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Aphelocoma wollweberi ( الأستورية )

المقدمة من wikipedia AST
Map marker icon – Nicolas Mollet – Birds – Nature – white.png Les especies d'aves con nome común en llingua asturiana márquense como NOA. En casu contrariu, conséñase'l nome científicu o de la SEO.

Aphelocoma wollweberi tamién conocida como chara mexicana, chara pechu gris, graya mexicana, pega mexicana o pega pechigris,[2] ye una especie d'ave paseriforme de la familia Corvidae nativa de la Sierra Madre Oriental, la Sierra Madre Occidental y el Pandu Central de Méxicu. Algama al norte hasta l'este d'Arizona, l'oeste de Nuevu Méxicu y l'oeste de Texas nos Estaos Xuníos. El so hábitat preferíu son los montes montanos de pinu y carbayu.

Sistemática

Una recién decisión de la American Ornithologists' Union alzó delles poblaciones a una especie separada (A. ultramarina),[3][4] basáu nes diferencies fenotípicas diagnosticables nel plumaxe y morfoloxía, millones d'años de diverxencia xenética y falta d'evidencia de mestizaje cola chara pechigris. A. ultramarina habita nos montes montanos na petrina transvolcánico del centru de Méxicu.

Subespecies

Reconócense cinco subespecies:[5]

Referencies

  1. BirdLife International (2013). «Aphelocoma wollweberi» (inglés). Llista Roxa d'especies amenazaes de la UICN 2014.3. Consultáu'l 21 de febreru de 2015.
  2. «Chara Mexicana (Aphelocoma [ultramarina o wollweberi) (Bonaparte, 1825)]». en Avibase. Consultáu'l 22 de febreru de 2015.
  3. «Split Mexican Jay Aphelocoma ultramarina into two species». AOU Committee on Classification and Nomenclature (North & Middle America). The American Ornithologists' Union. Consultáu'l 22 de febreru de 2015.
  4. «Fifty-Second Supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union». The Auk 128 (3). de xunetu de 2011. doi:10.1525/auk.2011.128.3.600.
  5. Frank Gill & David Donsker (eds) (2015). «Crows, mudnesters & birds-of-paradise». IOC World Bird List v 5.1. Consultáu'l 22 de febreru de 2015.

Enllaces esternos

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Aphelocoma wollweberi: Brief Summary ( الأستورية )

المقدمة من wikipedia AST
Aphelocoma wollweberi Map marker icon – Nicolas Mollet – Birds – Nature – white.png Les especies d'aves con nome común en llingua asturiana márquense como NOA. En casu contrariu, conséñase'l nome científicu o de la SEO.

Aphelocoma wollweberi tamién conocida como chara mexicana, chara pechu gris, graya mexicana, pega mexicana o pega pechigris, ye una especie d'ave paseriforme de la familia Corvidae nativa de la Sierra Madre Oriental, la Sierra Madre Occidental y el Pandu Central de Méxicu. Algama al norte hasta l'este d'Arizona, l'oeste de Nuevu Méxicu y l'oeste de Texas nos Estaos Xuníos. El so hábitat preferíu son los montes montanos de pinu y carbayu.

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Aphelocoma wollweberi ( الكتالونية )

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Aphelocoma wollweberi és un ocell de la família dels còrvids (Corvidae) que habita boscos i matolls del centre d'Arizona, sud-oest de Nou Mèxic, nord de l'estat de Chihuahua, oest de Texas, nord de Coahuila, centre de Nuevo León i oest de Tamaulipas. En diverses llengües rep el nom de "garsa mexicana" (en anglès mexican jay. en francès: geai du mexique).

Referències

 src= A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Aphelocoma wollweberi Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata


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Aphelocoma wollweberi: Brief Summary ( الكتالونية )

المقدمة من wikipedia CA

Aphelocoma wollweberi és un ocell de la família dels còrvids (Corvidae) que habita boscos i matolls del centre d'Arizona, sud-oest de Nou Mèxic, nord de l'estat de Chihuahua, oest de Texas, nord de Coahuila, centre de Nuevo León i oest de Tamaulipas. En diverses llengües rep el nom de "garsa mexicana" (en anglès mexican jay. en francès: geai du mexique).

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Mexikanischer Häher ( الألمانية )

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Mexikanischer Häher
im Big-Bend-Nationalpark

Der Mexikanische Häher (Aphelocoma wollweberi), zuweilen auch als Mexikanischer Blauhäher bezeichnet, ist eine Vogelart aus der Familie der Rabenvögel (Corvidae).

Beschreibung

Aussehen

Der Mexikanische Häher erreicht eine Länge von 29 Zentimetern und ein Gewicht zwischen 105 und 144 Gramm. Kopf, Flügeloberseiten und Schwanz sind leuchtend blau. Das Rückengefieder ist matt blau bis blaugrau, die Unterseite weißlich grau. Iris Schnabel und Beine haben eine schwarzbraune bis schwarze Farbe. Ein Sexualdimorphismus besteht nicht.

