after for the commercial fishing industry.
Juvenile snow crabs mature in cold-water pools on the ocean floor that are sustained by melting sea ice. If waters warm above the 2 °C maximum necessary for juvenile development, their normal nursery habitat will be reduced significantly. Adults are similarly unlikely to tolerate conditions of more than 5 °C.[7] With a gestation period of up to two years and an average spawn size of up to 100,000 eggs, their fecundity (i.e., fertility) is high, but recent trends have shown that these characteristics do not make them impervious to threats like a warming climate.
2018 saw one of the warmest years coinciding with periods of the lowest sea ice extent on record in the Bering Sea.[8] The driver of this trend was the northeast Pacific marine heatwave,[9] which contributed to significant die-offs in a number of species. 2019 was yet another year of record-breaking temperatures, attributed to a weakened North Pacific High, which reduced evaporative cooling in the Northeast Pacific[9] and saw a steep declines in the number of juvenile crabs,.[10][11]
In 2021, crabs of all ages declined, and habitat range shrank substantially.[10] 2022 saw the most drastic decline in Bering Sea snow crab populations, decreasing from 11.7 billion in 2018 to 1.9 billion in 2022 (a decline of approximately 84%). This decimation of the crustaceans’ population spurred the closing of the Alaska snow crab season for the first time in history, an industry worth approximately $160,000,000 annually.
Though the cause is yet unknown, several theories behind this decimation have been put forward. Overfishing is likely the main driver, intertwined with the effects of climate change.[12] Increased water temperatures also increase snow crabs’ metabolism, so one theory is that their increased metabolic rate – combined with fewer resources due to a shrinking habitat – left them to either starve or consume each other. Predator range expansion is another possibility; as waters warm, predators that normally inhabit warmer southern waters (such as the Pacific cod) can travel further north in search of prey. A third theory is that a reduction in habitat area could increase the spread of disease like bitter crab syndrome.[10] All these theories tie back to an altogether warmer ocean and are supported by the impacts of low ice delineated in Thoman, et al. (2020).[8]
The Bering Sea southeastern shelf is composed of 3 biophysical domains: 1) a vertically well-mixed upper region (0–50m); 2) a middle region that is well-mixed in winter and stratified in summer (50–100m); and 3) an outer region with more gradual stratification (100–200m).[13] The Bering Sea shelf break (a zone where the shallower continental shelf drops off into the North Aleutians Basin) is the dominant driver of primary productivity in the Bering Sea – upwelling brings nutrients from the cold waters of the Aleutian basin to mix in shallow waters. This area is called home to many ecologically important species, including the snow crab.
To assess trends and impacts of the warming climate in the Bering Sea, a recent study created a regional model of both physical and biological elements of the Bering Sea using three global climate simulations from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fourth Assessment. This model detected overall trends of warmer temperatures and a retreat of sea ice in the southeastern Bering Sea. Primary drivers of these higher water column temperatures include increasing air temperature and northward wind stress.[13] Warming trends on the outer Bering Sea shelf are concerning for a variety of reasons, one of which being that they may lead to decreased production of large crustacean zooplankton. On a broader spatial scale, sea surface temperatures (SSTs) that marked the start of summer in the North Pacific now come 11 days earlier and SSTs that marked the end of summer now come around 27 days later. Additionally, summers are on average 1.5 °C warmer and winters are on average 0.5 °C warmer.[9]
Historically, the Bering Sea continental shelf maintains between 40–100 % ice cover at its annual winter maximum. In 2018, the maximum sea ice cover was only 47 % of the 1979–2016 mean seasonal maximum extent.[8] Southeastward advection of melting sea ice contributes to the latitudinal salinity gradient of the Bering Sea, so when sea ice formation is reduced, the salinity gradient is altered. Though these don’t seem like significant changes, the inherent thermal conductivity of water (its ability to absorb heat) means that small changes like these are a big deal for marine organisms like the snow crab. It is yet unknown whether the Bering Sea snow crab population will recover, but scientists and policymakers will need to act quickly if improvement is to occur.
Chionoecetes is a genus of crabs that live in the northern Pacific and Atlantic Oceans.
