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El petrell de les Galápagos (Pterodroma phaeopygia) és un ocell marí de la família dels procel·làrids (Procellariidae), d'hàbits pelàgics que cria a les illes Galápagos i es dispersa pel Pacífic Oriental fins a prop de la costa Sud-americana.
El petrell de les Galápagos (Pterodroma phaeopygia) és un ocell marí de la família dels procel·làrids (Procellariidae), d'hàbits pelàgics que cria a les illes Galápagos i es dispersa pel Pacífic Oriental fins a prop de la costa Sud-americana.
Aderyn a rhywogaeth o adar yw Pedryn y Galapagos (sy'n enw gwrywaidd; enw lluosog: pedrynnod y Galapagos) a adnabyddir hefyd gyda'i enw gwyddonol Pterodroma phaeopygia; yr enw Saesneg arno yw Galapagos petrel. Mae'n perthyn i deulu'r Pedrynnod (Lladin: Procellariidae) sydd yn urdd y Procellariformes.[1]
Talfyrir yr enw Lladin yn aml yn P. phaeopygia, sef enw'r rhywogaeth.[2]
Mae'r pedryn y Galapagos yn perthyn i deulu'r Pedrynnod (Lladin: Procellariidae). Dyma rai o aelodau eraill y teulu:
Rhestr Wicidata:
rhywogaeth enw tacson delwedd Oceanodroma jabejabe Oceanodroma jabejabe Oceanodroma macrodactyla Oceanodroma macrodactyla Oceanodroma monteiroi Oceanodroma monteiroi Pedryn Cynffon-fforchog Oceanodroma leucorhoa
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Aderyn a rhywogaeth o adar yw Pedryn y Galapagos (sy'n enw gwrywaidd; enw lluosog: pedrynnod y Galapagos) a adnabyddir hefyd gyda'i enw gwyddonol Pterodroma phaeopygia; yr enw Saesneg arno yw Galapagos petrel. Mae'n perthyn i deulu'r Pedrynnod (Lladin: Procellariidae) sydd yn urdd y Procellariformes.
Talfyrir yr enw Lladin yn aml yn P. phaeopygia, sef enw'r rhywogaeth.
Der Galapagos-Sturmvogel (Pterodroma phaeopygia) auch als Galapagos-Sturmtaucher bezeichnet, ist ein seltener Seevogel aus der Gattung der Hakensturmtaucher (Pterodroma).
Der Galapagos-Sturmvogel ist eine endemische Vogelart der Galapagosinseln. Er nistet in Gebieten mit hoher Luftfeuchtigkeit im Hochland auf den Inseln San Cristobal, Santa Cruz, Santiago, Floreana und Isabela.[1]
Die Vögel haben ein dunkelbraunes Obergefieder und weißes Untergefieder. Auf dem Meer sind sie von den Hawaii-Sturmvögeln (Pterodroma sandwichensis) nicht zu unterscheiden. Daher wurden sie eine Zeit lang für die gleiche Art gehalten. In der älteren Literatur wird letzterer noch unter Pterodroma phaeopygia sandwichensis angegeben, mittlerweile gelten beide als eigenständige Arten. Die Galápagos-Sturmvögel weisen keinen ausgeprägten Sexualdimorphismus auf. Jungtiere sind von den Erwachsenen kaum zu unterscheiden.
Wie für einen Meeresvogel üblich, verbringen die Erwachsenen den Großteil ihres Lebens auf dem Meer, wo sie auch die Nahrung für ihre Nachkommen erbeuten. Die Jungtiere erreichen die Geschlechtsreife im Alter von fünf bis sechs Jahren und nisten von da an in der Regel einmal pro Jahr. Die Brutsaison findet für die verschiedenen Sturmvogelpopulationen zu einem unterschiedlichen Zeitpunkt statt.[2] In Santa Cruz und Santiago beginnt die Saison von März bis Januar, auf Isabela von Ende April bis Januar, auf Floreana von Oktober bis August und auf San Cristobal von Mai bis Oktober.[3] Wenn die Brutsaison beginnt, kehren sie zu ihren großen Kolonien zurück, die sich auf den Hochebenen der Galápagos-Inseln befinden.
