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Brief Summary ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من EOL authors

The geoduck (pronounced gooey-duck), Panopea generosa, is a species of very large, edible, saltwater clam in the family Hiatellidae, native to the west coast of North America and especially abundant in the Pacific Northwest - Washington state and British Columbia.The geoduck is the largest species of burrowing clam in the world: the shell of the clam ranges from 15 cm (5.9in) to over 20 cm (7.9in) in length.In addition, its extremely long siphons, through which the underground clam draws in and expels marine water from above the substrate in order to filter feed on phytoplankton, can be more than 1 m (3.3 ft) in length, far to big to retract into the shell like other clams.They usually live subtidally, from the 0 tide line to depths of 110 m (360 ft) of water, and buried as deep as their siphons allow in mud, sand or silt; in Puget Sound the tips of their siphons are only exposed at very low tides.Geoducks are also one of the longest-lived animals of any type, living up to 168 years (Bureau et al. 2002; Orensanz et al. 2003).As adults they have very few predators other than humans.The common name is thought to be derived from the Nisqually Native American word gwídeq meaning "dig deep," and has multiple spellings; likewise they have acquired multiple scientific synonyms through their complicated taxonomic history, including the often used P. abrupta (Vadopalas 2010; Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife 2013).

In the 1970s a commercial fishery for geoduck clams opened up and in recent decades a huge demand from Asian markets has developed.These clams are now farmed as well as harvested in the wild.The clams currently sell for huge sums of money, in China they fetch more than US$150/pound (US$330/kg; Welch 2012) and now require policing by the Washington Dept. of Fisheries and Wildlife for illegal harvesting (Vedder 2011; Welch 2012). Farming techniques are under scrutiny for their possible negative environmental impact (e.g. Ruesink and Rowell 2012; Brown and Thuesen 2011; Orensanz et al. 2004; Washington Sea Grant 2013).

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Elefantenrüsselmuschel ( الألمانية )

المقدمة من wikipedia DE

Die Elefantenrüsselmuschel (englisch elephant trunk clam; Panopea generosa[1]) ist eine Muschel-Art aus der Familie der Felsenbohrer (Hiatellidae). Aufgrund ihrer Größe und Form wird sie auch „Königsmuschel“ (englisch king clam) oder „Penismuschel“ genannt. In den Vereinigten Staaten ist sie als Geoduck bekannt, gesprochen [ˈɡuː.iːdʌk], eine Transkriptionsvariante des Lushootseed-Wortes gʷídəq (grabe tief).[2]

Merkmale

Das gleichklappige, plump wirkende, geblähte Gehäuse wird bis zu 20 cm lang. Das Gehäuse ist nur leicht ungleichseitig, die deutlichen, nach vorne eingerollten Wirbel sitzen etwas näher zum Vorderende hin. Es ist im Umriss gerundet-quadratisch (subquadratisch) bis gerundet-rechteckig (subrectangular), etwas länger als hoch. Der Vorderrand ist gerundet, während der Hinterrand abgestuft ist. Der Umriss ist jedoch variabel und variiert nicht nur zwischen unterschiedlichen Populationen, sondern auch innerhalb einer Population. Die beiden Klappen klaffen am Hinterende sehr stark. Die miteinander verwachsenen Siphonen sind sehr stark ausgebildet und ragen weit aus dem Gehäuse heraus bzw. können nicht mehr in das Gehäuse zurückgezogen werden. Die Mantellinie ist daher sehr tief eingebuchtet. Das Ligament liegt außen auf kräftigen, aber kurzen Nymphen. Die Schlossplatte ist eher schwach ausgebildet und ohne Zähne.

Im Juvenilstadium ist die Schale dünn und porzellanartig-glänzend. Das bräunliche Periostracum ist dünn und blättert leicht ab. Im Adultstadium wird die Schale meist sehr dick, weißlich-kreidig und sehr schwer. Das Gewicht des Gehäuses allein kann bis zu 5 kg betragen. Seltener werden die Juvenilmerkmale auch in das Adultstadium übernommen, d. h. die Schale bleibt dünner und das Gehäuse ist entsprechend nicht so schwer. Die Ornamentierung besteht aus unregelmäßigen, randparallelen, groben Anwachsstreifen. Im Bereich des Wirbels weist die Schale häufig leichte, randparallele Wellen (Undulationen) auf.

Der Fuß ist vergleichsweise klein. Dafür sind die verwachsenen Siphonen sehr kräftig und lang, und die Individuen können eine Gesamtlänge von bis zu einem Meter (wenn die Siphonen ausgestreckt sind) und ein Weichteilgewicht von 0,5 bis 1,5 Kilogramm erreichen.

Geographische Verbreitung und Lebensraum

Der Lebensraum der Elephantenrüsselmuschel erstreckt sich an der Pazifikküste Nordamerikas von Kodiak Island (Alaska) bis nach Newport Bay (Kalifornien). Entlang der Ostküste Ostasiens erstreckt sich das Verbreitungsgebiet von den Kurilen und der südlichen Sachalin-Halbinsel bis nach Kyushu (Japan).

Der Lebensraum reicht von der unteren Gezeitenzone bis in etwa 100 Meter Wassertiefe. Sie gräbt sich dort mit ihrem kleinen Fuß bis zu 15 cm tief in sandige und schlammige Böden ein.

Lebensweise und Fortpflanzung

Die Elefantenrüsselmuschel ernährt sich filtrierend von Phytoplankton. Die Muscheln können sehr alt werden; die älteste bisher gefundene Muschel war 168 Jahre alt.[3] Sie gilt als die größte grabende Muschel.[2]

Elefantenrüsselmuscheln sind getrenntgeschlechtlich. Die Weibchen produzieren Millionen von Eiern, die ins freie Wasser abgegeben werden. Die Männchen geben die Spermien in dichten Wolken ebenfalls ins freie Wasser ab, wo dann die Befruchtung stattfindet. Nach nur wenigen Stunden schlüpfen die Larven und bilden ein erstes larvales Gehäuse aus. Nach etwa zwei Tagen gehen sie bereits zum Bodenleben über und graben sich ein.[2]

Erwachsene Elefantenrüsselmuscheln haben nur wenige natürliche Fressfeinde, was zusätzlich zu ihrer Langlebigkeit beiträgt. In Alaska handelt es sich hierbei vorwiegend um Seeotter, Seehunde und Seesterne.

Wirtschaftliche Bedeutung

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Elefantenrüsselmuscheln in einem Restaurant in Hongkong

Die weltweit erste Elefantenrüsselmuschel-Fischerei wurde 1970 eröffnet, die Nachfrage nach der Muschel war damals jedoch niedrig. In den Vereinigten Staaten werden die Tiere heutzutage für etwa 65 US-Dollar pro Kilogramm verkauft und auch in China erfreuen sie sich aufgrund ihres einzigartigen Geschmacks und ihrer knusprigen Außenhaut großer Beliebtheit. Dort wird ihnen zudem eine potenzsteigernde Wirkung nachgesagt, unter anderem aufgrund ihrer penisähnlichen Form.[2]

Der mittlerweile hohe Marktwert dieser Muschel ließ in Nordamerika eine Industrie entstehen, die jährlich rund 80 Millionen US-Dollar umsetzt. Dort wird sie unter anderem auf speziellen Küstenfarmen im US-amerikanischen Bundesstaat Washington und in der kanadischen Provinz British Columbia gezüchtet. Aufgrund der steigenden Nachfrage finden sich sowohl in den Vereinigten Staaten als auch in Kanada immer mehr private Farmen.[2]

In etwa der Hälfte des Puget Sound im Bundesstaat Washington haben Indigene vom Stamm der Squaxin das Exklusivrecht Elefantenrüsselmuscheln zu sammeln. Sie werden dort von Tauchern per Hand am Meeresboden gesammelt. Die Taucher dürfen aber nicht tiefer als 70 Fuß tauchen.[2]

Nomenklatur

Die Elefantenrüsselmuschel wird heute unter dem wissenschaftlichen Namen Panopea generosa (Gould, 1850) geführt. In Publikationen vor 2010 ist sie meist als Panopea abrupta (Conrad, 1849) bezeichnet. Mya abrupta Conrad, 1848 ist eine fossile Art aus dem Miozän, deren Holotyp artlich von der rezenten Art verschieden ist. Diese wurde nur ein Jahr nach Timothy Abbott Conrad von Augustus Addison Gould unter dem heute noch benutzten Binomen Panopea abrupta beschrieben.[1]

Literatur

  • Eugene V. Coan, Paul Valentich Scott, Frank R. Bernard: Bivalve Seashells of Western North America. Marine Bivalve Mollusks from Arctic Alaska to Baja California. Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, Santa Barbara, 2000 ISBN 0936494-30-1, S. 490.

Einzelnachweise

  1. a b Brent Vadopalas, Theodore W. Pietsch, Carolyn S. Friedman: The proper name for the geoduck: Resurrection of Panopea generosa Gould, 1850, from the synonymy of Panopea abrupta (Conrad, 1849) (Bivalvia: Myoida: Hiatellidae). Malacologia 52(1): 169-173, 2010 doi:10.4002/040.052.0111
  2. a b c d e f Craig Welch: Geoducks: Happy as Clams. In: Smithsonian Magazine. März 2009 (englisch).
  3. Orensanz, J. M. L.; Hand, C. M.; Parma, A. M.; Valero, J.; Hilborn, R. (2004). "Precaution in the harvest of Methuselahs clams-the difficulty of getting timely feedback from slow-paced dynamics". Canadian Journal of Fishery and Aquatic Science, 61: 1355–1372. doi:10.1139/f04-136
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wikipedia DE

Elefantenrüsselmuschel: Brief Summary ( الألمانية )

المقدمة من wikipedia DE

Die Elefantenrüsselmuschel (englisch elephant trunk clam; Panopea generosa) ist eine Muschel-Art aus der Familie der Felsenbohrer (Hiatellidae). Aufgrund ihrer Größe und Form wird sie auch „Königsmuschel“ (englisch king clam) oder „Penismuschel“ genannt. In den Vereinigten Staaten ist sie als Geoduck bekannt, gesprochen [ˈɡuː.iːdʌk], eine Transkriptionsvariante des Lushootseed-Wortes gʷídəq (grabe tief).