Common names for crabs in this genus include "queen crab" (in Canada) and "spider crab". The generic name Chionoecetes means snow (χιών, chion) inhabitant (οἰκητης, oiketes); opilio means shepherd, and C. opilio is the primary species referred to as snow crab. Marketing strategies, however, employ snow crab for any species in the genus Chionoecetes. The name "snow crab" refers to their being commonly found in cold northern oceans.
Chionoecetes es un género de cangrejos que viven en el océano Ártico, en el Pacífico norte y en el Atlántico norte.
Otros nombres de cangrejos dentro de este género son cangrejo reina y cangrejo araña. El nombre Chinoecetes significa "habitante de las nieves". "Opilio" significa "pastor", y la especie C. opilio es la principal especie conocida como cangrejo de las nieves. Por motivos de marketing, sin embarjo, se emplea "cangrejo de las nieves" para todo el género Chinoecetes.
El cangrejo de las nieves se pesca en el Océano Ártico, desde Newfoundland hasta Groenlandia, en el norte de Noruega en el Atlántico, y en el Océano Pacífico, incluyendo el mar de Japón, el estrecho de Bering, el Golfo de Alaska, Norton Sound, llegando al sur hasta California para la especie Ch. bairdi
Siete especies existentes están reconocidas dentro de este género.
Chionoecetes es un género de cangrejos que viven en el océano Ártico, en el Pacífico norte y en el Atlántico norte.
Otros nombres de cangrejos dentro de este género son cangrejo reina y cangrejo araña. El nombre Chinoecetes significa "habitante de las nieves". "Opilio" significa "pastor", y la especie C. opilio es la principal especie conocida como cangrejo de las nieves. Por motivos de marketing, sin embarjo, se emplea "cangrejo de las nieves" para todo el género Chinoecetes.
El cangrejo de las nieves se pesca en el Océano Ártico, desde Newfoundland hasta Groenlandia, en el norte de Noruega en el Atlántico, y en el Océano Pacífico, incluyendo el mar de Japón, el estrecho de Bering, el Golfo de Alaska, Norton Sound, llegando al sur hasta California para la especie Ch. bairdi
Chionoecetes est un genre de gros crabes qui vivent dans les eaux froides septentrionales des Océans Pacifique et Atlantique[1],[2]. Ces espèces sont pêchées et la plus abondante d'entre elles et la plus importante d'entre elles est Chionoecetes opilio. Les sept espèces de ce genre sont appelées Crabe des neiges
Les crabes des neiges sont pêchés de Terre-Neuve au Groenland dans l'océan Atlantique, et partout au nord du Pacifique de la mer du Japon, à la Mer de Béring, du Golfe d'Alaska à Norton Sound, et même jusqu'en Californie pour le Chionoecetes bairdi. La pêche au crabe des neiges est étroitement surveillée du fait de la surpêche et de sa conséquence, la diminution des populations de crabe des neiges.
Le terme Chionoecetes dérive des termes grec ancien χιών (chion) et οἰκητής (oiketes) qui signifient respectivement neige et habitant.
Chionoecetes est un genre de gros crabes qui vivent dans les eaux froides septentrionales des Océans Pacifique et Atlantique,. Ces espèces sont pêchées et la plus abondante d'entre elles et la plus importante d'entre elles est Chionoecetes opilio. Les sept espèces de ce genre sont appelées Crabe des neiges
Chionoecetes is een geslacht van kreeftachtigen uit de klasse van de Malacostraca (hogere kreeftachtigen).
Chionoecetes is een geslacht van kreeftachtigen uit de klasse van de Malacostraca (hogere kreeftachtigen).
Chionoecetes là một chi cua trong họ cua Oregoniidae sống ở Bắc Thái Bình Dương và Đại Tây Dương. Các tên khác cho cua trong chi này bao gồm "cua hoàng hậu" (ở Canada) và "cua nhện" - chúng được biết đến với tên khác nhau ở các khu vực khác nhau trên thế giới. Tên gọi chung Chionoecetes có nghĩa là cua tuyết (χιών, chion) (οιχητης, oiketes) và C. opilio là loài chính được gọi là cua tuyết.