Der Galapagos-Sturmvogel ist aufgrund invasiver Arten vom Aussterben bedroht (critically endangered).[4] Die Sturmvogelpopulationen werden durch eingeschleppte Säugetiere stark beeinträchtigt. Die eingeschleppten Ratten, Katzen, Hunde, Schweine, Ziegen, Esel und Rinder erbeuten und zerstören die Brutkolonien auf den Inseln.[5] Die Einführung der Hausratte ist eine der Hauptursachen für die erhöhte Sterblichkeit von Eiern und Jungtieren.[6] Weiterhin haben eingeschleppte Pflanzen das Nisthabitat grundlegend verändert und eingeschränkt. Die Population ist stark rückläufig, derzeit wird der Bestand auf etwa 6000–15000 Individuen geschätzt.[7]
Verbreitungsgebiet
Im Flug in der Nähe von San Cristóbal
Jungtier
Zwei Galapagos-Sturmvögel auf Plaza Sur
Sturmvogelpopulation auf Plaza Sur
Der Galapagos-Sturmvogel (Pterodroma phaeopygia) auch als Galapagos-Sturmtaucher bezeichnet, ist ein seltener Seevogel aus der Gattung der Hakensturmtaucher (Pterodroma).
The Galápagos petrel (Pterodroma phaeopygia) is one of the six endemic seabirds of the Galápagos.[2] Its scientific name derives from Ancient Greek: Pterodroma originates from pteron and dromos, meaning "wing" and "runner", and phaeopygia comes from phaios and pugios, meaning "dusky" and "rump".[3] Members of Pterodroma genus are also called the gadfly petrels because their erratic twisting and turning in flight resemble that of gadflies.[4]
Known by locals as pata pegada or "web-footed one", Galápagos petrels are highly adapted to the ocean and spend most of their time at sea eating invertebrates and fish.[5][6] At sea, they are indistinguishable from the Hawaiian petrels: consequently, they were considered the same species for a while.[2][7] When breeding season arises, they return to their large colonies located on the highlands of some Galápagos islands.[5][6]
The populations of Galápagos petrels have declined substantially over the last three generations (60 years) due to anthropogenic disturbances.[5][8] Introduced predation (i.e. feral cats, dogs, pigs, and rats) and agricultural expansion have decreased the species' overall breeding success, survivability, and quality of habitats and nesting colonies.[5][8] Although many conservation efforts are underway, its populations are currently still declining with an estimate of 6,000-15,000 mature individuals remaining.[8] The species is now classified under “critically endangered” in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.[8]
The Galápagos and Hawaiian petrels are very similar.[9] They are large, long-winged gadfly petrels with an overall dark-gray topside which darkens gradually towards the tip of the wings and tail.[9] A narrow white line on each side of their rump is often present.[9] The species are also characterized by a distinct black hood that extends to the sides of their neck.[9] In contrast, their face and underparts are white, but the underwings have black margins and a diagonal bar that extends from the coverts to near the base of the wings.[9] While all Hawaiian petrels have entirely white foreheads, many Galápagos petrels have black freckles.[9] Also, their legs and feet are pink and the webbings, black.[9]
Galápagos petrels do not exhibit sexual dimorphism, and juveniles are indistinguishable from the adults.[6][9] Although adult petrels sometimes acquire a brown tinge due to abrasion, their feathers remain relatively similar throughout the year.[6][9] Plus, the molting details are not well-known, but it seems like most feathers are replaced during the non-breeding season.[6][9]
Furthermore, like all gadfly petrels, Galápagos petrels have short, stout, hooked bills with sharp edges that are used to seize, manipulate and cut up small prey.[6] One of the most remarkable features in this group, however, is that all have external tubular nostrils, suggesting that they have developed an ability to smell, detect and locate their food.[6] They can even find their nest burrow within the colony in the dark.[6]
Despite all the similarities, there are also some subtle differences between the Galápagos and Hawaiian petrel. Galápagos petrels appear to have longer and narrower bills than the Hawaiian form.[9] They are also lighter (i.e. average for the Galápagos petrel is 420 g, whereas the Hawaiian petrel is 434 g) but have longer wings and tarsi.[9][10] However, their total wing area and weight-to-wing area ratio are slightly lower than that of Hawaiian petrels, hence Galápagos petrels have lower flight speeds but more agility.[9]
The Galápagos petrel is one of the 35 species of gadfly petrels within the family Procellariidae and order Procellariiformes.[6] This is one of the most primitive bird orders, and all of its members are collectively referred to as "petrels".[6]