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Geoduck ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من wikipedia EN

The Pacific geoduck (/ˈɡiˌdʌk/ GOO-ee-duk; Panopea generosa) is a species of very large saltwater clam in the family Hiatellidae.[1][2] The common name is derived from the Lushootseed (Nisqually) word gʷídəq.

The geoduck is native to the coastal waters of the eastern North Pacific Ocean from Alaska to Baja California.[2] The shell of the clam ranges from 15 centimetres (6 in) to over 20 centimetres (8 in) in length, but the extremely long siphons make the clam itself much longer than this: the "neck" or siphons alone can be 1 metre (3 ft 3 in) in length. The geoduck is the largest burrowing clam in the world.[3] It is also one of the longest-living animals of any type, with a typical lifespan of 140 years;[4] the oldest has been recorded at 179 years old.[5] The precise longevity of geoducks can be determined from annual rings deposited in the shell which can be assigned to calendar years of formation through crossdating.[6][7] These annual rings also serve as an archive of past marine variability.[5][8][9]

Geoduck growth increments

Etymology

Geoduck for sale at Tsukiji fish market in Tokyo

The name geoduck is derived from a Lushootseed (Nisqually) word gʷídəq,[10][11] either a word composed of a first element of unknown meaning and əq meaning "genitals" (referring to the shape of the clam),[12] or a phrase meaning "dig deep",[13] or perhaps both, as a double entendre. It is sometimes known as a mud duck, king clam or, when translated literally from Chinese, an elephant-trunk clam (Chinese: 象拔蚌; pinyin: xiàngbábàng; Jyutping: zoeng6 bat6 pong5).[14] A group of geoducks is called a "bag".

Between 1983 and 2010, the scientific name of this clam was confused with that of an extinct clam, Panopea abrupta (Conrad, 1849), in scientific literature.[2]

Biology

Native to the west coast of Canada and the northwest coast of the United States (primarily Washington and British Columbia), these marine bivalve mollusks are the largest burrowing clams in the world, weighing in at an average of 0.7 kilograms (1+12 lb) at maturity, but specimens weighing over 7 kilograms (15 lb) and as much as 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) in length are not unheard of.

A related species, Panopea zelandica, is found in New Zealand and has been harvested commercially since 1989. The largest quantities have come from Golden Bay in the South Island where 100 tonnes (110 short tons) were harvested in one year. There is a growing concern over the increase of parasites in the Puget Sound population of geoduck. Whether these microsporidium-like parasitic species were introduced by commercial farming is being studied by Sea Grant. Research to date does indicate their presence.[15]

The oldest recorded specimen was 179 years old, but individuals usually live up to 140 years.[4] A geoduck sucks water containing plankton down through its long siphon, filters this for food and ejects its refuse out through a separate hole in the siphon. Adult geoducks have few natural predators, which may also contribute to their longevity. In Alaska, sea otters and dogfish have proved capable of dislodging geoducks; starfish also attack and feed on the exposed geoduck siphon.

Geoducks are broadcast spawners. A female geoduck produces about 5 billion eggs in her century-long lifespan. However, due to a low rate of recruitment and a high rate of mortality for geoduck eggs, larvae, and post-settled juveniles, populations are slow to rebound.[16] In the Puget Sound, studies indicate that the recovery time for a harvested tract is 39 years.[17]

Biomass densities in Southeast Alaska are estimated by divers, then inflated by twenty percent to account for geoducks not visible at the time of survey.[18] This estimate is used to predict the two percent allowed for commercial harvesting.[18]

Industry

The world's first geoduck fishery was created in 1970, but demand for the half-forgotten clam was low at first due to its texture. As of 2011, these clams sell in China for over US$33 per kilogram or $15 per pound.[19][20]

The geoduck's high market value has created an $80-million industry, with harvesting occurring in the US states of Alaska, Washington, and Oregon and the Canadian province of British Columbia. It is one of the most closely regulated fisheries in both countries. In Washington, Department of Natural Resources staff are on the water continually monitoring harvests to ensure revenues are received, and the same is true in Canada where the Underwater Harvesters' Association manages the Canadian Fishery in conjunction with Canada's Department of Fisheries and Oceans. The Washington State Department of Health tests water and flesh to assure clams are not filtering and holding pollutants, an ongoing problem. With the rise in price has come the inevitable problem with poaching, and with it the possibility some could be harvested from unsafe areas.[21]

As of 2007, advances in the testing system for contaminated clams have allowed geoduck harvesters to deliver live clams more consistently. The new testing system determines the viability of clams from tested beds before the harvesters fish the area. Previous methods tested clams after harvest. This advancement has meant that 90 percent of clams were delivered live to market in 2007. In 2001, only 10 percent were live.[22] Because geoduck have a much higher market value live, an additional $4.4 to $6.6 per kilogram or $2 to $3 per pound, this development has helped to stimulate the burgeoning industry.

The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted the geoduck industry. Given the near-shutdown of restaurants and seafood markets across the country, demand for live geoducks plummeted. Divers in Southeast Alaska who typically see prices of $11 to $22 per kilogram or $5 to $10 per pound for live geoducks reported prices as low as $2.2 per kilogram or $1 per pound, leading many to stop fishing temporarily.[23]

Environmental impact

Geoduck farming grow-out and harvest practices are controversial,[24] and have created conflicts with shoreline property owners,[25][26][27][28] and concerns from nongovernmental organizations.[29] However, the Environmental Defense Fund has found that bivalves (oysters, mussels, and clams) are beneficial to the marine environment.[30] The water must be certifiably clean to plant geoducks commercially.[31] Regulation was mandated in 2007.[32][33] Studies have been funded to determine short- and long-term environmental and genetic impacts.[34] In southern Puget Sound, the effect of geoduck farming on large mobile animals is ambiguous.[35] A 2004 draft biological assessment, commissioned by three of the largest commercial shellfish companies in the Puget Sound region, identified no long-term effects of geoduck farming on threatened or endangered species.[36]

Culinary uses

The large, meaty siphon is prized for its savory flavor and crunchy texture. Geoduck is regarded by some as an aphrodisiac because of its phallic shape.[3] It is very popular in China, where it is considered a delicacy,[3] mostly eaten cooked in a fondue-style Chinese hot pot. In Korean cuisine, geoducks are eaten raw with spicy chili sauce, sautéed, or in soups and stews. In Japan, geoduck is prepared as raw sashimi, dipped in soy sauce and wasabi. On Japanese menus in cheaper sushi restaurants, geoduck is sometimes substituted for Tresus keenae, a species of horse clam, and labeled mirugai or mirukuigai. It is considered to have a texture similar to an ark shell (known in Japanese as akagai). Mirugai is sometimes translated into English as "giant clam", and it is distinguished from himejako sushi, which is made from Tridacna gigas.

Chinese import ban

In December 2013, China imposed a ban on geoduck and other "double-shell aquatic animals"—such as clams, oysters, mussels, and scallops—that were imported from the west coast of the United States. Chinese officials found in an Alaskan shipment high levels of saxitoxin, a natural product that certain shellfish can accumulate, which when eaten by humans, can cause paralytic shellfish poisoning resulting in severe illness or even death. A shipment from Washington state was high in arsenic.[37] The ban was in place for less than 6 months, ending in May 2014.[38]

Popular culture

Evergreen State College in Olympia, Washington, has a geoduck as its mascot named Speedy.[39][40]

Geoducks have also earned some internet infamy due to the phallic appearance of their siphons.[41]