Ähnliche Arten

Der Inselhäher (Aphelocoma insularis) unterscheidet sich durch die dunkelgrau gefärbten Schulterfittiche und kommt ausschließlich auf Santa Cruz Island vor der südkalifornischen Küste vor.

Verbreitung und Lebensraum

Das Verbreitungsgebiet des Mexikanischen Hähers erstreckt sich von den südlichen Landesteilen der US-Bundesstaaten Texas, New Mexico und Arizona bis in den Norden Mexikos. Er lebt bevorzugt in Eichen- (Quercus) oder Mischwäldern.[1]

Lebensweise

Die Mexikanischen Häher leben in Gruppen zusammen. Sie suchen ihre Nahrung in erster Linie am Boden. Diese besteht zum Großteil aus Eicheln, Pinienkernen und Nüssen, die zum Teil als Vorrat auch in der Erde vergraben werden. Es wurde beobachtet, wie die Häher Erdnüsse vor dem Knacken schütteln, um deren Gewicht bzw. deren Füllung abzuschätzen. Auf diese Weise fanden sie heraus, wie schwer und wohlgefüllt eine Nuss ist. Erschien sie zu leicht, verschmähten die Vögel das Futter und sparten damit die Energie für das Knacken der Nüsse.[2] Das weitere Nahrungsspektrum der Häher umfasst Insekten sowie Beeren, Eidechsen und kleine Schlangen. Auch die Nester kleiner Vogelarten werden zuweilen geplündert. Doch haben beispielsweise die Schwarzkinnkolibris (Archilochus alexandri) eine Strategie entwickelt, um ihre Eier und Nestlinge vor den Räubern zu schützen: Sie nisten dort, wo auch Habichte brüten. Da die Häher die Nähe dieser Greifvögel meiden, können die Kolibris ungestört ihre Jungen aufziehen.[3]

Die Nester der Mexikanischen Häher werden in kleinen Kolonien meist in hohen Bäumen angelegt. Es werden in der Regel vier bis fünf Eier gelegt.[4] Diese haben eine blasse grüne bis blaugrüne Farbe und sind zuweilen mit einigen kleinen graubraunen Flecken überzogen. Die Brutzeit beträgt rund 18 Tage. Das Weibchen brütet allein und wird während dieses Zeitraums von Mitgliedern der Kolonie mit Nahrung versorgt. Beide Eltern füttern die Nestlinge, die nach 25 bis 28 Tagen ausfliegen und danach noch einige Zeit von den Eltern gefüttert werden.

Gefährdung

Der Mexikanische Häher ist in seinen Verbreitungsgebieten nicht selten und wird demzufolge von der Weltnaturschutzorganisation IUCN als LC IUCN 3 1.svgleast concern = nicht gefährdet“ klassifiziert.[5] Er ist vom United States Fish and Wildlife Service gemäß dem Migratory Bird Treaty Act geschützt.[6]

Taxonomie und Unterarten

Die früher unter der Bezeichnung Mexican jay (Aphelocoma ultramarina) geführte Art wurde im Jahr 2011 auf Beschluss der American Ornithologists' Union Check-List of North American Birds basierend auf deutlichen phänotypischen Unterschieden in Gefieder und Morphologie sowie genetischer Divergenz in zwei eigenständige Arten aufgespalten. Danach wurden die im Transvulkanischen Gürtel lebenden Populationen als Transvolcanic jay (Aphelocoma ultramarina) geführt. Die weiter nördlich angesiedelten Populationen werden seitdem weiterhin als Mexican jay, jedoch mit dem wissenschaftlichen Namen Aphelocoma wollweberi geführt.[7]

Folgende Unterarten werden unterschieden:[8]

Einige Autoren betrachten Aphelocoma potosina als eigenständige Art.[14] Weitere Untersuchungen sind diesbezüglich notwendig.

Literatur

  • Johann Jakob Kaup: Einige Worte über die systematische Stellung der Familie der Raben, Corvidae. In: Journal für Ornithologie. Band 2 (Extraheft), 1854, S. 48–56 (biodiversitylibrary.org [abgerufen am 10. März 2016]).
  • Gerrit Smith Miller, Jr: Description of a New Jay from Mexico. In: The Auk. Band 13, Nr. 1, 1896, S. 34–37 (sora.unm.edu [PDF; 141 kB; abgerufen am 10. März 2016]).
  • Edward William Nelson: Descriptions of New Birds from Mexico. In: The Auk. Band 16, Nr. 1, 1899, S. 25–31 (sora.unm.edu [PDF; 266 kB; abgerufen am 10. März 2016]).
  • Robert Ridgway, Spencer Fullerton Baird: On some new forms of American birds. In: Bulletin of the Essex Institute. Band 5, Nr. 12, 1874, S. 197–201 (biodiversitylibrary.org [abgerufen am 10. März 2016] 1874 (1873)).
  • Spencer Fullerton Baird: Birds. In: Reports of explorations and surveys, to ascertain the most practicable and economical route for a railroad from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean. Made under the direction of the secretary of war, in 1853-6. Band 5, Nr. 12, 1858, S. 1–1005 (biodiversitylibrary.org [abgerufen am 10. März 2016]).