Taxonomically, its genus and family are extremely complex and are often subject to revision.[6] Indeed, the Procellariidae display a slower rate of speciation compared to other bird groups.[6] Although they are now widely distributed around the world, it appears to have differentiated from the other Procellariiformes over 40-50 million years ago in the Southern Hemisphere.[6] A DNA study revealed that the closest relatives to the petrels are the divers, penguins, and frigatebirds.[6] However, many members of family are still poorly known, as it is the case with the Galápagos petrel.[6]
The species was first described as Estrelata phaeopygia by Salvin in 1876.[6] In 1918, he renamed the Galápagos petrel because he thought it was a conspecific of the Hawaiian petrel (i.e. together, they were also known as the Dark-rumped petrel); hence it became known as Pterodroma phaeopygia phaeopygia[4][6][11]. However, their genetic variation, their geographical separation and their morphological and behavioral differences provided enough evidence to split them into two unique species.[2][7] The Galápagos petrels were finally elevated to a species taxon as Pterodroma phaeopygia.[2][7] Plus, recent studies found that some genetic, morphometric and behavioural differences also exist among individual island populations of the Galápagos petrel.[12] It appears that the Isabela population recently derived from the Santiago population, and the San Cristobal population is a combination of all the other populations.[2]
The Galápagos petrel is endemic to the Galápagos Islands.[2] They are mainly distributed in the Galápagos Marine Reserve area, but studies revealed that individuals frequently leave the reserve and disperse northeast towards South America and up to 2000 km southwards in the period between January and February.[5][11] Like other gadfly petrels, these subtropical seabirds are highly pelagic and are maladapted to the terrestrial habitats.[6] Therefore, they are usually found far from the land and will only return to their nest to breed.[6]
The nesting colonies are distributed among five islands: Santiago, Floreana, Isabela, Santa Cruz, and San Cristobal, which are all less than 170 km apart.[12] Multiple colonies can occur within one island; each can be as large as 200 m by 300 m and are separated by a distance that varies from 300 m to 5 km.[12] Nowadays, the Galápagos petrels commonly nest on offshore islets because their habitats have been destroyed or displaced by anthropogenic disturbances.[5][6] Their nests typically occur in highlands that are at least 180 m above the sea.[5] Most can also be found in thickly vegetated sites where the soil is soft enough to burrow deep cavities, but some individuals also choose to nest in volcanic crevices.[5] These ground nests make the species more vulnerable to introduced predators.[6]
In general, all Procellarids are very mobile and can travel long distances for several months.[6] However, it is still unclear what behavior they exhibit when it is not the breeding season.[6] Sometimes, petrels aggregate around shoals or other rich food sources.[6]
All procellarids are adapted to the ocean but not so much to the land.[6] As a result, they only frequent landmasses for a prolonged period during the breeding season.[6] Also, these petrels are gregarious and typically form large discrete breeding colonies.[6] The Galápagos petrels are highly philopatric, meaning that every year they return to their natal colony or the same nesting site with the same partner.[6]
Many petrels have nocturnal habits, including the Galápagos form.[6] Indeed, they forage in the evenings and return to feed their offspring during the day.[6][10] They often fly just above the water to feed on their prey without diving in.[6][10] Courtship also occurs in the night and the petrels are often seen towering into the sky and flying erratically as a display to attract a female.[6]
Galápagos petrels are adapted to make efficient use of food resources which are typically distant from the colonies, patchily distributed and have low nutritive value.[10] The petrels mainly take mesopelagic prey such as squids, small fish, crustaceans and other invertebrates.[6][10] These are presumably taken at night because that is when some of the prey migrate vertically to feed at the surface; although sometimes, they are driven to the surface by tunas and porpoises.[10][11] Plus, some of their prey (about 82% in number and 75% by mass) are bioluminescent, which may help the species detect them at night.[10] Galápagos petrels catch and eat them while flying.[6][10]
During the nesting season, the parents take turn to feed the chick by regurgitating their meal.[10] A study of the chicks' stomach content revealed that they are fed semi-digested seafood mixed with a large amount of high-caloric stomach oils produced by the parent.[6][10] These oils are the main source of energy and water for the offspring.[10] Interestingly, the feeding rates are highest during the month that follows hatching but decreases as they prepare to fledge.[10] This much energy is required in young birds to develop their thermoregulatory ability, and their mass-specific metabolic rate is also the highest during that time.[10]