References

  1. ^ Panopea generosa Gould, 1850. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 28 December 2010.
  2. ^ a b c Vadopalas, B.; T. W. Pietsch; C. S. Friedman (2010). "The proper name for the geoduck: resurrection of Panopea generosa Gould, 1850, from the synonymy of Panopea abrupta (Conrad, 1849) (Bivalvia: Myoida: Hiatellidae)" (PDF). Malacologia. 52 (1): 169–173. doi:10.4002/040.052.0111. S2CID 84189390. Retrieved 2 March 2012.
  3. ^ a b c Morgan, James (19 July 2015). "The 'phallic' clam America sells to China". BBC. Retrieved 20 July 2015.
  4. ^ a b Orensanz, J. M. L.; Hand, C. M.; Parma, A. M.; Valero, J.; Hilborn, R. (2004). "Precaution in the harvest of Methuselahs clams-the difficulty of getting timely feedback from slow-paced dynamics". Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 61: 1355–1372. doi:10.1139/f04-136.
  5. ^ a b Edge, David; Reynolds, David; Wanamaker, Alan; Griffin, Daniel; Bureau, Dominique; Outridge, Christine; Wang, Richard; Stevick, Bethany; Black, Bryan (2021). "Multicentennial Proxy Record of Northeast Pacific Sea Surface Temperatures From the Annual Growth Increments of Panopea generosa". Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology. 36 (9). Bibcode:2021PaPa...36.4291E. doi:10.1029/2021PA004291. S2CID 239151578. Retrieved 13 September 2022.
  6. ^ Kastelle, Craig R.; Helser, Thomas E.; Black, Bryan A.; Stuckey, Matthew J.; C. Gillespie, Darlene; McArthur, Judy; Little, Diana; D. Charles, Karen; Khan, Reziah S. (15 October 2011). "Bomb-produced radiocarbon validation of growth-increment crossdating allows marine paleoclimate reconstruction". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 311 (1): 126–135. Bibcode:2011PPP...311..126K. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2011.08.015.
  7. ^ Black, Bryan A.; Gillespie, Darlene C.; MacLellan, Shayne E.; Hand, Claudia M. (December 2008). "Establishing highly accurate production-age data using the tree-ring technique of crossdating: a case study for Pacific geoduck (Panopea abrupta)". Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 65 (12): 2572–2578. doi:10.1139/F08-158.
  8. ^ Black, Bryan A.; Copenheaver, Carolyn A.; Frank, David C.; Stuckey, Matthew J.; Kormanyos, Rose E. (15 July 2009). "Multi-proxy reconstructions of northeastern Pacific sea surface temperature data from trees and Pacific geoduck". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 278 (1): 40–47. Bibcode:2009PPP...278...40B. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2009.04.010.
  9. ^ Strom, Are; Francis, Robert C.; Mantua, Nathan J.; Miles, Edward L.; Peterson, David L. (March 2004). "North Pacific climate recorded in growth rings of geoduck clams: A new tool for paleoenvironmental reconstruction: NORTH PACIFIC CLIMATE FROM GEODUCK CLAMS". Geophysical Research Letters. 31 (6): n/a. doi:10.1029/2004GL019440. S2CID 15853307.
  10. ^ "geoduck". Dictionary.com Unabridged (Online). n.d. Retrieved 29 March 2007.
  11. ^ "Bartleby.com: Great Books Online -- Quotes, Poems, Novels, Classics and hundreds more". Archived from the original on 5 April 2005.
  12. ^ "geoduck". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
  13. ^ Campbell, A.; Harbo, R. M.; Hand, C. M. (1998). "Harvesting and distribution of Pacific Geoduck Clams". Proceedings of the North Pacific Symposium on Invertebrate Stock Assessment and Management: 350.
  14. ^ Chappell, Hilary M. (2015). Diversity in Sinitic Languages. Oxford University Press. p. 171. ISBN 978-0-19-103573-9.
  15. ^ "Geoduck Aquaculture Research Program" (PDF). wsg.washington.edu. Geoduck Aquaculture Research Program, Washington Sea Grant. Retrieved 18 April 2014.
  16. ^ Willner, Georgina B. (June 2006). The Potential Impacts of the Commercial Geoduck (Panope generosa) Hydraulic Harvest Method on Organisms in the Sediment and at the Water-Sediment Interface in Puget Sound (PDF) (Master thesis). Olympia, Washington: The Evergreen State College. Retrieved 1 January 2023.
  17. ^ Palazzi, David C.; Goodwin, Lynn; Bradbury, Alex; Sizemore, Bob; Washington (state) (23 May 2001). Espy, Leigh; Sturges, Susan; Ladenburg, Candis; Sabottke, Blanch (eds.). Final Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement: State of Washington Commercial Geoduck Fishery (PDF) (Report). Olympia WA: State of Washington Department of Natural Resources: Department of Fish and Wildlife. p. 5. Retrieved 1 January 2023.
  18. ^ a b Rumble, JM; Hebert, KP; Siddon, CE (2012). "Estimating Geoduck Harvest Rate and Show Factors in Southeast Alaska". In: Steller D, Lobel L, Eds. Diving for Science 2012. Proceedings of the American Academy of Underwater Sciences 31st Symposium. Archived from the original on 29 September 2013. Retrieved 29 September 2013.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  19. ^ Vedder, Tracy (3 March 2011). "Chinese mafia rakes in millions from 'Puget Sound gold'". KOMOnews.com. Archived from the original on 6 June 2011. Retrieved 6 March 2011.
  20. ^ Welch, Craig, 2012. NW geoducks fetch top dollar in China, and as prices soar, so do concerns about illegal harvesting in Puget Sound, The Seattle Times, 22 April 2012, pp 1 & 10.
  21. ^ Dunagan, Christopher. "Poaching hurts geoduck population growth". Kitsap Sun. Archived from the original on 29 February 2012. Retrieved 5 June 2012.
  22. ^ Ess, Charlie. "Toxin test gives live market a boost; quota also gets a significant bump". National Fisherman. Archived from the original on 14 November 2006. Retrieved 1 August 2008.
  23. ^ Stone, Eric; Ketchikan, Alaska's Energy Desk- (18 February 2020). "Coronavirus shutters Southeast Alaska geoduck clam fishery". Alaska Public Media. Retrieved 18 February 2020.
  24. ^ "Geoduck aquaculture in South Puget Sound" (PDF). Protectourshoreline.org. Retrieved 23 May 2017.
  25. ^ "Protect Our Shoreline". Protect Our Shoreline. 12 July 2000. Retrieved 5 June 2012.
  26. ^ "APHETI-Association to Protect Hammersley, Eld and Totten Inlets". Apheti.com. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 5 June 2012.
  27. ^ "Responsible Shellfish Farming BC". Responsibleshellfishfarming.ca. Archived from the original on 18 February 2012. Retrieved 5 June 2012.
  28. ^ "Henderson Bay Shoreline Association". Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 20 May 2017.
  29. ^ "About the Partnership". Puget Sound Partnership. Archived from the original on 7 May 2009. Retrieved 8 May 2009.
  30. ^ Goldburg, Rebecca; et al. (2001). "Marine Aquaculture in the United States". Environmental Defense for Pew Oceans Commission.
  31. ^ "Commercial Shellfish Licensing & Certification Program". Washington State Department of Health Office of Shellfish and Water Protection. Archived from the original on 6 May 2009. Retrieved 8 May 2009.
  32. ^ "Shellfish Aquaculture Regulatory Committee". Washington State Department of Ecology. Archived from the original on 21 August 2007. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
  33. ^ Interim Progress Report: House Bill 2220 Shellfish Aquaculture Regulatory Committee (PDF) (Report). House Committee on Ecology and Parks House Committee on Agriculture and Natural Resources Senate Committee on Natural Resources, Ocean & Recreation. December 2007. Retrieved 1 January 2023.
  34. ^ "Current Geoduck Research". Washington Sea Grant. Archived from the original on 19 June 2012. Retrieved 5 June 2012.
  35. ^ Brown, R. A.; Thuesen, E. V. (2011). "Biodiversity of mobile benthic fauna in geoduck (Panopea generosa) aquaculture beds in southern Puget Sound, Washington". Journal of Shellfish Research. 30 (3): 771–776. doi:10.2983/035.030.0317. S2CID 2075387.
  36. ^ "Programmatic Biological Evaluation" (PDF). Protectourshoreline.org. Retrieved 23 May 2017.
  37. ^ Garnick, Coral (20 December 2013). "State closes geoduck harvest area after China ban". The Seattle Times. Archived from the original on 18 December 2014. Retrieved 21 December 2013.
  38. ^ Miller, Ben (26 May 2014). "China lifts Washington geoduck ban". Puget Sound Business Journal. American City Business Journals. Retrieved 26 July 2017.
  39. ^ "Speedy, Evergreen's Geoduck Mascot". evergreen.edu. Retrieved 20 September 2019.
  40. ^ "10 Weird And Hilarious College Mascots". buzzfeed.com. 11 November 2011. Retrieved 20 September 2019. 2. Evergreen State - The Geoduck
  41. ^ Tran, Lina (17 July 2016). "Everything You Need to Know About Geoducks". Eater. Retrieved 11 August 2022.

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Geoduck: Brief Summary ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من wikipedia EN

The Pacific geoduck (/ˈɡuːiˌdʌk/ GOO-ee-duk; Panopea generosa) is a species of very large saltwater clam in the family Hiatellidae. The common name is derived from the Lushootseed (Nisqually) word gʷídəq.

The geoduck is native to the coastal waters of the eastern North Pacific Ocean from Alaska to Baja California. The shell of the clam ranges from 15 centimetres (6 in) to over 20 centimetres (8 in) in length, but the extremely long siphons make the clam itself much longer than this: the "neck" or siphons alone can be 1 metre (3 ft 3 in) in length. The geoduck is the largest burrowing clam in the world. It is also one of the longest-living animals of any type, with a typical lifespan of 140 years; the oldest has been recorded at 179 years old. The precise longevity of geoducks can be determined from annual rings deposited in the shell which can be assigned to calendar years of formation through crossdating. These annual rings also serve as an archive of past marine variability.

Geoduck growth increments
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Panopea generosa ( الإسبانية، القشتالية )

المقدمة من wikipedia ES

La geoduck (Panopea generosa) es una especie de molusco bivalvo marino de la familia Hiatellidae de gran tamaño.[1][2]​ Su nombre común puede derivarse de una palabra indígena americana que significa "cava hondo".

La geoduck es nativa de la costa oeste de América del Norte. La longitud de su concha va desde 15 cm a más de 20 cm pero su muy largo sifón hace que la almeja sea mucho más larga, alcanzando 1 m de longitud. Es tanto una de las más grandes almejas del mundo, así como uno de los animales más longevos de cualquier tipo. En estado adulto tienen muy pocos depredadores, a excepción de los humanos.

Estas almejas no fueron pescadas comercialmente hasta la década de 1970, pero en fechas recientes ha surgido una gran demanda en los mercados asiáticos y ahora las almejas son criadas en granjas, así como recolectadas en el mar. Actualmente se venden por grandes sumas de dinero, lo cual hace que la pesca furtiva sea un problema. Las técnicas de crianza están bajo escrutinio debido a su posible impacto ambiental negativo.

Etimología

El inusual nombre común de esta almeja se deriva de la palabra lushootseed de la tribu Nisqually gʷídəq,[3][4]​ que significa "cava hondo", mientras que el curioso deletreo es probablemente el resultado de una mala transcripción y no tenga nada que ver con patos. Entre otros deletreos figuran gweduc, gweduck, goeduck y goiduck. A veces es conocida como pato de lodo, almeja rey, almeja chiluda en México o, al ser traducida literalmente del chino, como almeja trompa de elefante.

Entre 1983 y 2010, el nombre científico de esta almeja fue confundido en la literatura científica con el de una almeja extinta, la Panopea abrupta (Conrad, 1849).[5]

Biología

Distribución geográfica

Habita desde la latitud de Río de Janeiro hasta 48º hacia el sur, en la Provincia de Santa Cruz (Scarabino, 1977; Orensanz et al., 1996). También existen importantes concentraciones de esta especie en el golfo San José y en los golfos San Matías y Nuevo.

Distribución vertical

Habita fondos fangosos y arenosos del infra y circalitoral hasta 75 metros de profundidad.

