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Morphology ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Animal Diversity Web

The Hermissenda crassicornis is one of the most beautiful of all the invertebrates. Its length is 3 and 1/4 inches long, on average, and its width, 3/8 inches. The distinctive colors of the H. crassicornis are bluish-white with an orange line down the middle of its back. The margins have pale electric blue lines. These colors are mainly carotenoids and carotenoproteins. There are two pair of tentacles (rhinophores) located on the top of the head. The first pair has blue lines, and the second pair is bluish with raised rings. In the middle, there are numerous finger-like projections, called cerata, in two clusters on each side of the back. These projections are brilliantly colored in bright orange with a white tip on each ceratum. The coloration of the H. crassicornis serves as a great identification factor for the species.

Unlike most other Mollusks, the H. crassicornis lack a shell, mantle cavity, and original gill.

(Meinkoth 1981)

Other Physical Features: ectothermic ; bilateral symmetry

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McKinley, G. 2000. "Hermissenda crassicornis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Hermissenda_crassicornis.html
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Habitat ( الإنجليزية )

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H. crassicornis can be found around tidepools, and on rocks, pier pilings, and mudflats. It can also be found from low-tide line water to water 110 feet deep.

(Pearse,et al 1989)

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McKinley, G. 2000. "Hermissenda crassicornis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Hermissenda_crassicornis.html
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Gena McKinley, Southwestern University
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Distribution ( الإنجليزية )

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Hermissenda crassicornis are commonly found in areas of the West Coast of North America from Kodiak Island, Alaska to Baja California, Mexico. They are benthic organisms that can be found crawling on rocks, seaweed, and various other substrates on the ocean floor.

(Meinkoth 1981)

Biogeographic Regions: nearctic (Native )

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McKinley, G. 2000. "Hermissenda crassicornis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Hermissenda_crassicornis.html
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Trophic Strategy ( الإنجليزية )

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Hermissenda crassicornis feed on a wide variety of animals, such as hydroids, sponges, corals, and many other types of invertebrates. In some instances, they can become cannibalistic, eating other nudibranchs. The H. crassicornis will fight each other, struggling to bite chunks of tissue from each other.

Studies have been done that indicated that H. crassicornis locates its food by chemotaxis. This study also looked at the most profitable food items for H. crassicornis The feeding experiments demonstrated that a diet of Turbularia resulted in a higher growth rate in the H. crassicornis than any of the other organisms used in the experiments, such as Ciona viscera or mussels. These last two organisms are most likely used for maintenance diets.

(Tyndale, et al 1994)

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McKinley, G. 2000. "Hermissenda crassicornis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Hermissenda_crassicornis.html
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Benefits ( الإنجليزية )

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Hermissenda crassicornis is a great subject for study on the cellular level. H. crassicornis has been used as a biomedical research model for many physiological properties, such as learning and memory studies. It has also been used as a model for lead toxicity studies. In these studies, lead significantly reduced the ability for H. crassicornis to undergo associative conditioning and effected the ability for H. crassicornis to aquire associative learning. The behavioral studies can be related to identifiable cells in the ganglia of the head.

(Tyndale, et al 1994, Kuzirian, et al 1996)

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McKinley, G. 2000. "Hermissenda crassicornis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Hermissenda_crassicornis.html
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Gena McKinley, Southwestern University
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Stephanie Fabritius, Southwestern University
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Reproduction ( الإنجليزية )

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Hermissenda crassicornis is a hermaphrodite, possessing both male and female organs. Self-fertilization is a very rare occurance among the H. crassicornis. Most mate, and then lay their eggs near their food source. The H. crassicornis can lay a wide range of eggs on a strand, containing from a few to a million. The maturation of the egg is highly influenced by temperature and can take as little as 5 days or as long as 50 days. The development of the egg is most favorable in warm temperatures. The egg develops into a larval stage called a veliger that floats around on the ocean floor until environmental conditions cause the veliger to settle and develop into adult form.

Recent experiments have determined that the H. crassicornis produce long-term planktotrophic velliger larva. They are unable to metamorphosize for at least three weeks. The best time for inducing metamorphosis is at approximately day 41 to 50 in an egg mass. This varies, however, within the different egg masses. Studies show that this is most likely due to the gradual aquisition of metamorphic competence.