Most gadfly petrels tend to remain silent at sea, but become very vocal at night when they are near their breeding colony.[6][12] Also, during communal courtship, they often emit various shrill cries.[6] Moreover, from the inside of their burrow, they typically produce different crooning or growling notes and some moaning cries.[6]
Studies reported that the Galápagos petrels call from after sunset until dawn on all islands.[12] This occurs when they circle or fly out of their colonies and during high-speed chases.[6][12] Their calls increase the most just before sunrise when the birds are the most numerous in the sky.[12] However, one study also noted that they were silent for most of the night and only began calling before sunrise (i.e. 6 AM).[12] The main flight call recorded sounded like “kee-kee-kee-(c)ooo” with the last note drawn out.[5]
The Galápagos petrels mainly use three flight calls.[12] There is a short 3-5 syllable call that may be used for identification; a long call of 6-20 syllables for aggressive or defensive situations; and a single-syllable call for very stressful situations.[12] The short and long call are sexually dimorphic: calls in males are sweet and pleasant but are coarser and grating in females.[12] Interestingly, individuals of different islands also have call differences that distinguish them.[12] In comparison to the Hawaiian petrel, their vocalizations are quite different.[12]
Pterodroma species reach sexual maturity at age 5-6 and generally nest once every year from then on.[6] The breeding season occurs at a different time for different Galápagos petrel populations.[5] In Santa Cruz and Santiago, the season starts from March to January; in Isabela, from the end of April to January; in Floreana, from October to August; and in San Cristobal, from May to October.[5][13] Although some seasons overlap, there is little to no interbreeding between populations.[2][12] These populations have likely diverged from each other because of their rigid cycle and high fidelity to their mate and nesting site.[2][6]
Mature individuals dig or take up abandoned rabbit burrows and prepare for nesting by enlarging their burrow and gathering dry vegetation.[5][6] When finding their life-long partner, male gadfly petrels have different displays to attract females.[6] They exhibit elaborate courtship flights that include aerial chasing, high-speed swoops, and towering which are accompanied by loud calls.[6] Breeding pairs associate in their burrow and engage in mutual preening and series of calls.[6] After copulation, they return to the sea to feed abundantly in preparation for the gestation period and the subsequent long incubation period.[5][6] During this time, which lasts approximately two weeks, each of the pair will pay short visits to the nest so that others do not think it is deserted.[6]
Each pair lays one egg that is white and ovate.[5] In a study, the eggs weighed about 17 or 20% of the female body weight, but on average eggs weigh 20-24% of that in all gadfly petrels.[5][6] The incubation period is about 50 days, and the male and female take turns to incubate the egg for an average of 12 days.[5] While the incubating parents are losing an average of 10-15 g per day, the others are foraging at sea with no evidence that they return to feed their partners.[5] Although the eggs are rarely left unattended, both parents will sometimes leave the nest to forage when food is scarce.[5][6] As an adaptation to this, the eggs are resistant to the cold.[5] However, the introduced black rat (Rattus rattus) prey on the eggs.[5][8]
Upon hatching, chicks are covered by an off-white down on the front and sides of the throat, as well as the center of the belly.[5] Parents take turns feeding them, and they quickly become fat, exceeding the weight of their parents.[5][6] The Galápagos petrel chicks have also adapted to the scarcity of food as they are resistant to starvation.[6] The second down appears after around 10 days and the feathers, after 5 weeks.[5] Once the chicks are fully feathered and look like molted adults, parents stop their visits.[5] Overall, their nesting success is low.[5][8][9]
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{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) The Galápagos petrel (Pterodroma phaeopygia) is one of the six endemic seabirds of the Galápagos. Its scientific name derives from Ancient Greek: Pterodroma originates from pteron and dromos, meaning "wing" and "runner", and phaeopygia comes from phaios and pugios, meaning "dusky" and "rump". Members of Pterodroma genus are also called the gadfly petrels because their erratic twisting and turning in flight resemble that of gadflies.