Captura

En Argentina la pesca se inició en el año 2005. El método de captura es mediante buceo usando el sistema de hidro-jet. Cada buzo promedia una captura de 300 kilos. actualmente hay unos 15 buzos pescando el recurso. El kilo tiene un valor de 2 dólares.

La industria de la P. generosa

Impacto ambiental

Empleo culinario

En Buenos Aires, Argentina, pueden conseguirse en algunos mercados del barrio chino, en Belgrano. La forma norteamericana se presenta habitualmente viva o congelada; el precio del "geoduck" vivo es de 6,50-7,50 U$S/libra.

En la cultura popular

Películas

  • Un documental sobre el animal, 3 Feet Under: Digging Deep for the Geoduck Clam, ganó el premio al mejor documental en el Thunderbird International Film Festival.[6]

Internet

Mascotas deportivas

Libros

Televisión

Notas

  1. «Panopea generosa Gould, 1850». Consultado el 28 de diciembre de 2010.
  2. Vadopalas B., Pietsch T.W. & Friedman C.S. (2010) The proper name for the geoduck: Resurrection of Panopea generosa Gould, 1850, from the synonymy of Panopea abrupta (Conrad, 1849) (Bivalvia: Myoida: Hiatellidae). Malacologia 52(1): 169-173.
  3. «Geoduck». Dictionary.com. Consultado el 29 de marzo de 2007.
  4. «American Heritage Dictionary». Archivado desde el original el 5 de abril de 2005. Consultado el 18 de octubre de 2013.
  5. Vadopalas, B.; T.W. Pietsch & C.S. Friedman (2010). «The proper name for the geoduck: resurrection of Panopea generosa Gould, 1850, from the synonymy of Panopea abrupta (Conrad, 1849) (Bivalvia: Myoida: Hiatellidae)». Malacologia 52 (1): 169−173. Archivado desde el original el 9 de noviembre de 2012. Consultado el 2 de marzo de 2012. La referencia utiliza el parámetro obsoleto |coautores= (ayuda)
  6. «Duckumentary home». Duckumentary.com. Consultado el 5 de junio de 2012.

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Panopea generosa: Brief Summary ( الإسبانية، القشتالية )

المقدمة من wikipedia ES

La geoduck (Panopea generosa) es una especie de molusco bivalvo marino de la familia Hiatellidae de gran tamaño.​​ Su nombre común puede derivarse de una palabra indígena americana que significa "cava hondo".

La geoduck es nativa de la costa oeste de América del Norte. La longitud de su concha va desde 15 cm a más de 20 cm pero su muy largo sifón hace que la almeja sea mucho más larga, alcanzando 1 m de longitud. Es tanto una de las más grandes almejas del mundo, así como uno de los animales más longevos de cualquier tipo. En estado adulto tienen muy pocos depredadores, a excepción de los humanos.

Estas almejas no fueron pescadas comercialmente hasta la década de 1970, pero en fechas recientes ha surgido una gran demanda en los mercados asiáticos y ahora las almejas son criadas en granjas, así como recolectadas en el mar. Actualmente se venden por grandes sumas de dinero, lo cual hace que la pesca furtiva sea un problema. Las técnicas de crianza están bajo escrutinio debido a su posible impacto ambiental negativo.

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Geoduck ( الفنلندية )

المقدمة من wikipedia FI

Geoduck[2] (Panopea generosa) on koillisen Tyynenmeren rannikolla esiintyvä suurikokoinen, merenpohjaan kaivautuva simpukkalaji. Varttununt geoduck elää pohjamudassa metrin syvyydessä. Sieltä työntyy ylös pohjan pintaan simpukan vahva kaksiputkinen sifoni, jonka kautta se kierrättää ruumiiseensa ravintohiukkasia ja happea sisältävää merivettä. Tyypillisesti geoduckin paino on kilon molemmin puolin, mutta suurimmat painavat useita kiloja. Laji saavuttaa suurimman kokonsa noin 15-vuotiaana, mutta voi elää jopa 168-vuotiaaksi.

 src=
Kalatiskillä Japanissa

Geoduckia pyydetään kaupallisesti suuria määriä sen pääesiintymisalueilla Washingtonin osavaltiossa ja Brittiläisessä Kolumbiassa. Suurin osa populaatiosta elää 3-25 metrin syvyydellä, josta sukeltajat keräävät simpukoita yksitellen painevesitekniikan avulla. Viime aikoina on aloitettu geoduckin viljely vuorovesimatalikoilla. Rantapyyntiä harjoitetaan myös vapaa-ajankalastuksena.[3] Kiinassa ja Japanissa geoduckia arvostetaan herkkuruokana ja sen kilohinta on kymmeniä euroja. Sen arvellaan vaikuttavan syöjän seksuaaliseen kykyyn.

Lähteet

  1. Vadopalas B., Pietsch T.W. & Friedman C.S. (2010) The proper name for the geoduck: Resurrection of Panopea generosa Gould, 1850, from the synonymy of Panopea abrupta (Conrad, 1849) (Bivalvia: Myoida: Hiatellidae).] Malacologia 52(1): 169-173.
  2. Suuri eläinkirja, osa III. WSOY 1962 (suom. nimen lähde)
  3. How to dig geoduck clams wdfw.wa.gov
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Geoduck: Brief Summary ( الفنلندية )

المقدمة من wikipedia FI

Geoduck (Panopea generosa) on koillisen Tyynenmeren rannikolla esiintyvä suurikokoinen, merenpohjaan kaivautuva simpukkalaji. Varttununt geoduck elää pohjamudassa metrin syvyydessä. Sieltä työntyy ylös pohjan pintaan simpukan vahva kaksiputkinen sifoni, jonka kautta se kierrättää ruumiiseensa ravintohiukkasia ja happea sisältävää merivettä. Tyypillisesti geoduckin paino on kilon molemmin puolin, mutta suurimmat painavat useita kiloja. Laji saavuttaa suurimman kokonsa noin 15-vuotiaana, mutta voi elää jopa 168-vuotiaaksi.

 src= Kalatiskillä Japanissa

Geoduckia pyydetään kaupallisesti suuria määriä sen pääesiintymisalueilla Washingtonin osavaltiossa ja Brittiläisessä Kolumbiassa. Suurin osa populaatiosta elää 3-25 metrin syvyydellä, josta sukeltajat keräävät simpukoita yksitellen painevesitekniikan avulla. Viime aikoina on aloitettu geoduckin viljely vuorovesimatalikoilla. Rantapyyntiä harjoitetaan myös vapaa-ajankalastuksena. Kiinassa ja Japanissa geoduckia arvostetaan herkkuruokana ja sen kilohinta on kymmeniä euroja. Sen arvellaan vaikuttavan syöjän seksuaaliseen kykyyn.

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Panopea generosa ( الفرنسية )

المقدمة من wikipedia FR

Panope du Pacifique, Palourde royale

Panopea generosa, communément appelé le Panope du Pacifique, Panopée[1] ou Palourde royale, est une espèce de mollusques bivalves marins de grande taille de la famille des Hiatellidae. Cette espèce, qui vit enfouie dans le sable, est considérée comme l'un des plus gros bivalves au monde. Dotée d'une remarquable longévité, elle présente depuis quelques années[Quand ?] un intérêt économique non négligeable.

Le nom scientifique de ce bivalve a été confondu entre 1983 et 2010 avec celui d'une espèce disparue, Panopea abrupta (Conrad, 1849)[2].

Description

Panopea generosa présente une coquille mesurant de 15 à 20 cm de longueur et un siphon qui peut atteindre à lui seul un mètre.

C'est le plus gros bivalve fouisseur au monde, avec un poids moyen variant de 0,5 à 1,5 kg à l'âge adulte mais on peut trouver des sujets pesant jusqu'à 4,5 kg[3].

Comportement

Longévité

Son espérance de vie est d'environ 140 ans et le plus vieux spécimen découvert avait 168 ans[4]. C'est donc l'un des animaux ayant la plus longue durée de vie au monde. Les scientifiques estiment que cette longévité est liée à sa faible activité.

Il a fort peu de prédateurs, ce qui contribue aussi à sa longévité. En Alaska, les loutres de mer et les roussettes se sont révélées capables de les déterrer ; les étoiles de mer peuvent aussi se nourrir de la partie du siphon qui dépasse du sédiment.

Alimentation

Panopea generosa se contente d'aspirer le plancton par l'orifice inhalant de son long siphon, de filtrer la partie utile pour sa consommation et de rejeter les déchets par l'orifice exhalant.

Reproduction

Les panopes du Pacifique ont une fécondation externe, ils rejettent leur gamètes dans l'eau de mer. La femelle émet, au cours d'une centaine d'années d'existence, environ cinq milliards d'ovules . Il est possible que cette prolificité, associée à l'aspect phallique de son siphon, soit à l'origine de la réputation aphrodisiaque de l'animal dans certaines cultures.

Répartition et habitat

Panopea generosa vit enfoui dans les sédiments marins, sur les côtes du Pacifique aux États-Unis et au Canada (essentiellement État de Washington, Colombie-Britannique et sud de l'Alaska).

Intérêt économique du panope

Le marché du panope

 src=
Panopea en vente dans un restaurant chinois.

La première société de pêche de panope fut créée en 1970, alors que la demande pour ce bivalve était encore faible. De nos jours, les panopes se vendent 65 $ US (soit 55 euros) par kilogramme. Le panope, comme l'ormeau, est très recherché dans la gastronomie chinoise. Son grand siphon charnu est apprécié pour sa saveur umami et sa texture croquante. Il est très populaire à Hong Kong, en Chine et au Japon, où il est considéré comme un mets raffiné. Il est généralement cuit en fondue chinoise ou consommé cru en sashimi, trempé dans du wasabi et de la sauce soja. Dans les menus japonais, le panope est appelé mirugai ou mirukuigai ; sa texture est comparée à celle d'un autre coquillage, du genre Arca (appelé akagai), également apprécié.

