كوراونغ أبقع

Strepera graculina^[1] a zo ur spesad golvaneged eus ar c'herentiad Artamidae.

Anvet e voe Corvus Graculinus (kentanv) da gentañ-penn (e 1790) gant ar skiantour saoz George Shaw (1751-1813).

Doareoù pennañ

Strepera graculina nebulosa, luc'hskeudennet e Swifts Creek (Victoria, Aostralia).

Boued

Hollzebrer eo laboused ar spesad.

Annez hag isspesadoù

██ Tiriad Strepera graculina.

Ar spesad a gaver ar c'hwec'h isspesad anezhañ^[2] en Aostralia :

• (†) Strepera graculina ashbyi, e mervent Victoria (gevred Aostralia),
• S. g. crissalis, en Enez Lord Howe (er reter da Aostralia),
• S. g. graculina, e reter Aostralia,
• S. g. magnirostris, e Kab York (biz Aostralia),
• S. g. nebulosa, e kreisteiz Sukembre-Nevez ha reter Victoria (gevred Aostralia),
• S. g. robinsoni, e biz Queensland (biz Aostralia).

Liammoù diavaez

• (en) Strepera graculina war al lec'hienn BirdLife International.
• (en) Strepera graculina war lec'hienn an International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).

Notennoù ha daveennoù

El carnisser graller^[1] (Strepera graculina) és un ocell de la família dels cractícids (Cracticidae) propi d'Austràlia oriental.

Descripció

• Fa uns 44 - 50 cm de llarg i uns 320 g de pes. Ulls grocs. Bec una vegada i mitja més llarg que el cap.
• És un ocell negre amb taca blanca a l'ala. Parts inferiors barrades, més notori a l'abdomen. Cobertores caudals inferiors blanques. Cua negra acabada en blanc.

Hàbitat i distribució

Habita boscos, terres de conreu i ciutats d'Austràlia oriental, des del nord i est de Queensland cap al sud a través de l'est de Nova Gal·les del Sud fins al sud de Victòria i l'extrem sud-est d'Austràlia Meridional, i a l'illa de Lord Howe.

Referències

A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Carnisser graller

Aderyn a rhywogaeth o adar yw Clochbioden fraith (sy'n enw benywaidd; enw lluosog: clochbiod brithion) a adnabyddir hefyd gyda'i enw gwyddonol Strepera graculina; yr enw Saesneg arno yw Pied currawong. Mae'n perthyn i deulu'r Cigfachwyr (Lladin: Cracticidae) sydd yn urdd y Passeriformes.^[1]

Talfyrir yr enw Lladin yn aml yn S. graculina, sef enw'r rhywogaeth.^[2] Mae'r rhywogaeth hon i'w chanfod yn Awstralia.

Teulu

Mae'r clochbioden fraith yn perthyn i deulu'r Cigfachwyr (Lladin: Cracticidae). Dyma rai o aelodau eraill y teulu:

Rhestr Wicidata:

rhywogaeth enw tacson delwedd Cigfachwr cefnddu Cracticus mentalis Cigfachwr gyddfddu Cracticus nigrogularis Cigfachwr llwyd Cracticus torquatus Cigfachwr penddu Cracticus cassicus Cigfachwr tinwyn Cracticus louisiadensis Clochbioden ddu Strepera fuliginosa Clochbioden fraith Strepera graculina Clochbioden gefnddu Gymnorhina tibicen Clochbioden lwyd Strepera versicolor Tarianbig yr iseldir Peltops blainvillii Tarianbig yr ucheldir Peltops montanus

Gweler hefyd

• Rhestr Goch yr IUCN

Cyfeiriadau

Flétňák stračí (Strepera graculina) je pták z řádu pěvců, který žije na východě Austrálie a na ostrově Lorda Howa. Je blízký příbuzný flétňáka australského. Je podobný vráně a veliký okolo 48 centimetrů. Patří mezi všežravce, živí se bobulemi, semínky, bezobratlými i ptačími vejci.

Reference

1. ↑ Červený seznam IUCN 2018.1. 5. července 2018. Dostupné online. [cit. 2018-08-10]

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Der Weißbürzel-Krähenstar (Strepera graculina), früher als Dickschnabel-Würgerkrähe bezeichnet, ist ein australischer Singvogel aus der Familie der Schwalbenstarverwandten.

Merkmale

Der 50 cm lange Weißbürzel-Krähenstar ist ein vorwiegend schwarzer Vogel mit weißem Halbmond auf den Flügeln und weißer Schwanzbasis und -spitze. Die Iris ist gelb.

Sein Ruf ist ein lautes „karrawong“, was ihm den einheimischen Trivialnamen currawong eingebracht hat.

Vorkommen

Der Weißbürzel-Krähenstar lebt in lichten Wäldern, Busch, Feldern und Stadträndern im Osten Australiens. Im Norden des Verbreitungsgebietes ist er ein Standvogel; im Süden wandert er zwischen höher gelegenen und tieferen Regionen hin und her.

Verhalten

Außerhalb der Brutzeit lebt der Weißbürzel-Krähenstar in großen Schwärmen. Die Vögel sind dann gelegentlich mit Gelbnacken-Laubenvögeln und Seidenlaubenvögeln vergesellschaftet.^[1]

Zur Nahrung des Weißbürzel-Krähenstars gehören Aas, kleine Wirbeltiere, Vogeleier, Insekten und Beeren. Der Vogel spießt Beute auf Dornen auf oder lagert sie in Spalten und Astgabeln.

Fortpflanzung

Das Weibchen brütet zwischen Juli und Januar in einem schalenförmigen Nest in einer Astgabel drei Eier etwa drei Wochen lang aus. Mit drei Wochen werden die Jungvögel flügge.

Literatur

• Colin Harrison & Alan Greensmith: Vögel. Dorling Kindersly Limited, London 1993, 2000, ISBN 3-8310-0785-3.
• Bryan Richard: Vögel. Parragon, Bath, ISBN 1-4054-5506-3.

Einzelbelege

1. ↑ Clifford B. Frith, Dawn. W. Frith: The Bowerbirds – Ptilonorhynchidae. Oxford University Press, Oxford 2004, ISBN 0-19-854844-3, S. 365.

Kurrawong (Strepera graculina) , cureyekî fîkarên bera ku li rojavayê Awistralya û girava Lord Howeyê tê dîtin. Yek ji sê cureyên kurrawongan dikeve di bin cinsê Strepera.

Şayes û reftar

Ji şeş bin cure hate nasîn ku rû demên wî rengê mûyê reş e, binê dûvikên spî ye, ser baskan dîsa sipî û navîna çav zer e û nikula wî girs e. Nêr û mê wek hev xûya ye di şêwe an formê de û bi dengên mûzîkî ev balinde tê nasîn û navê wî ji zimanên netewiya miletên awistralî yên orîjînalan hate diyar kirin.

Çavkanî

The pied currawong (Strepera graculina) is a black passerine bird native to eastern Australia and Lord Howe Island. One of three currawong species in the genus Strepera, it is closely related to the butcherbirds and Australian magpie of the family Artamidae. Six subspecies are recognised. It is a robust crowlike bird averaging around 48 cm (19 in) in length, black or sooty grey-black in plumage with white undertail and wing patches, yellow irises, and a heavy bill. The male and female are similar in appearance. Known for its melodious calls, the species' name currawong is believed to be of indigenous origin.

Within its range, the pied currawong is generally sedentary, although populations at higher altitudes relocate to lower areas during the cooler months. It is omnivorous, with a diet that includes a wide variety of berries and seeds, invertebrates, bird eggs, juvenile birds and young marsupials. It is a predator which has adapted well to urbanization and can be found in parks and gardens as well as rural woodland. The habitat includes every kind of forested area, although mature forests are preferred for breeding. Roosting, nesting and the bulk of foraging take place in trees, in contrast with the ground-foraging behaviour of its relative, the Australian magpie.

Taxonomy

The pied currawong's binomial names were derived from the Latin strepera, meaning "noisy", and graculina for resembling a jackdaw.^[10]

It was first described by English ornithologist George Shaw in John White's 1790 book, Journal of a Voyage to New South Wales, as the "white-vented crow", with Latin name Corvus graculinus.^[2]

Also published in 1790, John Latham introduced the name Coracias strepera, classifying it with the rollers.^[3] The specific epithet strepera (or its masculine form, streperus) was used by several subsequent authors including Leach, Vieillot, Shaw, Temminck, and Gould, in genera Corvus (crows), Cracticus,^[7] Gracula (grackles),^[4] Barita,^[5] and Coronica.^[11]

René Lesson defined Strepera as a sub-genus of crows in 1831.^[6] John Gould described a second species, the black currawong of Tasmania, in 1836,^[12] and the next year created genus Coronica for both species.^[8] George Robert Gray adopted Lesson's name Strepera at the genus level and introduced the combination Strepera graculina in 1840.^[9][13]

Pied crow-shrike is an old vernacular name from colonial days,^[11][14] and the term "pied" refers to two or more colors in blotches. Other common names include pied chillawong, currawang, charawack, kurrawack, tallawong, tullawong, mutton-bird, Otway forester, and pied afternoon-tea bird. The onomatopoeic term currawong itself is derived from the bird's call.^[15] However, the exact origin of the term is unclear; the most likely antecedent is the word garrawaŋ from the indigenous Jagera language from the Brisbane region, although the Darug word gurawaruŋ from the Sydney basin is a possibility.^[16] Yungang as well as Kurrawang and Kurrawah are names from the Tharawal people of the Illawarra region.^[17]

French ornithologists such as Daudin, Lesson, and Vieillot called it the réveilleur,^{[11][18][6][7]} meaning 'alarm clock' or 'wake-up caller'.