Known by locals as pata pegada or "web-footed one", Galápagos petrels are highly adapted to the ocean and spend most of their time at sea eating invertebrates and fish. At sea, they are indistinguishable from the Hawaiian petrels: consequently, they were considered the same species for a while. When breeding season arises, they return to their large colonies located on the highlands of some Galápagos islands.
The populations of Galápagos petrels have declined substantially over the last three generations (60 years) due to anthropogenic disturbances. Introduced predation (i.e. feral cats, dogs, pigs, and rats) and agricultural expansion have decreased the species' overall breeding success, survivability, and quality of habitats and nesting colonies. Although many conservation efforts are underway, its populations are currently still declining with an estimate of 6,000-15,000 mature individuals remaining. The species is now classified under “critically endangered” in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
La Galapaga burdopetrelo aŭ Galapaga petrelo[1] (Pterodroma phaeopygia) estas granda, longflugila marbirdo de la grupo de burdopetreloj. Tiu specio estis iam konata kiel Malhelpuga petrelo, kvankam ĵusaj taksonomiaj ŝanĝoj nuligis tiun nomon el nuna uzado. (Vidu ankaŭ la specion Havaja petrelo, el kiu tiu ĉi specio disiĝis.) La lokanoj en Galapagoj ofte nomigas tiun specion en la hispana "patapegada" (nome gluita-kruro).
La Galapaga burdopetrelo estas endemia marbirdo kiu nestumas en areoj de granda humideco en altaj teroj (ĝenerale super 200 m alte) de kvin insuloj de Galapagoj (nome insuloj San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago, Floreana, kaj Isabela). Iam la petrela populacio estis draste tuŝita pro enmetitaj mamuloj. Tiuj enmetitaj animaloj predis kaj efikis su la nestokolonioj, konduke al taksado de tiu petrelo kiel Draste Endanĝerita en la IUCN Ruĝa Listo de Minacataj Specioj. Unu el ĉefaj minacoj kontraŭ la populacio de petreloj estas la Nigra rato (Rattus rattus), nome enmetita specio kiu estas ĉefa kaŭzo de malsukceso de ovoj kaj mortoj de petrelidoj de tiu ĉi specio. Ankaŭ enmetitaj plantoj ŝanĝis kaj malpliigis la reproduktan habitaton. La reprodukta periodo de petreloj kovras ĉirkaŭ ok monatoj de la jaro. Studo farita en 2002 montris, ke la ovodemetada periodo okazas inter marto kaj la fino de oktobro, kun pinto dum la unuaj du semajnoj de aŭgusto.
La Galapaga burdopetrelo aŭ Galapaga petrelo (Pterodroma phaeopygia) estas granda, longflugila marbirdo de la grupo de burdopetreloj. Tiu specio estis iam konata kiel Malhelpuga petrelo, kvankam ĵusaj taksonomiaj ŝanĝoj nuligis tiun nomon el nuna uzado. (Vidu ankaŭ la specion Havaja petrelo, el kiu tiu ĉi specio disiĝis.) La lokanoj en Galapagoj ofte nomigas tiun specion en la hispana "patapegada" (nome gluita-kruro).