Einzelnachweise

  1. Verbreitungsgebiet
  2. Nuss-Schütteltrick
  3. Kolibri-Überlebensstrategie
  4. Guide to North American Birds
  5. IUCN Red List
  6. Migratory Bird Treaty Act
  7. Chesser, R. Terry, Richard C. Banks, F. Keith Barker, Carla Cicero, Jon L. Dunn, Andrew W. Kratter, Irby J. Lovette, Pamela C. Rasmussen, J. V. Remsen, James D. Rising, Douglas F. Stotz, Kevin Winker: Fifty-second supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union Check-List of North American Birds. Auk 128(3), The American Ornithologists' Union, 2011, S. 600–613.
  8. IOC World bird list Crows, mudnesters & birds-of-paradise
  9. Robert Ridgway, S. 199.
  10. Spencer Fullerton Baird, S. 588.
  11. Gerrit Smith Miller, Jr, S. 34.
  12. Edward William Nelson, S. 27.
  13. Johann Jakob Kaup, S. 55.
  14. The Birds of North America
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Mexikanischer Häher: Brief Summary ( الألمانية )

المقدمة من wikipedia DE
 src= Mexikanischer Häher
im Big-Bend-Nationalpark

Der Mexikanische Häher (Aphelocoma wollweberi), zuweilen auch als Mexikanischer Blauhäher bezeichnet, ist eine Vogelart aus der Familie der Rabenvögel (Corvidae).

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Mexican jay ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من wikipedia EN

The Mexican jay (Aphelocoma wollweberi) [2] formerly known as the gray-breasted jay, is a New World jay native to the Sierra Madre Oriental, Sierra Madre Occidental, and Central Plateau of Mexico and parts of the southwestern United States. In May 2011, the American Ornithologists' Union voted to split the Mexican jay into two species, one retaining the common name Mexican jay and one called the Transvolcanic jay. The Mexican jay is a medium-sized jay with blue upper parts and pale gray underparts. It resembles the Woodhouse's scrub-jay, but has an unstreaked throat and breast. It feeds largely on acorns and pine nuts, but includes many other plant and animal foods in its diet. It has a cooperative breeding system where the parents are assisted by other birds to raise their young. This is a common species with a wide range and the International Union for Conservation of Nature has rated its conservation status as being of "least concern".

Taxonomy and systematics

A recent decision by the American Ornithologists' Union Check-list Committee elevated some populations of the Mexican jay to a separate species, called the Transvolcanic jay (A. ultramarina), based on diagnosable phenotypic differences in plumage and morphology, millions of years of genetic divergence and no evidence for interbreeding with Mexican jays. The Transvolcanic jay inhabits montane forest in the Transvolcanic Belt of central Mexico. Populations to the north retained the common name Mexican jay, but the Latin name changed to A. wollweberi. This was because the type specimen was a Transvolcanic jay, meaning that this species had precedent for the original Latin name A. ultramarina.

Thus, as of this decision, there are now five described subspecies of the Mexican jay that are divided into three divergent groups (see below). Marked differences in size, color, vocalizations, and genetics have led some authors to consider at least two of these groups as separate species (Eastern and Western; Navarro-Sigüenza and Peterson 2004). The three groups inhabit three distinct mountainous regions in northern and central Mexico. Genetic breaks in mitochondrial and microsatellite DNA occur abruptly between the groups, indicating some barriers to genetic exchange (McCormack et al. 2008). Size variation among the groups does not always follow Bergmann's rule, with more southerly populations in the Sierra Madre Oriental being larger than populations to the north. Mexican jays do not seem to follow Gloger's rule either, as populations in arid habitat in southwestern Texas are very blue. On the other hand, Mexican jays in Arizona - also arid habitat - have a washed-out appearance, in accordance with Gloger's rule.

Western group
Sierra Madre Occidental in northern [Jalisco] north to central Arizona and southwestern New Mexico. Southern and eastern limits in Jalisco deserve further study. Juveniles have a pink/pale base to the otherwise black bill for up to two years. Eggs are pale green-blue and unspeckled, unlike Eastern group where speckled eggs are common.