Its closest relative is the black currawong (S. fuliginosa) of Tasmania, which has sometimes been considered a subspecies.^[19] Together with the larger grey currawong (S. versicolor), they form the genus Strepera.^[20] Although crow-like in appearance and habits, currawongs are only distantly related to true crows, and instead belong to the family Artamidae, together with the closely related Australian magpie and the butcherbirds. The affinities of all three genera were recognised early on and they were placed in the family Cracticidae in 1914 by ornithologist John Albert Leach after he had studied their musculature.^[21] Ornithologists Charles Sibley and Jon Ahlquist recognised the close relationship between woodswallows and butcherbirds in 1985, and combined them into a Cracticini clade,^[22] which became the family Artamidae.^[20]

Subspecies

Six subspecies are currently recognised, characterised principally by differences in size and plumage. There is a steady change to the birds' morphology and size the further south they are encountered, with lighter and more greyish plumage, larger body size, and a shorter bill. Southerly populations also show more white plumage in the tail, with less whiteness on the wing.^[19]

• Strepera graculina graculina is the nominate form, found from the Sydney region north to the Burdekin River in northern Queensland.
• Strepera graculina ashbyi, (critically endangered),^[23] the western Victorian pied currawong, was described by Australian amateur ornithologist Gregory Mathews in 1913.^[24] It is threatened by hybridization with the neighbouring subspecies nebulosa whose range is expanding westwards.^[25] A 2000 estimate placed the number of breeding birds at around 250. It resembles subspecies nebulosa, with sooty plumage, a long tail and a short bill.^[26] There is some doubt over whether ashbyi, which is little known, is a distinct subspecies or a colour morph of nebulosa. It is thought to have evolved after the two populations became separated by basalt plains in western Victoria, with the return of trees after the abandonment of regular Aboriginal burning in the late 18th century contributing to the remixing of populations. Hybrid forms have been identified in the Grampians and Yarra Valley.^[23] Further investigation in 2017 by Peter Menkhorst and Craig Morley established that the type specimen was an immature bird and that its collection point and characteristics placed it within subspecies nebulosa. They also observed there is a population that is abundant (rather than endangered) in the Otway Ranges that has a smaller speculum (wingpatch) than nebulosa and that Mathews had mistaken this for a subspecies of grey currawong, naming it Neostrepera versicolor riordani.^[27] They proposed renaming S. g. nebulosa to S. g. ashbyi and the other population as S. g. riordani.^[28]
• Strepera graculina crissalis, (vulnerable)^[29] the Lord Howe currawong was described by English naturalist Richard Bowdler Sharpe in 1877.^[30] It appears to have adapted well to human habitation on Lord Howe Island, though the population is small overall, somewhere around 70–80 birds.^[31] Although regarded as a subspecies, it has yet to be studied with molecular DNA techniques, which may lead to it being reclassified as a separate species.^[32]

• Strepera graculina magnirostris is found on the Cape York Peninsula to the Normanby River in northern Queensland. First described by Henry Lake White in 1923,^[33] it has a longer and heavier bill and shorter tail than the nominate subspecies. It has been little studied to date.^[26]
• Strepera graculina robinsoni is found on the Atherton Tableland in northeastern Queensland. First described by Gregory Mathews in 1912,^[34] it is combined with magnirostris by some authors. Little researched, it appears to be smaller than other subspecies.^[26]
• Strepera graculina nebulosa, found in southeastern New South Wales, the Australian Capital Territory and central Victoria, is very similar to the nominate subspecies but has a shorter bill, longer tail and larger wing. Its upperparts are sooty black, a little paler than the nominate subspecies, and underparts sooty black to slate-grey. The white patch on the primary flight feathers is also smaller.^[19] It was first defined in 1999 by ornithologists and bird taxonomists Richard Schodde and Ian Mason.^[35] There is a hybrid zone with subspecies graculina in southern and central New South Wales, from Eden north to the Illawarra region and stretching northwest to the Blue Mountains.^[26]

Description

The pied currawong is generally a black bird with white in the wing, undertail coverts, the base of the tail and most visibly, the tip of the tail. It has yellow eyes. Adult birds are 44–50 cm (17–20 in) in length, with an average of around 48 cm (19 in); the wingspan varies from 56 to 77 cm (22 to 30 in), averaging around 69 cm (27 in). Adult males average around 320 g (11 oz), females 280 g (10 oz).^[15] The wings are long and broad. The long and heavy bill is about one and a half times as long as the head and is hooked at the end.^[36] Juvenile birds have similar markings to adults but have softer and brownish plumage overall, although the white band on the tail is narrower. The upperparts are darker brown with scallops and streaks over the head and neck, and the underparts lighter brown. The eyes are dark brown and the bill dark with a yellow tip. The gape is a prominent yellow.^[15] Older birds grow darker until adult plumage is achieved, but juvenile tail markings only change to adult late in development.^[15] Birds appear to moult once a year in late summer after breeding.^[15] The pied currawong can live for over 20 years in the wild.^[37]

Voice

Pied currawongs are vocal birds, calling when in flight and at all times of the day. They are noisier early in the morning and in the evening before roosting, as well as before rain.^[38] The loud distinctive call has been translated as Kadow-Kadang or Curra-wong, akin to a croak. They also have a loud, high-pitched, wolf-like whistle, transcribed as Wheeo.^[39] The endemic Lord Howe Island subspecies has a distinct, more melodious call.

Similar species

The smaller white-winged chough has similar plumage but has red eyes and is found mainly on the ground. Australian crow and raven species have white eyes and lack the white rump, and the similar-sized Australian magpie has red eyes and prominent black and white plumage.^[38] The larger grey currawong is readily distinguished by its lighter grey overall plumage and lack of white feathers at the base of the tail.^[40] In northwestern Victoria, the black-winged currawong (subspecies melanoptera of the grey) does have a darker plumage than other grey subspecies, but its wings lack the white primaries of the pied currawong.^[38]

Distribution and habitat

The pied currawong is common in both wet and dry sclerophyll forests, rural and semi-urban environments throughout eastern Australia, from Cape York Peninsula to western Victoria and Lord Howe Island, where it occurs as an endemic subspecies. It has more recently become prevalent in South-East South Australia, in and around Mount Gambier. It has adapted well to European presence, and has become more common in many areas of eastern Australia, with surveys in Nanango, Queensland, Barham, New South Wales, Geelong, Victoria, as well as the Northern Tablelands and South West Slopes regions in New South Wales, all showing an increase in population. This increase has been most marked, however, in Sydney and Canberra since the 1940s and 1960s, respectively. In both cities, the species had previously been a winter resident only, but now remains year-round and breeds there.^[25] They are a dominant species and common inhabitant of Sydney gardens.^[41]

In general, the pied currawong is sedentary, although some populations from higher altitudes move to areas of lower elevation in winter.^[38] However, evidence for the extent of migration is conflicting, and the species' movements have been little studied to date.^[42] More recently still, a survey of the population of pied currawongs in southeastern Queensland between 1980 and 2000 had found the species had become more numerous there, including suburban Brisbane.^[43] One 1992 survey reported the total number of pied currawongs in Australia had doubled from three million birds in the 1960s to six million in the early 1990s.^[25]

The pied currawong is able to cross bodies of water of some size, as it has been recorded from Rodondo Island, which lies 10 km (6.2 mi) off the coast of Wilsons Promontory in Victoria, as well as some offshore islands in Queensland.^[42] It has disappeared from Tryon, North West, Masthead and Heron Islands in the Capricorn Group on the Great Barrier Reef.^[44][45] The presence of the Lord Howe subspecies is possibly the result of a chance landing there.^[32]

The pied currawong's impact on smaller birds that are vulnerable to nest predation is controversial: several studies have suggested that the species has become a serious problem, but the truth of this widely held perception was queried in a 2001 review of the published literature on their foraging habits by Bayly and Blumstein of Macquarie University, who observed that common introduced birds were more affected than native birds.^[46] However, predation by pied currawongs has been a factor in the decline of Gould's petrel at a colony on Cabbage Tree Island, near Port Stephens in New South Wales; currawongs have been reported preying on adult seabirds. Their removal from the islands halted a decline of the threatened petrels.^[47] Furthermore, a University of New England study published in 2006 reported that the breeding success rates for the eastern yellow robin (Eopsaltria australis) and scarlet robin (Petroica boodang) on the New England Tablelands were improved after nests were protected and currawongs culled, and some yellow robins even re-colonised an area where they had become locally extinct.^[48] The presence of pied currawongs in Sydney gardens is negatively correlated with the presence of silvereyes (Zosterops lateralis).^[41]

The species has been implicated in the spread of weeds by consuming and dispersing fruit and seed.^[49] In the first half of the twentieth century, pied currawongs were shot as they were considered pests of corn and strawberry crops, as well as assisting in the spread of the prickly pear. They were also shot on Lord Howe Island for attacking chickens. However, they are seen as beneficial in forestry as they consume phasmids, and also in agriculture for eating cocoons of the codling moth.^[15]