La Galapaga burdopetrelo estas endemia marbirdo kiu nestumas en areoj de granda humideco en altaj teroj (ĝenerale super 200 m alte) de kvin insuloj de Galapagoj (nome insuloj San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago, Floreana, kaj Isabela). Iam la petrela populacio estis draste tuŝita pro enmetitaj mamuloj. Tiuj enmetitaj animaloj predis kaj efikis su la nestokolonioj, konduke al taksado de tiu petrelo kiel Draste Endanĝerita en la IUCN Ruĝa Listo de Minacataj Specioj. Unu el ĉefaj minacoj kontraŭ la populacio de petreloj estas la Nigra rato (Rattus rattus), nome enmetita specio kiu estas ĉefa kaŭzo de malsukceso de ovoj kaj mortoj de petrelidoj de tiu ĉi specio. Ankaŭ enmetitaj plantoj ŝanĝis kaj malpliigis la reproduktan habitaton. La reprodukta periodo de petreloj kovras ĉirkaŭ ok monatoj de la jaro. Studo farita en 2002 montris, ke la ovodemetada periodo okazas inter marto kaj la fino de oktobro, kun pinto dum la unuaj du semajnoj de aŭgusto.
El petrel de las Galápagos (Pterodroma phaeopygia), también denominado fardela gris parda, petrel ecuatoriano o petrel lomioscuro,[2] es un petrel grande, de alas largas. La población local en las islas Galápagos a menudo llaman a esta especie "patapegada".
La Fardela Gris Parda es un ave marina endémica que anida en zonas de alta humedad en las tierras altas (por lo general por encima de los 200 metros (660 pies) de altitud) de las cinco islas del archipiélago de Galápagos (islas San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago, Floreana e Isabela).
En el pasado, la población de petreles se vio gravemente afectada por mamíferos introducidos. Estos animales introducidos depredaron y alteraron las colonias de anidación, lo que lleva a la evaluación del petrel como en peligro crítico en la Lista Roja de la UICN de especies amenazadas. Una de las mayores amenazas para la población de petreles es la presencia de la rata negra (Rattus rattus), una especie introducida que es la principal causa de mortalidad de huevos y crías de la especie. Las plantas introducidas también han alterado y restringió el hábitat de anidación. El período de reproducción de los petreles cubre alrededor de ocho meses del año. Un estudio realizado en 2002 mostró un período de puesta de huevos entre marzo y finales de octubre, con un auge que ocurren durante las dos primeras semanas de agosto.
El petrel de las Galápagos (Pterodroma phaeopygia), también denominado fardela gris parda, petrel ecuatoriano o petrel lomioscuro, es un petrel grande, de alas largas. La población local en las islas Galápagos a menudo llaman a esta especie "patapegada".
Pterodroma phaeopygia Pterodroma generoko animalia da. Hegaztien barruko Procellariidae familian sailkatua dago.
Pterodroma phaeopygia Pterodroma generoko animalia da. Hegaztien barruko Procellariidae familian sailkatua dago.
Galápagosinviistäjä (Pterodroma phaeopygia) on ulappaliitäjien heimoon kuuluva valtamerilintu. Se elää Galápagossaarilla. Populaation koko on 10 000–20 000 yksilöä.[1] Osbert Salvin kuvaili lajin holotyypin Galápagossaarten Chatham Islandilta vuonna 1876.[2]
Galápagosinviistäjä (Pterodroma phaeopygia) on ulappaliitäjien heimoon kuuluva valtamerilintu. Se elää Galápagossaarilla. Populaation koko on 10 000–20 000 yksilöä. Osbert Salvin kuvaili lajin holotyypin Galápagossaarten Chatham Islandilta vuonna 1876.
Pterodroma phaeopygia
Le Pétrel des Galapagos (Pterodroma phaeopygia) est une espèce d'oiseaux de haute mer du genre Pterodroma de la famille des Procellariidae.
Le nom d'espèce, phaeopygia (du grec φαιός/phaios, brun et πυγή/pughè, fesse), de cet oiseau au vol rapide, fait référence à la couleur brune de son croupion.
Cette espèce est endémique des Galápagos. Elle niche sur cinq des principales îles de l'archipel, à savoir San Cristobal, Santa Cruz, Santiago, Isabela et Floreana. Cependant elle se rencontre, en quête de nourriture, sur une aire beaucoup plus vaste, dans un rayon qui peut atteindre 2 000 km comprenant notamment toute la côte du Pacifique, du sud du Mexique jusqu'au sud du Pérou.