(Avila 1998, Nordin 1996)

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McKinley, G. 2000. "Hermissenda crassicornis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Hermissenda_crassicornis.html
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Gena McKinley, Southwestern University
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Stephanie Fabritius, Southwestern University
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Habitat ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Invertebrates of the Salish Sea
Depth Range: Low intertidal zone, subtidal to 35m
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Distribution ( الإنجليزية )

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Geographical Range: Sitka to Puertecitos, more abundant in center of range.
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Comprehensive Description ( الإنجليزية )

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Biology/Natural History: It is one of the most abundant nudibranchs in Califonia. It eats hydroids, but the diet also includes small sea anemones, bryozoans, colonial ascidians, annelids, small crustacea, tiny clams, dead animals of any sort. Will eat other Hermissenda. In the Puget Sound, Hermissenda is the main predator of the sea pen Ptilosarcus gurneyi. Mating animals are most often found in southern California in winter, but are found year around in the Puget Sound. The egg string resembles linked pink sausages. They are commonly attached to algae and to blades of eelgrass. Each egg case usually contains one egg, but can contain up to four. Many studies have been carried out on Hermissenda, but the main area of focus is the eye. It has five cells, each about 75 um in diameter, which are large enough to receive a recording electrode. Within the cells it is suspected of containing symbiotic fungi. Hermissenda is an aggressive creature. When two individuals encounter fights will break out, which involves lunging and biting. Encounters most likely to induce a fight are those of mutual head on contact. The individual whose head is closest to the others tail or side will usually get the first bite in, this also means that they usually come out the winner. The copepod Hemicyclops thysanotus is often found adhering to the dorsal surface of Hermissenda. The nudibranch Phidiana hiltoni may attack this nudibranch
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Comprehensive Description ( الإنجليزية )

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As with other members of suborder Aeolidacea, this species has an anus on the right side, on a conspicuous papilla on the anterior half of the dorsum. The dorsum has numerous outgrowths besides the rhinophores, usually arranged in transverse rows. The clavus of the rhinophores cannot be retracted into a sheath. Hermissenda crassicornis has cerata without a sail-like ridge on the posterior side. None of the cerata are anterior to the rhinophores. The anterolateral margins of the foot are elongated into prominent "pedal tentacles". A mid-dorsal orange band begins just anterior to the rhinophores on the dorsum and passes back at least to the region of the first cerata. This band is usually bordered by a broad, opaque white or luminescent light blue band which begins on the oral tentacles and continues back to the tip of the tail. The distal parts of the cerata are orange, with white at the tip. Body to about 80 mm long, easily recognized when juvenile states due to presence of orange areas on back borderd by bright light-blue lines. Note in the photos below that some have smooth-appearing rhinophores while in others the rhinophores appear annulate.
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Habitat ( الإنجليزية )

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Common in spring and summer, varied habitats, usually found in rocky pools, marina floats, pilings, and mud flats.
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Hermissenda crassicornis ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من wikipedia EN

Hermissenda crassicornis, also known as the opalescent nudibranch or thick-horned nudibranch, is a species of brightly coloured, sea slug or nudibranch, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Facelinidae.[1]

Distribution

This nudibranch lives from Kodiak Island, Alaska, to Northern California. It is replaced by Hermissenda opalescens to the south of Northern California.[2]

Description

The species grows to be about 50 mm, or about 2 inches. The colour of this nudibranch varies from one locality to another, but it is always easily recognizable by the orange stripe along its head area as well as the white stripes on the cerata and those running down the mantle.[3][4]

Ecology

Diet

This nudibranch prefers to feed on tunicates (such as ascidians), but overall has a diverse diet, also consuming hydroids, anthozoans, crustaceans, other nudibranchs, dead animals, and the polyps of jellyfish (theoretically, they may also consume stranded adult jellyfish too, if accessible). One study theorizes that H. crassicornis feeds only minimally on cnidarians (such as hydroids) either just to obtain defensive nematocysts in complement to their main diet, or because cnidarians are simply too toxic to consume in large quantities. [5] It sometimes attacks other nudibranchs, and will even eat smaller specimens of its own species.