  • Aphelocoma wollweberi gracilis
Eastern Nayarit and northern Jalisco
Smallest of the Western subspecies with a distinct, high-pitched vocalization.
  • Aphelocoma wollweberi wollweberi
Durango and Zacatecas
Intermediate in size.
  • Aphelocoma wollweberi arizonae
Sonora and Chihuahua north to Arizona and New Mexico, United States
Largest and palest of all the subspecies.

Eastern group
Sierra Madre Oriental in Nuevo León and western Tamaulipas north to Texas (Chisos Mountains). Juveniles have an all-black exterior to the bill after fledging, but roof of inner upper mandible can remain partially white for up to two years. Reports of less social behavior compared to other groups are over-stated and credible accounts of cooperative breeding (Ligon and Husar 1974) and large flock sizes (Bhagabati and Horvath 2006) exist. Plain, speckled, and even white eggs have been observed in a single study area (McCormack and Berg 2010).

  • Aphelocoma wollweberi couchii
Smaller than preceding. Population of the latter subspecies distinguishable by more contrasting markings and ecological preferences (lowland birds). Egg color may range from plain blue to Nile blue with pale brownish speckling, most heavy on blunt half. Gives rattle call similar to Cyanocitta and other Aphelocoma jays.

Central Plateau group
Central Plateau in Queretaro, Guanajuato, San Luis Potosi, and eastern Jalisco. Similar to Eastern group but larger in most features. Distinguishable in morphology and plumage in ~80% of specimens. There is an area of apparent hybridization in San Luis Potosi that deserves study.

  • Aphelocoma wollweberi potosina

Description

The Mexican jay is a medium-large (~120 g) passerine similar in size to most other jays, with a blue head, blue-gray mantle, blue wings and tail, and pale gray breast and underparts. The sexes are morphologically similar, and juveniles differ only in having less blue coloration and, in some populations, a pink/pale (instead of black) bill that progressively becomes more black with age (Brown and Horvath 1989). Some field guides misreport this color as yellow because the pale bill becomes yellow in museum study skins. The iris is brown and legs are black. It is most readily distinguished from the similar Woodhouse's scrub-jay by the plain (unstreaked) throat and breast, and the mantle contrasting less with the head and wings. Its range somewhat overlaps with the Woodhouse's scrub-jay, but, where they co-occur, the two species seem to show ecological and morphological character displacement (Curry et al. 2002).

Distribution and habitat

It is native to the Sierra Madre Oriental, Sierra Madre Occidental, and Central Plateau of Mexico as well as eastern Arizona, western New Mexico and western Texas in the United States. Its preferred habitat is montane pine-oak forest.

Ecology

In the winter, the Mexican jay's diet consists mainly of acorns and pine nuts, which are stored in the autumn. However, they are omnivorous in all seasons and their diet includes a wide variety of plant and animal matter, including invertebrates, small amphibians and reptiles, and birds' eggs and nestlings (McCormack and Brown 2008).

It has a cooperative breeding system similar to that of the related Florida scrub-jay, with several birds helping at a nest; these "helpers" are usually immature offspring of the dominant pair from the previous 1–2 years, but also include apparently unrelated flock members.

Footnotes

  1. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Aphelocoma wollweberi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22724967A94882649. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22724967A94882649.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  2. ^ Etymology: Aphelocoma, from Latinized Ancient Greek apheles- (from ἀφελής-) "simple" + Latin coma (from Greek kome κόμη) "hair", in reference to the lack of striped or banded feathers in this genus, compared to other jays. wollweberi, Name: "collector Mr. Wollweber".

References

  • Bhagabati, N. K. & Horvath, E. G. (2006): Mexican jay social group size varies with habitat in northeastern Mexico. Journal of Field Ornithology 77: 104–110.
  • Brown, J. L. & Horvath, E. G. (1989): Geographic Variation of Group Size, Ontogeny, Rattle Calls, and Body Size in Aphelocoma ultramarina. Auk 106: 124–128.
  • Curry, Robert L.; Peterson, A. Townsend & Langen, T.A. (2002): Western Scrub-Jay (Aphelocoma californica). In: Poole, A. & Gill, F. (eds.): The Birds of North America 712. Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA & American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, D.C. Online version, retrieved 2007-FEB-25. doi:10.2173/bna.712 (requires subscription)
  • Ligon, J. D. & Husar, S. L. 1974 Notes on the behavioral ecology of Couch's Mexican jay. Auk 91: 841–843.
  • Madge, Steve & Burn, Hilary (1994): Crows and jays: a guide to the crows, jays and magpies of the world. A&C Black, London. ISBN 0-7136-3999-7
  • McCormack, JE & Brown, JL. (2008) Mexican jay (Aphelocoma ultramarina). In The Birds of North America Online (A Poole, ed.). Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology: Ithaca, NY.
  • McCormack, JE & Berg, EC (2010): Small-scale divergence in egg color along an elevation gradient in the Mexican Jay: a condition-dependent response? Auk 127: 35–43.
  • McCormack, John E., Peterson, A.T, Bonaccorso, Elisa, & Smith, Thomas B. (2008): Speciation in the highlands of Mexico: Genetic and phenotypic divergence in the Mexican jay (Aphelocoma ultramarina). Molecular Ecology 17: 2505–2521.
  • Navarro-Sigüenza, A. & Peterson, A. (2004) An alternative species taxonomy of the birds of Mexico. Biota Neotropica 4.
  • Pitelka, Frank A. (1951): Speciation and ecological distribution in American jays of the genus Aphelocoma. University of California Publications in Zoology 50: 195–464.
  • Rice, Nathan H.; Martínez-Meyer, Enrique & Peterson, A. Townsend (2003): Ecological niche differentiation in the Aphelocoma jays: a phylogenetic perspective. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 80(3): 369–383. doi:10.1046/j.1095-8312.2003.00242.x PDF fulltext
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Mexican jay: Brief Summary ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من wikipedia EN

