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Life Expectancy ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Animal Diversity Web

The lifespan of ivory-billed woodpeckers is unknown. Some speculate that they could live 20 years or more.

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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Poor, A. 2005. "Campephilus principalis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Campephilus_principalis.html
محرر
Allison Poor, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
محرر
Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
Animal Diversity Web

Morphology ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Animal Diversity Web

Ivory-billed woodpeckers are the largest woodpeckers in the United States. They measure 48 to 53 cm long, weigh 450 to 570 g, and have wingspans of about 78 cm. Males tend to be slightly larger than females. Ivory-billed woodpeckers have glossy black plumage that contrasts sharply with the white stripes that run from the base of each wing to the sides of the head. The inner primary and secondary wing feathers are also white, and these feathers form a white shield on the back when the wings are folded. Female ivory-billed woodpeckers have a black crests on their heads, males have bright red crests. The irises are a pale lemon-yellow color and the nostrils are covered by tufts of white feathers that keep out debris when the birds are chiseling. The legs and feet are gray, and the toes are long, each bearing a sharp, curved, black claw. Ivory-billed woodpeckers get their name from their distinctive white, chisel-shaped, 7.6 centimeter-long bills, which function as multi-purpose tools for obtaining food, excavating nest cavities, and communicating with conspecifics.

Range mass: 450 to 570 g.

Range length: 48 to 53 cm.

Average wingspan: 78 cm.

Other Physical Features: endothermic ; homoiothermic; bilateral symmetry

Sexual Dimorphism: male larger; sexes colored or patterned differently

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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Poor, A. 2005. "Campephilus principalis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Campephilus_principalis.html
محرر
Allison Poor, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
محرر
Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
Animal Diversity Web

Associations ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Animal Diversity Web

No one has ever recorded predation on ivory-billed woodpeckers, except for that by humans. Potential predators include raccoons, rat snakes, great horned owls, barred owls, Cuban crows, American crows, red-shouldered hawks, Cooper's hawks, and Stygian owls. There is a report of a pair of ivory-billed woodpeckers chasing a Cooper's hawk away from their nest while scolding it, and another report of a female ivory-billed woodpecker giving a warning call and flying closer to her fledgling when a red-shouldered hawk appeared in the area. There are also reports of ivory-billed woodpeckers rapidly switching to the other side of trees when birds of prey materialized nearby.

Known Predators:

  • humans
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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Poor, A. 2005. "Campephilus principalis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Campephilus_principalis.html
محرر
Allison Poor, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
محرر
Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
النص الأصلي
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Animal Diversity Web

غير معنونة ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Animal Diversity Web

There are two recognized supspecies of ivory-billed woodpecker: Campephilus principalis principalis, the U.S. subspecies, and Campephilus principalis bairdii, the Cuban subspecies, which is now presumed extinct. The Cuban subspecies is distingued by its smaller size, white stripe that extends further forward on the head, and smaller nasal tufts.

It is unknown how ivory-billed woodpeckers arrived in Cuba. It is possible that they arrived on their own during the Pleistocene glaciation, when sea levels were lower. Some have suggested that they might have been introduced through human actions.

The fossil record of ivory-billed woodpeckers is sparse, but their bones have been excavated at archaeological sites as far north as Illinois and Ohio, emphasizing how important these birds were as items of trade for Native Americans.

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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Poor, A. 2005. "Campephilus principalis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Campephilus_principalis.html
محرر
Allison Poor, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
النص الأصلي
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موقع الشريك
Animal Diversity Web

Behavior ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Animal Diversity Web

Ivory-billed woodpeckers, like most birds, perceive their environment through visual, auditory, tactile, and chemical means. The relative acuteness of ivory-billed woodpeckers' senses is unknown, but presumably they have good vision and hearing as they use auditory and visual signals to communicate with one another. They have a distinctive call note, "kent", which is often described as sounding similar to a note from a tin trumpet or a New Year's Eve party horn. When pairs are together they utter somewhat softer call notes, and when more than two are together they engage in soft chatter or sometimes a chorus of long, upslurred notes. Family members trade call notes back and forth throughout the day as they forage, growing quiet towards evening. Ivory-billed woodpeckers also communicate by drumming their heavy bills on tree surfaces. Their distinctive drum sound is a double rap, the first rap slightly louder than the second, so that it sounds like the second is an echo of the first. Finally, the bright red crest of a male ivory-billed woodpecker sends a clear visual signal, and no doubt serves a communicatory function, but its exact purpose has not been studied.

Communication Channels: visual ; acoustic

Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical

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الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Poor, A. 2005. "Campephilus principalis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Campephilus_principalis.html
محرر
Allison Poor, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
محرر
Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
النص الأصلي
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موقع الشريك
Animal Diversity Web

Conservation Status ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Animal Diversity Web

United States: Ivory-billed woodpecker populations have been in decline since the early 19th century, and perhaps even earlier. Their requirement for vast tracts of undisturbed forest made them vulnerable to intense logging efforts in their native range. By the 1930's it was estimated that fewer than 25 ivory-billed woodpeckers remained in the United States. A substantial fraction of those were living in the 81,000-acre Singer Tract of northeastern Louisiana. Though efforts were made to preserve this valuable bit of remaining habitat, which was the largest remaining piece of virgin forest in the southern United States, the Singer Tract was logged by the late 1940s and with it went much hope for the continued existence of ivory-billed woodpeckers. However, unconfirmed sightings were occasionally noted throughout the years from Missouri, Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, Texas, and Louisiana. Reports of their existence in Florida prompted the formation of the Chipola River Wildlife Sanctuary in 1950, but there were no further sightings and the sanctuary was discontinued two years later. In 2002, after a reported ivory-bill sighting in the area, researchers conducted a two month long search in the Pearl River Swamp of Louisiana, but found no conclusive evidence of their persistence in this area. Finally, in February of 2004, a kayaker saw an ivory-billed woodpecker in the Cache River National Wildlife refuge in Monroe County, Arkansas. This sighting was confirmed when researchers were able to videotape the bird in April of 2004, the first confirmed ivory-billed woodpecker sighting since 1944. After gathering additional evidence for a year, including sound recordings, the researchers published their findings in April 2005. The federal government has pledged $10 million towards the protection of ivory-billed woodpeckers, and another $10 million has been pledged by private sector groups and individuals. A recovery plan that will protect the birds' critical habitat is currently in the works. In the meantime, managers of the wildlife refuge have restricted access to 5,000 acres of forest in the area where ivory-billed woodpeckers were spotted.

Cuba: Ivory-billed woodpecker populations declined sharply in the late 19th century, when acres of old-growth forest were cleared to make way for sugar plantations. Later harvesting of forests for timber exacerbated the decline. By the 1950s, ivory-billed woodpeckers were restricted to a remote area in the eastern part of the country, in what was then the Oriente Province (now Santiago de Cuba). Management plans were adopted that involved educating the public about the birds' plight and setting aside preserves protected by wardens. Ivory-billed woodpeckers managed to persist in eastern Cuba until at least 1987. However, the last unconfirmed sighting occurred in northeastern Cuba in 1991, and ivory-billed woodpeckers are now presumed extirpated in Cuba.

The IUCN currently lists ivory-billed woodpeckers as critically endangered, after having listing them as threatened in 1988, extinct in 1994, and critically endangered in 2000. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service lists them as endangered.

US Migratory Bird Act: no special status

US Federal List: endangered

CITES: no special status

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: critically endangered

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The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Poor, A. 2005. "Campephilus principalis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Campephilus_principalis.html
محرر
Allison Poor, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
محرر
Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
النص الأصلي
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Animal Diversity Web

Benefits ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Animal Diversity Web

The only known negative impact of ivory-billed woodpeckers on humans results from their protected status: 5,000 acres of land surrounding the locality where ivory-billed woodpeckers were rediscovered have been closed to hunting and fishing, and locals fear that more will follow. Currently, hunting and fishing drive the local economy. However, it is likely that the economic benefits of tourism resulting from visitors to the area in search of ivory-billed woodpeckers will more than make up for this potential loss.

ترخيص
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حقوق النشر
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Poor, A. 2005. "Campephilus principalis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Campephilus_principalis.html
محرر
Allison Poor, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
محرر
Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
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Animal Diversity Web

Benefits ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Animal Diversity Web

Ivory-billed woodpeckers have had economic importance to humans for centuries. Native Americans collected them for their bills, which symbolized successful warfare. American colonists traded with Native Americans for the bills, which they saw as a curiosity. Later, the heads of ivory-billed woodpeckers were sold as souvenirs and the bills were marketed as real ivory. In the late 19th century, collecting natural items became popular, and ornithologists paid dearly--$40 to $50 per bird--to add ivory-billed woodpeckers to their collections. In Cuba, humans sometimes ate ivory-billed woodpeckers or killed them for sport. Of course, the economic importance of ivory-billed woodpeckers waned as their numbers dwindled, but now once again they are having an impact. The rediscovery of ivory-billed woodpeckers has received much popular press, and ornithologists and birdwatchers are already flocking to Arkansas in the hopes of glimpsing the rare bird. The Cache River National Wildlife Refuge happens to be situated in one of the poorest areas of the nation, but locals are hoping that the rediscovery of ivory-billed woodpeckers will give their economy a jump start. No doubt there will at least be a demand for lodging to accomodate the influx of ecotourists, and the surrounding towns may actually see the opening of new businesses, after experiencing a steady population decline stretching back to the 1950s.

Positive Impacts: food ; body parts are source of valuable material; ecotourism

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حقوق النشر
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Poor, A. 2005. "Campephilus principalis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Campephilus_principalis.html
محرر
Allison Poor, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
محرر
Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
Animal Diversity Web

Associations ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Animal Diversity Web

Thanks to their chisel-like bills, ivory-billed woodpeckers are potential ecosystem engineers. The tree cavities they excavate are probably used by an array of other species once the woodpeckers leave. These species might include wood ducks, eastern bluebirds, opossums, gray squirrels, and honeybees.

Because they share many similarities, some have suggested that ivory-billed woodpeckers compete with pileated woodpeckers for food and prime cavity sites. Competition between the two species may have intensified after forests were logged, with pileated woodpeckers, which adapt much more readily to human disturbance, being more successful. However, interactions between ivory-billed woodpeckers and other woodpecker species have never been directly studied.

Ivory-billed woodpeckers are predators of insects, but it is doubtful they have a huge impact on insect populations as their numbers are so low. Because they eat fruits and seeds, it is possible that ivory-billed woodpeckers disperse seeds.

Recently, researchers discovered a new species of feather mite on museum skins of ivory-billed woodpeckers. They named the new mite Pterotrogus principalis. This mite is the only known parasite of ivory-billed woodpeckers.

Commensal/Parasitic Species:

  • Pterotrogus principalis
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The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Poor, A. 2005. "Campephilus principalis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Campephilus_principalis.html
محرر
Allison Poor, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
محرر
Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
النص الأصلي
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Animal Diversity Web

Trophic Strategy ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Animal Diversity Web

Ivory-billed woodpeckers feed on large beetle larvae, which they find by stripping away the bark of dead or dying trees. Occasionally, they forage for insects on the ground in recently burned areas or in fallen logs. Insects consumed belong to the families Cerambycidae, Buprestidae, Elateridae, Scolytidae, Melasidae, and also include arboreal termites (Isoptera). However, insects only make up about half the diet; in addition, ivory-billed woodpeckers eat berries, nuts and seeds, including cherries, southern magnolia fruits and seeds, pecan nuts, hickory nuts, poison ivy seeds, grapes, persimmons, hackberries, and possibly acorns.

Animal Foods: insects

Plant Foods: seeds, grains, and nuts; fruit

Primary Diet: omnivore

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The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Poor, A. 2005. "Campephilus principalis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Campephilus_principalis.html
محرر
Allison Poor, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
محرر
Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
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Animal Diversity Web

Distribution ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Animal Diversity Web

Ivory-billed woodpeckers once ranged throughout the southeastern United States, from southern Florida and the Gulf Coast, north to North Carolina and southern Illinois, and west to southeastern Oklahoma and eastern Texas. They were also widespread on the main island of Cuba. Extensive logging of their primary forest habitat greatly reduced their range in both North America and Cuba. They were presumed extinct for a number of years before being rediscovered and videotaped in eastern Arkansas in April of 2004. Currently the Cache River National Wildlife Refuge, in Monroe County, Arkansas is the only place where ivory-billed woodpeckers are known with any certainty to persist. The last confirmed sighting of an ivory-billed woodpecker in Cuba was in 1987.

Biogeographic Regions: nearctic (Native ); neotropical (Native )

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The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Poor, A. 2005. "Campephilus principalis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Campephilus_principalis.html
محرر
Allison Poor, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
محرر
Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
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Animal Diversity Web

Habitat ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Animal Diversity Web

Ivory-billed woodpeckers require expansive areas of continuous forest with large trees, and they must have a constant supply of dead or dying trees in which they can excavate cavities and forage for beetle larvae, their staple food. For this reason, they frequent areas of recent disturbance by fire, flood, or hurricane. These large birds prefer forests with relatively open canopies in which they can fly unhindered. Given these requirements, they nest in a diverse array of tree species, including pines, bald cypress, cabbage palmetto, sugarberry, and red maple.

Ivory-billed woodpeckers once inhabited both the upland and lowland forests of the southeastern U.S. However, as the upland pine forests were logged in the 19th century, the birds' habitat shrunk to only include bald cypress swamps and bottomland forests of sweetgum, Nuttall's oak, willow oak, water oak, sugarberry, green ash, and American elm. The Big Woods area of Arkansas is one such bottomland forest.

In Cuba, ivory-billed woodpeckers once occupied both pine and hardwood forests. By the 1950's, they were restricted to a small region in the east characterized by logged pine forest interrupted by occasional hardwood stands along streams. In this area they nested primarily in large dead pines.