Habitat

This species is found in various habitats, including the intertidal zone of rocky shores, but also in bays and estuaries.

References

  1. ^ Rosenberg, G. (2011). Hermissenda crassicornis (Eschscholtz, 1831). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species on 2012-06-03
  2. ^ Lindsay, Tabitha; Valdés, Ángel (2016). "The Model Organism Hermissenda crassicornis (Gastropoda: Heterobranchia) is a Species Complex". PLOS ONE. 11 (4): e0154265. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1154265L. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0154265. PMC 4841509. PMID 27105319.
  3. ^ Thomas, C. (4 April 2007). "Colour variation in Hermissenda crassicornis". Sea Slug Forum. Sydney: Australian Museum.
  4. ^ Wall, Karolle (25 July 2015). "Thick-Horned Nudibranch, Hermissenda Crassicornus". Marine Life et Cetera. Retrieved 18 May 2023.
  5. ^ Megina, Cesar; Gosliner, Terrence; Cervera, Juan Lucas (2007). "The use of trophic resources by a generalist eolid nudibranch: Hermissenda crassicornis (Mollusca: Gastropoda)". Cahiers de biologie marine. 48: 1–7 – via ResearchGate.
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Hermissenda crassicornis: Brief Summary ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من wikipedia EN

Hermissenda crassicornis, also known as the opalescent nudibranch or thick-horned nudibranch, is a species of brightly coloured, sea slug or nudibranch, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Facelinidae.

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Hermissenda crassicornis ( الفرنسية )

المقدمة من wikipedia FR

Hermissenda crassicornis est une espèce de mollusques de la classe des gastéropodes, la seule espèce du genre Hermissenda.

Description

C'est un petit nudibranche éolidien mesurant entre 3 et 5cm, avec une silhouette effilée vers une longue queue pointue. Son corps est le plus souvent d'un blanc transparent émargé de bleu iridescent, sur lequel se détachent bien les couleurs de ses différents appendices. Les nombreux cérates dorsaux (appendices servant à la respiration et à la digestion) sont vivement colorés, et peuvent être rouges, bruns, violets ou orangés, avec la pointe très colorée (généralement jaune orangé). Ils sont généralement réunis en grappes, et laissent souvent voir par transparence les prolongements de l'appareil hépato-digestif qui s'y terminent, de couleur généralement pourpre, ainsi qu'en période de ponte les boules formées par les glandes génitales situées à la base des cérates. Le dos est parfois orné d'un motif bleu luminescent. La tête, de la même couleur que le corps, est bien marquée, et présente des rhinophores (appendices sensoriels) d'un blanc laiteux séparés par une bande jaune vif, et de longs tentacules buccaux de la même couleur que le corps et parcourus par un trait blanc très lumineux.

Habitat et répartition

On trouve ces nudibranches sur les côtes Est du Pacifique, de l'Alaska au Mexique. Elle vit entre la surface et quelques dizaines de mètres de profondeur (y compris dans la zone intertidale). On en trouve sur fonds rocheux dans une grande diversité de biotopes, et jusque dans les estuaires.

Utilisation scientifique

H. crassicornis est parfois utilisée comme espèce modèle en laboratoire. Elle a par exemple été utilisée pour montrer qu'un neurotoxique comme le plomb (facteur de saturnisme chez l'homme et chez l'animal) affectait aussi la capacité d'apprentissage d'animaux dont le système nerveux est plus « primitif »[1].

Notes et références

  1. Kuzirian, A.M., F.M. Child, H.T. Epstein (1996), Lead affects learning by Hermissenda crassicornis. Biological Bulletin 191:260-261

Voir aussi

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Hermissenda crassicornis: Brief Summary ( الفرنسية )

المقدمة من wikipedia FR

Hermissenda crassicornis est une espèce de mollusques de la classe des gastéropodes, la seule espèce du genre Hermissenda.