Behaviour

Pied currawongs are generally tree-dwelling, hunting and foraging some metres above the ground, and thus able to share territory with the ground-foraging Australian magpie. Birds roost in forested areas or large trees at night, disperse to forage in the early morning and return in the late afternoon.^[50] Although often solitary or encountered in small groups, the species may form larger flocks of fifty or more birds in autumn and winter. On the ground, a pied currawong hops or struts.^[38]

During the breeding season, pied currawongs will pair up and become territorial, defending both nesting and feeding areas. A 1994 study in Sydney's leafy northern suburbs measured an average distance of 250 m (820 ft) between nests,^[51] while another in Canberra in 1990 had three pairs in a 400 m (1,300 ft) segment of pine-tree lined street.^[52] Territories have been measured around 0.5–0.7 ha in Sydney and Wollongong, although these were restricted to nesting areas and did not include a larger feeding territory, and 7.9 ha in Canberra.^[50] Pied currawongs vigorously drive off threats such as ravens, and engage in bill-snapping, dive-bombing and aerial pursuit. They adopt a specific threat display against other currawongs by lowering the head so the head and body are parallel to the ground and pointing the beak out forward, often directly at the intruder.^[53] The male predominates in threat displays and territorial defence, and guards the female closely as she builds the nest.^[54]

Flocks of birds appear to engage in play; one routine involves a bird perching atop a tall tree, pole or spire, and others swooping, tumbling or diving and attempting to dislodge it. A successful challenger is then challenged in its turn by other birds in the flock.^[50]

The pied currawong bathes by wading into water up to 15 cm (5.9 in) deep, squatting down, ducking its head under, and shaking its wings. It preens its plumage afterwards, sometimes applying mud or soil first. The species has also been observed anting.^[54]

Breeding

Although found in many types of woodland, the pied currawong prefers to breed in mature forests.^[38] It builds a nest of thin sticks lined with grass and bark high in trees in spring; generally eucalypts are chosen and never isolated ones. It produces a clutch of three eggs; they are a light pinkish-brown colour (likened by one author to that of silly putty) with splotches of darker pink-brown and lavender. Tapered oval in shape, they measure about 30 mm × 42 mm (1.2 in × 1.7 in).^[55] The female broods alone.^[56] The incubation period is not well known, due to the difficulty of observing nests, but observations indicate around 30 days from laying to hatching. Like all passerines, the chicks are born naked, and blind (altricial), and remain in the nest for an extended period (nidicolous) They quickly grow a layer of ashy-grey down. Both parents feed the young, although the male does not begin to feed them directly until a few days after birth.^[56]

The channel-billed cuckoo (Scythrops novaehollandiae) parasitizes pied currawong nests, laying eggs which are then raised by the unsuspecting foster parents.^[57] The eggs closely resemble those of the currawong hosts. Pied currawongs have been known to desert nests once cuckoos have visited, abandoning the existing currawong young, which die,^[51] and a channel-billed cuckoo has been recorded decapitating a currawong nestling.^[53] The brown goshawk (Accipiter fasciatus) and lace monitor (Varanus varius) have also been recorded taking nestlings.^[58]

Feeding

The pied currawong is an omnivorous and opportunistic feeder, eating fruit and berries as well as preying on many invertebrates, and smaller vertebrates, mostly juvenile birds and bird eggs, although they may take healthy adult birds up to the size of a crested pigeon on occasion. Currawongs will hunt in trees, snatching birds and eggs from nests, as well as insects and berries from trees. They also hunt in the air and on the ground.^[37] Insects predominate in the diet during summer months, and fruit during the winter. They will often scavenge, eating scraps and rubbish and can be quite bold when seeking food from people, lingering around picnic areas and bird-feeding trays.^[59] Beetles and ants are the most common types of insects consumed. Pied currawongs have been recorded taking mice, as well as chickens and turkeys from farms.^[60] The pied currawong consumes fruit, including a wide variety of figs, such as the Moreton Bay (Ficus macrophylla), Port Jackson (F. rubiginosa), Banyan (F. virens) and Strangler fig (F. watkinsiana),^[61] as well as lillypillies (Syzygium species), white cedar (Melia azedarach), plum pine (Podocarpus elatus), and geebungs (Persoonia species). Other fruit is also sought after, and currawongs have been known to raid orchards, eating apples, pears, strawberries, grapes, stone fruit, citrus, and corn.^[49] Pied currawongs have been responsible for the spread of the invasive ornamental Asparagus aethiopicus (often called A. densiflorus) in the Sydney area,^[62] the weedy privet species Ligustrum lucidum and L. sinense, and firethorn species Pyracantha angustifolia and P. rogersiana around Armidale.^[49]

Birds forage singly or in pairs in summer, and more often in larger flocks in autumn and winter, during which time they are more likely to loiter around people and urban areas.^[59] They occasionally associate with Australian magpies (Gymnorhina tibicen) or common starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) when foraging.^[60] Birds have also been encountered with grey currawongs (S. versicolor) and satin bowerbirds (Ptilinorhynchus violaceus).^[38] The species has been reported stealing food from other birds such as the Australian hobby (Falco longipennis),^[63] collared sparrowhawk (Accipiter cirrocephalus), and sulphur-crested cockatoo (Cacatua galerita).^[64] Pied currawongs will also harass each other.^[49] A 2007 study conducted by researchers from the Australian National University showed that white-browed scrubwren (Sericornis frontalis) nestlings became silent when they heard the recorded sound of a pied currawong walking through leaf litter.^[65]

Conservation status

The range size criterion does not apply to this species because it has such a large range. As a result, it does not approach the vulnerable thresholds. The population trend appears to be increasing and its size has not been quantified, but it does not appear to be close to the susceptible thresholds under the population size criterion (10,000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be>10 percent in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). As a result, the species is considered to be least concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature.^[1]

References

Cited texts

• Higgins, Peter Jeffrey; Peter, John M.; Cowling, S. J., eds. (2006). "Boatbill to Starlings". Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic Birds. Vol. 7. Melbourne, Victoria: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-553996-7.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pied_currawong&oldid=1154159875"

El verdugo pío (Strepera graculina)^[2]​ es una especie de ave paseriforme de la familia Artamidae nativa del este de Australia y la isla de Lord Howe. Es un ave robusta de tamaño mediano que mide unos 48 cm de largo, su plumaje es negro a gris-negro y tiene el plumaje inferior de la cola blanco y manchas blancas en las alas, su iris es amarillo, y su pico es macizo. El macho y la hembra poseen apariencias similares. Es conocido por sus llamadas melodiosas, localmente la especie es denominada currawong.

En la zona en la que habita el verdugo pío es por lo general sedentario, aunque las poblaciones que viven a altitudes elevadas durante los meses fríos se mudan a zonas de menor elevación. Es omnívoro, su dieta incluye diversas bayas y semillas, invertebrados, huevos de aves y aves juveniles. Es un depredador que se ha adaptado bien a las zonas urbanizadas y se lo puede observar en parques y jardines y en bosquecillos rurales. Su hábitat incluye todo tipo de áreas boscosas, aunque prefiere bosques maduros para reproducirse.

Referencias

Bibliografía

• Wikimedia Commons alberga una galería multimedia sobre Strepera graculina.
• Higgins, Peter Jeffrey; Peter, John M.; Cowling, SJ, ed. (2006). Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic Birds. Vol. 7: Boatbill to Starlings. Melbourne: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-553996-7.

Strepera graculina Strepera generoko animalia da. Hegaztien barruko Cracticidae familian sailkatua dago.

Erreferentziak

• World Bird Names

Ikus, gainera

• Strepera
• Cracticidae

Huilukorppi (Strepera graculina)^[2] on leijujen heimoon kuuluva varpuslintu.

Levinneisyys

Huilukorppia tavataan Australian itäosissa. Sen on kuvattu olevan runsaslukuinen, ja sen kannankehitys on nouseva. Laji on luokiteltu elinvoimaiseksi.^[1]

Lähteet

Strepera graculina

Le Grand Réveilleur (Strepera graculina) ou calibé pie, est une espèce de passereaux noirs de taille moyenne originaire de l'Est de l'Australie et de l'île de Lord Howe. Il appartient à la famille des Artamidae. C'est l'une des trois espèces du genre Strepera, étroitement apparenté au genre Cracticus de la famille des Artamidae. On en connait six sous-espèces. C'est un oiseau robuste ressemblant à un corbeau mesurant en moyenne environ 48 cm de longueur, au plumage noir ou gris foncé avec du blanc dans les plumes caudales et alaires, des iris jaunes et un bec puissant. Le mâle et la femelle sont semblables en apparence. Il est connu pour ses appels mélodieux.

Dans son territoire, le Grand Réveilleur est généralement sédentaire, même si les populations vivant en altitude descendent vers des zones plus basses pendant les mois plus froids. Il est omnivore, se nourrissant d'une grande variété de fruits et de graines, d'invertébrés, d'œufs d'oiseaux et de jeunes oiseaux. C'est un prédateur qui s'est bien adapté à l'urbanisation et qu'on trouve dans les parcs et jardins ainsi que les bois. Son habitat comprend toutes sortes de zones boisées mais il préfère les vraies forêts pour se reproduire. Il se repose, niche et cherche la majeure partie de sa nourriture dans les arbres, à la différence de la pie australienne.

Son nom latin de graculina vient de sa ressemblance avec les mainates bien que les oiseaux du genre Gracula fassent partie des Sturnidae.

Taxinomie

Le Grand Réveilleur a été décrit pour la première fois par l'ornithologue anglais Robert Shaw en 1790 sous le nom de Coracias strepera alors que strepera avait déjà été adopté comme nom de genre. Son nom scientifique vient du latin strepera signifiant « bruyant » et graculina ressemblant à un Choucas^[1].