La grande valeur commerciale du panope a créé une industrie qui rapporte 80 millions de dollars US par an (soit 55 millions d'euros), centrée sur les zones de pêche (État de Washington aux États-Unis, province de Colombie-Britannique au Canada). Il s'agit d'un des secteurs de pêche les plus sérieusement contrôlés ; par les équipes du ministère des Ressources Naturelles (Department of Natural Resources) dans l'État de Washington, qui partent en mer régulièrement pour surveiller les récoltes, et par la Underwater Harvesters' Association au Canada, en collaboration avec Pêches et Océans Canada (Fisheries and Oceans Canada). La forte demande actuelle du marché du panope a conduit à essayer de développer rapidement une industrie de conchyliculture.

Élevage du panope

La conchyliculture de panopes, sur les estrans privés de la baie du Puget Sound, près de Seattle, s'est progressivement développée depuis une dizaine d'années à un rythme moyen d'environ 4 hectares en plus chaque année. Pour le moment, moins de 0,001 % de la surface du Puget Sound est consacré à cet élevage, plus particulièrement concentré dans le sud de la baie.

Les exploitations de panopes utilisent un « système d'exclusion des prédateurs » pour ensemencer leurs lots. Ces systèmes sont des tuyaux de PVC de 25 à 35 cm de long et de 10 à 15 cm de diamètre enfoncés dans le sédiment de l'estran. Il y a entre 20 000 et 43 500 de ces tuyaux en PVC par acre d'estran cultivé, ce qui fait approximativement entre 5 et 11 tuyaux par m2 (un acre est à peu près égal à 4 000 m2). Ces tubes resteront en place pendant la première des deux années que dure le cycle d'élevage.

 src=
Un grand panope de 4,5 kg, dans un magasin de curiosités à Seattle, USA.

La fondation Environmental Defense Fund a mené une étude sur l'aquaculture en général, et a déterminé que la conchyliculture est bénéfique à l'environnement marin[5]. Cette action est liée à la nutrition des bivalves par filtration de l'eau de mer. Les coquillages se nourrissent entre autres des algues microscopiques qui prolifèrent sous l'action de l'eutrophisation du milieu.

Les eaux qui baignent la conchyliculture doivent être certifiées non polluées avant de pouvoir implanter une nouvelle exploitation, condition préalable pour l'obtention de l'accord des autorités[6]. Alors que certaines collectivités ont installé des systèmes de fosses septiques ultramodernes pour suivre les efforts des associations environnementales et organismes d'état, visant à dépolluer le Puget SoundWhile, plus de 12 km2 de zones d'élevage ont été perdus entre 1992 et 2004 à cause de contaminations fécales, dues au développement de l'urbanisation. Les rivages de l'état sont en forte proportion déjà si urbanisés ou dégradés qu'ils sont devenus impropres à la récolte ou à l'élevage des panopes, et d'autres zones suivent malheureusement le même chemin.

Controverses autour de l'élevage du panope

Le développement de l'élevage et de la récolte de panopes est fortement sujet à controverse selon un rapport d'une association luttant contre la conchyliculture de panopes dans le Puget Sound[7]. L'élevage et la récolte de ce bivalve ont en effet été à l'origine de nombreux conflits avec les propriétaires riverains de la baie[8],[9],[10],[11]. Les principaux griefs sont l'insuffisance des contrôles, le caractère inesthétique des exploitations, les effets des élevages sur les populations locales de panopes, l'impact sur la vie sauvage en général, la gestion des déchets des exploitations, les techniques intensives d'élevage ou de récolte, la très forte densité de population des panopes d'élevage, la destruction ou la fragmentation des habitats côtiers ainsi que la conversion à un rythme inquiétant, sur les rives du Puget Sound, d'écosystèmes naturels en zones d'élevage intensif, et enfin l'augmentation du dépôt de sédiments (liée à la diminution de l'effet de chasse des marées dans les anses les plus reculées de la baie, encombrées entre autres par les très nombreux tubes placés pour les panopes, mais aussi liée à la grande quantité de dépôts de matières organiques provenant des déchets des bancs de panopes). Ces associations, comme la Puget Sound Partnership[12], ont pour objectifs la protection de l'habitat ou sa restauration et la protection de la biodiversité, entre autres en permettant le retour d'espèces en danger (comme le saumon).

Notes et références

  1. Dénomination des mollusques sur le site de la DGCCRF
  2. (en) B. Vadopalas, T.W. Pietsch et C.S. Friedman, « The proper name for the geoduck: resurrection of Panopea generosa Gould, 1850, from the synonymy of Panopea abrupta (Conrad, 1849) (Bivalvia: Myoida: Hiatellidae) », Malacologia, vol. 52, no 1,‎ 2010, p. 169–173 (DOI , lire en ligne [PDF])
  3. Ministère de Pêches et des Océans du Canada, « La panope (Panopea abrupta) : Anatomie, histologie, développement, pathologie, parasites et symbiontes », sur http://www.pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca, Gouvernement du Canada, 15 janvier 2009 (consulté le 10 juin 2014).
  4. (en) J.M.L. Orensanz, C.M. Hand, A.M. Parma, J. Valer et R. Hilborn, « Precaution in the harvest of Methuselahs clams-the difficulty of getting timely feedback from slow-paced dynamics », Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, vol. 61,‎ 2004, p. 1355–1372.
  5. (en) Goldburg R., Marine Aquaculture in the United States, 2001, dans la revue Environmental Defense for Pew Oceans Commission
  6. Ces autorités sont le Washington State Department of Health Office of Shellfish and Water Protection et l'Interstate Shellfish Sanitation Council
  7. (en) ProtectOurShoreline.org
  8. (en) Protect Our Shoreline
  9. « APHETI-Association to Protect Hammersley, Eld and Totten Inlets »
  10. Responsible Shellfish Farming BC
  11. « Henderson Bay Shoreline Association »
  12. Puget Sound Partnership

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Panopea generosa: Brief Summary ( الفرنسية )

المقدمة من wikipedia FR

Panope du Pacifique, Palourde royale

Panopea generosa, communément appelé le Panope du Pacifique, Panopée ou Palourde royale, est une espèce de mollusques bivalves marins de grande taille de la famille des Hiatellidae. Cette espèce, qui vit enfouie dans le sable, est considérée comme l'un des plus gros bivalves au monde. Dotée d'une remarquable longévité, elle présente depuis quelques années[Quand ?] un intérêt économique non négligeable.

Le nom scientifique de ce bivalve a été confondu entre 1983 et 2010 avec celui d'une espèce disparue, Panopea abrupta (Conrad, 1849).

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Koddaskel ( الآيسلندية )

المقدمة من wikipedia IS
 src=
Afli

Animalia

Fylking: Lindýr

Mollusca

Flokkur: Samlokur

Bivalvia

Ættbálkur: Adapedonta
Ætt: Hiatellidae
Ættkvísl: Panopea
Tegund:
Panopea Generosa

Útlit/stærð

Geoduck sem nefnd hefur verið Koddaskel á íslensku finnst við Kyrrahafsströnd Kanada og Bandaríkjanna. Hún er á meðal sérstæðustu sjávarnytja í heiminum. Koddaskelin getur náð allt að 20 cm á lengd og 5,4 kg í þyngd. Hún grefur sig ofan í mölina á hafsbotninum þar sem hún nærist á smáum lífverum. Koddaskel hefur fót sem hún notar til að færa sig á milli staða. Koddaskeljarnar eru langlífar og elsta koddaskel sem skráð hefur verið í Kanada er talin hafa náð 168 ára aldri. Hægt er að meta aldur koddaskeljar með því að telja árhringina sem myndast á skelinni. Koddaskel er að meðaltali 195 mm að lengd.

Koddaskeljar eru þekktar fyrir sitt óvenjulega útlit, þar sem þær minna óneitanlega á getnaðarlim karlmanns, þar sem sogpípan liggur út úr skelinni. Sogpípuna notar koddaskelin við fæðuleit og losar sig síðan við sjóinn í gegnum hana. Ólíkt mörgum öðrum samlokum geta koddaskeljarnar ekki lokað samlokunni sinni.

Hrygning

Í lok apríl og fram í júní sleppa karldýrin sæði sínu út í sjóinn sem veldur því að kvendýrin fara að hrygna 7 – 10 milljón hrognum. Innan 48 klst byrja síðan litlar lirfur með skel að synda um; að viku liðinni falla lirfurnar á hafsbotninn þar sem þær grafa sig í mölina. Talið er að lirfurnar nái kynþroska á þriðja ári.

Veiðar

Reyndir kafarar eru sendir með bátum meðfram strönd Bresku Kólumbíu þar sem er að finna hreint og tært vatn við fjöruborðið; kafararnir vinna á 10 – 20 m dýpi í leit sinni af Koddaskel. Þeir nota einskonar stút með háþrýstivatni sem dælt er úr bátnum sem þeir koma fyrir í sandinum, til að mýkja eða leysa sandinn. Þegar þeir hafa fundið Koddaskel er hún tekin varlega upp úr sandinum og sett í poka sem kafararnir hafa meðferðir og þegar hann hefur verið fylltur senda þeir boð til áhafnar sem tekur við pokanum.

Markaðir

Koddaskel er helst seld í Alaska, Washington, Oregon og í Bresku Kolumbíu. Skelin er mjög verðmæt. Kína og Hong Kong eru mikilvægustu markaðir Koddaskeljanna þar sem 95% af öllum útflutningi fer þangað. Þrátt fyrir að Koddaskeljarnar séu verðlagaðar 20$ á pundið í heimalandinu geta markaðirnir selt þær á 100 – 150$ á pundið við komu til landanna. Einnig fæst hærra verð fyrir lifandi Koddaskeljar.

Frá árinu 2011 hefur mikið dregið úr eftirspurn á japönskum markaði og má rekja það til hárrar verðlagningar. Talið er að markaðirnir í Kína eigi eftir að fara stækkandi.

Koddaskel sem afurð

Koddaskeljarnar eru hátt verðlagðar af veitingastöðum sem sjaldgæfur og dýr málsverður. Hún er með fínt og sætt kjöt með stökkri áferð sem gerir hana fullkomna til að borða hráa í réttum eins og t.d „crudo og sashimi“. Koddaskelin er einnig vinsæl í Asíu til suðu. Brothætt, stökk áferð aðskilur koddaskelina frá öðrum skeldýrum. Þegar koddaskelin er hrá þá hefur hún þessa stökka yfirbragð sem er mjög einstakt fyrir koddaskelina. Koddaskeljarnar eru taldar vera ástarlyf – sérstaklega í Kína.