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Hermissenda crassicornis ( الإيطالية )

المقدمة من wikipedia IT

Hermissenda crassicornis (Eschscholtz, 1831) è un mollusco nudibranchio della famiglia Myrrhinidae.[1]

Note

  1. ^ (EN) MolluscaBase eds. 2020, Hermissenda crassicornis (Eschscholtz, 1831), in WoRMS (World Register of Marine Species). URL consultato il 23/7/2020.

Bibliografia

 title=
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Hermissenda crassicornis: Brief Summary ( الإيطالية )

المقدمة من wikipedia IT

Hermissenda crassicornis (Eschscholtz, 1831) è un mollusco nudibranchio della famiglia Myrrhinidae.

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Hermissenda crassicornis ( البلجيكية الهولندية )

المقدمة من wikipedia NL

Hermissenda crassicornis is een slakkensoort uit de familie van de Facelinidae.[1] De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1831 door Eschscholtz.

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
  1. Rosenberg, G. (2012). Hermissenda crassicornis (Eschscholtz, 1831). Geraadpleegd via: World Register of Marine Species op http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=367883
Geplaatst op:
09-03-2013
Dit artikel is een beginnetje over biologie. U wordt uitgenodigd om op bewerken te klikken om uw kennis aan dit artikel toe te voegen. Beginnetje
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エムラミノウミウシ ( اليابانية )

المقدمة من wikipedia 日本語
エムラミノウミウシ Nudi from tidepool.jpg 分類 : 動物界 Animalia : 軟体動物門 Mollusca : 腹足綱 Gastropoda 亜綱 : 直腹足亜綱 Orthogastropoda 上目 : 異鰓上目 Heterobranchia : 後鰓目 Opisthobranchia 亜目 : 裸鰓亜目 Nudibranchia 上科 : オオミノウミウシ上科 Aeolidioidea : アオミノウミウシ科 Glaucidae : エムラミノウミウシ属 Hermissenda : H. crassicornis 学名 Hermissenda crassicornis (Eschscholtz, 1831) 英名 opalescent sea slug

エムラミノウミウシ学名: Hermissenda crassicornis)は、アオミノウミウシ科の小さく鮮やかな色をしたウミウシ(海生腹足類軟体動物)の一種である。

特徴[編集]

本種はおよそ50 mmに成長する。色は場所によって差異があるが、背中に沿ったオレンジの縞で常に容易に見分けがつく。

分布[編集]

このウミウシは北はアラスカコディアック島から南はメキシコのプンタ・エウヘニアにまで生息している。本種はカリフォルニア湾バイア・デ・ロス・アンヘレス英語版日本でも観察されている[1]

日本においては北海道から本州沿岸に知られるが、伊豆半島以南ではきわめて希で、日本海側や東北以北では普通にみられる[2]

生息地[編集]

エムラミノウミウシは、磯の潮間帯や入江、三角江を含む様々な生息地で見ることができる。

 src=
中央カリフォルニア潮だまり中の5匹のエムラミノウミウシ

生活習性[編集]

エムラミノウミウシは、クラゲ期のヒドロ虫ホヤおよびイソギンチャクといったその他の海洋動物を餌とする。他のウミウシを攻撃することもあり、同種のより小さな個体を捕食することもある。

ギャラリー[編集]

  • Hermissenda crassicornis2.JPG
  • Hermissenda crassicornis.JPG
  • Hermissenda crassicornis3.JPG
  • Nudibranch on the Yukon.png

脚注[編集]

  1. ^ Hermissenda crassicornis”. The Slugsite (2012年2月14日閲覧。
  2. ^ 中野里枝 『本州のウミウシ - 北海道から奄美大島まで』 ラトルズ、ISBN 978-4899770763。

推薦文献[編集]

  • Behrens David W. (1980). Pacific Coast Nudibranchs: a guide to the opisthobranchs of the northeastern Pacific. California: Sea Challenger Books. ISBN 978-0930118051.

外部リンク[編集]

 src= ウィキメディア・コモンズには、エムラミノウミウシに関連するカテゴリがあります。
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エムラミノウミウシ: Brief Summary ( اليابانية )

المقدمة من wikipedia 日本語

エムラミノウミウシ(学名: Hermissenda crassicornis)は、アオミノウミウシ科の小さく鮮やかな色をしたウミウシ(海生腹足類軟体動物)の一種である。

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