Son plus proche parent est le Réveilleur noir (Strepera fuliginosa) de Tasmanie, qui quelquefois a été considéré comme une de ses sous-espèces^[2]. Avec le Réveilleur cendré (Strepera versicolor), ils forment le genre Strepera^[3]. Bien que ressemblant aux corbeaux par leur apparence physique et leurs mœurs, les Strepera n'ont qu'un rapport lointain avec les vrais corbeaux, et appartiennent en fait à la famille des Artamidae, avec leurs proches parents, le Cassican flûteur (Gymnorhina tibicen), et les espèces de Nouvelle-Guinée des genres Cracticus et Peltops. Les affinités de ces trois genres ont été reconnues dès le début et ils ont été placés dans la famille des Cracticidae en 1914 par l'ornithologue John Albert Leach après étude de leur musculature^[4]. Les ornithologues Charles Sibley et Jon Ahlquist ont reconnu une relation entre le genre Cracticus et le genre Artamus et les ont placés dans la famille des Artamidae.

Sous-espèces

On distingue actuellement six sous-espèces, caractérisées principalement par des différences de taille et de plumage. Il y a un changement progressif de morphologie et de taille des oiseaux en allant vers le sud, le plumage devenant plus clair et plus gris, le corps plus long, le bec plus court, les populations du sud ayant également plus de blanc dans le plumage de la queue, avec moins de blanc au niveau des ailes^[2].

D'après la classification de référence (version 5.2, 2015) du Congrès ornithologique international, cette espèce est constituée des six sous-espèces suivantes (ordre phylogénique) :

• S. g. magnirostris se trouve sur la péninsule du cap York jusqu'au fleuve Normanby dans le nord du Queensland. Initialement décrit par Henry White Lake en 1923^[5], il a une queue plus longue et un bec plus fort et plus court que la sous-espèce nominale. Il a été peu étudié à ce jour^[6].
• S. g. robinsoni se trouve sur le plateau d'Atherton, dans le nord du Queensland. Initialement décrit par Gregory Mathews en 1912^[7], il est confondu avec magnirostris par certains auteurs. Il a fait l'objet de peu de recherches et semble être plus petit que les autres sous-espèces^[6].
• Strepera graculina graculina est la sous-espèce nominale, trouvée depuis la région de Sydney jusqu'au fleuve Burdekin dans le nord du Queensland.
• S. g. crissalis, (vulnérable^[8]), a été décrite par le naturaliste anglais Richard Sharpe Bowdler en 1877^[9]. Il semble s'être bien adapté à l'homme sur l'île de Lord Howe, mais la population est faible, se situant autour de 70 à 80 oiseaux^[10]. Bien que considéré comme une sous-espèce, il n'a pas encore été étudié avec les techniques moléculaires d'ADN, ce qui peut conduire à ce qu'il soit reclassé comme une espèce distincte^[11].

• S. g. nebulosa, qui vit dans le sud-est de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, le Territoire de la capitale australienne et le centre du Victoria, est très semblable à la sous-espèce nominale, mais a un bec plus court, une queue et des ailes plus longues. Ses parties supérieures sont noir de suie, un peu plus pâle que la sous-espèce nominale, et les parties inférieures de suie noire à gris ardoise. La tache blanche sur les rémiges primaires est également plus petite^[2]. Il a d'abord été défini en 1999 par des ornithologues et taxonomistes Richard Schodde et Ian Mason^[12]. Il y a une zone d'hybridation avec la sous-espèce graculina dans le sud et le centre de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, depuis Eden jusqu'au nord de l'Illawarra et se prolongeant au nord-ouest dans les Blue Mountains^[6].
• S. g. ashbyi, (en danger critique d'extinction^[13]), qui vit dans l'Ouest du Victoria a été décrit par l'ornithologue amateur australien Gregory Mathews en 1913^[14]. Elle est menacée par l'hybridation avec la sous-espèce voisine nebulosa en pleine expansion vers l'ouest^[15]. En 2000, le nombre d'oiseaux nicheurs était estimé à environ 250 individus. Elle ressemble à la sous-espèce nebulosa, avec un plumage noir de suie, une longue queue et un bec court^[6]. Il existe des doutes quant à savoir si la sous-espèce ashbyi, qui est peu connue, est une sous-espèce distincte ou un variant de couleur de la sous-espèce nebulosa. On pense que les deux populations ont évolué isolément, séparées par des plaines de basalte de l'ouest de Victoria et que, avec le retour des arbres après l'abandon du brûlage régulier par les autochtones à la fin du xviii^e siècle, elles se sont remélangées. Les formes hybrides ont été identifiées dans la vallée du Yarra et les Grampians^[13].

Description

Il mesure 40 à 50 centimètres de long. Son plumage est noir avec du blanc au niveau des ailes et de la queue. Les yeux sont jaunes. Comme beaucoup de ses cousins, il a l'un des plus beaux chants parmi les oiseaux australiens n'étant devancé peut-être que par le pitouhi gris (Colluricincla harmonica) et les oiseaux-lyres

Répartition et habitat

C'est un oiseau courant des zones rurales et semi-urbaines de l'Australie orientale depuis le cap York jusqu'à l'ouest du Victoria et l'île de Lord Howe, où existe une sous-espèce endémique. Il s'est bien adapté à la présence des humains et est devenu très courant dans les zones urbaines comme Sydney.

À la différence d'autres oiseaux, il a peu souffert de la mise en valeur des terres par les européens. Les colons ont remplacé la plupart des bois et forêts du pays par de vastes prairies où il s'est installé. Les quelques zones qui n'ont pas été déboisées suffisent pour ses besoins et le grand nombre de points d'eau créés le long de ses anciennes routes de migration lui ont permis de s'installer dans des zones qu'il ne faisait que traverser.

Les conséquences de son développement sur les oiseaux de taille plus petite est controversée: plusieurs études scientifiques montrent qu'il s'agit d'un sérieux problème mais la preuve n'en a pas encore été apportée. Ils se nourrissent de fruits d'espèces végétales importées dont certaines sont devenues envahissantes comme le camphrier (Cinnamomum camphora).

Comportement

Il vit dans les arbres, chassant et tournoyant à quelques mètres au-dessus du sol partageant parfois son terrain avec la pie australienne qui vit au niveau du sol.

Alimentation

C'est un oiseau omnivore se nourrissant aussi bien de fruits et de baies que de petits animaux comme les petits oiseaux. Mais ce sont aussi des charognards se nourrissant de charognes ou de déchets et n'hésitant pas à venir quêter de la nourriture auprès des humains.

Reproduction

Il construit un nid de branches au sommet des arbres et y pond trois œufs au printemps.

Galerie

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Notes et références

• (en) Cet article est partiellement ou en totalité issu de l’article de Wikipédia en anglais intitulé .

Il currawong bianconero o currawong pezzato (Strepera graculina (Shaw, 1790)) è un uccello passeriforme della famiglia Artamidae^[2].

Etimologia

Il nome scientifico della specie, graculina, significa "simile a Gracula" ed è un riferimento all'aspetto di questi uccelli, così come un riferimento all'aspetto è il loro nome comune.

Descrizione

Dimensioni

Misura 44–50 cm di lunghezza, per 243-385 g di peso e un'apertura alare di 56–77 cm^[3]: le dimensioni medie tendono a crescere secondo un gradiente che va da nord verso sud, con le sottospecie meridionali più grandi di quelle settentrionali^[3]. A parità d'età, le femmine sono leggermente più piccole e leggere rispetto ai maschi^[3].

Aspetto

Si tratta di uccelli dall'aspetto robusto, muniti di lunga coda squadrata, ali lunghe, larghe e digitate, grossa testa con becco lungo con punta della mandibola superiore lievemente uncinata e zampe forti e robuste. Nel complesso, questi uccelli ricordano molto i corvi, dai quali possono essere differenziati per il becco più grande in proporzione alla testa e per la testa più piccola in rapporto alle dimensioni del corpo.

Il piumaggio è di colore nero lucido su tutto il corpo, meno che su sottocoda, codione, base delle remiganti primarie ed orlo e base delle penne della coda, dove esso si presenta di colore bianco candido (da cui il nome comune della specie). Man mano che si va da nord verso sud il nero del piumaggio tende a divenire più opaco, le aree bianche meno estese ed il becco più piccolo^[3].

Becco e zampe sono anch'essi neri, mentre gli occhi sono di colore giallo, stesso colore dell'interno del becco.

Biologia

Si tratta di uccelli dalle abitudini diurne, che passano la maggior parte della giornata fra gli alberi alla ricerca di cibo, facendo poi ritorno verso il tramonto verso posatoi comuni ai quali si riuniscono durante l'inverno fino a una cinquantina d'individui, che durante il giorno invece si disperdono muovendosi solitari, in coppie (soprattutto durante l'estate) o in piccoli gruppi (in particolar modo durante l'inverno, quando possono associarsi ad altre specie quali la gazza australiana, lo storno, il currawong grigio e l'uccello giardiniere satinato).

Si tratta di uccelli molto vocali, che emettono i propri richiami in volo a tutte le ore del giorno, ma specialmente quando si trovano sui rami che utilizzano per riposarsi durante la notte, all'alba e al tramonto. Il loro richiamo è piuttosto musicale e suona come curra-wong, da cui il loro nome comune: questi uccelli possono inoltre emettere vocalizzazioni fischianti, vagamente simili a un ululato. I richiami della sottospecie di Lord Howe sono lievemente differenti da quelli delle sottospecie australiane^[3].
La tradizione popolare vuole che il richiamo dei currawong bianconeri sia un segnale di pioggia imminente.