Habitat Regions: temperate ; tropical ; terrestrial

Terrestrial Biomes: forest

Wetlands: swamp

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The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Poor, A. 2005. "Campephilus principalis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Campephilus_principalis.html
محرر
Allison Poor, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
محرر
Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
Animal Diversity Web

Reproduction ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Animal Diversity Web

Ivory-billed woodpeckers are presumed to be monogamous. No information is available on the occurrence of extra-pair copulations or extra-pair fertilizations in this species.

Mating System: monogamous

Because of the rarity of ivory-billed woodpeckers, little data is available on their reproduction. Limited data suggests that ivory-billed woodpeckers begin building nests in late January, lay eggs in February, and that the young fledge in April. Given this timespan, it is likely that these birds follow the same general pattern followed by other North American woodpeckers: nest cavity building takes about 2 weeks, egg laying takes 2 to 5 days, and incubation takes about 2 weeks. Clutch sizes of 1 to 6 eggs have been reported, with an average of 2.7. The young are known to leave the nest about 5 weeks after hatching, and they have an unusually long period of association with their parents that may last a year or more after fledging, although they can forage on their own at three months old. Ivory-billed woodpeckers seem to breed only once per year. Their age at sexual maturity is unknown.

Breeding interval: Ivory-billed woodpeckers breed once yearly.

Breeding season: Breeding is likely to occur between January and April.

Average time to hatching: 2 weeks.

Average fledging age: 5 weeks.

Average time to independence: 1 years.

Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; oviparous

Ivory-billed woodpeckers begin preparing for the arrival of their offspring at least two weeks before the first egg is laid. They select a dead or partially dead tree with wood that is soft enough for excavation but not so soft that it would provide easy access for predators. They then begin to excavate a cavity, usually just below an overhanging branch or stub (which may keep out rain and/or provide shade). There are conflicting reports on who does the excavating: some say that the male and female take turns and some say that the female does all the work herself. The resulting entrance hole is oblong in shape, about 11 cm wide and 14 cm tall. The cavity itself is about 25 cm wide at its widest point and measures about 54 cm from roof to floor. After the eggs have been laid, the male ivory-billed woodpecker roosts in the a cavity at night with the eggs, and later with the young. During the day the adults take turns brooding their altricial young. Feeding duties are shared more or less equally between males and females. Both feeding and brooding are most intense for the first few days after the eggs hatch and then gradually decline as the nestlings grow older; for example, 30 feedings per day drops to about 15 feedings per day later in the nesting period. Ivory-billed woodpeckers keep their nests fairly clean, but only males have been observed doing the cleaning, removing fecal material and dropping it away from the nest. Parents continue to feed their young for more than two months after the young fledge and the young may stay with their parents for over a year even though they are capable of feeding themselves at three months.

Parental Investment: altricial ; pre-fertilization (Protecting: Female); pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Male, Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Male, Female, Protecting: Male, Female); pre-independence (Provisioning: Male, Female, Protecting: Male, Female); post-independence association with parents

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حقوق النشر
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Poor, A. 2005. "Campephilus principalis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Campephilus_principalis.html
محرر
Allison Poor, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
محرر
Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
Animal Diversity Web

Biology ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Arkive
The ivory-billed woodpecker feeds on wood-boring invertebrates, which colonise trees that have recently died (2). Using its sturdy bill to excavate holes and thus reach the grubs inside, an individual woodpecker is capable of producing a 12 centimetre deep hole in soft wood in less than a minute (4). It is thought that pairs of ivory-billed woodpeckers mate for life, occupying large territories (4). Mating occurs between January and March and the clutch of one to four eggs is laid within a nest hole located in a partially dead tree (4). Both sexes help to incubate the eggs and to care for the developing nestlings; young may remain with their parents until the onset of the following winter (4).
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Conservation ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Arkive
Searches for the elusive ivory-billed woodpecker in the mountains of southern Cuba and in the U.S. continue. If sightings are confirmed, the implementation of effective protection measures will be vital for the future of this fascinating bird (2).
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Description ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Arkive
The ivory-billed woodpecker is the fourth or fifth largest woodpecker in the world (4). It was previously considered to be extinct but recent evidence provides some hope that the species may still cling on in remote areas of Cuba and Arkansas in the U.S. (2) (4). The bill is, as the name suggests, ivory-white in colour whilst the feet and legs are grey (3). These birds are predominantly black with striking white stripes on the side of the neck and large white wing patches (2). Males are distinguished by their prominent red crown (4). The most commonly recorded call was an alarmed 'kent' or 'hant', which has been described as sounding like a toy trumpet or clarinet. Nestlings produce weak 'buzzing' vocalizations (3).
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Habitat ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Arkive
Previously found in a variety of forest types from Florida swamps (4) to montane forests, the ivory-billed woodpecker is today restricted to Pinus cubensis forests in mountainous areas of Cuba (2).
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Range ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Arkive
Two subspecies of ivory-billed woodpecker were previously known. Campephilus principalis principalis was found throughout the southeastern United States, whilst C. p. bardii was restricted to Cuba (2). The species was declared extinct in 1996 but two years later hope was renewed that the Cuban subspecies survives in the Sierra Maestra Mountains to the southeast of the island (2), and in 2005 the U.S. subspecies was rediscovered in Arkansas, six decades after the last confirmed sighting (4).
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Status ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Arkive
Classified as Critically Endangered (CR) by the IUCN Red List 2007 (1).
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Threats ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Arkive
The ivory-billed woodpecker was known from the southeastern United States and Cuba. Logging, mining, plantations and other forms of exploitation have swept away the once extensive tracts of pristine forest that were home to this woodpecker. Logging of the mature forests that form its habitat was probably the major cause of the disappearance of this species (2). Although incredible recent discoveries have provided new hope for both the U.S. and Cuban subspecies, previously considered extinct, the ivory-billed woodpecker is nevertheless clinging on to an extremely precarious existence.
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Brief Summary ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من EOL authors

The Ivory-billed Woodpecker (Campephilus principalis) at one time occurred in the southeastern United States and in Cuba. The habitat in the United States consisted of heavy forests in often inaccessible hardwood and cypress swamps; originally, it was probably associated mainly with pine forests with many dead trees. In Cuba, it was known from both lowland and mountain forests. In the mountains of Cuba, the last Cuban Ivory-bills occurredi n Pinus cubensis forests. Lowland habitats were probably more diverse and included tropical hardwood and mixed pine forests. The presence of many dead trees, especially after fires, was apparently important. At least 16 square kilometers of suitable habitat were thought to be necessary to support a single pair. Analyses of mitochondrial DNA from museum specimens have suggested that Cuban Ivory-billed Woodpeckers may have been as distinct from mainland populations as Imperial and Ivory-billed Woodpeckers were from each other (Fleischer et al. 2006). Sadly, reports of persisting individuals have failed to be corroborated and some conservation biologists have argued that the resources dedicated to the unlikely rediscovery and potential recovery of the Ivory-billed Woodpecker would be better directed to other conservation efforts (e.g., Gotelli et al. 2012).

(Winkler et al. 1995 and references therein; Winkler and Christie 2002 and references therein; del Hoyo et al. 2014 and references therein)

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Campephilus principalis ( البريتانية )

المقدمة من wikipedia BR
lang="br" dir="ltr">

Campephilus principalis[1] a zo ur spesad evned eus ar c'herentiad Picidae.

Anvet e voe Picus principalis (kentanv) da gentañ-penn (e 1758)[2] gant an naturour svedat Carl von Linné (1707-1778).

Doareoù pennañ

Ur par Campephilus principalis, treset gant Catesby & Edwards (1754).

Boued

Annez hag isspesadoù

Ar spesad a gaved an daou isspesad anezhañ[3] :

Liammoù diavaez

Notennoù ha daveennoù

  1. N'en deus ar spesad anv boutin ebet testeniekaet e brezhoneg evit poent.
  2. (en) AnimalBase.
  3. (en) Campephilus principalis war al lec'hienn Avibase.
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Campephilus principalis: Brief Summary ( البريتانية )

المقدمة من wikipedia BR
lang="br" dir="ltr">

Campephilus principalis a zo ur spesad evned eus ar c'herentiad Picidae.

Anvet e voe Picus principalis (kentanv) da gentañ-penn (e 1758) gant an naturour svedat Carl von Linné (1707-1778).

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Picot negre bec d'ivori ( الكتالونية )

المقدمة من wikipedia CA

El picot negre bec d'ivori o [1]picot de bec d'ivori[2] (Campephilus principalis) és una espècie d'ocell de la família dels pícids. És considerada oficialment com en perill d'extinció i, de fet, fins al 2005 es considerava completament extingida. En els anys 2004 i 2005 s'han produït albiraments de, almenys, un mascle a Arkansas, així com confirmacions a partir dels sons que fa l'au que són molt diferents dels quals fan altres membres de la família Picidae.

El picot de bec d'ivori mesura de 48 a 53 cm de longitud i pesa entre 450 i 570 g.

Referències

 src= A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Picot negre bec d'ivori Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata
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Picot negre bec d'ivori: Brief Summary ( الكتالونية )

المقدمة من wikipedia CA

El picot negre bec d'ivori o picot de bec d'ivori (Campephilus principalis) és una espècie d'ocell de la família dels pícids. És considerada oficialment com en perill d'extinció i, de fet, fins al 2005 es considerava completament extingida. En els anys 2004 i 2005 s'han produït albiraments de, almenys, un mascle a Arkansas, així com confirmacions a partir dels sons que fa l'au que són molt diferents dels quals fan altres membres de la família Picidae.

El picot de bec d'ivori mesura de 48 a 53 cm de longitud i pesa entre 450 i 570 g.

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Cnocell fwyaf America ( الويلزية )

المقدمة من wikipedia CY

Aderyn a rhywogaeth o adar yw Cnocell fwyaf America (sy'n enw benywaidd; enw lluosog: cnocellau mwyaf America) a adnabyddir hefyd gyda'i enw gwyddonol Campephilus principalis; yr enw Saesneg arno yw Ivory-billed woodpecker. Mae'n perthyn i deulu'r Cnocellod (Lladin: Picidae) sydd yn urdd y Piciformes.[1]

Talfyrir yr enw Lladin yn aml yn C. principalis, sef enw'r rhywogaeth.[2] Mae'r rhywogaeth hon i'w chanfod yng Ngogledd America.

Teulu

Mae'r cnocell fwyaf America yn perthyn i deulu'r Cnocellod (Lladin: Picidae). Dyma rai o aelodau eraill y teulu:

Rhestr Wicidata:

rhywogaeth enw tacson delwedd Cnocell fraith Japan Yungipicus kizuki Cnocell gorunfrown Yungipicus moluccensis
Sunda pygmy woodpecker (Dendrocopos moluccensis) - Flickr - Lip Kee.jpg
Cnocell lwyd fawr Mulleripicus pulverulentus
Great Slaty Woodpecker Kaladhungi Nainital Uttarakhand India 07.10.2014.jpg
Cnocell lwydaidd Mulleripicus fulvus
Ashy Woodpecker (Mulleripicus fulvus) on tree trunk (crop 1).jpg
Corgnocell Temminck Yungipicus temminckii
Male of Dendrocopos temminckii.JPG
Pengam Jynx torquilla
Jynx torquilla vlaskop cropped.jpg
Pengam gyddfgoch Jynx ruficollis
Rufous-necked Wryneck.jpg
Diwedd y rhestr a gynhyrchwyd yn otomatig o Wicidata.

Gweler hefyd

Cyfeiriadau

  1. Gwefan Cymdeithas Edward Llwyd; adalwyd 30 Medi 2016.
  2. Gwefan Avibase; adalwyd 3 Hydref 2016.
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Cnocell fwyaf America: Brief Summary ( الويلزية )

المقدمة من wikipedia CY

Aderyn a rhywogaeth o adar yw Cnocell fwyaf America (sy'n enw benywaidd; enw lluosog: cnocellau mwyaf America) a adnabyddir hefyd gyda'i enw gwyddonol Campephilus principalis; yr enw Saesneg arno yw Ivory-billed woodpecker. Mae'n perthyn i deulu'r Cnocellod (Lladin: Picidae) sydd yn urdd y Piciformes.

Talfyrir yr enw Lladin yn aml yn C. principalis, sef enw'r rhywogaeth. Mae'r rhywogaeth hon i'w chanfod yng Ngogledd America.

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Datel knížecí ( التشيكية )

المقدمة من wikipedia CZ

Datel knížecí (Campephilus principalis) je jeden z největších šplhavých ptáků světa. Dosahuje až 51 cm na délku a rozpětí křídel činí až 76 cm. Jeho domovem jsou pralesy na jihozápadě Spojených států amerických, samostatný poddruh žije také na Kubě. Ubývání přirozeného prostředí a v menší míře také lov ztenčily jeho stavy natolik, že není jasné, zda vůbec nějaký jedinec ještě přeživá. V současnosti v podstatě neexistují lesní porosty, které by byly schopné udržet životaschopnou populaci datla knížecího.

Druh je Mezinárodním svazem ochrany přírody klasifikován jako kriticky ohrožený, přičemž je považován za pravděpodobně vyhynulý.

Popis

Samec je černý s červenou chocholku, ruční letky jsou bílé, od hřbetu po tvářích mají bílé pruhy. Samice oproti samcům mají černou chocholku. Obě pohlaví mají slonovinově zbarvený zobák (také tomu napovídá i anglický název Ivory billed woodpecker), což lze přeložit jako datel slonovinozobý.

Objevení a příčina k vyhynutí

V roce 1920 byl datel knížecí považován za vyhynulý druh, o 24 let později byla ve zbytku lesa spatřena samice. Příčinou vyhynutí byla nadměrná těžba dřeva.