C'est un oiseau d'environ 43 cm avec de longues ailes qui lui donnent une envergure de 90 cm. Il a un bec trapu, le front blanc, la calotte et le dessus du corps brun fuligineux uniforme à noirâtre. Le dessous des ailes est blanc avec une bande noire sur le bord d'attaque ainsi qu'à l'arrière sur les plumes de couverture. Tout le dessous du corps est également blanc sauf le croupion, brun, comme son nom scientifique le suggère.
Il se nourrit principalement de calmars, de poissons et de crustacés.
Il a un vol caractéristique très rapide entrecoupé de longs vols planés et de virages suivis de grandes courbes accompagnées de quelques battements d'ailes, spécialement dans des conditions venteuses[1]. On le rencontre habituellement seul, s'associant rarement avec d'autres oiseaux marins. Il se nourrit principalement en interceptant ses proies juste à la surface de l'eau.
Il se reproduit dans les hautes terres humides, entre 300 et 900 m, dans des terriers ou des cavités naturelles, sur des pentes, gouffres et tunnels de lave. La majorité des pontes a lieu entre mai et octobre, culminant en août. Il s'agit d'un œuf unique blanc dont la période de couvaison est de 52 à 56 jours.
Cette espèce souffre de la présence d'une espèce de prédateurs introduite dans ces îles, le rat noir. Ces mammifères, dont l'espèce est difficile à éradiquer malgré les efforts déployés par les autorités scientifiques locales[2], dévorent les œufs dans les nids et s'attaquent même aux oisillons.
Cette espèce, qui a subi un déclin très rapide au cours des soixante dernières années, est classée en danger critique d'extinction.
Pterodroma phaeopygia
Le Pétrel des Galapagos (Pterodroma phaeopygia) est une espèce d'oiseaux de haute mer du genre Pterodroma de la famille des Procellariidae.
Galapagoška burnica (lat. Pterodroma phaeopygia) je vrsta morske ptice iz porodice zovoja.
Endemična je morska ptica koja se gnijezdi na područjima visoke vlažnosti u brdskim krajevima na nadmorskoj visini do 200 metara. Gnijezdi se na pet otoka otočja Galapagos (San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago, Floreana i Isabela).
Duga je 43 cm. Velika je i ima duga krila. Hrani se ribama, lignjama i rakovima. Prijetnja su joj psi, mačke i svinje, koji uzimaju jaja, te napadaju mlade i odrasle. Najveće ugroženje za populaciju je uvođenje crnog štakora, koji je velika opasnost za uspješno gniježdenje.
Galapagoška burnica (lat. Pterodroma phaeopygia) je vrsta morske ptice iz porodice zovoja.
De zwartborststormvogel (Pterodroma phaeopygia) is een tot de stormvogels en pijlstormvogels behorende vogel. Het is een ernstig bedreigde, endemische vogelsoort van de Galapagoseilanden.
De vogel is 39,5 tot 42 cm lang en weegt 387 tot 434 g en heeft een spanwijdte van 99 tot 110 cm. Het is een grote stormvogel met lange vleugels met op de kop her en der zwarte vlekken in verschillende patronen. Op zee is deze vogel nauwelijks te onderscheiden van de hawaiistormvogel.Gemiddeld heeft de zwartborststormvogel langere poten (tarsus) en snavel en ontbreken bij de hawaiistormvogel de zwarte vlekken op de kop.[2][1]
Deze zeevogel nestelt op de Galapagoseilanden in de hooglanden, boven de 180 tot 900 m boven de zeespiegel op de eilanden San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago, Floreana en Isabela.
De vogels broeden in holen of natuurlijke holtes in hellingen, in kraters, lavatunnels en geulen die begroeid zijn met onder andere varens. De broedtijd valt tussen mei en oktober en piekt in augustus.