I gruppi sono molto attivi nello scacciare eventuali predatori come rapaci o corvi, utilizzando per intimorirli atteggiamenti aggressivi come picchiate, inseguimenti aerei e lo schioccare del becco: fra di loro, invece, i currawong bianconeri segnalano aggressività tenendo il collo teso con corpo e testa paralleli al suolo, puntando il becco in direzione del nemico^[4].
I vari membri del gruppo possono inoltre essere osservati in interazioni sociali complesse come il gioco, con un esemplare che si pone in cima a un albero o un palo e gli altri che tentano di scacciarlo mediante picchiate, al fine di prenderne il posto.
Questi uccelli sono inoltre grandi amanti dei bagni d'acqua e di fango, e sono stati osservati anche compiere bagni di formiche.

Alimentazione

Il currawong bianconero è un animale onnivoro dalla dieta opportunistica, che si nutre a seconda del cibo a disposizione di una grande varietà di frutta (soprattutto fichi, ma anche Syzygium, albero dei paternostri, podocarpo e Persoonia) e bacche, granaglie, invertebrati (soprattutto formiche, coleotteri e lumache), uova e piccoli vertebrati (scinchi, topolini, pulcini^[5]), nonché carcasse. La componente vegetale è predominante durante l'inverno australe, mentre quella animale è maggiore durante i mesi estivi.

Questi uccelli rinvengono il cibo perlopiù fra gli alberi, ma possono anche calare sulla preda al suolo scendendo in picchiata da un ramo oppure cercare il cibo direttamente al suolo, muovendosi a saltelli. Essi si dimostrano molto confidenti, non esitando a prendere il cibo dalle mani dell'uomo e cercando il cibo in aree antropizzate, ad esempio fra i rifiuti, danneggiando talvolta allevamenti e piantagioni, ma al contempo potendo avere effetti benefici per queste ultime in quanto consumano insetti dannosi quali i fasmidi e la carpocapsa del melo^[5].

Essi non esitano a rubarsi il cibo fra loro ed anche ad uccelli di altre specie, come il lodolaio australiano, lo sparviero dal collare australiano e il cacatua solforato^[6][7].

La voracità di questi uccelli li rende secondo alcuni un pericolo per alcune specie di uccelli nativi, dei quali essi sono potenziali predatori di uova e nidiacei: sebbene alcuni studi forniscano risultati in tal senso (ad esempio la loro rimozione da alcune zone protette ha portato all'aumento numerico di alcune specie^[8] ed alla ricolonizzazione da parte di altre che erano scomparse da tempo^[9], ed inoltre i nidiacei di sericorno dal sopracciglio bianco si zittiscono immediatamente ascoltando la registrazione di un currawong bianconero che si muove al suolo^[10]), in generale il currawong bianconero sembra attaccare di preferenza le specie introdotte.
A causa della sua abitudine a rigurgitare borre, inoltre, questi uccelli sono stati collegati all'aspansione di alcune specie aliene di piante quali l'asparago sudafricano, il fico d'India e alcune specie di ligustro e piracanta^[11].

Riproduzione

La stagione riproduttiva va da agosto a dicembre: nonostante si tratti di uccelli molto comuni, si sa sorprendentemente poco dei loro costumi riproduttivi.

Si tratta di uccelli monogami, le cui coppie durante il periodo degli amori divengono marcatamente territoriali, scacciando eventuali intrusi dal raggio di circa 250 m dal nido ed anche dai siti di foraggiamento^[12]: i comportamenti aggressivi (picchiate, schiocchi del becco) sono esibiti soprattutto dai maschi.
Il nido viene costruito durante la primavera australe: a edificarlo è la sola femmina, sorvegliata da presso dal maschio. Essa si serve di rametti sottili intrecciati a formare una rozza coppa, che viene poi rifinita con pezzetti di corteccia e steli d'erba secca: il nido viene costruito in alto su di un albero (preferibilmente un vecchio eucalipto) in zone a buona copertura arborea, di preferenza foreste mature^[3].

All'interno del nido, la femmina depone 3 uova bruno-rosate con pezzature di color bruno-lavanda, di circa 30 × 42 mm^[13], che essa provvede a covare da sola per circa un mese, sebbene non si conosca il periodo esatto d'incubazione.
I pulli sono ciechi ed implumi alla schiusa, ma già entro la prima settimana di vita mostrano la crescita di un rado piumino grigio cenere: essi vengono accuditi da ambedue i genitori, sebbene per i primi giorni di vita il maschio non li imbecca direttamente, ma passa il suo cibo alla femmina, che provvede in seguito ad alimentare la nidiata.

La speranza di vita di questi uccelli si aggira attorno ai 20 anni.
Il currawong bianconero subisce parassitismo di cova da parte del cuculo becco scanalato^[14].

Distribuzione e habitat

Il currawong bianconero è diffuso lungo un'ampia fascia costiera dell'Australia orientale, che va dalla penisola di Capo York alla porzione occidentale del Victoria: con una sottospecie endemica, questi uccelli sono inoltre presenti sull'isola di Lord Howe, mentre le popolazioni che abitavano alcune isole della Grande barriera corallina sono ormai scomparse^[15][16].
Si tratta di uccelli generalmente residenti, tuttavia, specie nelle aree più temperate, essi possono spostarsi durante l'inverno, scendendo di quota o muovendosi verso zone più calde^[3][5].

L'habitat di questi uccelli è rappresentato dalla foresta a sclerofille, sia umida che secca, con predilezione per le foreste a prevalenza di eucalipto.
Il currawong bianconero ha beneficiato non poco della presenza umana, divenendo residente fisso in molti insediamenti urbani anche in zone normalmente non frequentate (come l'interno del Nuovo Galles del Sud) o frequentate solo durante i mesi invernali, all'infuori del periodo riproduttivo (come Sydney, Canberra o Brisbane, dove questi uccelli sono ormai presenze fisse nei parchi cittadini): si stima che nel corso di trent'anni la popolazione australiana di currawong bianconeri sia raddoppiata (da tre a sei milioni fra gli anni '60 e gli anni '90)^[17][18].

Tassonomia

Se ne riconoscono sei sottospecie^[2]:

• Strepera graculina graculina (Shaw, 1790) - la sottospecie nominale, diffusa dal Queensland orientale (a sud di Bowen) alle Blue Mountains;
• Strepera graculina magnirostris White, 1923 - diffusa nella porzione nord-orientale della penisola di Capo York;
• Strepera graculina robinsoni Mathews, 1912 - diffusa nella porzione meridionale della penisola di Capo York da Cooktown a Ingham;
• Strepera graculina crissalis Sharpe, 1877 - endemica di Lord Howe e degli isolotti circonvicini;
• Strepera graculina nebulosa Schodde & Mason, 1999 - diffusa in Nuovo Galles del Sud sud-orientale e Victoria orientale;
• Strepera graculina ashbyi Mathews, 1913 † - originaria della porzione sud-occidentale del Victoria, fra Ballarat e Capo Otway, estinta nella sua forma pura.

Alcuni autori riconoscerebbero anche le sottospecie grampianensis dei monti Grampiani e riordani dell'area di Geelong, ambedue considerate meticci in quanto rinvenute in aree dove si sovrappone l'areale di più sottospecie^[3]: la stessa sottospecie ashbyi (considerata estinta nella sua forma pura, in quanto meticciata con nebulosa in espansione verso ovest) potrebbe essere stata un morfo di S. g. nebulosa^[19][20]. Per contro, secondo alcuni gli uccelli di Lord Howe (sottospecie crissalis) sarebbero sufficientemente distinti da poter essere elevati al rango di specie a sé stante^[21][22].

• Esemplare della sottospecie nominale.

• Esemplare della sottospecie crissalis.

• Esemplare della sottospecie nebulosa.

Note

Vogels

De bonte klauwierkraai (Strepera graculina) is een endemische vogelsoort uit Australië.

Herkenning

De bonte klauwierkraai is 42,6 tot 49 cm lang. Het is een grote, overwegend zwarte vogel met een forse snavel en gele ogen. Kenmerkend is een witte vlek op de vleugel en wit op de bovenkant van de staart en witte onderstaartdekveren en witte vlekken op het einde van de buitenste staartpennen.^[2]

Verspreiding en leefgebied

Er komen 5 nog levende ondersoorten voor in het oosten van Australië:^[3]

• S. g. magnirostris (Kaap York-schiereiland)
• S. g. robinsoni (Noordoosten van Queensland)
• S. g. graculina (Oost-Australië)
• S. g. crissalis (Lord Howe-eiland)
• S. g. nebulosa (het zuiden van Nieuw-Zuid-Wales en het oosten van Victoria)
• S. g. ashbyi † (uitgestorven in de 20ste eeuw door hybridisering, kwam voor in het zuidwesten van Victoria)

De bonte klauwierkraai broedt in bosrijk gebied zoals montaan bos tot op 1500 m boven de zeespiegel of scrublands. In de zuidelijke winter trekken vogels naar meer open gebieden of parken, plantsoenen en vuilnisstortplaatsen.^[2]

Status

De bonte klauwierkraai heeft een groot verspreidingsgebied en daardoor alleen al is de kans op de status kwetsbaar (voor uitsterven) uiterst gering. De grootte van de populatie is niet gekwantificeerd, maar neemt door verstedelijking toe. Om deze redenen staat deze klauwierkraai als niet bedreigd op de Rode Lijst van de IUCN.^[1]

Foto's

• Bonte klauwierkraaien op pik-nicplaats

• Ondersoort S. g. nebulosa

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties

Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons

Kurawonga czarna (Strepera graculina) – gatunek ptaka z podrodziny srokaczy (Cracticinae) w rodzinie ostrolotów (Artamidae).