Galerie

Odkazy

Reference

  1. Červený seznam IUCN 2018.1. 5. července 2018. Dostupné online. [cit. 2018-08-09]

Externí odkazy

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Datel knížecí: Brief Summary ( التشيكية )

المقدمة من wikipedia CZ

Datel knížecí (Campephilus principalis) je jeden z největších šplhavých ptáků světa. Dosahuje až 51 cm na délku a rozpětí křídel činí až 76 cm. Jeho domovem jsou pralesy na jihozápadě Spojených států amerických, samostatný poddruh žije také na Kubě. Ubývání přirozeného prostředí a v menší míře také lov ztenčily jeho stavy natolik, že není jasné, zda vůbec nějaký jedinec ještě přeživá. V současnosti v podstatě neexistují lesní porosty, které by byly schopné udržet životaschopnou populaci datla knížecího.

Druh je Mezinárodním svazem ochrany přírody klasifikován jako kriticky ohrožený, přičemž je považován za pravděpodobně vyhynulý.

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Elfenbeinspecht ( الألمانية )

المقدمة من wikipedia DE
 src=
Präparat im Natural History Museum in London

Der Elfenbeinspecht (Campephilus principalis), auch als Herrenspecht bezeichnet, war der zweitgrößte Specht Nordamerikas. Ihm nahe verwandt ist der etwas größere Kaiserspecht (Campephilus imperialis), der in Hochlandwäldern Mexikos seinen Lebensraum hatte. Es wird davon ausgegangen, dass beide Arten in der zweiten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts ausgestorben sind, obwohl immer wieder Sichtungen gemeldet werden, die sich allerdings nie eindeutig verifizieren ließen.

Merkmale

Der Elfenbeinspecht war schwarz-weiß-gemustert und hatte eine rote, spitze Haube und einen elfenbeinfarbenen Schnabel. Er war zwischen 48 und 53 cm groß und hat eine Flügelspannweite von etwa 76 cm. Das Gewicht eines Elfenbeinspechts betrug 450–570 Gramm. Elfenbeinspechte wurden etwa 15 Jahre alt. Sein Lebensraum war das Totholz in Wäldern, oftmals auf sumpfigem Grund. Die Männchen hatten einen roten Schopf am Kopf, während die Weibchen einen schwarzen Schopf hatten.

Lebensweise

Er hatte eine kräftige, trompetende Stimme, die man in einer Entfernung von bis zu einem Kilometer hören konnte, ertönte meist am frühen Morgen. Der Elfenbeinspecht ernährte sich von Insekten, vor allem von Borkenkäfern und deren Larven sowie von Obst, Nüssen und Pflanzensamen.

Fortpflanzung

In der Brutzeit verteidigte das Paar sein Brutrevier von 15 km² oder mehr energisch gegen fremde Artgenossen. Das Nest wurde in einem Baumstamm in einer Tiefe von bis zu 1 Meter vom Ausflugsloch angelegt. Der Bau der Nisthöhle nahm bis zu 2 Wochen in Anspruch, dabei schlugen sie bis zu 18 Zentimeter lange Späne aus dem Stamm heraus. Den Großteil der Arbeiten übernahm dabei das Weibchen. Das Nest wurde von den Vögeln meist über mehrere Jahre verwendet. Die 3–4 weißen Eier legte das Weibchen auf eine Unterlage aus Holzspänen. Am Brutgeschäft waren beide Elterntiere beteiligt, wobei das Weibchen meist die Tagschicht und das Männchen die Nachtschicht übernahm. Nach etwa 14 Tagen schlüpften die Jungen. Die Jungen wurden mit Insekten und deren Larven gefüttert. Im Alter von 4 Wochen verließen die Jungen das Nest. Sie wurden danach noch 2 weitere Wochen von den Altvögeln versorgt, ehe sie dann ihrer eigenen Wege gingen.

Bedrohungsgeschichte

Bereits um 1880 war er bedroht und schon um 1920 galt er als ausgestorben, wurde aber 1944 in den Wäldern von Louisiana entlang des Tensas River, einem Seitenflusses des Mississippi, gesichtet. Dies gilt als die letzte sicher belegte Beobachtung in den Vereinigten Staaten.[1] Auf Kuba wurde die Art zuletzt 1987 beobachtet. 1994 wurde er von der World Conservation Union für ausgestorben erklärt. 1998 fand eine Expedition in der Sierra Maestra Hinweise auf eine kleine Population, ohne jedoch direkt Elfenbeinspechte beobachten zu können. 2004 beobachtete ein Kanufahrer in einem Naturschutzgebiet in Arkansas den Vogel angeblich erneut. Beweise für die Existenz mindestens eines Vogels im Cache River National Wildlife Refuge (Arkansas), die Forscher der Cornell-Universität im April 2005 vorlegten, waren in der Fachwelt umstritten. Im Mai 2006 wurde ein Preisgeld von 10.000 US-Dollar für denjenigen ausgesetzt, der einen fotografischen Beweis über die weitere Existenz des Elfenbeinspechtes erbringt. Da bis Mai 2007 weitere Suchen der Cornell University erfolglos blieben, befürchten viele Wissenschaftler, dass der Elfenbeinspecht tatsächlich ausgestorben ist. Am 29. September 2021 schlug der United States Fish and Wildlife Service offiziell vor, den Elfenbeinspecht aus der Liste der bedrohten Arten herauszunehmen, da er ausgestorben sei.[1] 2022 veröffentlichte Steven C. Latta mit seinen Koautoren mehrere Indizien für ein Überleben des Elfenbeinspechts in Louisiana.[2]

Bälge des Elfenbeinspechts sind in europäischen Einrichtungen selten, finden sich aber beispielsweise im Museum Heineanum in Halberstadt[3], im Naturhistorischen Museum Wien, im Museum für Naturkunde (Berlin) und im Überseemuseum Bremen. Überdies befindet sich ein Balg in der naturhistorischen Sammlung in Tübingen.

Hauptgründe für den Rückgang der Art sind die Rodungen der Wälder und die Trockenlegung von Sümpfen in ihrem Lebensraum, früher auch die vereinzelte Jagd.

Literatur

  • J. W. Fitzpatrick, M. Lammertink, M. D. Luneau Jr, T. W. Gallagher, B. R. Harrison, G. M. Sparling, K. V. Rosenberg, R. W. Rohrbaugh, E. C. Swarthout, P. H. Wrege, S. B. Swarthout, M. S. Dantzker, R. A. Charif, T. R. Barksdale, J. V. Remsen Jr, S. D. Simon, D. Zollner: Ivory-billed woodpecker (Campephilus principalis) persists in continental North America. In: Science. 308, Nr. 5727, 2005, S. 1460–1462. PMID 15860589.
  • Katja Schmid: Lebt der Elfenbeinspecht nun noch - oder doch nicht?. In: Telepolis. Zeitschrift der Netzkultur. Bollmann, Köln 14. September 2005.
  • Tim Gallagher: The Grail Bird - Hot on the Trail of the Ivory-Billed Woodpecker. Houghton Mifflin, Boston 2005. ISBN 0-618-45693-7
  • D. A. Sibley, L. R. Bevier, M. A. Patten und C. S. Elphick: Comment on "Ivory-billed Woodpecker (Campephilus principalis) persists in continental North America. In: Science. Band 311, 2006, 1555a.
  • J. W. Fitzpatrick, M. Lammertink, M. D. Luneau, Jr., T. W. Gallagher und K.V. Rosenberg: Response to comment on "Ivory-billed Woodpecker (Campephilus principalis) persists in continental North America". In: Science. Band 311, 2006, 1555b.
  • Johanna Romberg: Zaubervogel, wo steckst du? In: GEO. 11/2007, S. 140–152,

Quellen

  1. a b U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Proposes Delisting 23 Species from Endangered Species Act Due to Extinction. In: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 29. September 2021, abgerufen am 30. September 2021 (englisch).
  2. Steven C. Latta, Mark A. Michaels, Don Scheifler, Thomas C. Michot, Peggy L. Shrum, Patricia Johnson, Jay Tischendorf, Michael Weeks, John Trochet, Bob Ford: Multiple lines of evidence indicate survival of the Ivory-billed Woodpecker in Louisiana. April 2022, DOI:10.1101/2022.04.06.487399
  3. Tom Koch in der Magdeburger Volksstimme vom 13. Juli 2007
 title=
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Elfenbeinspecht: Brief Summary ( الألمانية )

المقدمة من wikipedia DE
 src= Präparat im Natural History Museum in London

Der Elfenbeinspecht (Campephilus principalis), auch als Herrenspecht bezeichnet, war der zweitgrößte Specht Nordamerikas. Ihm nahe verwandt ist der etwas größere Kaiserspecht (Campephilus imperialis), der in Hochlandwäldern Mexikos seinen Lebensraum hatte. Es wird davon ausgegangen, dass beide Arten in der zweiten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts ausgestorben sind, obwohl immer wieder Sichtungen gemeldet werden, die sich allerdings nie eindeutig verifizieren ließen.

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Chhiūⁿ-gê-chhùi tok-chhiū-chiáu ( Nan )

المقدمة من wikipedia emerging languages

Chhiūⁿ-gê-chhùi tok-chhiū-chiáu (ha̍k-miâ Campephilus principalis), 1 chióng chin toā chiah ê Pak Bí-chiu tok-chhiū-chiáu, bo̍k-chêng kiông beh khu̍t-chéng he̍k-chiá sī í-keng khu̍t-chéng. Chhiūⁿ-gê-chhùi tok-chhiū-chiáu khak-tēng tī 1944 nî iáu tī--teh. Kàu kah 1967 nî chèng-sek chù-chheh sī ū gûi-hiám (endangered) ê chéng; it-poaⁿ jīn-ûi í-keng khu̍t-chéng ah. Chóng--sī 2004 kap 2005 nî ū lâng chhin-chhiūⁿ koh-chài khoàⁿ--tio̍h, mā ū lo̍k-im ê chèng-kì chi-chhî. Put-jī-kò tī 2006 nî ū koá choan-ka giâu-gî chèng-kì bô chi-chhî i ê chûn-chāi.

Chhiūⁿ-gê-chhùi tok-chhiū-chiáu sêng Dryocopus pileatus (Pileated Woodpecker).

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Ivoarsnaffelspjocht ( الفريزية الغربية )

المقدمة من wikipedia emerging languages

De Ivoarsnaffelspjocht (Campephilus principalis) is mei sa'n 46-51 sm de grutste spjocht fan Noard-Amearika. De International Union for Conservatation of Nature registrearret it foarkommen fan de fûgel as "krityk", [1] wylst de American Birding Assosiation de ivoarsnaffelspjocht as "mooglik of definityf útstoarn" klassifisearret.[2].

Beskriuwing

De fûgel hat swarte en wite fearre, in reade helm en in ivoarkleurige snaffel. De ivoarsnaffelspjocht wurdt tusken de 48 en 63 sintimeter grut en hat in spanwiidte fan likernôch 76 sintimeter. It gewicht fan de fûgel is ûngefear 450-570 gram. De fûgel wurdt tusken de 15 en 30 jier âld.

De kennis oer it gedrach en de ekology fan de fûgel is foar it measte basearre op de stúdzje fan James Tanner nei ferskillende fûgels yn in bosk oan de Tensas-rivier yn de jierren 1930.

Utstoarn (?)

De ivoarsnaffelspjocht is ien fan de grutste soarten fan de spjochteftigen dy't eartiids libbe yn de grutte sompige bosken oan de súdeastkust fan de Feriene Steaten. In algemien foarkommende soart hat de ivoarsnaffelspjocht nea west. De bosken dêr't de fûgel libbe waarden yn de rin fan de 19e iuw foar in grut part kapt en dêrmei ferdwûn it natuerlike habitat fan de ivoarsnaffelspjocht. Wat minder spile ek de jacht op en it sammeljen fan de fûgel in rol by de ôfname fan de soart. Al yn de jierren 1920 wie de fûgel in tige seldsume ferskining en yn dy tiid mienden ornitologen al dat er al útstoarn wie, mar der waard in pearke yn Florida ûntdutsen, dat troch samlers deasketten waard.[3]

 src=
Ofbyld fan de ivoarsnaffelspjocht (foto út 1935 fan Arthur A. Allen, ynkleure troch Jerry A. Payne)

De lêste waarnimmings fan de spjocht waarden dien yn de grutste doe noch besteande sompebosken fan Louisiana. Nei trije dagen sykjen fûn in ekspedysje fan de promovendus James Tanner mei in pear ornitologen dêr yn 1935 in populaasje en lei in pearke by harren nêst op film fêst. Eigner fan it gebiet wie de Singer Corporation en de National Audubon Society besocht de kaprjochten fan it gebiet oan te keapjen om sa it gebiet te behâlden, mar Singer Corporation wegere it oanbod. Tanner brocht de jierren 1937-1939 troch mei it bestudearjen fan de ivoarsnaffelspjocht yn it gebiet fan Singer Corporation en reizge fjierder troch it Suden om as ûnderdiel fan syn einskripsje te sykjen nei oare populaasjes. Op dat stuit rûzde er it tal fûgels fan de soarte op noch mar 22 oant 24 eksimplaren, werfan't 6 oant 8 yn it gebiet fan Singer Corporation. In pear jier letter wiene de bosken dêr't Tanner de spjochten filme hie foar it measte kapt en oant april 1944 waard der noch in in iensum wyfke waarnommen yn de buert fan in âlde beam. Dat wyfke hat de lêste, algemien akseptearre waarnimming fan de fûgel yn de Feriene Steaten west.[4]

Sûnt dy tiid is der tynge dien fan ferskate waarnimmings, mar jimmeroan koe gjin ûnwjerlisber bewiis levere wurde dat de fûgel noch bestiet. Bekend binne benammen de op 25 april 2004 fêstleine bylden yn it Cache River National Wildlife Refuge yn it eastlike diel fan Arkansas, in koarte en ûnskerpe film dy't bekend waard ûnder de namme Luneau fideo. De bylden soene in mantsje fan de ivoarsnaffelspjocht wjerjaan, dy't fan beam nei beam fleach. Yn 2005 makken ûndersikers yn in rapport bekend dat it om autentike bylden fan de ivoarsnaffelspjocht gyng.[5] Oare ûndersikers konkludearren nei ûndersyk yn 2006 lykwols dat de bylden in gewoane Noard-Amearikaanske helmspjocht sjen lieten.[6]

De organisaasje Nature Conservancy love yn 2008 $ 50.000 út foar dejinge dy't in libben eksimplaar fan de ivoarsnaffelspjocht fûn.