The Mexican jay (Aphelocoma wollweberi) formerly known as the gray-breasted jay, is a New World jay native to the Sierra Madre Oriental, Sierra Madre Occidental, and Central Plateau of Mexico and parts of the southwestern United States. In May 2011, the American Ornithologists' Union voted to split the Mexican jay into two species, one retaining the common name Mexican jay and one called the Transvolcanic jay. The Mexican jay is a medium-sized jay with blue upper parts and pale gray underparts. It resembles the Woodhouse's scrub-jay, but has an unstreaked throat and breast. It feeds largely on acorns and pine nuts, but includes many other plant and animal foods in its diet. It has a cooperative breeding system where the parents are assisted by other birds to raise their young. This is a common species with a wide range and the International Union for Conservation of Nature has rated its conservation status as being of "least concern".

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Aphelocoma wollweberi ( الإسبانية، القشتالية )

المقدمة من wikipedia ES

La chara pechigris (Aphelocoma wollweberi) también conocida como chara mexicana, chara pecho gris, grajo mexicano, urraca mexicana o urraca pechigris,[2]​ es una especie de ave paseriforme de la familia Corvidae nativa de la Sierra Madre Oriental, la Sierra Madre Occidental y la Meseta Central de México. Alcanza al norte hasta el este de Arizona, el oeste de Nuevo México y el oeste de Texas en los Estados Unidos. Su hábitat preferido son los bosques montanos de pino y roble.

Sistemática

Una reciente decisión de la American Ornithologists' Union elevó algunas poblaciones a una especie separada (A. ultramarina),[3][4]​ basado en las diferencias fenotípicas diagnosticables en el plumaje y morfología, millones de años de divergencia genética y falta de evidencia de mestizaje con la chara pechigris. A. ultramarina habita en los bosques montanos en el cinturón transvolcánico del centro de México.

Subespecies

Se reconocen cinco subespecies:[5]

Referencias

  1. BirdLife International (2013). «Aphelocoma wollweberi». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2014.3 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 21 de febrero de 2015.
  2. «Chara Mexicana (Aphelocoma [ultramarina o wollweberi]) (Bonaparte, 1825)». en Avibase. Consultado el 22 de febrero de 2015.
  3. «Split Mexican Jay Aphelocoma ultramarina into two species». AOU Committee on Classification and Nomenclature (North & Middle America). The American Ornithologists' Union. Consultado el 22 de febrero de 2015.
  4. Chesser, R. Terry; Banks, Richard C.; Barker, F. Keith; Cicero, Carla; Dunn, Jon L.; Kratter, Andrew W.; Lovette, Irby J.; Rasmussen, Pamela C.; Remsen, J. V.; Rising, James D.; Stotz, Douglas F.; Winker, Kevin (de julio de 2011). «Fifty-Second Supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union». The Auk 128 (3): 600-613. doi:10.1525/auk.2011.128.3.600.
  5. Frank Gill & David Donsker (eds) (2015). «Crows, mudnesters & birds-of-paradise». IOC World Bird List v 5.1. Consultado el 22 de febrero de 2015.

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Aphelocoma wollweberi: Brief Summary ( الإسبانية، القشتالية )

المقدمة من wikipedia ES

La chara pechigris (Aphelocoma wollweberi) también conocida como chara mexicana, chara pecho gris, grajo mexicano, urraca mexicana o urraca pechigris,​ es una especie de ave paseriforme de la familia Corvidae nativa de la Sierra Madre Oriental, la Sierra Madre Occidental y la Meseta Central de México. Alcanza al norte hasta el este de Arizona, el oeste de Nuevo México y el oeste de Texas en los Estados Unidos. Su hábitat preferido son los bosques montanos de pino y roble.

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Aphelocoma wollweberi ( الباسكية )

المقدمة من wikipedia EU

Aphelocoma wollweberi Aphelocoma generoko animalia da. Hegaztien barruko Corvidae familian sailkatua dago.