Heimildir

ChefSteps. Fun facts for the geoduck aficioonado. Sótt af https://www.chefsteps.com/activities/cleaning-geoduck

Geoduck.(e.d). The Fishery. Sótt af http://www.geoduck.org/fishery.html#harves

Jón Már Halldórsson. (2004). Ég hef verið að lesa um sérkennilegt skeldýr sem heitir "geoduck á ensku. Hvað heitir það á íslensku og finnst það hér? Visindavefurinn. Sótt af https://www.visindavefur.is/svar.php?id=4654

Lina Tran. (2016). Everything you need to know about Geoducks. Eater. Sótt af https://www.eater.com/2016/7/17/11691958/what-is-geoduck

World Register of Marine Species. (e.d) Panopea generosa A.A Gould, 1850. Sótt af http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=545994

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Panopea generosa ( الإيطالية )

المقدمة من wikipedia IT

La Panopea o Geoduck[1] (pronuncia inglese [ˈguː.iˌdʌk][2]) (Panopea generosa (Gould 1850)), conosciuta comunemente come vongola dalla proboscide, è un mollusco bivalve. In passato esisteva confusione tra questa specie e l'estinta P. abrupta [Conrad, 1849.

Il nome comune deriva dalla lingua lushootseed e significa ‘colui che scava in profondità’[2], riferito allo stile di vita dell'animale, che passa la propria esistenza stando sepolto nella sabbia, col sifone che spunta a pochi centimetri dal fondo.

Distribuzione

La specie è originaria della costa nord-occidentale del continente nordamericano: in particolare, la si trova nelle zone costiere di Washington, Columbia Britannica ed Alaska.

Descrizione

Dimensioni

 src=
Un geoduck di enormi dimensioni in un mercato di Seattle.

Misurano circa 40 cm di lunghezza (ai quali si aggiunge fino a un metro di sifone) per un peso totale che supera di poco il chilogrammo, ma tendono a crescere per tutta la durata della loro vita ed essendo assai longevi (fino ad oltre 140 anni d'età, l'esemplare più vecchio pescato sinora aveva 160 anni) non è raro trovare individui che pesano oltre 7 kg e misurano oltre due metri di lunghezza. Queste dimensioni ne fanno il bivalve fossore più grande attualmente esistente al mondo.

Aspetto

Si tratta di animali simili a grosse vongole dal lungo sifone, composto quest'ultimo da due tubi: uno d'entrata, attraverso il quale l'animale risucchia acqua e plancton per nutrirsi e respirare, ed un altro d'uscita, attraverso il quale esso può espellere gli scarti.

Biologia

L'animale resta sommerso nella sabbia ad una profondità che va dai 20 ai 300 cm, lasciando uscire da essa solo la punta del sifone, e passa così tutto il suo stadio adulto.

Alimentazione

Grazie al sifone aspirante, eventuali microrganismi planctonici vengono risucchiati e convogliati verso le branchie, dove vengono filtrati e digeriti.

Riproduzione

La fecondazione è di tipo esterno: questo significa che i maschi e le femmine emettono i propri gameti liberamente nell'acqua, affidando al mare il compito di far incontrare spermatozoi ed uova. Ciascuna femmina, durante tutta la sua vita, può produrre ed espellere circa cinque miliardi di uova. Le larve, inizialmente motili, passano un certo periodo allo stato planctonico sotto forma di veliger, per poi impiantarsi su un substrato sabbioso idoneo e qui passare il resto della loro vita.

Si tratta di uno fra gli animali più longevi del mondo: la sua lunga aspettativa di vita può essere dovuta sia alla naturale scarsità di organismi predatori (principalmente la lontra marina) e di particolari fatiche, poiché l'animale non fa altro che rimanere immobile e filtrare l'acqua.

Importanza commerciale

 src=
Esemplari in vendita in un negozio cinese: notare la loro disposizione in forma fallica, dovuta al fatto che in questo paese si ritiene che il geoduck abbia forti proprietà afrodisiache.

Ad oggi, la pesca del geoduck è una delle maggiormente regolamentate e controllate al mondo: se ne può pescare solamente una determinata quota annuale, in determinati periodi lontani da quello riproduttivo, e gli esemplari pescati devono rispettare precisi standard in termini di dimensioni, oltre che dover superare una serie di esami mirati all'eventuale contenuto nell'epatopancreas di sostanze inquinanti, trattandosi di organismi filtratori. In tal modo, ha preso il sopravvento fra i pescatori l'abitudine di tenere per un certo periodo gli animali in vasche con acqua corrente al fine di depurarli. Attualmente la vendita degli animali si basa principalmente sul prodotto vivo (90% del totale), mentre fino a pochi anni fa i geoduck venivano venduti prevalentemente congelati (10% di esemplari venduti vivi nel 2001)[3]: ciò permette ai pescatori di venderli ad un prezzo leggermente maggiore.

Il loro costo si aggira attorno ai sessanta €/kg ed alimenta un mercato di circa ottanta milioni di dollari l'anno.
Il principale mercato di questi animali è l'Estremo Oriente, dove vengono considerati come una leccornia e si crede abbiano effetti medicinali, al pari della cistifellea degli orsi e delle pinne di pescecane: in particolare, a causa della loro forma fallica, si ritiene che essi siano dei potenti afrodisiaci e potenzino le prestazioni maschili.

Grazie alle loro grosse dimensioni, questi animali hanno sempre ispirato in numerose persone l'idea di intraprenderne l'allevamento in acquacoltura a fini commerciali. Il primo impianto per l'allevamento del geoduck venne creato in America nel 1970, nello stretto di Puget: qui vengono utilizzati dei tubi in PVC lunghi una ventina di centimetri e larghi una quindicina, infilati in numero di 40.000 per acro nel substrato ad una profondità compresa fra i 30 ed i 70 cm ed all'interno dei quali vengono stabulate le larve (catturate in natura) prossime all'impianto nello stesso[4]: l'acqua, in accordo alle leggi locali, deve rispettare rigidi parametri di pulizia[5][6]. Gli animali vengono qui stabulati per circa 5 anni, al termine dei quali vengono issati in superficie pronti per la vendita. Tuttavia, gli allevamenti sorti nello stretto hanno sollevato una serie di polemiche da parte degli ambientalisti[7][8][9][10][11][12], a causa dell'impianto a fini commerciali di una specie non autoctona.

Cucina

 src=
Un piatto di molluschi crudi con geoduck in Corea

Le sue carni hanno consistenza fibrosa ed un sapore piuttosto umami: per cucinarli, i cinesi utilizzano l'animale crudo, accompagnandolo con sashimi, salsa di soia e wasabi. In Corea, invece, li si mangia crudi a mo' di ostriche, spesso intinti in salse piccanti, oppure come ingrediente di bolliti e zuppe.
Nella cucina giapponese, i geoduck vengono definiti mirugai o mirukuigai, traducibile in italiano come "vongola gigante", e cucinati analogamente a quanto si fa in Cina.

Note

  1. ^ Decreto Ministeriale n°19105 del 22 settembre 2017 - Denominazioni in lingua italiana delle specie ittiche di interesse commerciale, su politicheagricole.it.
  2. ^ a b Geoduck, su dictionary.reference.com, Dictionary.com. URL consultato il 29 marzo 2007.
  3. ^ Ess, Charlie, Toxin test gives live market a boost; quota also gets a significant bump, su nationalfisherman.com, National Fisherman. URL consultato il 1º agosto 2008 (archiviato dall'url originale il 14 novembre 2006).
  4. ^ Rebecca, et al. Goldburg, Marine Aquaculture in the United States, in Environmental Defense for Pew Oceans Commission, 2001.
  5. ^ Washington State Department of Health Office of Shellfish and Water Protection, su doh.wa.gov (archiviato dall'url originale il 6 maggio 2009).
  6. ^ WDFW - Commercial Puget Sound Geoduck Regulations Archiviato il 27 dicembre 2008 in Internet Archive.
  7. ^ Protect Our Shoreline, su ProtectOurShoreline.org.
  8. ^ APHETI-Association to Protect Hammersley, Eld and Totten Inlets, su apheti.com. URL consultato il 5 novembre 2018 (archiviato dall'url originale il 29 settembre 2007).
  9. ^ Save Our Shoreline, su SaveOurShoreline.Net. URL consultato il 15 giugno 2019 (archiviato dall'url originale l'11 aprile 2018).
  10. ^ No Geoduck Farm, su NoGeoduckFarm.com (archiviato dall'url originale il 9 ottobre 2016).
  11. ^ Responsible Shellfish Farming BC, su responsibleshellfishfarming.ca (archiviato dall'url originale il 18 febbraio 2012).
  12. ^ Henderson Bay Shoreline Association, su hendersonbayshorelineassociation.com (archiviato dall'url originale il 28 settembre 2007).

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Panopea generosa: Brief Summary ( الإيطالية )

المقدمة من wikipedia IT

La Panopea o Geoduck (pronuncia inglese [ˈguː.iˌdʌk]) (Panopea generosa (Gould 1850)), conosciuta comunemente come vongola dalla proboscide, è un mollusco bivalve. In passato esisteva confusione tra questa specie e l'estinta P. abrupta [Conrad, 1849.

Il nome comune deriva dalla lingua lushootseed e significa ‘colui che scava in profondità’, riferito allo stile di vita dell'animale, che passa la propria esistenza stando sepolto nella sabbia, col sifone che spunta a pochi centimetri dal fondo.

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Zwanenhalsmossel ( البلجيكية الهولندية )

المقدمة من wikipedia NL

De zwanenhalsmossel (Panopea generosa) is een in zee levend tweekleppig schelpdier. Het dier is ook wel bekend onder de naam "geoduck".