Systematyka

Wyróżniono kilka podgatunków S. graculina^[4]:

• kurawonga czarna (Strepera graculina graculina)
• Strepera graculina robinsoni
• Strepera graculina ashbyi
• Strepera graculina crissalis
• Strepera graculina nebulosa
• kurawonga wielkodzioba (Strepera graculina magnirostris)

Zasięg występowania

Kurawonga czarna żyje we wschodniej części Australii.

Charakterystyka

Kurawonga czarna osiąga długość ciała dochodzącą do 40 cm. Ptak ten jest ubarwiony na czarno, z białymi plamami na skrzydłach, nasadzie i końcu ogona. Długi i mocny dziób nieznacznie zagięty. Tęczówki żółte. Zimą gromadzi się w stada, wnika do miast w poszukiwaniu jagodajnych krzewów. Często plądruje gniazda innych ptaków.

Pożywienie

Kurawonga czarna żywi się owadami, jaszczurkami oraz gryzoniami.

Przypisy

Bibliografia

1. Wiesław Dudziński, Marek Keller, Andrew Gosler: Atlas ptaków świata. Warszawa: Oficyna Wydawnicza Multico, 2000. ISBN 83-7073-059-0.

O carrauongue-malhado (Strepera graculina)^[2] é uma espécie de ave passeriforme nativa do leste da Austrália e da ilha de Lord Howe. Uma das três espécies de carrauongue do gênero Strepera, está intimamente relacionada com os verdugos da família Artamidae.^[3] Seis subespécies são reconhecidas. É um pássaro semelhante à um corvo com cerca 48 cm de comprimento, a plumagem é preta fuliginosa com manchas brancas na cauda e nas asas, íris amarelas e um bico grande. O macho e a fêmea são semelhantes na aparência. Conhecido por seus chamados melodiosos, o nome da espécie deriva de currawong, é acreditado ser de origem aborígene na Nova Gales do Sul e na Queenslândia.^[4]

Descrição

O carrauongue-malhado é um pássaro preto com branco na asa, coberteiras sob a cauda, ​​a base da cauda e, mais visivelmente, a ponta da cauda. Tem olhos amarelos. As aves adultas têm entre 44 e 50 cm de comprimento, com uma média de cerca de 48 cm; a envergadura varia de 56 a 77 cm, com uma média de 69 cm. Os machos adultos medem em torno de 320 g, as fêmeas 280 g. As asas são longas e largas. O bico longo e grande tem cerca de uma vez e meia o comprimento da cabeça e é curvado no final. Indivíduos juvenis têm marcas semelhantes às dos adultos, mas apresentam plumagem mais macia e marrom, embora a faixa branca na cauda seja mais estreita. As partes superiores são marrons mais escuras, com vieiras e estrias na cabeça e no pescoço, e as partes marrons, mais claras. Os olhos são castanhos escuros e a conta escura com uma íris amarela. Os indivíduos mais velhos ficam mais escuros até que a plumagem adulta seja alcançada, mas as marcações da cauda juvenil mudam apenas para adultos no final do desenvolvimento. Os pássaros parecem mudar uma vez por ano no final do verão após a reprodução.^[3] O carrauongue-malhado pode viver por mais de 20 anos na natureza.

Referências

Svartvit kurrawong^[2] (Strepera graculina) är en fågel i familjen svalstarar inom ordningen tättingar.^[3]

Utbredning och systematik

Svartvit kurrawong delas in i sex underarter:^[4]

• Strepera graculina magnirostris – förekommer i nordöstra Queensland (östra Kap York-halvön till Laura)
• Strepera graculina robinsoni – förekommer i Uplands i nordöstra Queensland (Cooktown till centrala Laura)
• Strepera graculina graculina – förekommer i östra Australien (Central Queensland till Hunter River, NSW)
• Strepera graculina nebuloas – förekommer från sydöstra Australien (centrala New South Wales till södra och östra Victoria), flyttar till norr
• Strepera graculina ashbyi – förekommer i sydvästra Victoria, flyttar till nordost
• Strepera graculina crissalis – förekommer på Lord Howe Island

Familjetillhörighet

Törnkråkorna i Cracticus, flöjtkråkan (Gymnorhina tibicen), kurrawongerna i Strepera samt de två arterna i Peltops placerades tidigare i den egna familjen Cracticidae och vissa gör det fortfarande.^[4] Dessa är dock nära släkt med svalstararna i Artamidae och förs allt oftare dit.

Status

IUCN kategoriserar arten som livskraftig.^[1]

Referenser

1. ^ [a b] Birdlife International 2016 Strepera graculina Från: IUCN 2016. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2016.3 www.iucnredlist.org. Läst 2016-12-11.
2. ^ Sveriges ornitologiska förening (2017) Officiella listan över svenska namn på världens fågelarter, läst 2017-02-14
3. ^ Gill, F & D Donsker (Eds). 2016. IOC World Bird List (v 6.4). doi : 10.14344/IOC.ML.6.4.
4. ^ [a b] Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, D. Roberson, T. A. Fredericks, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood (2016) The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: Version 2016 http://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download, läst 2016-08-11

Externa länkar

• Wikimedia Commons har media som rör svartvit kurrawong.
  Bilder & media
• Wikispecies har information om Strepera graculina.
  Artförteckning

Strepera graculina là một loài chim trong họ Cracticidae.^[2] Đây là loài chim đen có kích thước trung bình có nguồn gốc ở miền đông Úc và đảo Lord Howe. Chúng còn được gọi là chim Currawong khoang, là một trong ba loài currawong trong chi Strepera, nó liên quan chặt chẽ đến loài chim đồ tể và chim Magpie Úc của trong họ Artamidae. Sáu phân loài được công nhận. Nó là một con chim quạ mạnh mẽ có chiều dài trung bình khoảng 48 cm (19 in), con trống và con máu giống nhay. Nó được người ta biết đến với các giọng hót du dương của nó, tên gọi currawong có nguồn gốc bản địa.

Trong phạm vi phân bố của nó, currawong khoang thường ít di chuyển, mặc dù dân số ở độ cao cao hơn di chuyển đến các khu vực thấp hơn trong những tháng lạnh. Đây là loài ăn tạp, với một chế độ ăn uống bao gồm nhiều loại quả và hạt, động vật không xương sống, trứng gia cầm và chim chưa thành niên. Đây là một động vật ăn thịt đã thích nghi tốt với khu vực đô thị hóa và có thể được tìm thấy trong công viên và vườn cũng như đất trồng cây nông thôn. Môi trường sống bao gồm tất cả các loại rừng, mặc dù rừng trưởng thành được chúng ưa thích hơn để sinh sản. Nơi chúng đậu, làm tổ và kiếm ăn số lượng lớn là khu vực cây nhiều, trái ngược với tập quán kiếm ăn mặt đất chúng ở Úc.

Hình ảnh

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Chú thích

Tham khảo

• Dữ liệu liên quan tới Strepera graculina tại Wikispecies
• Phương tiện liên quan tới Strepera graculina tại Wikimedia Commons

Царство: Животные

Подцарство: Эуметазои

Без ранга: Двусторонне-симметричные

Без ранга: Вторичноротые

Тип: Хордовые

Подтип: Позвоночные

Инфратип: Челюстноротые

Надкласс: Четвероногие

Класс: Птицы

Подкласс: Настоящие птицы

Инфракласс: Новонёбные

Отряд: Воробьинообразные

Подотряд: Певчие воробьиные

Семейство: Ласточковые сорокопуты

Подсемейство: Флейтовые птицы

Род: Вороны-флейтисты

Вид: Пестрохвостая ворона-флейтист

Вызывающие наименьшие опасения
IUCN 3.1 Least Concern: 22706293

• 1 Описание
• 2 Распространение
• 3 Поведение
• 4 Размножение
• 5 Примечания
• 6 Литература

二名法 Strepera graculina
G.Shaw，1790

斑噪钟雀（学名：Strepera graculina）也作斑噪钟鹊，为燕鵙科噪燕鵙屬的一种。大小与乌鸦相似，平均体长48厘米。，身体大部分为黑色，尾下和翅膀上有白色斑块，虹膜黄色，喙部粗大。目前有6个亚种被记录。分布于澳大利亚东部地区。

这是一篇與雀形目相關的小作品。你可以通过编辑或修订扩充其内容。

取自“https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=斑噪钟雀&oldid=32674964”

フエガラス 保全状況評価 LEAST CONCERN (IUCN Red List Ver. 3.1 (2001))^[1] 分類 界 : 動物界 Animalia 門 : 脊索動物門 Chordata 亜門 : 脊椎動物亜門 Vertebrata 綱 : 鳥綱 Aves 目 : スズメ目 Passeriformes 科 : フエガラス科 Cracticidae 属 : フエガラス属 Strepera 種 : フエガラス S. graculina 学名 Strepera graculina
(Shaw, 1790) 和名 フエガラス 英名 Pied Currawong ウィキメディア・コモンズには、フエガラスに関連するメディアがあります。