Erreferentziak

  1. (Ingelesez) IOC Master List

Ikus, gainera

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Aphelocoma wollweberi: Brief Summary ( الباسكية )

المقدمة من wikipedia EU

Aphelocoma wollweberi Aphelocoma generoko animalia da. Hegaztien barruko Corvidae familian sailkatua dago.

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Aphelocoma wollweberi ( الإيطالية )

المقدمة من wikipedia IT

La ghiandaia messicana o ghiandaia pettogrigio (Aphelocoma wollweberi Kaup, 1854) è un uccello passeriforme appartenente alla famiglia dei Corvidi[2].

Etimologia

Il nome scientifico della specie, wollweberi, rappresenta un omaggio a tale Wollweber, che ne raccolse gli esemplari in seguito utilizzati per la descrizione scientifica per conto del museo di Darmstadt.

Descrizione

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Esemplare in natura.
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Esemplare in attenzione a Monterrey.

Dimensioni

Misura 28-32 cm di lunghezza, per 77-150 g di peso[3]: a parità d'età, i maschi sono leggermente più grossi e pesanti rispetto alle femmine[3].

Aspetto

Si tratta di uccelli dall'aspetto massiccio, muniti di grossa testa squadrata e appiattita, becco conico e massiccio piuttosto corto, ali arrotondate e digitate, forti zampe e lunga coda (quasi la metà del totale) dall'estremità squadrata: nel complesso, la ghiandaia messicana ricorda molto l'affine ghiandaia della California, rispetto alla quale manca del collare azzurro sul petto, oltre a presentare colorazione dorsale più uniforme.

Il piumaggio si presenta di colore azzurro-bluastro su fronte, vertice, nuca, spalle, dorso (dove è più opaco e tendente al grigio-bruno), ali e coda, mentre l'area fra i lati del becco e le orecchie è di colore blu più scuro, a formare una mascherina delimitata inferiormente da un mustacchio anch'esso azzurro-bluastro: gola, petto, ventre e sottocoda sono di colore bianco puro, con tendenza a sfumare nel grigio-cenere proprio sul petto.
I due sessi sono simili a livello di colorazione.

Il becco, che durante i mesi invernali è più corto, è di colore nero (anche se nelle popolazioni occidentali la base può essere giallastra), e dello stesso colore sono le zampe: gli occhi sono invece di colore bruno scuro.

Biologia

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Due esemplari nella contea di Cochise.
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Esemplare in Arizona.

La ghiandaia messicana è un uccello dalle abitudini di vita essenzialmente diurne, che vive in piccoli gruppi di 2-25 individui, generalmente a composizione familiare (formati da una coppia riproduttrice con i giovani non riproduttivi di alcune covate precedenti), aggregandosi, quando le risorse disponibili lo consentono, in stormi anche consistenti[4][5]. All'interno degli stormi è presente una certa gerarchia, coi maschi che competono per le femmine e l'ordine di accesso alle fonti di cibo e le femmine che competono fra loro per i migliori posatoi e siti di nidificazione[3]: ciascuno stormo tende a vivere nella stessa zona anche per decenni.
Questi uccelli passano la maggior parte della giornata alla ricerca di cibo, muovendosi indifferentemente al suolo, fra gli arbusti o fra i rami degli alberi per reperirlo.

Come quasi tutti i corvidi, anche questa ghiandaia è un animale molto vocale: le ghiandaie messicane si tengono in contatto vocale fra loro mediante una serie di richiami che variano nelle varie sottospecie, comprendendo vocalizzazioni fischianti, aspri gracchi d'allarme e versi ronzanti (ritenuti una prerogativa delle femmine[3]).

Alimentazione

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Esemplare cerca il cibo a Tucson.
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Coppia si alimenta al suolo.

La ghiandaia messicana è un uccello tendenzialmente onnivoro e molto opportunista: durante i mesi caldi, la dieta di questi uccelli comprende una grande varietà di alimenti di origine sia vegetale (come semi, granaglie, frutta, bacche, nettare) che animale (invertebrati, larve, lucertole, topolini, anfibi, uova e nidiacei anche della stessa specie[3], ed in due casi degli esemplari hanno predato dei pipistrelli[6]), piluccando inoltre senza problemi la carne dalle carcasse ed il materiale commestibile dalla spazzatura.
Oltre a ciò, la ghiandaia messicana è solita accumulare il cibo in surplus (soprattutto ghiande e pinoli) in numerosi nascondigli scavati nel terreno, dai quali si rifornisce durante i mesi invernali e primaverili. I semi vengono accumulati principalmente durante i mesi estivi, in gruppi di 1-10 per nascondiglio, con l'animale che ha cura di sincerarsi che nessun intruso (compresi gli appartenenti allo stesso stormo) lo stia osservando durante l'operazione di deposito[3]. Ciascuna ghiandaia conserva un migliaio di semi a stagione, tenendone fino a cinque per volta in bocca e generalmente depositandoli nel raggio di 500 m dal luogo di raccolta[3], dimostrando poi un'ottima memoria a lungo termine quando, ad alcuni mesi di distanza, deve reperire il cibo stipato, non di rado nascosto sotto una spessa coltre di neve.