Habitat

 src=
It gebiet yn Louisiana, dêr't Michael Collins yn de jierren 2004-2008 freskate kearen de ivoarsnaffelspjocht sjoen hawwe soe
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De kleurferskillen fan in mantsje en in wyfke

De soarte libbet yn sompige bosken mei in bulte dea hout, dy't eartiids oant foar de Amerikaanske Boargeroarloch yn in grut diel fan it suden fan de Feriene Steaten stiene. Nei de boargerkriich ûntboske de houtyndustry miljoenen hektares yn it Suden, sadat der foar de ivoarsnaffelspjocht allinne lytsere, isolearre stikken habitat oerbleaune.

De ôfrûne jierren binne der maatregels nommen foar gebieten dêr't mooglik noch individuele eksimplaren libje. De maatregels fariearje fan herstel fan habitat oant de oankeap fan natoergebieten troch natoerorganisaasjes.

De soarte is te ferdielen yn twa ûndersoarten:

  • C. p. principalis: it súdeasten fan de Feriene Steaten.
  • C. p. bairdii: Kuba.[7]

De Kubaanske ûndersoarte libbe ek yn âlde bosken op it eilân en troch't oan it begjin fan de 20e iuw dêr de measte leafbosken al kapt wiene oerlibbe de fûgel allinne noch yn de bercheftige dinnebosken fan it noardeastlike diel fan it eilân. Sûnt 1987 is ek de Kubaanske ûndersoarte net meer sjoen.

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Preparearre eksimplaar fan de Campephilus principalis (Hessisches Landesmuseum Darmstadt, Darmstadt)

Iten

Ivoarsnaffelspjochten ite larven fan krobben, sied, fruit en ynsekten. Mei harren grutte snaffel skile se de bast fan deade beammen ôf om ynsekten te sykjen. Om genôch iten te finen foar harrensels en de jongen hat in pearke in leefgebiet nedich fan likernôch 25 km². Dat is ek de reden dat de ivoarsnaffelspjocht nea in algemiene fûgel west hat. Se binne nei alle gedachten net territoariaal en der is nea fêststeld dat de spjocht syn leefgebiet tsjin oare soartgenoaten beskermet.

Nêst

Ivoarsnaffelspjochten foarmje nei alle gedachten pearkes foar it libben en ek nei't se jongen hân ha bliuwe se tegearre. It nêst wurdt op in hichte fan 5 oant 21 meter makke yn it deade hout fan beammen en de 3-5 wite aaien wurde neffens in rûzing fan James Tanner yn likernôch 20 dagen útbret. De jonge fûgels yn it rûchwei 50 sintimeter djippe nêst fleane nei sân oant acht wiken út en wurde dêrnei noch in pear moanne fuorre. Yn 'e hjerst of oan it begjin fan de winter moatte de jongen harren sels sjen te rêden. De nesten wurde ien kear brûkt en de oare kear sil de ivoarsnaffelspjocht net fier fan it âlde nêst in nij plak sykje foar in nêst.

Boarnen, noaten en referinsjes

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Ivoarsnaffelspjocht: Brief Summary ( الفريزية الغربية )

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De Ivoarsnaffelspjocht (Campephilus principalis) is mei sa'n 46-51 sm de grutste spjocht fan Noard-Amearika. De International Union for Conservatation of Nature registrearret it foarkommen fan de fûgel as "krityk", wylst de American Birding Assosiation de ivoarsnaffelspjocht as "mooglik of definityf útstoarn" klassifisearret..

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Ivory-billed woodpecker ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من wikipedia EN

The ivory-billed woodpecker (Campephilus principalis) is a possibly extinct woodpecker that is native to the bottomland hardwood forests and temperate coniferous forests of the Southern United States and Cuba.[a] Habitat destruction and hunting have reduced populations so thoroughly that the species is listed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) on its Red List as critically endangered,[1][3] and by the American Birding Association as "definitely or probably extinct".[4] The last universally accepted sighting of an American ivory-billed woodpecker occurred in Louisiana in 1944, and the last universally accepted sighting of a Cuban ivory-billed woodpecker occurred in 1987, after the bird's rediscovery there the prior year.[5][6][7] Sporadic reports of sightings and other evidence of the persistence of the species have continued since then.

The bird's preferred diet consists of large beetle larvae, particularly wood-boring Cerambycidae beetles, supplemented by vegetable matter including such varied fruits as southern magnolia, pecans, acorns, hickory nuts, wild grapes, and persimmons. To hunt wood-boring beetle larvae, the bird uses its large bill to wedge and peel bark off dead trees to expose the larvae tunnels; no other species present in its range is able to remove tightly bound tree bark, and the ivory-bill faces no real competitor in hunting these larvae.

It is, or was, the largest woodpecker in the United States, and one of the largest in the world, with a total length of 48 to 53 cm (19 to 21 in) and a typical wingspan of 76 cm (30 in). In adults the bill is ivory in color, hence the bird's common name, while in juveniles it is chalky white. The bird has been found in habitat including dense swampland, comparatively open old-growth forest and, in Cuba, upland pine forests. Both parents work together to dig out a tree cavity roughly 15–70 feet (4.6–21.3 m) from the ground to create the nest, the typical depth of which is roughly 50 cm (20 in).

In the 21st century, reported sightings and analyses of audio and visual recordings were published in peer-reviewed scientific journals as evidence that the species persists in Arkansas, Louisiana, and Florida. Various land purchases and habitat restoration efforts to protect any surviving individuals have been initiated in areas where sightings and other evidence have suggested a relatively high probability the species exists. In September 2021, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service[8] proposed that the species be declared extinct. It conducted two public comment periods during 2021 and 2022. An announcement of the decision is expected by the end of 2023.

Taxonomy

The ivory-billed woodpecker was first described as Picus maximus rostra albo (Latin for "the largest white-bill woodpecker") in English naturalist Mark Catesby's 1731 publication of Natural History of Carolina, Florida, and the Bahamas.[9][b] Noting his report, Linnaeus later described it in the landmark 1758 10th edition of his Systema Naturae, where it was given the binomial name of Picus principalis.[11] The genus Campephilus was introduced by the English zoologist George Robert Gray in 1840 with the ivory-billed woodpecker as the type species.[12]

Ornithologists recognize two subspecies of this bird:

Turnaround video of a female Cuban ivory-billed woodpecker study skin RMNH 110097, Naturalis Biodiversity Center
Turnaround video of a male American ivory-billed woodpecker specimen, Naturalis Biodiversity Center

The two look similar, with the Cuban bird somewhat smaller,[14] some variations in plumage with the white dorsal strips extending to the bill, and the red crest feathers of the male being longer than its black crest feathers, while the two are of the same length in the American subspecies.[15]

Some controversy exists over whether the Cuban ivory-billed woodpecker is more appropriately recognized as a separate species. A 2006 study compared DNA samples taken from specimens of both ivory-billed woodpeckers, along with the imperial woodpecker (Campephilus imperialis), a larger but otherwise very similar bird. It concluded not only that the Cuban and American ivory-billed woodpeckers are genetically distinct, but also that they and the imperial form a North American clade within Campephilus that appeared in the mid-Pleistocene.[16] The study does not attempt to define a lineage linking the three birds, although it does imply that the Cuban bird is more closely related to the imperial.[16] The American Ornithologists' Union Committee on Classification and Nomenclature has said it is not yet ready to list the American and Cuban birds as separate species. Lovette, a member of the committee, said that more testing is needed to support that change, but concluded, "These results will likely initiate an interesting debate on how we should classify these birds."[17]

"Ivory-billed woodpecker" is the official name given to the species by the International Ornithologists' Union.[18] Older common names included Log Cock, Log God, Good Lord Bird, Indian Hen, Kent, Kate, Poule de Bois (Wood Hen in Cajun French),[19] and Tit-ka (Wood Cock in Seminole).[20][21] Some modern authors refer to the species as the "Holy Grail bird" or "Grail Bird" because of its extreme rarity and elusiveness to birders.[22]

Description

The contrast in plumage of the male (above) and female (below), separated by a detail of their bills

The ivory-billed woodpecker is one of the largest woodpeckers in the world at roughly 51 centimetres (20 in; 1.67 ft) long and 76 centimetres (30 in; 2.49 ft) in wingspan. It is the largest woodpecker in its range. The closely related imperial woodpecker (C. imperialis) of western Mexico is the largest woodpecker in the world. The ivory-billed woodpecker has a total length of 48 to 53 cm (19 to 21 in), and based on scant information, weighs approximately 450 to 570 g (0.99 to 1.26 lb). Its wingspan is typically 76 cm (30 in). Standard measurements obtained include a wing chord length of 23.5–26.5 cm (9.3–10.4 in), a tail length of 14–17 cm (5.5–6.7 in), a bill length of 5.8–7.3 cm (2.3–2.9 in), and a tarsus length of 4–4.6 cm (1.6–1.8 in).[23]

Illustration of left foot, showing zygodactyly typical of woodpeckers

The plumage of the ivory-billed woodpecker is predominated by a shiny black or purple tint. There are white lines extending from the cheeks down the neck, meeting on the back. The ends of the inner primary feathers are white, as well as the whole of the outer secondary feathers.[24] This creates extensive white on the trailing edge of both the upper- and underwing. The underwing also is white along its forward edge, resulting in a black line running along the middle of the underwing, expanding to more extensive black at the wingtip. Some birds have been recorded with more extensive amounts of white on the primary feathers.[25] Ivory-bills have a prominent crest, although it is ragged in juveniles. The bird is somewhat sexually dimorphic, as seen in the image to the right, the crest is black along its forward edge, changing abruptly to red on the side and rear in males, but solid black in females, as well as in juvenile males. When perched with the wings folded, birds of both genders present a large patch of white on the lower back, roughly triangular in shape. Like all woodpeckers, the ivory-billed woodpecker has a strong and straight bill and a long, mobile, hard-tipped, barbed tongue. In adults, the bill is ivory in color, while it is chalky white in juveniles. Among North American woodpeckers, the ivory-billed woodpecker is unique in having a bill whose tip is quite flattened laterally, shaped much like a beveled wood chisel. Its flight is strong and direct, and has been likened to that of a duck.

These characteristics distinguish ivory-bills from the smaller and darker-billed pileated woodpecker. The pileated woodpecker normally is brownish-black, smoky, or slaty black in color. It also has a white neck stripe, but normally its back is black. Pileated woodpecker juveniles and adults have a red crest and a white chin. Pileated woodpeckers normally have no white on the trailing edges of their wings and when perched, normally show only a small patch of white on each side of the body, near the edge of the wing. However, aberrant individual pileated woodpeckers have been reported with white trailing edges on the wings, forming a white triangular patch on the lower back when perched.

The drum of the ivory-billed woodpecker is a single or double rap. Four fairly distinct calls are reported in the literature and two were recorded in the 1930s. The most common, a kent or hant, sounds like a toy trumpet often repeated in a series. When the bird is disturbed, the pitch of the kent note rises, it is repeated more frequently, and often doubled. A conversational call, also recorded, is given between individuals at the nest, and has been described as kent-kent-kent.

Habitat and diet

The original range of the ivory-billed woodpecker (white) in the United States (green)
Ivory-bills exchanging places in the nest, April 1935

No attempts to comprehensively estimate the range of the ivory-billed woodpecker were made until after its range already had been severely reduced by deforestation and hunting. The first range map produced for the species was made by Edwin M. Hasbrouck in 1891.[26] The second range map produced was that made by James Tanner in 1942.[27] Both authors reconstructed the original range of the species from historical records they considered reliable, in many cases from specimens with clear records of where they were obtained. The two authors produced broadly similar range estimates, finding that before deforestation and hunting began to shrink its range, the ivory-billed woodpecker had ranged from eastern Texas to North Carolina, and from southern Illinois to Florida and Cuba,[28] typically from the coast inland to where the elevation is approximately 30 m (98 ft).[29]

A few significant differences in their reconstructions exist, however. Based on the reports of Wells Woodbridge Cooke from Kansas City and Fayette, Hasbrouck's range map extended up the Missouri River and approximately to Kansas City.[30] which Tanner rejected as a possible accidental or unproven report.[31] Similarly, Hasbrouck's range estimate extended up the Ohio River Valley to Franklin County, Indiana, based on a record from the E. T. Cox,[32] which Tanner likewise rejected as unproven or accidental. Tanner's range estimate extended farther up the Arkansas River and Canadian River, on the basis of reports of the birds by S. W. Woodhouse west of Fort Smith, Arkansas, and Edwin James at the falls of the Canadian River,[33] which were not mentioned by, and possibly unknown to, Hasbrouck.