フエガラス（笛烏、学名Strepera graculina ）はオーストラリア東部およびロード・ハウ島に分布する中型、黒色のスズメ目フエガラス科の鳥類である。

フエガラスはモリツバメ科のモズガラス類やカササギフエガラスに近縁である。6亜種が記録されている。フエガラスは体長が約48cm、黒褐色の羽毛、下尾筒が白色、翼には白色のパッチがあり、虹彩は黄色、厚いくちばしをもつ、カラスに似た鳥類である。雌雄の外見は同じ。美しい鳴き声で知られ、英語名の "currawong"（カラワン）はアボリジニの言葉が起源となっている。

分布域内では、寒い時期には高所から低地へ移動するが、一般的に定住性である。食性は鳥類の卵や雛、無脊椎動物、果実や種子など様々な種を含む雑食性である。フエガラスは市街地によく順応した捕食者で、農村の森林地帯と同様に、公園や庭などでも見られる。発達した森林が繁殖に好まれるが、生息地はすべての森林地域が含まれる。ねぐらや繁殖、採食行動の大部分は樹上である。

分類[編集]

フエガラスは1790年にイギリスの鳥類学者George ShawによってCoracias strepera として最初に記載され、後に新設されたStrepera 属に移された。 学名はラテン語で「うるさい」を意味するstreperaと、ニシコクマルガラスに似ているとしてgraculinaとつけられたことに由来する^[2]。

Pied Crow-shrikeは植民地時代からの俗称である^[3]。他の一般名称としてPied Chillawong, Currawang, Charawack, Kurrawack, Tallawong, Tullawong, Mutton-bird, Otway Forester, Pied Afternoon-tea Birdなどがある^[4]。"carrawong" という言葉は、フエガラスの鳴き声に由来する^[4]。しかし、この言葉の正確な起源は不正確である。もっとも可能性がありそうなのはブリスベン地域に住んでいたアボリジニのJagera族の言葉である "garrawaŋ" であるが、シドニー地域のDarug族の言葉 "gurawaruŋ" の可能性もある^[5]。

フエガラスはタスマニアに生息するクロフエガラスに非常に近縁であり、クロフエガラスはフエガラスの亜種の一つであるとされることもある^[6]。フエガラスは、クロフエガラスおよびハイイロフエガラスとともに、Strepera 属を形成する^[7]。

カラスに似た外見と生息地であるが、フエガラス類は真のカラス類とは近縁ではなく、かわりにカササギフエガラスやモズガラス類とともにフエガラス科に属する。これらカササギフエガラス属、Cracticus 属、Strepera 属の3属の類似性は早くから認められており、鳥類学者John Albert Leachのフエガラス類の筋肉組織の研究によって1914年にフエガラス科に分類された^[8]。

1985年に鳥類学者のチャールズ・シブリーおよびジョン・アールクィストは、モリツバメ類およびモズガラス類に非常に近縁であるとし、フエガラス科をCracticini分岐群の一つとして再分類し、カラス科モリツバメ族に分類した^[7][9]。

亜種[編集]

現在、主に大きさや羽毛の違いによって、6亜種に分けられている。形態や大きさに一定の変化があり、南部のものほど羽毛はより明るく灰色で、体長はより大きく、くちばしはより短くなる。また、南部の個体群は尾羽の白色の模様がより顕著に見られ、初列風切り羽の基部にある白色のパッチはより小さい^[6]。

S. g. graculina

ニュー・サウス・ウェールズ州シドニー地域から、クイーンズランド州ノーザン・クイーンズランド地方バーデキン川にかけてみられる。

S. g. ashbyi（英名：Western Victorian Pied Currawong）

オーストラリアのアマチュア鳥類学者Gregory Mathewsにより、1913年に記載された^[10]。西部へ分布域を広げている亜種S. g. nebulosa との雑種化により、減少している^[11]。2000年の調査では繁殖数は約250羽ほどと見られているため、オーストラリア政府により絶滅寸前亜種に指定されている^[12]この亜種S. g. ashbyi は、羽毛が黒色で長い尾羽で短いくちばしの亜種S. g. nebulosa に似ている^[13]。ほとんど知られていないが、亜種S. g. ashbyi が独立した亜種であるか、もしくは亜種S. g. nebulosa の色彩多型であるか、の疑念がある。これら二つの個体群は西部ビクトリアの玄武岩の平野によって隔てられた後に進化し、18世紀後半のアボリジニによる定期的な火入れが行われなくなった後に、森林が回復したことが、これらの個体群が再び混在したことに影響したと考えられている。雑種はグランピアンズ国立公園やヤラ・ヴァレーで確認されている^[12]。

S. g. crissalis（英名：Lord Howe Currawong）

1877年にイギリスのナチュラリストRichard Bowdler Sharpeによって記載された^[14]。ロード・ハウ島の人の移住によく適応しているが、個体群は小さく、約70-80羽である^[15]ため、オーストラリア政府およびニュー・サウス・ウェールズ州政府により危急亜種に指定されている^[16]。現在は亜種として見なされているが、分子系統学による研究はされておらず、別種として再分類される可能性がある^[17]。

S. g. magnirostris

ヨーク岬半島からノーザン・クイーンズランド地方のノーマンビー川にかけて見られる。1923年にヘンリー・レイク・ホワイトによって最初に記載された^[18]。亜種S. g. magnirostris はより長く、より重いくちばしを持ち、尾羽は他の亜種よりも短い。 あまり研究されていない^[13]。

S. g. robinsoni

アサートン高原にて見られる。1912年にGregory Mathewsによって最初に記載されたが^[19]、研究者によってはS. g. magnirostris と同一亜種と見なすこともある。 あまり研究されていないが、他の亜種よりも小さい^[13]。

S. g. nebulosa

ニュー・サウス・ウェールズ州南東部、オーストラリア首都特別地域および、ビクトリア州中部で見られ、他の亜種とよく似ているが、より短いくちばし、より長い尾羽、より大きい翼を持つ。背面は灰黒色で、他の亜種より少し淡く、腹部は青灰色がかった黒褐色である。初列風切りの白色のパッチもまた小さい^[6]。鳥類学者で鳥類分類学者のRichard SchoddeおよびIan Masonによって、1999年に命名された^[20]。ニュー・サウス・ウェールズ州のエデン北部からイラワラ地域、およびブルー・マウンテンズの北西部にかけて、亜種S. g. graculina との交雑地域がある^[13]。

生態[編集]

フエガラスは一般的に、初列風切り羽の基部および尾羽に白色のパッチがあり、下尾筒および上尾筒の基部が白色の、黒色の鳥である。虹彩は黄色。成鳥は体長44-50cm（平均約48cm）で翼開長は56-77cm（平均約69cm）である。成鳥の雄は平均320g、雌は280gである^[4]。翼は長く、幅広い。長く厚いくちばしは頭部の約1.5倍で、先端はフック状になっている^[21]。

若鳥は成鳥と同じ外見であるが、全体的により明るい茶褐色で、尾羽の白色の帯はより狭い。背面は、首から頭にかけて濃い茶褐色の縞模様があり、腹部は明るい茶色である。目は濃茶色で、くちばしは黄色の斑点のある黒みがかった色をしている。口腔内は明るい黄色である^[4]。成鳥の羽毛を獲得するまでだんだんと濃くなっていくが、尾羽は発達するのが遅く、成鳥になるときに変化する^[4]。

繁殖期の後の晩夏に、一年に一度換羽を行う^[4]。寿命は野生下で20年以上である^[22]。

鳴き声[編集]

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この音声や映像がうまく視聴できない場合は、Help:音声・動画の再生をご覧ください。

フエガラスは飛翔中や日中に鳴く。特に朝とねぐら入りの前の夕方、雨の前などによく鳴く^[23]。鳴き声は独特でありKadow-KadangやCurra-wongと表現される。またWheeoという甲高く、笛のように鳴く^[24]。ロード・ハウ島亜種S. g. crissalis はさらに特有で、もっと旋律的な鳴き声である。

類似種[編集]

フエガラスよりも小型のオオツチスドリ(Corcorax melanorhamphos )は似たような外見であるが、虹彩が赤く、主に地上で見かける。フエガラスより大型のオーストラリアのカラス類は虹彩が白く、尾羽に白色部はない。フエガラスと同じ大きさのカササギフエガラスは虹彩が赤く、明るい黒で白色の飾り羽を持つ^[23]。フエガラスより大型のハイイロフエガラスは全体的により明るい灰色で尾羽の白色の羽を欠くことから容易に識別できる^[25]。ビクトリア州北西部のハイイロフエガラス亜種S. v. melanoptera は他の亜種より黒色であるが、フエガラスの初列風切りにある白いパッチを欠く^[23]。

分布[編集]

フエガラスは絶滅危惧亜種が生息するロード・ハウ島や、ヨーク岬半島からビクトリア州西部にかけてのオーストラリア東部の農村や郊外の湿潤硬葉樹林および湿潤硬葉樹林で一般的に見られる。一般的に、フエガラスは定住性であるが、高地の個体群は冬には低地へ移動してくる^[23]。しかし、移動の範囲に対しての証拠は争論になっており、この種の移動に関してはあまり研究されていない^[26]。