De schelp is grijs. Het opvallendste kenmerk van de soort is de lange sifo die tussen de beide schelphelften uitsteekt. Deze wordt gebruikt voor zowel opname van voedsel (plankton) als afvoer van afvalstoffen. Het dier kan met uitgestrekte sifo ongeveer een meter lang worden. De "huid" van de sifo is lichtbruin, en als de sifo ingetrokken is gerimpeld.

De dieren kunnen gemiddeld zo'n 146 jaar oud worden. Daarmee behoort de zwanenhalsmossel tot de langstlevende diersoorten. De dieren leven diep ingegraven in zand wat de lange sifo verklaarbaar maakt.

De soort komt voor in de Grote Oceaan langs de kust van het noorden van de Verenigde Staten en Canada. Natuurlijke vijanden zijn zeeotters, zeesterren, enkele kleine haaiensoorten en de mens. Dit schelpdier wordt als zeevrucht gegeten[1] en wordt vooral in China als een delicatesse beschouwd.

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Panopea generosa ( البرتغالية )

المقدمة من wikipedia PT

Amêijoa-gigante[1] é uma espécie de molusco bivalve marinho, cujo nome comum provém da língua lushootseed, da tribo Nisqually. É nativa das águas costeiras do oeste do Canadá e do noroeste dos Estados Unidos, nos dois países é chamada de geoduck ou panope du pacifique. É a maior amêijoa do mundo, pesando em média 1 kg, mas podendo chegar a 5 kg e até 1 metro de comprimento. A valva pode chegar a medir 1,2 m e o sifão mais de 1 m.

Entre 1983 e 2010, o nome científico desta amêijoa foi confundido com o de uma amêijoa extinta, a Panopea abrupta (Conrad, 1849) na literatura científica.[2]

As amêijoa-gigantes são um dos organismos de maior longevidade do reino animal. O mais longo registo é de 168 anos, mas os indivíduos com mais de um século de vida são relativamente raros.[3] A sua longevidade deve-se, entre outros motivos, a ter poucos predadores e ao facto de sugar água com plâncton pelo seu sifão, filtrando-a, e expelindo-a por um orifício separado no sifão. Os raros predadores no Alasca são as lontras-marinhas e os esqualiformes, além das estrelas-do-mar, que podem atacar o sifão exposto.

O animal fica submerso na areia a uma profundidade que vai dos 20 aos 300 cm, deixando sair apenas a ponta do sifão, e passa assim toda a sua vida adulta.

As amêijoa-gigantes fêmeas produzem ao longo da vida cerca de 5000 milhões de ovos, o que os torna num dos animais com potencialmente mais descendentes e um dos que produzem mais ovos. Porém, os ovos apresentam alta taxa de não-eclosão e os juvenis alta taxa de mortalidade, pelo que as populações são reduzidas ou estáveis.[4] No Puget Sound, estudos indicam que o tempo de recuperação de uma população colhida é de 39 anos.[5]

 src=
Amêijoa-gigante à venda no mercado de peixes de Tsukiji, em Tóquio

Há toda uma indústria de exploração deste animal, sendo consumido no Extremo Oriente alegadamente pelas suas propriedades afrodisíacas, devido ao seu aspeto fálico.[6]

Atualmente a pesca de amêijoa-gigante é uma das mais regulamentadas e controladas do mundo: só se pode pescar uma certa quota anual, em determinados períodos fora da época reprodutiva, e os exemplares recolhidos deve ter um mínimo de tamanho, sendo inspecionado o conteúdo do hepatopâncreas em busca de substâncias perigosas, pois são organismos filtradores. Tanto é assim que é costume entre os pescadores colocá-los um certo tempo em recipientes com água corrente a fim de os depurar. Presentemente a venda do animal faz-se sobretudo em vivo (90% do total).[7]

É muito popular na China, onde é tido por iguaria, sendo comido cru ou cozinhado num tipo de fondue. Na culinária da Coreia, as amêijoa-gigantes são comidas crus com molho picante, salteados, ou em sopas e guisados. No Japão é preparado em sashimi cru, mergulhado em molho de soja ou wasabi, sendo chamado mirugai ou mirukuigai. O sua carne tem uma consistência fibrosa e um sabor bastante umami.

Referências

  1. «Amêijoa». Dicionário Priberam. Consultado em 30 de junho de 2019
  2. Vadopalas, B.; T.W. Pietsch & C.S. Friedman (2010). «The proper name for the geoduck: resurrection of Panopea generosa Gould, 1850, from the synonymy of Panopea abrupta (Conrad, 1849) (Bivalvia: Myoida: Hiatellidae)» (PDF). Malacologia. 52 (1): 169−173. Consultado em 2 de março de 2012. Arquivado do original (PDF) em 9 de novembro de 2012
  3. Orensanz, J. M. L., C. M. Hand, A. M. Parma, J. Valero, and R. Hilborn. 2004. Precaution in the harvest of Methuselahs clams-the difficulty of getting timely feedback from slow-paced dynamics. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 61:1355-1372.
  4. Georgina Willner. The Potential Impacts of the Commercial Geoduck (Panope generosa) Hydraulic Harvest Method on Organisms in the Sediment and at the Water-Sediment Interface in Puget Sound, Master's Thesis, The Evergreen State College, Olympia, Washington, June 2006.
  5. David Palazzi, Lynn Goodwin, Alex Bradbury, Bob Sizemore, Leigh Espy, Susan Sturges, Candis Ladenburg, and Blanch Sabottke. FINAL Supplemental Environment Impact Statement (S.E.I.S.) for The Puget Sound Commercial Geoduck Fishery, Washington State Department of Natural Resources and Washington State Department of Fish and Wildlife, May 23, 2001. pp. 135.
  6. King of Clams
  7. Ess, Charlie. «Toxin test gives live market a boost; quota also gets a significant bump». Consultado em 1 de agosto de 2008. Arquivado do original em 14 de novembro de 2006 Parâmetro desconhecido |editore= ignorado (ajuda)
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Panopea generosa: Brief Summary ( البرتغالية )

المقدمة من wikipedia PT

Amêijoa-gigante é uma espécie de molusco bivalve marinho, cujo nome comum provém da língua lushootseed, da tribo Nisqually. É nativa das águas costeiras do oeste do Canadá e do noroeste dos Estados Unidos, nos dois países é chamada de geoduck ou panope du pacifique. É a maior amêijoa do mundo, pesando em média 1 kg, mas podendo chegar a 5 kg e até 1 metro de comprimento. A valva pode chegar a medir 1,2 m e o sifão mais de 1 m.

Entre 1983 e 2010, o nome científico desta amêijoa foi confundido com o de uma amêijoa extinta, a Panopea abrupta (Conrad, 1849) na literatura científica.

As amêijoa-gigantes são um dos organismos de maior longevidade do reino animal. O mais longo registo é de 168 anos, mas os indivíduos com mais de um século de vida são relativamente raros. A sua longevidade deve-se, entre outros motivos, a ter poucos predadores e ao facto de sugar água com plâncton pelo seu sifão, filtrando-a, e expelindo-a por um orifício separado no sifão. Os raros predadores no Alasca são as lontras-marinhas e os esqualiformes, além das estrelas-do-mar, que podem atacar o sifão exposto.

O animal fica submerso na areia a uma profundidade que vai dos 20 aos 300 cm, deixando sair apenas a ponta do sifão, e passa assim toda a sua vida adulta.

As amêijoa-gigantes fêmeas produzem ao longo da vida cerca de 5000 milhões de ovos, o que os torna num dos animais com potencialmente mais descendentes e um dos que produzem mais ovos. Porém, os ovos apresentam alta taxa de não-eclosão e os juvenis alta taxa de mortalidade, pelo que as populações são reduzidas ou estáveis. No Puget Sound, estudos indicam que o tempo de recuperação de uma população colhida é de 39 anos.

 src= Amêijoa-gigante à venda no mercado de peixes de Tsukiji, em Tóquio

Há toda uma indústria de exploração deste animal, sendo consumido no Extremo Oriente alegadamente pelas suas propriedades afrodisíacas, devido ao seu aspeto fálico.

Atualmente a pesca de amêijoa-gigante é uma das mais regulamentadas e controladas do mundo: só se pode pescar uma certa quota anual, em determinados períodos fora da época reprodutiva, e os exemplares recolhidos deve ter um mínimo de tamanho, sendo inspecionado o conteúdo do hepatopâncreas em busca de substâncias perigosas, pois são organismos filtradores. Tanto é assim que é costume entre os pescadores colocá-los um certo tempo em recipientes com água corrente a fim de os depurar. Presentemente a venda do animal faz-se sobretudo em vivo (90% do total).

É muito popular na China, onde é tido por iguaria, sendo comido cru ou cozinhado num tipo de fondue. Na culinária da Coreia, as amêijoa-gigantes são comidas crus com molho picante, salteados, ou em sopas e guisados. No Japão é preparado em sashimi cru, mergulhado em molho de soja ou wasabi, sendo chamado mirugai ou mirukuigai. O sua carne tem uma consistência fibrosa e um sabor bastante umami.

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Гуідак ( الأوكرانية )

المقدمة من wikipedia UK

Біологія

Гуідак мешкає біля північно-західного узбережжя США та Канади. Цей молюск знаменитий як один з найбільш довгоживучих тварин: середня тривалість життя гуідаків — 146 років, а вік найстарішої знайденої особини склав 160 років[1]. Висуваються два можливих пояснення такого довголіття. Перше — не надто інтенсивний обмін речовин, друге — відсутність природних ворогів. Єдиними хижаками, які здатні завдати молюскові шкоди, є дрібні акули і калани, здатні витягти його з ґрунту, а також морські зірки, які атакують сифон, що знаходиться на поверхні ґрунту.

Запліднення у гуідаків зовнішнє. За своє столітнє життя самки викидають в товщу води близько п'яти мільярдів яєць.

Кулінарія

М'ясо цього молюска досить жорстке. Іноді його готують в США, однак головні споживачі гуідака — японці і китайці. У Японії гуідака називають «мірукуі» (як один із замінників «справжнього» мірукуі Tresus keenae) і їдять сирим (у вигляді сашімі).