Tanner's range map is generally accepted as the original range of the bird,[27] but a number of records exist outside of both ranges, that were either overlooked or rejected by Tanner, or that surfaced after his analysis. Southwest of Tanner's range estimate, the species was reported along the San Marcos River and Guadalupe River, as well as near New Braunfels, around 1900.[34] Farther along the Ohio River Valley, William Fleming reported shooting an ivory-billed woodpecker at Logan's Fort, Kentucky in 1780.[35] Ivory-billed woodpecker remains were found in middens in Scioto County, Ohio, and were inferred to come from a bird locally hunted.[36] Similar inferences were drawn from remains found near Wheeling, West Virginia.[37] There is also a report of a bird shot and eaten in Doddridge County, West Virginia, around 1900.[38] Based on reports that did not include specimens, Hasbrouck set the northern limit of the range along the Atlantic Coast to around Fort Macon, North Carolina,[39] which was rejected as unproven by Tanner, who used the record of a bird shot 12 miles (19 km) north of Wilmington, North Carolina, by Alexander Wilson to set the northern limit of the range.[31]

Records exist of the ivory-billed woodpecker farther north along the Atlantic Coast; Thomas Jefferson included it as a bird of Virginia in Notes on the State of Virginia, where it is listed as the "White bill woodpecker" with the designation of Picus principalis.[40][41] Audubon reported the bird could occasionally be found as far north as Maryland.[42] Pehr Kalm reported it was present seasonally in Swedesboro, New Jersey in the mid-18th century.[43] Farther inland, Wilson reported shooting an ivory-bill west of Winchester, Virginia.[38] Bones recovered from the Etowah Mounds in Georgia are generally believed to come from birds hunted locally.[34] Within its range, the ivory-billed woodpecker is not smoothly distributed, but highly locally concentrated in areas where the habitat is suitable and where large quantities of appropriate food may be found.[27]

Knowledge of the ecology and behavior of ivory-billed woodpeckers is largely derived from James Tanner's study of several birds in a tract of forest along the Tensas River in the late 1930s. The extent to which those data can be extrapolated to ivory-bills as a whole, remains an open question.[44] Ivory-billed woodpeckers have been found in habitat including dense swampland, comparatively open old-growth forest, and the upland pine forests of Cuba, but whether that is a complete list of suitable habitat is somewhat unclear.[45]

In the Tensas river region, Tanner estimate there was one pair of birds per 44 km2 (17 sq mi). From historical data he estimated there was one pair of birds per 25 km2 (10 sq mi) in the California swamp in northern Florida and one pair per 16 km2 (6 sq mi) along the Wacissa river, he produced an understanding that these birds need large amounts of suitable territory to find enough food to feed themselves and their young, and thus they should be expected occur at low densities even in healthy populations.[46] After the Civil War, the timber industry deforested millions of acres in the South, leaving only sparse, isolated tracts of appropriate habitat. Combined with the large range needs, this became the general understanding of the reason for the population decline of the species in the South. This picture has been disputed by Noel Snyder, who contended that hunting rather than habitat loss had been the primary cause of the population decline. He argued that Tanner's population estimates were made of an already depleted population, and the home range needs were significantly smaller.[47]

The preferred food of the ivory-billed woodpecker is beetle larvae, with roughly half of recorded stomach contents composed of large beetle larvae, particularly of species from the family Cerambycidae,[48] with Scolytidae beetles also recorded.[49] The bird also eats significant vegetable matter, with recorded stomach contents including the fruit of the southern magnolia, pecans,[48] acorns,[49] hickory nuts, and poison ivy seeds.[50] They also have been observed feeding on wild grapes, persimmons, and hackberries.[51] To hunt woodboring grubs, the bird uses its enormous bill to hammer, wedge, and peel the bark off dead trees in order to access their tunnels. The species has no real competitors in hunting these grubs. No other species present in its range are able to remove tightly bound bark, as the ivory-billed woodpecker does.[52]

Ivory-billed woodpeckers are diurnal birds, spending their nights in individual roost holes that often are reused. The birds typically leave their roost holes around dawn, feeding and engaging in other activities during the early morning. They are generally inactive during the mid-day and resume feeding activities in the late afternoon before returning to the roosts around dusk.[53]

Breeding biology and life cycle

Photograph of a male ivory-bill returning to the nest in order to relieve the female, April 1935

The ivory-billed woodpecker is thought to mate for life. Pairs are known to travel together. These paired birds breed every year between January and May. Both parents work together to excavate a cavity in a tree approximately 15–70 feet (4.6–21.3 m)[54] from the ground for the nest in which their young will be raised. Limited data indicates a preference for living trees,[55] or partially dead trees, with rotten ones avoided.[54] Nest cavities are typically in or just below broken off stumps in living trees, where the wood is easier to excavate, and the overhanging stump can provide protection against rain and leave the opening in shadow, providing some protection against predators.[56] There are no clear records of nest cavities being reused, and ivory-bills, like most woodpeckers, likely excavate a new nest each year.[57] Nest openings are typically oval to rectangular in shape, and measure approximately 12–14 cm (4.7–5.5 in) tall by 10 cm (3.9 in) wide. The typical nest depth is roughly 50 cm (20 in), with nests as shallow as 36 cm (14 in) and as deep as 150 cm (59 in) reported.[58]

Typically, eggs are laid in April or May, with a few records of eggs laid as early as mid-February.[59] A second clutch has only been observed when the first one failed.[60] Up to three glossy, china-white eggs are laid, measuring on average 3.5 cm × 2.5 cm (1.38 in × 0.98 in),[49] although clutches of up to six eggs, and broods of up to four young, have been observed.[61] No nest has been observed for the length of incubation so it remains unknown,[62] although Tanner estimated it to be roughly 20 days.[63] Parents incubate the eggs cooperatively, with the male observed to incubate overnight, and the two birds typically exchanging places every two hours during the day, with one foraging and one incubating. Once the young hatch, both parents forage to bring food to them.[64] Young learn to fly about 7 to 8 weeks after hatching. The parents continue feeding them for another two months. The family eventually splits up in late fall or early winter.

Ivory-billed woodpeckers are not migratory, and pairs are frequently observed to nest within a few hundred meters of previous nests, year after year.[60] Although ivory-billed woodpeckers thus feed within a semiregular territory within a few kilometers of their nest or roost, they are not territorial; no records are known of ivory-bills protecting their territories from other ivory-bills when encountering one another.[65] Indeed, in many instances the ivory-billed woodpecker has been observed acting as a social bird, with groups of four or five feeding together on a single tree, and as many as 11 observed feeding in the same location.[66] Similarly, ivory-billed woodpeckers have been observed feeding on the same tree as the pileated woodpecker, the only other large woodpecker with which they share a range, without any hostile interactions.[67] Although not migratory, sometimes the ivory-billed woodpecker is described as nomadic;[68] birds relocate from time to time to areas where disasters such as fires or floods have created large amounts of dead wood, and subsequently large numbers of beetle larva upon which they prefer to feed.[27]

The maximum lifespan of an Ivory-billed woodpecker is not known, but other Campephilus woodpeckers are not known to live longer than 15 years, so this value is sometimes used as an estimate.[69] No species (other than humans) are known to be predators of ivory-billed woodpeckers. However, they have been observed to exhibit predator response behaviors toward Cooper's hawks and red-shouldered hawks.[52]

Status

A female ivory-billed woodpecker returning to the nest, April 1935, from the Singer tract expedition of Allen, Kellogg, Tanner, and Sutton

Heavy logging activity exacerbated by hunting by collectors devastated the population of ivory-billed woodpeckers in the late 19th century. In 1907, one notable sighting occurred when president Theodore Roosevelt wrote of seeing three birds during a bear hunting trip in northeast Louisiana swampland.[70][71] The species was generally considered extremely rare and some ornithologists believed it extinct by the 1920s. In 1924, Arthur Augustus Allen found a nesting pair in Florida, which local taxidermists shot for specimens.[72] In 1932, a Louisiana state representative, Mason Spencer of Tallulah, killed an ivory-billed woodpecker along the Tensas River and took the specimen to his state wildlife office in Baton Rouge.[73] As a result, Arthur Allen, fellow Cornell Ornithology professor Peter Paul Kellogg, Ph.D. student James Tanner, and avian artist George Miksch Sutton organized an expedition to that part of Louisiana as part of a larger expedition to record images and sounds of endangered birds across the United States.[72] The team located a population of woodpeckers in Madison Parish in northeastern Louisiana, in a section of the old-growth forest called the Singer tract, owned by the Singer Sewing Company, where logging rights were held by the Chicago Mill and Lumber Company. The team made the only universally accepted audio and motion picture recordings of the ivory-billed woodpecker.[74] The National Audubon Society attempted to buy the logging rights to the tract so the habitat and birds could be preserved, but the company rejected their offer. Tanner spent 1937–1939 studying the ivory-billed woodpeckers on the Singer tract and travelling across the southern United States searching for other populations as part of his thesis work. At that time, he estimated there were 22–24 birds remaining, of which 6–8 were on the Singer tract. The last universally accepted sighting of an ivory billed woodpecker in the United States was made on the Singer tract by Audubon Society artist Don Eckelberry in April 1944,[75] when logging of the tract was nearly complete.[76]

The ivory-billed woodpecker was listed as an endangered species on March 11, 1967, by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service. It has been assessed as critically endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources,[1] and is categorized as probably extinct or extinct by the American Birding Association.[77] A 2019 five-year review by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service recommended that the ivory-billed woodpecker be removed from the Endangered Species List due to extinction, and in September 2021 the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service proposed that the species be declared extinct. A public hearing and two public comment periods followed during 2022. A final decision is expected by the end of 2023.

Evidence of persistence in the United States from 1944 to present

A comparison of the pileated woodpecker (top) with the ivory-billed woodpecker (bottom): superficial similarities of the birds result in pileated woodpeckers sometimes being mistaken for ivory-bills

Since 1944, regular reports have been made of ivory-billed woodpeckers being seen or heard across the southeastern United States, particularly in Louisiana, Florida, Texas, and South Carolina.[78] In many instances, sightings were clearly misidentified pileated woodpeckers or red-headed woodpeckers. Similarly, in many cases, reports of hearing the kent call of the ivory-billed woodpecker were misidentifications of a similar call sometimes made by blue jays.[34] It also may be possible to mistake wing collisions in flying duck flocks for the characteristic double knock.[79] However, a significant number of reports were accompanied by physical evidence or made by experienced ornithologists and could not be easily dismissed.[34]

In 1950, the Audubon Society established a wildlife sanctuary along the Chipola River after a group led by University of Florida graduate student Whitney Eastman reported a pair of ivory-billed woodpeckers with a roost hole.[80][81] The sanctuary was terminated in 1952 when the woodpeckers could no longer be located.[82]

In 1967, ornithologist John Dennis, sponsored by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, reported sightings of ivory-billed woodpeckers along the Neches River in Texas.[83] Previously, Dennis had rediscovered the Cuban species in 1948.[14] Dennis produced audio recording of possible kent calls that were found to be a good match to ivory-billed woodpecker calls, but possibly also compatible with blue jays.[84] At least 20 people reported sightings of one or more ivory-billed woodpeckers in the same area in the late 1960s,[85] and several photographs, ostensibly showing an ivory-billed woodpecker in a roost, were produced by Neil Wright.[86][87] Copies of two of his photographs were given to the Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University.[34] These sightings formed part of the basis for the creation of the Big Thicket National Preserve.[88][89]

H. N. Agey and G. M. Heinzmann reported observing one or two ivory-billed woodpeckers in Highlands County, Florida, on 11 occasions from 1967 to 1969.[90] A tree in which the birds had been observed roosting was damaged during a storm and they were able to obtain a feather from the roost that was identified as an inner secondary feather of an ivory-billed woodpecker by A. Wetmore. The feather is stored at the Florida Museum of Natural History.[54] The feather was described as "fresh, not worn", but as it could not be conclusively dated, it has not been universally accepted as proof that ivory-billed woodpeckers persisted to the date the feather was collected.[34]

Louisiana State University museum director George Lowery presented two photographs at the 1971 annual meeting of the American Ornithologists' Union that show what appeared to be a male ivory-billed woodpecker. The photographs were taken by outdoorsman Fielding Lewis in the Atchafalaya Basin of Louisiana, with an Instamatic camera.[91] Although the photographs had the correct field markings for an ivory-billed woodpecker, their quality was not sufficient for other ornithologists to be confident that they did not depict a mounted specimen, and they were greeted with general skepticism.[92]

In 1999, a Louisiana State University forestry student reported an extended viewing of a pair of birds at close range in the Pearl River region of southeast Louisiana, which some experts found very compelling.[93] In 2002, an expedition, composed of researchers from Louisiana State University and Cornell University, was sent into the area.[94] Six researchers spent 30 days searching the area, finding indications of large woodpeckers, but none that could be clearly ascribed to ivory-billed woodpeckers rather than pileated woodpeckers.[95]

Gene Sparling reported seeing an ivory-billed woodpecker in the Cache River National Wildlife Refuge in 2004, prompting Tim Gallagher and Bobby Harrison to investigate. They also observed a bird they identified as an ivory-billed woodpecker. An expedition led by John W. Fitzpatrick of the Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology followed and reported seven convincing sightings of an ivory-billed woodpecker. The team also heard and recorded possible double-knock and kent calls, and they produced a video with four seconds of footage of a large woodpecker that they identified as an ivory-billed woodpecker due to its size, field marks, and flight pattern.[96] The sighting was accepted by the Bird Records Committee of the Arkansas Audubon Society.[97] A team headed by David A. Sibley published a response arguing the bird in the video has a morphology that could be consistent with that of a pileated woodpecker,[98] and a second team argued that flight characteristics may not be diagnostic.[99] The original team published a rebuttal,[100] but the identity of the bird in the video remains disputed.