Riproduzione

Si tratta di uccelli che vivono in coppie, pur praticando raramente la monogamia e mostrando una certa promiscuità nell'ambito dello stormo di appartenenza: all'interno di una singola covata, non di rado i vari pulli hanno padri diversi, il che consente alla femmina di ottenere aiuto nel loro allevamento dai vari maschi che con lei si sono accoppiati[3].

La stagione riproduttiva comincia molto presto, con la costruzione del nido che avviene già verso la fine di febbraio: il maschio propone dei siti di nidificazione alla femmina, che eventualmente li approva.
Il nido, massiccio e a forma di coppa, viene costruito da ambedue i sessi (sebbene a iniziare la costruzione sia generalmente il maschio) fra le fronde di un albero, a 3,7-24,4 m d'altezza[3]: la parte esterna è fatta di rametti e radici intrecciati, mentre l'interno è foderato con fibre vegetali (in particolare sfilacci di yucca), non di rado rubate a coppie subordinate[3].
All'interno del nido, la femmina depone 4-5 uova, di color verde acqua, talvolta (tranne che nelle popolazioni settentrionali[7]) con sparse variegature bruno-giallastre: esse vengono covate dalla sola femmina, col maschio che rimane di guardia nei pressi del nido e si occupa inoltre di reperire il cibo per sé e per la compagna. Talvolta, due femmine depongono nello stesso nido, alternandosi nella cova[8].
La cova dura circa 18 giorni, al termine dei quali schiudono pulli ciechi e quasi del tutto implumi: essi vengono inizialmente accuditi dalla sola femmina (a sua volta imbeccata dal maschio), ed in seguito anche dal padre e dagli altri aiutanti al nido (altri giovani dello stormo non riprodottisi, generalmente provenienti da covate precedenti della coppia in riproduzione). In tal modo, essi sono pronti per l'involo a 24-28 giorni di vita, sebbene continuino a chiedere l'imbeccata ancora per molte settimane dopo aver lasciato il nido, sempre più sporadicamente man mano che il tempo passa.

La speranza di vita della ghiandaia messicana si aggira attorno ai 21 anni in natura[3].

Distribuzione e habitat

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Esemplare in Arizona.

La ghiandaia messicana occupa un areale a forma di V, che partendo dall'Hidalgo centrale si articola in due direttrici verso nord attraverso Sierra Madre Orientale e Sierra Madre Occidentale, spingendosi a nord fino all'estremo sud-ovest del Texas (la cosiddetta "Big Bend") ed all'area di confine meridionale fra Arizona e Nuovo Messico.
Si tratta di uccelli stanziali, che al massimo possono scendere di quota durante i mesi freddi per sfuggire ai rigori dell'inverno: tuttavia in caso di scarsità di cibo essi non esitano a spostarsi su un ampio raggio, con osservazioni isolate di esemplari in dispersione fino in Kansas[3].

L'habitat d'elezione di questi uccelli è la foresta montana mista a prevalenza di pini, querce e ginepri, fra i 1460 ed i 2100 m di quota (880-3000 m nella sottospecie couchii[8])[3].

Tassonomia

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Esemplare della sottospecie arizonae.
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Esemplare della sottospecie couchii.

Se ne riconoscono quattro sottospecie[2]:

Alcuni autori riconoscerebbero inoltre una sottospecie gracilis del Nayarit orientale, più piccola e dalle vocalizzazioni peculiari, sinonimizzata con la nominale.
Le sottospecie nominale e wollweberi sono piuttosto affini fra loro, mentre potosina e couchii presentano differenze consistenti in termini morfologici e di vocalizzazioni, che potrebbero portare in futuro alla loro elevazione al rango di specie a sé stanti[9].

In passato, la specie veniva accorpata alla ghiandaia dei vulcani, dalla quale però differisce sia a livello di colorazione che di vocalizzazioni[10].