Посилання

  1. Orensanz, J. M. L., C. M. Hand, A. M. Parma, J. Valero, and R. Hilborn. 2004. Precaution in the harvest of Methuselahs clams-the difficulty of getting timely feedback from slow-paced dynamics. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 61:1355-1372.

Ресурси

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Panopea generosa ( الفيتنامية )

المقدمة من wikipedia VI

Panopea generosa là một loài nhuyễn thể hai mảnh vỏ sống trong nước mặn thuộc họ Hiatellidae.

Loài này có hình dạng giống với ốc vòi voi.[1]

Tham khảo


Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết liên quan đến thân mềm hai mảnh vỏ này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
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Panopea generosa: Brief Summary ( الفيتنامية )

المقدمة من wikipedia VI

Panopea generosa là một loài nhuyễn thể hai mảnh vỏ sống trong nước mặn thuộc họ Hiatellidae.

Loài này có hình dạng giống với ốc vòi voi.

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Гуидак ( الروسية )

المقدمة من wikipedia русскую Википедию
Царство: Животные
Подцарство: Эуметазои
Без ранга: Первичноротые
Надтип: Спиральные
Подкласс: Разнозубые
Семейство: Hiatellidae
Род: Panopea
Вид: Гуидак
Международное научное название

Panopea abrupta Conrad, 1849

Wikispecies-logo.svg
Систематика
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Изображения
на Викискладе
ITIS 81777NCBI 1049056EOL 440072FW 168108

Гуидак (лат. Panopea generosa и родственные виды) — вид морских двустворчатых моллюсков из семейства Hiatellidae. Эти крупные (до 1,5 кг весом[1]) организмы обладают очень длинными сросшимися сифонами (до 1 м в длину) и сравнительно небольшой (до 20 см) хрупкой раковиной. Считается самым крупным роющим моллюском. Название «geoduck» («gweduck») заимствовано у индейцев и означает «глубоко копающий»[1].

Биология

Panopea generosa обитает у северо-западного побережья США и Канады. Этот моллюск знаменит как один из самых долгоживущих животных: средняя продолжительность жизни гуидаков — 146 лет, а возраст самой старой найденной особи составил 160 лет. Выдвигаются два возможных объяснения такого долголетия. Первая — не слишком интенсивный обмен веществ, вторая — отсутствие естественных врагов. Единственными хищниками, которые способны нанести моллюску урон, оказываются мелкие акулы и каланы, способные извлечь его из грунта, а также морские звёзды, которые атакуют находящийся на поверхности грунта сифон.

Оплодотворение у гуидаков наружное. За свою столетнюю жизнь самки выбрасывают в толщу воды порядка пяти миллиардов яиц.

Кулинария

Мясо моллюска довольно жёстко. Иногда его готовят в США, однако главные потребители гуидака — японцы и китайцы. В Японии гуидака именуют «мирукуи» (как один из заменителей «настоящего» мирукуи Tresus keenae) и едят сырым (в виде сашими)[1].

Примечания

  1. 1 2 3 Гуидак в Энциклопедии продуктов и напитков (gastronom.ru)
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Авторы и редакторы Википедии
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Гуидак: Brief Summary ( الروسية )

المقدمة من wikipedia русскую Википедию

Гуидак (лат. Panopea generosa и родственные виды) — вид морских двустворчатых моллюсков из семейства Hiatellidae. Эти крупные (до 1,5 кг весом) организмы обладают очень длинными сросшимися сифонами (до 1 м в длину) и сравнительно небольшой (до 20 см) хрупкой раковиной. Считается самым крупным роющим моллюском. Название «geoduck» («gweduck») заимствовано у индейцев и означает «глубоко копающий».

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太平洋潜泥蛤 ( الصينية )

المقدمة من wikipedia 中文维基百科
二名法 Panopea generosa
Gould, 1850
 src=
象拔蚌

太平洋潛泥蛤(學名:Panopea generosa英语:Geoduck),俗名象拔蚌,又名皇帝蚌女神蛤,是一种可食用蛤蜊,象拔蚌的一般长15-20厘米,但是其虹管可长达一米,形似象鼻,又大又多肉,因此被稱為「象拔蚌」。原產地在北美洲西海岸北太平洋沿海[1][2],當由尤以華盛頓州溫哥華海岸盛產。

象拔蚌在蛤蜊中体积是相当大的,成年期之后其天敌很少,因此也是自然界的长寿物种,最長壽的紀錄是168歲。[3]象拔蚌為一种受華人日本人崇尚食用的高級海鮮。過往由於北美當地人並不吃象拔蚌,當地的象拔蚌生長狀況良好。自從於七十年代由香港新同樂魚翅酒家少東袁兆英先生把牠引進入香港售賣後,很多於美洲中國移民開始捕食及出售,當地的象拔蚌开始瀕臨絕種[4]。象拔蚌从1970年代开始商业捕捞,在亚洲食品市场很受欢迎,野生数量快速下降。现在已有很多来自人工养殖。人工养殖过程是否会破坏环境还有待观察。

特徵

象拔蚌一般生活在水溫為3-23℃的海域,以海水中的單細胞藻類為食,也可濾食沉積物和有機碎屑。象拔蚌首4年生長較快,1齡貝殼長5-6厘米,重36-40克;2齡貝殼長8-10厘米,重200-250克;3齡貝殼長10-12厘米,重400-500克;4齡貝殼長12-15厘米,重500-800克。隨著年齡增長,貝殼生長漸變緩慢,但軟體生長仍能繼續,壽命可達100多年。

象拔蚌每年繁殖季節是在4-7月。個體產卵量達1000-2000萬粒,產卵水溫為14-17℃。卵徑為82微米,受精卵經4-5天,發育成D形幼蟲(120-130微米);10-12天發育成殼頂幼蟲(160-180微米);30天左右幼蟲下沉,隨著變態,殼長達350-400微米。

象拔蚌的主要敵害是海星蝸牛及鰈魚等魚類以及人為的濫捕,成貝棲居於海底,有較強的保護能力。

参考文獻

  1. ^ 海鮮象拔蚌
  2. ^ 象拔蚌人工育苗及养殖
  3. ^ Orensanz, J. M. L.; Hand, C. M.; Parma, A. M.; Valero, J.; Hilborn, R. Precaution in the harvest of Methuselahs clams-the difficulty of getting timely feedback from slow-paced dynamics (PDF). Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 2004, 61: 1355.
  4. ^ 盧業瑂,(2008年),《大城小事》,2008年4月10日播出。
 src= 维基共享资源中相关的多媒体资源:太平洋潜泥蛤

Template:臺灣常食用海洋生物

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太平洋潜泥蛤: Brief Summary ( الصينية )

المقدمة من wikipedia 中文维基百科
 src= 象拔蚌

太平洋潛泥蛤(學名:Panopea generosa,英语:Geoduck),俗名象拔蚌,又名皇帝蚌、女神蛤,是一种可食用蛤蜊,象拔蚌的一般长15-20厘米,但是其虹管可长达一米,形似象鼻,又大又多肉,因此被稱為「象拔蚌」。原產地在北美洲西海岸北太平洋沿海,當由尤以華盛頓州溫哥華海岸盛產。

象拔蚌在蛤蜊中体积是相当大的,成年期之后其天敌很少,因此也是自然界的长寿物种,最長壽的紀錄是168歲。象拔蚌為一种受華人日本人崇尚食用的高級海鮮。過往由於北美當地人並不吃象拔蚌,當地的象拔蚌生長狀況良好。自從於七十年代由香港新同樂魚翅酒家少東袁兆英先生把牠引進入香港售賣後,很多於美洲中國移民開始捕食及出售,當地的象拔蚌开始瀕臨絕種。象拔蚌从1970年代开始商业捕捞,在亚洲食品市场很受欢迎,野生数量快速下降。现在已有很多来自人工养殖。人工养殖过程是否会破坏环境还有待观察。

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アメリカナミガイ ( اليابانية )

المقدمة من wikipedia 日本語
Question book-4.svg
この記事は検証可能参考文献や出典が全く示されていないか、不十分です。
出典を追加して記事の信頼性向上にご協力ください。2012年7月
アメリカナミガイ 分類 : 動物界 Animalia : 軟体動物門 Mollusca : 二枚貝綱 Bivalvia 亜綱 : 異歯亜綱 Heterodonta : キヌマトイガイ科 Hiatellidae : ナミガイ属 Panopea : アメリカナミガイ P. generosa 学名 Panopea generosa
( Gould, 1850) 和名 アメリカナミガイ 英名 Pacific Geoduck

アメリカナミガイ亜米利加波貝、学名 Panopea generosa)は、二枚貝綱キヌマトイガイ科の1種。ミルガイ(海松貝)、あるいは白ミル(白海松)とも呼ばれる。ミルクイとは収斂進化の関係の別種。

形態[編集]

殻長20cmほどの大きな二枚貝で、殻表は暗褐色の殻皮で被われる。巨大な水管が特徴で、この水管は外に出っぱなしで、殻に収納することはできない。この水管を食用にする。

生態[編集]

浅瀬の砂泥底に、深い穴を掘って暮らす。

日本における食材[編集]

 src=
中華料理屋で値札付きで飼育されるアメリカナミガイ

ミルクイの代用食材として利用される種に、通称「白みる(白ミル)」のナミガイ Panopea japonica (A.Adams, 1850) やアメリカナミガイがいる。ナミガイは千葉県東京湾兵庫県播磨灘山口県周防灘愛知県三河湾などが主産地で殻付きの活きたものが売られ、アメリカナミガイはカナダなどからの輸入品が回転寿司などの「みる貝」によく利用される。

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アメリカナミガイ: Brief Summary ( اليابانية )

المقدمة من wikipedia 日本語

アメリカナミガイ(亜米利加波貝、学名 Panopea generosa)は、二枚貝綱キヌマトイガイ科の1種。ミルガイ(海松貝)、あるいは白ミル(白海松)とも呼ばれる。ミルクイとは収斂進化の関係の別種。

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