Following the publication of the video, The Nature Conservancy bought 18,000 acres (73 km2) of land to enlarge the protected areas that housed suitable habitat for the bird.[101] However, a second search in 2005-2006 produced no unambiguous encounters with ivory-billed woodpeckers. The Louisiana State University-Cornell University collaboration team subsequently conducted searches in Arkansas, Florida, Illinois, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Texas, but found no clear indications of ivory-billed woodpeckers in any of those searches,[34] at which point they concluded their efforts.[102]

Scientists from Auburn University and the University of Windsor published a paper describing a search for ivory-billed woodpeckers along the Choctawhatchee River from 2005 to 2006, during which they recorded 14 sightings of ivory-billed woodpeckers, 41 occasions on which double-knocks or kent calls were heard, and 244 occasions on which double-knocks or kent calls were recorded. They analysed those recordings and conducted examinations of tree cavities and bark stripping by woodpeckers seen during the search and determined them to be consistent with the behavior of ivory-billed woodpeckers, but inconsistent with the behavior of pileated woodpeckers.[103] In 2008, the sightings and sound detections largely dried up and the team ended their search in 2009.[104] The scientists' sightings were not accepted by the Florida Ornithological Society Records Committee.[105]

English Bayou in the Pearl River swamp, where Michael Collins reported nine sightings of ivory-billed woodpeckers in 2006 and 2008

Mike Collins reported ten sightings of ivory-billed woodpeckers between 2006 and 2008. He obtained video evidence at the Pearl River in Louisiana in 2006 and 2008 and at the Choctawhatchee River in Florida in 2007. His analyses of these sightings and videos were published in peer-reviewed journal articles.[106][107][108][109][110] Collins argues that the lack of clear photographs after 1944 is a function of species behavior and habitat, and that the expected time interval between clear photographs will be several orders of magnitude greater than it would be for a more typical species of comparable rarity.[107][110]

Project Principalis, a team of "researchers, community scientists, and nature enthusiasts" led by founder Mark Michaels and Dr. Steven Latta of the National Aviary, surveyed in Louisiana from 2012 to 2022. In May 2023, they presented their findings in the peer-reviewed scientific journal Ecology and Evolution. Their evidence includes drone videos, trail camera images, audio recordings and team member encounters. The authors state that "Our findings, and the inferences drawn from them, suggest that all is not lost for the Ivory-billed Woodpecker and that it is clearly premature for the species to be declared extinct."[111][112]

Relationship with humans

The body parts of ivory-billed woodpeckers, particularly their bills, were used for trade, ceremonies, and decoration by Native American groups from the western Great Lakes and Great Plains regions.[113] For instance, bills marked with red pigment were found among grave goods in burials at Ton won Tonga, a village of the Omaha people. The bills may have been part of "Wawaⁿ Pipes.[114] Ivory-billed woodpecker bills and scalps were commonly incorporated into ceremonial pipes by the Iowa people, another Siouan-speaking people.[113] The Sauk people and Meskwaki used ivory-billed body parts in amulets, headbands, and sacred bundles.[113] In many cases it is likely that the bills were acquired through trade. For instance, Ton won Tonga was located roughly 300 mi (480 km) from the farthest reported range of the ivory-billed woodpecker, and the bills were only found in the graves of wealthy adult men.[114] Another bill was found in a grave in Johnstown, Colorado.[115] The bills were quite valuable, with Catesby reporting a north–south trade where bills were exchanged outside the bird's range for two or three deerskins.[9] European settlers in the United States also used ivory-bill remains for adornment, often securing dried heads to their shot pouches, or employing them as watch fobs.[116]

The presence of remains in kitchen middens has been used to infer that some Native American groups would hunt and eat the ivory-billed woodpecker.[36] Such remains have been found in Illinois, Ohio,[117] West Virginia, and Georgia.[34] The hunting of ivory-billed woodpeckers for food by the residents of the Southeastern United States continued into the early 20th century,[118] with reports of hunting ivory-billed woodpeckers for food continuing until at least the 1950s.[80] In some instances, the flesh of ivory-billed woodpeckers was used as bait by trappers and fishermen.[87]: 60 [118] In the 19th and into the early 20th century, hunting for bird collections was extensive, with 413 specimens housed in museum and university collections as of 2007.[119] The largest collection is the 60+ skins at the Harvard Museum of Comparative Zoology.[120]

Painting by John James Audubon

The ivory-billed woodpecker has been a particular focus among birdwatchers. It has been called Audubon's favorite bird.[121] Roger Tory Peterson called his unsuccessful search for the birds along the Congaree River in the 1930s his "most exciting bird experience".[122] After the publication of the Fitzpatrick results, tourist attention was drawn to eastern Arkansas, with tourist spending increased 30% in and around the city of Brinkley, Arkansas. Brinkley hosted "The Call of the Ivory-billed Woodpecker Celebration" in February 2006. The celebration included exhibits, birding tours, educational presentations, and a vendor market.[123] By the 21st century, the ivory-billed woodpecker had achieved a near-mythic status among birdwatchers, most of whom would regard it as a prestigious entry on their life lists.[124]

The rare and elusive status of the species has inspired rewards for information that would allow the location of live birds. During their searches for proof of continued existence of the species, Cornell University offered a reward of $50,000.[125] The Louisiana Wilds project offered $12,000 for the location of an active roost or nest in 2020.[126]

The ivory-billed woodpecker has been the subject of artistic works. Joseph Bartholomew Kidd produced a painting based on Audubon's plates that was intended for a travelling exhibition throughout the United Kingdom and United States. The exhibition never took place and the painting is displayed in the Metropolitan Museum of Art.[127] Based on interviews with residents of Brinkley, Arkansas, Sufjan Stevens wrote a song entitled "The Lord God Bird" about the ivory-billed woodpecker that was broadcast on National Public Radio following the public reports of sightings there.[128][129] The 2012 Alex Karpovsky film Red Flag features Karpovsky as a filmmaker touring his 2008 documentary film about the ivory-billed woodpecker, Woodpecker.

Arkansas has issued license plates featuring a graphic of an ivory-billed woodpecker.[130]

Notes

  1. ^ Known in Cuban Spanish as the picamaderos picomarfil ("ivory bill woodpecker") or carpintero real ("royal carpenter/woodpecker").
  2. ^ The universally accepted starting point of modern taxonomy for animals is set at 1758, with the publication of Linnaeus's 10th edition of Systema Naturae, although scientists had been coining names in the previous century.[10]

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  125. ^ Boyum, Jamey (24 April 2012). "Woody: elusive or common?". KLTV. Archived from the original on 3 May 2012. Retrieved 12 October 2020.
  126. ^ Smith, Chuck (27 February 2020). "$12K Reward Offered For Finding Rare Woodpecker". Red River Radio. Archived from the original on 7 July 2020. Retrieved 12 October 2020.
  127. ^ Caldwell, John; Rodriguez Roque, Oswaldo; Johnson, Dale T. (1 March 1994). American Paintings in The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Vol. 1: A Catalogue of Works by Artists Born by 1815. Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp. 602–603.
  128. ^ "Brinkley, Ark., Embraces 'The Lord God Bird'". All Things Considered. National Public Radio. 6 July 2005. Archived from the original on 11 July 2006. Retrieved 9 July 2006.
  129. ^ "Sufjan Stevens – "The Lord God Bird" (MP3)". Npr.org. 27 April 2005. Archived from the original on 1 October 2012. Retrieved 13 November 2012.
  130. ^ "Game & Fish Ivory Billed Woodpecker Plate". Arkansas Department of Finance and Administration. Arkansas Department of Finance and Administration. Archived from the original on 2 September 2018. Retrieved 1 September 2018.
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Ivory-billed woodpecker: Brief Summary ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من wikipedia EN

The ivory-billed woodpecker (Campephilus principalis) is a possibly extinct woodpecker that is native to the bottomland hardwood forests and temperate coniferous forests of the Southern United States and Cuba. Habitat destruction and hunting have reduced populations so thoroughly that the species is listed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) on its Red List as critically endangered, and by the American Birding Association as "definitely or probably extinct". The last universally accepted sighting of an American ivory-billed woodpecker occurred in Louisiana in 1944, and the last universally accepted sighting of a Cuban ivory-billed woodpecker occurred in 1987, after the bird's rediscovery there the prior year. Sporadic reports of sightings and other evidence of the persistence of the species have continued since then.

The bird's preferred diet consists of large beetle larvae, particularly wood-boring Cerambycidae beetles, supplemented by vegetable matter including such varied fruits as southern magnolia, pecans, acorns, hickory nuts, wild grapes, and persimmons. To hunt wood-boring beetle larvae, the bird uses its large bill to wedge and peel bark off dead trees to expose the larvae tunnels; no other species present in its range is able to remove tightly bound tree bark, and the ivory-bill faces no real competitor in hunting these larvae.

It is, or was, the largest woodpecker in the United States, and one of the largest in the world, with a total length of 48 to 53 cm (19 to 21 in) and a typical wingspan of 76 cm (30 in). In adults the bill is ivory in color, hence the bird's common name, while in juveniles it is chalky white. The bird has been found in habitat including dense swampland, comparatively open old-growth forest and, in Cuba, upland pine forests. Both parents work together to dig out a tree cavity roughly 15–70 feet (4.6–21.3 m) from the ground to create the nest, the typical depth of which is roughly 50 cm (20 in).

In the 21st century, reported sightings and analyses of audio and visual recordings were published in peer-reviewed scientific journals as evidence that the species persists in Arkansas, Louisiana, and Florida. Various land purchases and habitat restoration efforts to protect any surviving individuals have been initiated in areas where sightings and other evidence have suggested a relatively high probability the species exists. In September 2021, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service proposed that the species be declared extinct. It conducted two public comment periods during 2021 and 2022. An announcement of the decision is expected by the end of 2023.

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Eburbeka pego ( إسبرانتو )

المقدمة من wikipedia EO

La eburbeka pego (latine, Campephilus principalis) estas birdospecio de la pego-familio, Pegedoj. Ĝi estas oficiale listita kiel endanĝerigita specio. Oni supozis, ke ĝi estas formortinta specio dum pli ol 60 jaroj, sen vidado de la birdo. La kialo de ĝia malaperado estas preskaŭ certe la perdo de ĝia loĝloko. Tamen, unu virbirdo de la specio estis vidita per vidbendo en Arkansaso kun aliaj perokulaj vidadoj en aprilo de 2005 kaj ekde tiam oni konsideris ĝin kiel lazara specio, tio estas specio kiu estas remalkovrita vivanta post esti konsiderata formortinta dum iom da tempo.

En Junio de 2006, oni oferis rekompencon de 10,000 dolaroj por informaro kondukonta al malkovro de nesto de Eburbeka pego, aŭ ripozejo aŭ manĝejo.[2]

En malfrua septembro de 2006, teamo de ornitologoj el la Universitato de Auburn kaj el la Universitato de Windsor publikigis tekston detaligante konvinkecajn pruvojn de la ekzisto de la Eburbeka kampefilo laŭlonge de la rivero Choctawhatchee en nordokcidenta Florido (Hill et al., 2006).

Spite la komencaj informoj el kaj Arkansaso kaj Florido, ne alvenis konkludaj pruvoj de la ekzisto de populacio de Eburbeka kampefilo, laŭ formo de certigaj fotoj, filmoj, specimenoj aŭ analizo de DNA el plumoj. Tamen, oni entreprenis akiron kaj restaŭradon de teroj por protekti la eblan survivon de tiu pego.

Priskribo

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Kontrasto en plumaro de masklo (supre) kaj ino (sube).

Ĝi estas unu el la plej grandaj pegoj en la mondo kaj precize la dua plej granda en la mondo kaj la unua en Usono. La plej grandaj de ĉiuj pegoj estas la tre rilata Imperia kampefilo (C. imperialis) de okcidenta Meksiko, alia rara specio kiu estas eble ankaŭ formortinta. La Eburbekulo estas 46 al 51 cm longa kaj pezas ĉirkaŭ 570 g. Ĝi havas enverguron de ĉirkaŭ 75 cm. Ĝi estas proksime tiel granda kiel korniko. Ĝi havas mallongajn krurojn kaj piedoj kun grandaj, kurbaj ungoj. Tiuj birdoj havas brilajn nigro-bluajn plumojn, kun blankaj strioj el la brido tra ambaŭ flankoj de la kolo ĝis la dorso kie preskaŭ kuniĝas unu kun la aliflanka, sed ja kun triangula subdorsa blanka makulo. Ili havas ampleksan blankan makulon en flugilplumoj kaj sube kaj supre. Ĝi povas esti identigita pro ĝia eburkolora beko (junuloj havas kalkoŝtonece blankan bekon).

La Eburbeka kampefilo havas elstaran kreston, kvankam ĉe junuloj ĝi estas ĉifona. La kresto estas nigra ĉe junuloj kaj inoj. Ĉe maskloj, la kresto estas nigra en antaŭa bordo kaj tre kontraste ruĝa meze kaj malantaxue. La mentono estas nigra. Ripoze kun fermitaj flugiloj, ili montras subdorsan triangulan blankan parton. Tiuj karakteroj distingas la specion el la pli eta kaj malhelbeka Blankvizaĝa nigropego. Tiu kutime estas brunecnigra, nigra aŭ ardeznigra. Ĝi havas ankaŭ blankan kolstrion sed la dorso estas kutime nigra. Junuloj de Blankvizaĝa havas ruĝan kreston kaj blankan mentonon. Blankvizaĝa nigropego kutime ne havas blankon en bordo de flugiloj kaj ripoze montras nur etan blankan makulon ambaŭflanke de la korpo ĉe la flugilbordo. Tamen, la Blankvizaĝa nigropego, ŝajne mutaciaj individuoj, prezentis blankajn flugilbordojn, formantajn blankan triangulan makulon en subdorso ripoze.

Kiel ĉiu pego, la Eburbekulo havas fortan kaj rektan bekon kaj longan, moveblan, durpintan kaj harecan langon. Inter nordamerikaj pegoj, la eburbekulo estas unika pro havi bekon kies pinto estas plata flanke, kun formo de bevelita lignoĉizilo. La tamburado de la birdo estas ununura aŭ duobla frapo. Oni priskribis 4 distingajn alvokojn en literaturo kaj oni surbendigis 2 el ili en la 1930-aj jaroj. La plej komuna sonas kiel ludila trumpeto ofte ripetita en serioj. Kiam oni ĝenas la birdon, la alvoko laŭtiĝas, ripetiĝas pli ofte kaj ofte duobliĝas.

Habitato kaj dieto

La Eburbeka kampefilo preferas densajn marĉarbarojn aŭ pinarbarojn, kun grandaj kvantoj de mortintaj kaj falitaj arboj. Antaŭ la Usona Enlanda Milito, multe el la usonaj sudaj ŝtatoj estis kovrita de ampleksaj tavoloj de praarbaroj kiuj estas taŭgaj kiel habitato por tiu birdo. Je tiu epoko, la eburbekuloj havis teritoriojn el orienta Teksaso al Norda Karolino, kaj el suda Ilinojo al Florido kaj Kubo.[3] Post la Enlanda Milito, la lignorikoltado senarbarigis milionojn da akreoj en la Sudo, lasante nur dise izolitajn pecojn de taŭga habitato.