Tên gọi Cua tuyết đề cập đến viêc chúng thường được tìm thấy ở các đại dương lạnh phía Bắc. Con cua tuyết bị bắt ở phía bắc như Bắc Băng Dương, từ Newfoundland đến Greenland và phía bắc Na Uy ở Đại Tây Dương và xuyên Thái Bình Dương, bao gồm Biển Nhật Bản, Biển Bering, Vịnh Alaska, Norton Sound và thậm chí ở phía nam California đối với loài Chionoecetes bairdi.
Có nhiều loài cua tồn tại được ghi nhận trong chi cua này gồm:[1]
Chionoecetes là một chi cua trong họ cua Oregoniidae sống ở Bắc Thái Bình Dương và Đại Tây Dương. Các tên khác cho cua trong chi này bao gồm "cua hoàng hậu" (ở Canada) và "cua nhện" - chúng được biết đến với tên khác nhau ở các khu vực khác nhau trên thế giới. Tên gọi chung Chionoecetes có nghĩa là cua tuyết (χιών, chion) (οιχητης, oiketes) và C. opilio là loài chính được gọi là cua tuyết.
Tên gọi Cua tuyết đề cập đến viêc chúng thường được tìm thấy ở các đại dương lạnh phía Bắc. Con cua tuyết bị bắt ở phía bắc như Bắc Băng Dương, từ Newfoundland đến Greenland và phía bắc Na Uy ở Đại Tây Dương và xuyên Thái Bình Dương, bao gồm Biển Nhật Bản, Biển Bering, Vịnh Alaska, Norton Sound và thậm chí ở phía nam California đối với loài Chionoecetes bairdi.
雪蟹屬（Chionoecetes）是突眼蟹科的一個屬，多可供食用，肉質鮮美、價格適中。常见种包括紅眼雪蟹和灰眼雪蟹。其學名來自希臘語χιών（chion，雪）和οιχητης（oiketes，居民）[1]。
该属下共7种：[2]
这是一篇小作品。你可以通过编辑或修订扩充其内容。 雪蟹屬（Chionoecetes）是突眼蟹科的一個屬，多可供食用，肉質鮮美、價格適中。常见种包括紅眼雪蟹和灰眼雪蟹。其學名來自希臘語χιών（chion，雪）和οιχητης（oiketes，居民）。
7種（詳細は本文参照）
ズワイガニ属（ずわい蟹属、学名：Chionoecetes）とは、北太平洋と北大西洋の寒冷な海域に生息するカニの一群である。属名はギリシャ語で「雪に棲むもの」を意味する。
大西洋ではニューファンドランド島とグリーンランドの沖からノルウェー北部沖にかけて、日本海、オホーツク海、太平洋ではベーリング海、アメリカ合衆国アラスカ州のアラスカ湾とノートン湾に分布する。
オオズワイガニ（Chionoecetes bairdi）は、アラスカ、ロシア極東海域の一部に生息する。
なお、丸ズワイガニという商品名で流通しているカニは標準和名をオオエンコウガニ（Chaceon maritae）といい、オオエンコウガニ科オオエンコウガニ属に属するため近縁種ではない。
![[icon]](http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg){kind=small}
この項目は、食品・食文化に関連した書きかけの項目です。この項目を加筆・訂正などしてくださる協力者を求めています（Portal:食）。 
この項目は、動物に関連した書きかけの項目です。この項目を加筆・訂正などしてくださる協力者を求めています（Portal:生き物と自然／プロジェクト:生物）。 ズワイガニ属（ずわい蟹属、学名：Chionoecetes）とは、北太平洋と北大西洋の寒冷な海域に生息するカニの一群である。属名はギリシャ語で「雪に棲むもの」を意味する。
大西洋ではニューファンドランド島とグリーンランドの沖からノルウェー北部沖にかけて、日本海、オホーツク海、太平洋ではベーリング海、アメリカ合衆国アラスカ州のアラスカ湾とノートン湾に分布する。
オオズワイガニ（Chionoecetes bairdi）は、アラスカ、ロシア極東海域の一部に生息する。
なお、丸ズワイガニという商品名で流通しているカニは標準和名をオオエンコウガニ（Chaceon maritae）といい、オオエンコウガニ科オオエンコウガニ属に属するため近縁種ではない。