フエガラスはヨーロッパ人の入植によく順応し、調査によると、人口が増加したクイーンズランド州ナナンゴ、ニュー・サウス・ウェールズ州バハーム、ビクトリア州ジーロング、ニュー・サウス・ウェールズ州のノーザン・テーブルランズ地方、サウス・ウェスト・スロープス地方など、オーストラリア東部の多くの地域で、より一般的になった。この個体数の増加は、シドニーでは1940年代に、キャンベラでは1960年代に顕著である。両市では、以前はフエガラスは冬鳥であったが、現在は年間を通し生息しており、また繁殖もしている^[11]。フエガラスはシドニーの庭園では優占種の一種となっており、普通に生息している^[27]。1980年から2000年までのサウス・イースト・クイーンズランド地方でのフエガラスの個体数の調査では、フエガラスがブリスベンの郊外を含み、この地方で個体数が増えていることが分かった^[28]。1992年のオーストラリアのフエガラスの全個体数の調査により、1960年代の300万羽から、1990年初期に2倍の600万羽になったことが分かった^[11] 。

フエガラスはビクトリア州ウィルソンズ・プロモントリーの海岸から10kmの場所に位置するロドンド島や、クイーンズランド州のいくつかの沖合の島から記録されたように、ある程度の距離であれば海上を飛ぶことができる^[26]。しかし、グレート・バリア・リーフのトライオン島、ノース・ウェスト島、マストヘッド島、ヘロン島からはいなくなった^[29][30]。ロード・ハウ島亜種の存在は、この変化の結果に決着をつける可能性があるかもしれない^[17]。

巣の捕食に影響を受けやすい小型鳥類に対するフエガラスの影響は、議論を呼んでいる^[31]。つまりいくつかの研究において、この種が重大な問題になっている一方で、このことは、移入鳥類がオーストラリア固有の鳥類より影響を与えるということを観察したマッコーリー大学のベイリーとブルームスタインによるフエガラスの採餌習慣における論文により疑われた^[31]。しかしながら、フエガラスによる捕食は、ニュー・サウス・ウェールズ州ポート・ステファンズの近くのキャベツ・ツリー島にあるミナミシロハラミズナギドリ(Pterodroma leucoptera )のコロニーの減少の一つの要因となっている。つまり、成鳥のミズナギドリが捕食されているのが記録されている。この島からのフエガラスの除去は絶滅の危機にあるミズナギドリの減少を止めることができた^[32]。さらに、ニュー・イングランド大学が2006年に行った調査において、ニュー・イングランド高原のヒガシキバラヒタキとサンショクヒタキの繁殖成功率は、巣が保護され、フエガラスが駆除されたのちに上昇し、そしてヒガシキバラヒタキは地域的に絶滅していた場所にも、移住するようになった^[33]。シドニーの庭園におけるフエガラスの存在は、ハイムネメジロの存在に悪影響であることが証明されている^[27]。

フエガラスは果実や種子を採餌し、その後、分散することにより、雑草の分布拡大に影響している^[34]。20世紀前半、フエガラスはトウモロコシやイチゴの害鳥として考えられ、またオプンティア属の一種の分布拡大を影響していたとして駆除された。ロード・ハウ島においてもまたニワトリをおそうために駆除された。しかし林業においてはナナフシ類を捕食するため、農業においてもコドリンガ(Cydia pomonella )の繭を捕食するとして、益鳥としてみられる^[4]。

行動[編集]

フエガラスは一般に地面から数m上の樹上で採食するため、地上のカササギフエガラスと生息環境を共有することが出来る。夜間は大きな木や森林地帯で休み、早朝に餌を探すために分散し、夕方に戻ってくる^[35]。単独、もしくは小さなグループで行動するが、秋から冬にかけては50羽以上の大きな群れを作ることもある。地上ではぴょんぴょんと跳びはねるか、胸を張るようにして歩く^[23]。

繁殖期になると、フエガラスはペアになり、なわばりを持ち、巣と採餌場所の両方を防衛する。シドニーの緑の多い北部郊外での1994年の研究によると巣との距離は平均250m^[36]、キャンベラでの1990年の研究によると、400mの松の木の街道沿いに3つがいが営巣していた^[37]。フエガラスのなわばりはシドニーやウロンゴンでは約0.5から0.7haで、キャンベラでは7.9haであった^[35]。ただし、これらは営巣地に限られ、もっと大きな採餌場所は含まれない^[35]。フエガラスはカラス類などの天敵を、くちばしで攻撃したり、急降下したり、空中で追撃したりしながら追い払う。フエガラスは他のフエガラスに対し、頭と体を地面と平行にし、くちばしを前方もしくは侵入者の方向に対して向け、頭を低くするという特有の脅しのディスプレイを行う^[38]。雄は脅しのディスプレイでなわばり防御で優位に立ち、そして雌と巣を厳重に守る^[39]。 群れで遊ぶこともある。最初に、1羽が高い木や、ポール、尖塔の頂に留まり、他の鳥（挑戦者）が急降下したり、飛びかかったり、追い払ったりする。成功した挑戦者が次の番になり、群れの中の他の鳥によって挑戦される^[35]。

水浴びは15cmほどの深さの水たまりで行い、水の中にしゃがみこみ、頭を水の中に一度入れたのち、羽をふるわせる。時々、最初に泥や砂を利用することもある。水浴びの最後に羽づくろいを行う。また、蟻浴(anting)をするのが観察されている^[39]。

食性[編集]

フエガラスは雑食で、果実、多くの無脊椎動物、小さな脊椎動物、幼鳥や鳥の卵など、機会があれば食べる。フエガラスは樹上で、巣から鳥や卵、木から昆虫や果実を採餌する。また、空中や地上で採餌することもある^[22]。夏期の間は昆虫が、冬期は果実が食性の中心を占める。残飯やゴミなどをあさることもあり、ピクニック広場や給餌台の近くでは、人から餌をもらうことを恐れなくなる^[40]。甲ちゅう類やアリ類は、もっともよく消費される昆虫である。ネズミや、農場ではニワトリやシチメンチョウの雛を捕食した記録がある^[41]。

フエガラスはモートン・ベイ・イチジク(Ficus macrophylla )やポート・ジャクソン・イチジク(F. rubiginosa )、バンヤン・イチジク(F. virens )、シメコロシイチジク(F. watkinsiana )など多種のイチジクを含む果実^[42]、Syzygium 属、センダン(Melia azedarach )、マキ属の一種(Podocarpus elatus )、Persoonia 属の実などを採食する。また、他の果実も採食され、りんご、洋梨、いちご、ブドウ、核果、柑橘類およびとうもろこしなどを、果樹園から盗み出すことも知られている^[34]。フエガラスはシドニー地域において、侵略的外来植物のAsparagus densiflorus の分布域拡大に^[43]、またアーミデール周辺ではイボタノキ属のトウネズミモチやL. sinense、トキワサンザシ属のタチバナモドキ（Pyracantha angustifolia ）やP. rogersiana などの侵略的外来植物の分布域拡大に影響している^[34]。

採食は夏は単独かペアで、秋や冬は、主に市街地で群れで行う^[40]。採食を行うとき、カササギフエガラスやホシムクドリとともに群れることが多い^[41]。ハイイロフエガラスやアオアズマヤドリと行動することもある^[23]。オーストラリアチゴハヤブサ、アカエリツミ、キバタンなど他の鳥類から、食料を横取りすることが記録されている^[44][45]。フエガラスはまた、同種内で攻撃することがある^[34]。オーストラリア国立大学の研究者による2007年の研究によると、マミジロヤブムシクイ(Sericornis frontalis )の雛がフエガラスが落ち葉上を歩く音の録音を聞いたとき、静かになった^[46]。

繁殖[編集]

いろいろなタイプの森林で見られるが、フエガラスはよく成長した森林で繁殖することを好む^[23]。フエガラスは春に高い木に草や木の皮でできた厚い巣を作る。営巣木には一般的に孤立していないユーカリの木が選ばれる。1回の産卵で、3卵を産む。卵は、濃色の桃褐色およびラベンダー色の斑点がある、明るいピンク色である。形は細長く約30m×42mm^[47]。雌が単独で抱卵する^[48]。抱卵期間は巣の観察が困難であるためよく判明していないが、観察によると産卵から孵化まで約30日ほどである。多くのスズメ目鳥類と同じように、雛は無毛で生まれ、目が見えず（晩成）、長期間を巣で過ごす（留巣性）。雛は灰褐色の羽毛（ダウン）を急速に成長させる。両親が若鳥に給餌するが、雄は孵化から数日後までは、直接、雛に給餌を開始することはない^[48]。

オオオニカッコウはフエガラスの巣に托卵し、仮親により育てられる^[49]。オオオニカッコウの卵はフエガラスの卵に非常によく似ている。オオオニカッコウがフエガラスの巣を訪れると、親鳥が逃げることが知られており、フエガラスの幼鳥を捨てたり^[36]、幼鳥の首を切り落とすことが記録されている^[38]。また、アカハラオオタカ (Accipiter fasciatus )やレースオオトカゲ が雛を捕食しているのが記録されている^[50]。

脚注[編集]

[ヘルプ]

参考文献[編集]

ウィキメディア・コモンズには、フエガラスに関連するメディアがあります。

• BirdLife International (2004). Strepera graculina. 2006. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. www.iucnredlist.org. Retrieved on 1 November 2006. Database entry includes justification for why this species is of least concern
• Higgins, Peter Jeffrey; Peter, John M.; Cowling SJ (eds.) (2006). Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic Birds. Vol. 7: Boatbill to Starlings. Melbourne: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195539967.

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