La Eburbeka kampefilo manĝas ĉefe larvojn de lignoborantaj skaraboj, sed manĝas ankaŭ semojn, fruktojn kaj aliajn insektojn. La birdo uzas sian enorman blankan bekon por marteli, premi kaj deŝeligi la mortintajn arbojn por trovi insektojn. Surprize, tiuj birdoj bezonas ĉirkaŭ 25 km² ĉiupare por trovi sufiĉan manĝon por manĝigi la idojn kaj sin mem. Pro tio ili vivas je malaltaj densoj eĉ se en loĝataj populacioj. La pli komuna Blankvizaĝa nigropego povas konkurenci por manĝo kun tiu specio.

Reprodukta biologio

 src=
Ekzemplero montranta la blankan "identigilon"

Oni supozas, ke la Eburbeka kampefilo pariĝas dumvive. Oni konas ankaŭ, ke paroj veturas kune. Tiuj parbirdoj pariĝas ĉiujare inter januaro kaj majo. Antaŭ havi siajn idojn, ili elfosas neston en morta aŭ parte morta arbo ĉirkaŭ 8 al 15 m super la grundo. Kutime la ino demetas 2 al 5 ovojn, kiuj estos kovataj dum 3 al 5 semajnoj. Ambaŭ gepatroj sidas sur la ovoj kaj zorgas la idojn. La masklo respondecas nokte. Ili manĝigas la idojn dum monatoj. Ĉirkaŭ 5 semajnoj post eloviĝo, la idoj eklernas flugi. Eĉ tiam la gepatroj daŭre manĝigas ilin dum aliaj 2 monatoj. La familio disiĝos nur dum la venonta aŭtuno aŭ frua vintro.

Statuso

Troa lignorikoltado krom ĉasado de kolektantoj amase malpliigis la populacion de Eburbeka kampefilo en la malfruaj 1800-aj jaroj. Oni ĝenerale konsideris formortinta la specion en la 1920-aj jaroj, kiam paro aperis en Florido, nur por esti ĉasataj kiel specimenoj.

Ĉirkaŭ 1938, restis ĉirkaŭ 20 individuoj en la naturo, el kiuj 6-8 estis lokitaj en malnova arbaro Singer Tract en Luiziano, kie rajtojn je lignorikoltado posedis la entreprenoj Chicago Mill kaj Lumber Company. La kompanio malatentis apartajn petojn de 4 sudaj guverniestroj kaj la National Audubon Society por ke la arbaro estu aĉetata kaj lasata kiel rezervejo kaj forhakis la arbaron. Ĉirkaŭ 1944 la lasta konata Eburbeka kampefilo, ino, foriris el la troklarigita arbaro (Smithsonian p 98).

Informitaj vidaĵoj: 1940-aj jaroj al 1990-aj

La Eburbeka kampefilo estis listita kiel endanĝerita specio la 11an de marto de 1967, kvankam la ununura pruvo de ties ekzisto je tiu tempo estis ebla gravurado de ties voĉo en Orienta Teksaso. La lasta informita vidaĵo de la subspecio de Kubo (C. p. bairdii), post longa intermezo, okazis en 1987; oni ne vidis tiun birdon post tiam. La kuba ekzilita ĵurnalisto kaj aŭtoro John O'Donnell-Rosales kiu naskiĝis en la areo de Kubo, kie okazis la lastaj konfirmitaj vidaĵoj, informis pri vidaĵoj ĉe la Alabama Delto, en 1994 sed tiuj neniam estis taŭge pristudataj de ŝtataj fakuloj.

Du tentallogaj fotoj estis donataj al George Lowery, la direktoro de la muzeo de la Louisiana State University, en 1971 de fonto kiu deziris resti anonima, sed kiu rezultis en 2005 esti libervagulo nome Fielding Lewis.[4] La fotoj, faritaj per malkosta fotilo Instamatic, montras kio ŝajnas masklo de Eburbeka kampefilo ripoza sur trunkoj de du diferencaj arboj en la baseno Aĉafalaja de Luiziano. La distinga beko de la birdo ne videblas en iu foto kaj tiuj -faritaj je distanco- estas tro akna. Lowery prezentis la fotojn en la ĉiujara kunsido de 1971 de la American Ornithologists Union. Skeptikuloj misfidis la fotojn kiel fraŭdo, supozante ke la vidita birdo estis ĉu misidentigita Blankvizaĝa nigropego , aŭ -vidante ke la birdo estis en sufiĉe la sama sinteno en ambaŭ fotoj - muntita specimeno.

Estis nombraj nekonfirmitaj informoj pri la birdo,[5][6] sed multaj ornitologoj kredas, ke la specio formortiĝis entute kaj estis klasita kiel "formortinta" de la International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources en 1994. Tiu klasigo estis poste ŝanĝita al "draste endanĝerita" sur la bazo ke la specio povus ankoraŭ esti vivanta.[7]

Ekspedicio de 2002 ĉe rivero Perlo (Pearl River)

En 1999, estis nekonfirmita vidado de paro de birdoj en la regiono de la Rivero Perlo de sudorienta Luiziano de forsta studento, David Kulivan, kiun kelkaj fakuloj konsideris tre konvinka. En 2002 dum ekspedicio en la arbaroj, marĉoj kaj bayou de la Natura Areo de la Rivero Perlo biologoj de LSU pasis 30 tagojn serĉante la birdon.[8]

Posttagmeze de la 27a de januaro de 2002, post dek tagoj, frapa sono simila al la "duobla frapado" de la Eburbeka kampefilo estis aŭdata kaj surbendigata. La preciza fonto de la sono ne estis trovata pro la marĉa teritorio, sed oni trovis spurojn de aktiva pego (i.a., disŝirita arboŝelo kaj grandaj kavaĵoj). La ekspedicio estis sensukcesa, tamen, ĉar oni ne povis precizigi ĉu la surbendigitaj sonoj estis pli kiel eĥoj de pafado ol la distinga duobla frapado de la Eburbeka pego.[9]

Ekde 2002, plej parto de la atento ĉe serĉado de la Eburbeka kampefilo foriris el regiono de la Rivero Perlo, kvankam oni informis pri kelkaj nekonfirmitaj vidaĵoj tie februare de 2006 video clips.

Informoj de Arkansaso 2004/2005

 src=
Maskloj en desegno rekoneblaj pro pli hela kresto.

Grupo de 17 aŭtoroj estritaj de la Laboratorio Cornell de Ornitologio informis de la malkovro de almenaŭ unu Eburbeka kampefilo, masklo, en la areo de Big Woods de Arkansaso en 2004 kaj 2005, publikante la informon en la ĵurnalo Science la 28an de aprilo de 2005 (Fitzpatrick et al., 2005).

Unu el la aŭtoroj, kiu estis kanuante ĉe la Cache River National Wildlife Refuge, Monroe County, Arkansaso, la 11an de februaro de 2004, informis en retejo pri la vidaĵo de nekutime granda ruĝkresta pegedo. Tiu informo kuraĝigis pli intensan serĉadon en la areo kaj en White River National Wildlife Refuge, plenumita, iom sekrete pro timo de lavango de birdumantoj, de spertaj observantoj dum la venontaj 14 monatoj. Ĉirkaŭ 15 vidaĵoj okazis dum tiu periodo (7 el kiuj estis konsiderataj sufiĉe konvinkaj por esti menciataj en la scienca artikolo), eble ĉiuj el la sama birdo. Unu el la plej fidindaj vidaĵoj okazis la 27an de februaro de 2004. Bobby Harrison de Huntsville, Alabamo, kaj Tim Gallagher de Ithaca, Novjorko, ambaŭ informis estis vidintaj Eburbekan kampefilon samtempe. La sekretismo de la serĉado permesis la organizojn The Nature Conservancy kaj la Universitato Cornell diskrete aĉetampleksigi la habitaton de la eburbekulo aldonante 120,000 akreojn (490 km²) de la Big Woods protektita de Conservancy.

Granda pego estis filmita la 25an de aprilo de 2004; ties grando, flugilbildo kaj ripoze kaj dumfluge kaj la blanka plumaro endorso inter la flugiloj estis cititaj kiel pruvo ke la vidita pego estis Eburbeka kampefilo. Tiu sama filmo inkludis pli fruan bildon de kio estis supozata kiel tiu birdo ripozanta sur Tupelo (Nyssa aquatica).

La informo notas ankaŭ, ke la tamburado kongrua kun tiu de la Eburbeka kampefilo estis aŭdata en la regiono. Tio supozigas pri maldensa distribuita populacio en la areo, kvankam oni ne vidis birdojn. Nuntempa afero estas ke tro multaj birdumantoj trairas la areon cele vidi tiun tiom raran birdon. Ornitologoj kaj veteranaj birdostudantoj jam informis pri plenkreskaj pegoj abandonantaj siajn nestojn kaj idojn pro ĝeno de troentuziamaj birdumantoj.

Aŭtune de 2006, priserĉistoj disvolvigis kaj instalis "aŭtonomian observejon" uzante robotajn videokameraojn kun bildoproceziloj kiu detektas kaj gravurigas filmojn de alta rezolucio dumfluge ene de tre alta probableca zono en la areo de rivero Cache. Ĝis aŭgusto de 2007, centojn de birdoj oni registris, inkludante ekzemplerojn de Blankvizaĝa nigropego, sed ne de Eburbekuloj.

Debato

Junie de 2005 ornitologoj de Universitato Yale, Universitato de Kansaso, kaj Florida Gulf Coast University publikis sciencan artikolon skeptikan pri la komencaj informoj de remalkovro. Aŭguste de 2005, spite la defendon de la ekzisto de almenaŭ unu Eburbeka kampefilo, restis demandoj pri la pruvoj. Ekzemple, ne estis spuroj de mortintaj eburbekuloj nek oni trovis nestojn. Cornell ne povis diri absolute certe, ke la sonoj gravuritaj en Arkansaso estis el Eburbekulo.[10]

Kelkaj skeptikuloj, inkludante Richard Prum, opiniis, ke la filmo povis esti farita el Blankvizaĝa nigropego.[11]

Artikolo de Dina Cappiello ĉe Houston Chronicle publikita la 18an de decembro de 2005 prezentis la skeptikan sintenon de Richard Prum. La American Birding Association anoncis, ke la koncerna komitato ne estis ŝanĝinta la statuson de la Eburbeka kampefilo el formortinta al alia nivelo kiu implicus etan survivantan populacion. Tiu komitato atendis pli certigajn pruvojn ke la specio ankoraŭ ekzistas. Ankaŭ en The Auk en Januaro de 2006, Jerome Jackson esprimis sian skeptikecon pri la certo de la eburbekulo en la filmo kaj opiniis kun Prum, Robbins kaj Brett Benz, ke la birdo en la filmo de Luneau estis normala Blankvizaĝa nigropego. La polemiko akriĝis.

Marte de 2006, reserĉa teamo estrita de David A. Sibley de Concord, MA, publikis siajn trovojn en Science, dirante ke la filmo estis tre probable de Blankvizaĝa nigropego, kaj eraroj devenis el misinterprenoj de ties sinteno. Ili konkludas, ke mankas kelkaj karakteroj propraj de Eburbeka kampefilo, kaj aliaj kongruas kun la Blankvizaĝa nigropego (Sibley at al., 2006). La origina teamo de Cornell restis ĉe siaj originaj trovoj en responda artikolo en la sama numero de Science.

Maje de 2006, oni anoncis, ke la klopodoj de la teamo de Cornell estis prokrastitaj post trafi nur kelkajn nekonfirmitajn vidaĵojn. Ŝajne konservaj funkciuloj planas permesi la publikon eniri denove en la iam malpermesitaj areoj de la Rezervejo de rivero Cache.[12]

2005/2006 Floridaj informoj

Septembre de 2006, venis novaj plendoj, ke la Eburbeka kampefilo povus ne esti formortinta el reserĉa grupo konsistanta el membroj el la Auburn University de Alabamo kaj de la University of Windsor de Ontario. Dro. Geoff Hill de Auburn University kaj Dro. Daniel Mennill de la University of Windsor montris pruvojn, ke tiu birdo povus ankorŭ esti vivanta en la kipresaj marĉoj de Florida strio. Tiu pruvaro inkludas 14 vidaĵojn de la birdoj kaj 300 surbendigojn de sonoj kiuj povus esti atribuitaj al Eburbeka kampefilo, sed inkludas ankaŭ denoncajn manĝorestaĵojn kaj grandotaŭgajn arbajn nestokavaĵojn (Hill et al., 2006). Tiu pruvo restis nekonkluda dum ĝi ne inkludas foton aŭ pruvon de DNA kiujn fakuloj citas kiel necesaj antaŭ konfirmi la vivon de la specio. Dum Dro. Hill kaj Dro. Mennill estas konvinkitaj de la ekzisto de la birdo en Florido, ili agnoskas, ke ili ne povas montri konkludajn pruvojn. La reserĉa teamo estas nun pristudanta pli komplete la zonon de rivero Choctawhatchee, espere akiri fotan pruvon de la ekzisto de la birdo.[13] Aprile de 2007 la Komitato de la Florida Ornitologia Societo voĉdonis unuanime ne akcepti la informojn de 2005-06 pri la eburbekulo ĉe la rivero Choctawhatchee. [14]

Turismo

En la ekonomie baraktanta orienta Arkansaso, la spekulado pri ebla reveno de la eburbekulo utilis kiel granda fonto de ekonomia revigliĝo, kun kresko de turismo je 30%, ĉefe en kaj ĉirkaŭ la urbo Brinkley, Arkansaso. Oni organizis surloke "festivalon", pegecan hararstilon (speco de kresto kun ruĝa, blanka kaj nigra koloroj), kaj "Eburbeka Burgereĵo". Manko de konfirmita pruvo de la ekzisto de la birdo kaj la tre eta eblo vidi la birdon eĉ se vere ĝi ekzistas (ĉefe ekde kiam la precizaj lokoj de la informitaj vidaĵoj estas ankoraŭ ne disvastigitaj), evitis la eksplodon de turismo, kiun kelkaj lokanoj antaŭvidis.