Note

  1. ^ (EN) BirdLife International, Aphelocoma wollweberi, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020.
  2. ^ a b (EN) Gill F. and Donsker D. (eds), Family Corvidae, in IOC World Bird Names (ver 9.2), International Ornithologists’ Union, 2019. URL consultato il 5 maggio 2014.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m (EN) Mexican Jay (Aphelocoma wollweberi), su Handbook of the Birds of the World. URL consultato il 7 ottobre 2018.
  4. ^ Bhagabati, N. K. & Horvath, E. G., Mexican jay social group size varies with habitat in northeastern Mexico, in Journal of Field Ornithology, n. 77, 2006, p. 104-110.
  5. ^ Brown, J. L. & Horvath, E. G., Geographic Variation of Group Size, Ontogeny, Rattle Calls, and Body Size in Aphelocoma ultramarina, in Auk, n. 106, 1989, p. 124-128.
  6. ^ McCune, K. B., Mexican Jays (Aphelocoma wollweberi) prey on bats in Arizona, in Southwest. Natur., vol. 61, n. 2, 2016, p. 146–148.
  7. ^ McCormack, J. E. & Berg, E. C., Small-scale divergence in egg color along an elevation gradient in the Mexican Jay: a condition-dependent response?, in Auk, n. 127, 2010, p. 35-43.
  8. ^ a b Ligon, J. D. & Husar, S. L., Auk, n. 91, 1974 Notes on the behavioral ecology of Couch's Mexican jay, p. 841-843.
  9. ^ Navarro-Sigüenza, A. & Peterson, A., An alternative species taxonomy of the birds of Mexico, in Biota Neotropica, n. 4, 2004.
  10. ^ McCormack, J. E.; Peterson, A. T.; Bonaccorso, E.; Smith, T. B., Speciation in the highlands of Mexico: genetic and phenotypic divergence in the Mexican Jay (Aphelocoma ultramarina), in Molecular Ecology, vol. 17, n. 10, 2008, p. 2505–2521.

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Aphelocoma wollweberi: Brief Summary ( الإيطالية )

المقدمة من wikipedia IT

La ghiandaia messicana o ghiandaia pettogrigio (Aphelocoma wollweberi Kaup, 1854) è un uccello passeriforme appartenente alla famiglia dei Corvidi.

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Noord-Mexicaanse gaai ( البلجيكية الهولندية )

المقدمة من wikipedia NL

Vogels

De Noord-Mexicaanse gaai (Aphelocoma wollweberi) is een zangvogel uit de familie Corvidae (kraaien).

Verspreiding en leefgebied

Deze soort komt voor van het zuidwesten van de Verenigde Staten tot het midden van Mexico.

Externe link

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
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Noord-Mexicaanse gaai: Brief Summary ( البلجيكية الهولندية )

المقدمة من wikipedia NL

De Noord-Mexicaanse gaai (Aphelocoma wollweberi) is een zangvogel uit de familie Corvidae (kraaien).

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Mexikansk skrika ( السويدية )

المقدمة من wikipedia SV

Mexikansk skrika[2] (Aphelocoma wollweberi) är en fågel i familjen kråkfåglar inom ordningen tättingar.[3]

Utbredning och systematik

Mexikansk skrika förekommer i bergstrakter i sydvästligaste USA och norra Mexiko. Den delas upp i fem arter i tre grupper med följande utbredning:[3]

Status

IUCN kategoriserar arten som livskraftig.[1]

Namn

Fågelns vetenskapliga artnamn hedrar Wollweber, en tysk resenär och samlare av specimen för Darmstadt Museum.[4]

Referenser

  1. ^ [a b] Birdlife International 2013 Aphelocoma wollweberi Från: IUCN 2015. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2015.2 www.iucnredlist.org. Läst 2015-07-01.
  2. ^ Sveriges ornitologiska förening (2018) Officiella listan över svenska namn på världens fågelarter, läst 2018-02-14
  3. ^ [a b] Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, D. Roberson, T. A. Fredericks, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood (2014) The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: Version 6.9 http://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download, läst 2015-02-01
  4. ^ Jobling, J. A. (2016). Key to Scientific Names in Ornithology. Ur del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., Sargatal, J., Christie, D.A. & de Juana, E. (eds.) (2016). Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. Hämtad från www.hbw.com.

Externa länkar

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Mexikansk skrika: Brief Summary ( السويدية )

المقدمة من wikipedia SV

Mexikansk skrika (Aphelocoma wollweberi) är en fågel i familjen kråkfåglar inom ordningen tättingar.

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Aphelocoma wollweberi ( الفيتنامية )

المقدمة من wikipedia VI

Aphelocoma wollweberi là một loài chim trong họ Corvidae.[2]

Chú thích

  1. ^ BirdLife International (2013). Aphelocoma wollweberi. Sách Đỏ IUCN các loài bị đe dọa. Phiên bản 2013.2. Liên minh Bảo tồn Thiên nhiên Quốc tế. Truy cập ngày 26 tháng 11 năm 2013.
  2. ^ Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, B.L. Sullivan, C. L. Wood, and D. Roberson (2012). “The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: Version 6.7.”. Truy cập ngày 19 tháng 12 năm 2012.


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Aphelocoma wollweberi: Brief Summary ( الفيتنامية )

المقدمة من wikipedia VI

Aphelocoma wollweberi là một loài chim trong họ Corvidae.

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