Buiten de broedtijd verblijven de vogels op open zee waar zij foerageren op pijlinktvissen, kreeftachtigen en vissen.[2]
De zwartborststormvogel heeft een zeer klein en bedreigd broedgebied en daardoor is de kans op uitsterven aanwezig. De grootte van de populatie werd in 2017 door BirdLife International geschat op 10.000 tot 20.000 individuen en de populatie-aantallen nemen af. Het broedgebied wordt bedreigd door invasieve diersoorten zoals verwilderde katten, honden en varkens. Overbegrazing door geiten is een probleem maar ook elektriciteitsleidingen en windmolens veroorzaken slachtoffers en op zee vormt langelijnvisserij een probleem voor deze zeevogels. Om deze redenen staat deze soort als ernstig bedreigd (kritiek) op de Rode Lijst van de IUCN.[1]
Bronnen, noten en/of referentiesDe zwartborststormvogel (Pterodroma phaeopygia) is een tot de stormvogels en pijlstormvogels behorende vogel. Het is een ernstig bedreigde, endemische vogelsoort van de Galapagoseilanden.
Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons Petrel galapagoski, petrel ciemnogrzbiety[3] (Pterodroma phaeopygia) – gatunek ptaka z rodziny burzykowatych (Procellariidae). W locie przeplata szybowanie kilkakrotnymi uderzeniami skrzydeł.
Petrel galapagoski, petrel ciemnogrzbiety (Pterodroma phaeopygia) – gatunek ptaka z rodziny burzykowatych (Procellariidae). W locie przeplata szybowanie kilkakrotnymi uderzeniami skrzydeł.
Wygląd Duże skrzydła. Wierzch ciała ciemnobrązowy, oprócz białego czoła i (czasami) boków kupra. Czarna czapka obejmuje oko i sięga daleko ku tyłowi. Spód skrzydeł biały, z wyjątkiem ciemnej plamy na podbarkówkach i ciemnego obrzeżenia skrzydeł, a także ukośnego paska od nadgarstka przez pokrywy podskrzydłowe ku bokom. Dziób ciemny, nogi różowe. Rozmiary Długość ciała do 43 cm. Zasięg, środowisko Pacyfik i Ameryka Południowa. Gniazduje na Hawajach i Galapagos. Liczebność populacji spada. Poza sezonem lęgowym w rozproszeniu na tropikalnych oceanach; ptaki z Galapagos spotykane są na wybrzeżach między Meksykiem i północnym Peru.Galápagospetrell[2] (Pterodroma phaeopygia) är en utrotningshotad fågel i familjen liror inom ordningen stormfåglar.[3]
Galápagospetrellen är en stor och långvingad petrell, med en kroppslängd på 43 cemtimeter. Den har varierande mängder med svarta markeringar på vita pannan, men är i övrigt mycket lik hawaiipetrellen (P. sandwichensis), så pass att de inte med säkerhet kan skiljas åt till havs. I genomsnitt har gal+apagospetrellen längre vingar, tarser och näbb.
Arten häckar enbart i Galápagosöarna, på öarna Santa Cruz, Floreana, Santiago, San Cristóbal, Isabela och möjligen fler öar.[1] Utanför häckningsperioden förekommer den pelagiskt i ett område som sträcker sig från Clipperton Island till norra Peru.[3] Tillfälligt har den påträffats i Panama och Filippinerna.[1]
Galápagospetrellen häckar i fuktiga höglänta områden mellan 300 och 900 meters höjd, i bohålor, i kratrar, lavatunnlar och på sluttningar, oftast nära växter av släktet Miconia.[4][5][6] Den livnär sig huvudsakligen av bläckfisk, fisk och skaldjur.[7]
Arten har en liten population på endast 10.000-20.000 individer och har minskat mycket kraftigt i antal, i alla fall till 1980-talet, till följd av predation från invasiva arter och habitatförstörelse.[1] Sedan dess verkar takten ha avtagit.[1] Internationella naturvårdsunionen IUCN kategoriserar ändå arten som akut hotad.[1]
Wikimedia Commons har media som rör galápagospetrell.
Wikispecies har information om Pterodroma phaeopygia.
Galápagospetrell (Pterodroma phaeopygia) är en utrotningshotad fågel i familjen liror inom ordningen stormfåglar.
Pterodroma phaeopygia là một loài chim trong họ Procellariidae.[1]
Pterodroma phaeopygia là một loài chim trong họ Procellariidae.