Brinkley loĝigis la feston de "Alvoko de la Celebro de la Eburbeka kampefilo" en februaro de 2006. La celebro inkludis ekspoziciojn, birdumajn vizitojn, edukajn prezentadojn, merkaton kaj multe pli.

Aliaj faktoj

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wikipedia EO

Eburbeka pego: Brief Summary ( إسبرانتو )

المقدمة من wikipedia EO

La eburbeka pego (latine, Campephilus principalis) estas birdospecio de la pego-familio, Pegedoj. Ĝi estas oficiale listita kiel endanĝerigita specio. Oni supozis, ke ĝi estas formortinta specio dum pli ol 60 jaroj, sen vidado de la birdo. La kialo de ĝia malaperado estas preskaŭ certe la perdo de ĝia loĝloko. Tamen, unu virbirdo de la specio estis vidita per vidbendo en Arkansaso kun aliaj perokulaj vidadoj en aprilo de 2005 kaj ekde tiam oni konsideris ĝin kiel lazara specio, tio estas specio kiu estas remalkovrita vivanta post esti konsiderata formortinta dum iom da tempo.

En Junio de 2006, oni oferis rekompencon de 10,000 dolaroj por informaro kondukonta al malkovro de nesto de Eburbeka pego, aŭ ripozejo aŭ manĝejo.

En malfrua septembro de 2006, teamo de ornitologoj el la Universitato de Auburn kaj el la Universitato de Windsor publikigis tekston detaligante konvinkecajn pruvojn de la ekzisto de la Eburbeka kampefilo laŭlonge de la rivero Choctawhatchee en nordokcidenta Florido (Hill et al., 2006).

Spite la komencaj informoj el kaj Arkansaso kaj Florido, ne alvenis konkludaj pruvoj de la ekzisto de populacio de Eburbeka kampefilo, laŭ formo de certigaj fotoj, filmoj, specimenoj aŭ analizo de DNA el plumoj. Tamen, oni entreprenis akiron kaj restaŭradon de teroj por protekti la eblan survivon de tiu pego.

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Campephilus principalis ( الإسبانية، القشتالية )

المقدمة من wikipedia ES

El picamaderos picomarfil o carpintero real (Campephilus principalis) es una especie de ave de la familia de los pájaros carpinteros (Picidae). Desde 1944 hasta el 2005 se consideraba completamente extinta. En los años 2004 y 2005 se han producido avistamientos de, al menos, un macho en Arkansas, así como confirmaciones a partir de los sonidos que hace el ave que son muy distintos de los que hacen otros miembros de la familia Picidae. En 2022 se confirmaron avistamientos en Louisiana[3]​.

El carpintero real es el segundo mayor pájaro carpintero del mundo, siendo ligeramente menor que carpintero imperial (Campephilus imperialis) del oeste de México, con el que está emparentado. El carpintero real mide de 48 a 53 cm de longitud y pesa entre 450 y 570 g.

 src=
Ilustración por John James Audubon.

Hábitat y dieta

Los carpinteros reales habitan en pantanos con bosques densos de árboles de madera dura así como bosques de pinos con grandes cantidades de árboles muertos o enfermos. Antes de la Guerra Civil Estadounidense, gran parte de los estados sureños de los Estados Unidos y grandes zonas de Europa estaban cubiertos por grandes extensiones de este tipo de bosques que eran adecuados para el ave. En aquel tiempo, el Carpintero real se extendía desde el este de Texas hasta Carolina del Norte y desde el sur de Illinois hasta Florida, Cuba además del norte de Europa. Después de la guerra civil, la deforestación, a manos de la industria maderera, de millones de hectáreas en el sur dejó únicamente islas separadas en las que el hábitat era adecuado para la presencia del ave.

El carpintero real se alimenta principalmente de larvas de escarabajos que viven en la madera aunque también se alimenta de semillas, frutas y otros insectos. El ave normalmente emplea su enorme pico blanco para martillear, calzar y pelar la corteza de árboles muertos para encontrar los insectos. Una pareja reproductora necesita alrededor de 25 km² para encontrar suficiente comida como para alimentarse ellos y la prole. De este modo, los carpinteros reales viven con densidades de población muy bajas incluso en poblaciones sanas.

Reproducción

Se piensa que el Carpintero real se empareja de por vida. Las parejas se desplazan juntas apareándose cada año entre enero y mayo. Antes de poner los huevos, la pareja excava un nido de un árbol muerto o enfermo a unos quince metros de altura. Normalmente la puesta consta de dos a cinco huevos que se incuban durante tres a cinco semanas. Tanto el macho como la hembra incuban los huevos y participan en el cuidado de los polluelos, siendo el macho el que se encarga de ellos de forma única durante la noche. La pareja alimenta a los polluelos durante meses. Unas cinco semanas después del nacimiento de los polluelos, estos empiezan a volar. Los padres continúan alimentando a los polluelos unos dos meses después de que estos hayan aprendido a volar. La familia se disolverá a finales del otoño o principio del invierno.

 src=
Plumaje del Macho (arriba), hembra (inferior).

Situación de conservación

La deforestación y la caza por parte de coleccionistas diezmaron la población de carpinteros reales a finales del siglo XIX. En 1938 únicamente quedaban unos veinte individuos en estado salvaje. El Carpintero real fue incluido en la lista de especies amenazadas el 11 de marzo de 1967.

En los Estados Unidos, el último avistamiento confirmado se produjo en los años 40. El último avistamiento de la subespecie cubana (C. p. bairdii) se produjo en 1987. En Cuba, la población sufrió también un gran retroceso debido a la pérdida de su hábitat. A principios del siglo XX, prácticamente todos los bosques adecuados para el ave habían desaparecido. Sin embargo, en 1948 una población de Carpinteros reales fue descubierta en los montes de Cuchillas de Moa. En 1956 se encontraron ocho parejas y un individuo joven en el este de Cuba. Sin embargo, la situación política hizo que los estudios no pudieran continuar hasta 1985, pero en este intervalo la mayor parte de los bosques de la región fueron talados. Nuevas expediciones llevadas a cabo en 1986 localizaron un ave en Ojito de Agua y una pareja en Cabezada del Yarey. En 1991 parecía que solo sobrevivía un único individuo. En 1992 y 1993 a pesar de las búsquedas intensivas realizadas solo se pudo confirmar la presencia de un individuo. Dada la carencia de bosques maduros en la zona es poco probable que la especie continúe en la actualidad. La única esperanza reside en una zona aparentemente no perturbada de bosques de pinos a cierta altura en Sierra Maestra (al sureste de la zona de origen dentro del este de Cuba). En efecto la especie fue observada en 1998 pero sin confirmaciones posteriores. Expediciones posteriores no han presentado avistamientos. Otro elemento de confusión es el parecido con una especie próxima, aunque más pequeña y más común, lo que introduce una constante fuente de error.

Muchos ornitólogos consideraron que la especie estaba 'extinta' completamente y la Unión Internacional para la Conservación de la Naturaleza la clasificó como tal en 1994.

Un grupo de diecisiete ornitólogos liderados por el Laboratorio de Ornitología de la Universidad Cornell informó del descubrimiento de al menos un macho en la zona de Big Woods de Arkansas en 2004 y 2005, publicando su hallazgo en la revista Science el 28 de abril de 2005. Uno de los participantes en el estudio, que se encontraba montando en kayak en el Refugio de Vida Salvaje del Río Cache condado de Monroe, Arkansas el 11 de febrero de 2004, informó de que ese día vio un pájaro carpintero de píleo rojo inusualmente grande. Este informe llevó a búsquedas más intensivas allí y en el Refugio de Vida Salvaje del Río White por parte de ornitólogos profesionales durante los siguientes catorce meses. Durante ese periodo ocurrieron siete avistamientos, posiblemente todos del mismo individuo. El 25 de abril de 2005 se grabó un vídeo de baja resolución de un gran pájaro carpintero. Su tamaño, el patrón de las alas en reposo y en vuelo así como el plumaje blanco de su espalda entre las alas se citó como evidencia de que el ave era un Carpintero real. Así mismo, se ha notificado la presencia del tamborileo característico del ave.

En julio de 2005 se proporcionaron grabaciones adicionales que indicaban el redescubrimiento del carpintero real. A la vista de estos acontecimientos, la clasificación del Carpintero real se modificó de 'extinto' a 'en peligro crítico'. Sin embargo, en 2021 se declaró extinto por los Estados Unidos.[cita requerida]

Controversia

La evidencia presentada como prueba del redescubrimiento del carpintero real ha sido criticada por varios expertos. David Sibley ha indicado que el ave que se grabó pudo haber sido el picamaderos norteamericano (Dryocopus pileatus) en una nota en Science.[4]

Referencias

  1. BirdLife International (2020). «Campephilus principalis». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2022 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 16 de febrero de 2022.
  2. Gill, F.; Donsker, D. (Eds.) (2015). Woodpeckers. IOC World Bird List (v.5.3).
  3. Cristen Hemingway Jaynes Ecowatch Not Extinct After All: First ‘Widely Accepted Sighting’ of Ivory-Billed Woodpecker Since 1944. 15 Abril 2022
  4. David A. Sibley, Louis R. Bevier, Michael A. Patten, y Chris S. Elphick (2006). «Comment on "Ivory-billed Woodpecker (Campephilus principalis) Persists in Continental North America"». Science 311 (5767): 1555.

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Campephilus principalis: Brief Summary ( الإسبانية، القشتالية )

المقدمة من wikipedia ES

El picamaderos picomarfil o carpintero real (Campephilus principalis) es una especie de ave de la familia de los pájaros carpinteros (Picidae). Desde 1944 hasta el 2005 se consideraba completamente extinta. En los años 2004 y 2005 se han producido avistamientos de, al menos, un macho en Arkansas, así como confirmaciones a partir de los sonidos que hace el ave que son muy distintos de los que hacen otros miembros de la familia Picidae. En 2022 se confirmaron avistamientos en Louisiana​.

El carpintero real es el segundo mayor pájaro carpintero del mundo, siendo ligeramente menor que carpintero imperial (Campephilus imperialis) del oeste de México, con el que está emparentado. El carpintero real mide de 48 a 53 cm de longitud y pesa entre 450 y 570 g.

 src= Ilustración por John James Audubon.
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Campephilus principalis ( الباسكية )

المقدمة من wikipedia EU

Campephilus principalis Campephilus generoko animalia da. Hegaztien barruko Picidae familian sailkatua dago.

Erreferentziak

Ikus, gainera

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Campephilus principalis: Brief Summary ( الباسكية )

المقدمة من wikipedia EU

Campephilus principalis Campephilus generoko animalia da. Hegaztien barruko Picidae familian sailkatua dago.

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Rämetulikärki ( الفنلندية )

المقدمة من wikipedia FI

Rämetulikärki eli vanhalta nimeltään norsunluutikka[2] (Campephilus principalis) on virallisesti uhanalainen tikkalaji, joka kuitenkin on mielletty de facto sukupuuttoon kuolleeksi. Se oli vielä 1930-luvulla yleinen Yhdysvaltain kaakkoisosien ja Kuuban vanhoissa metsissä, mutta lajin yksilömäärä laski laskemistaan metsäteollisuuden ja metsästyksen myötävaikuttamana. Viimeinen varma havainto linnusta sijoittuu vuodelle 1987, minkä jälkeen lajin ehdotettiin kuolleen sukupuuttoon. Vuonna 2005 tiedemaailmaa järisytti väite, että laji oli nähty Arkansasin luonnossa.[3] Nyt jotkut epäilevät löydön todenperäisyyttä.[4] Rämetulikärki on maailman kolmanneksi suurin tikkalaji keisaritulikärjen ja isohelmitikan jälkeen.[5]

Ulkonäkö ja koko

 src=
Yllä koiraan, alla naaraan pää.

Rämetulikärki on kookas, mustavalkoinen tikka, jonka päässä on korkea punainen (koiras) tai musta (naaras) töyhtö. Laji muistuttaa ulkonäöltään Pohjois-Amerikassa yleisenä esiintyvää amerikanpalokärkeä (Dryocopus pileatus), mutta on sitä suurempi. Muita eroja ovat esimerkiksi se, että rämetulikärjellä nokka on kokonaan valkoinen, amerikanpalokärjellä puolestaan osittain musta tai harmaa. Tulikärjen töyhtö on yläosastaan musta, palokärjen kokonaan punainen. Päänsivun ja kaulan valkoiset kuvioinnit ovat lajeilla hieman erilaiset, eikä rämetulikärjellä ole poskessa punaista läiskää niin kuin koiraspuolisella amerikanpalokärjellä on. Merkittävin ero on kuitenkin se, että rämetulikärjen selkä ja siivet ovat suurelta osin valkoiset; amerikanpalokärjellä ne ovat kokonaan mustat.

Rämetulikärjen siipiväli on 75 cm[6]

Rämetulikärki lentää suoraviivaisesti eikä aaltoillen,[6] toisin kuin monet pienet tikkalajit.

Levinneisyys ja elinympäristö

 src=
Piirroskuva vuodelta 1915.

Rämetulikärki esiintyi vielä 1900-luvulla Yhdysvaltojen (alalaji principalis) kaakkoisosien alangoilla[7] ja Kuubassa[8] (alalaji bairdii) kasvavissa aarniometsissä.[5] 2000-luvun väitetyt havainnot on tehty laajoilla suoalueilla ja tulvarämeillä.[9]

Elintavat

Rämetulikärjen pääravintoa ovat suuret kovakuoriaisten toukat, joita se kaivaa nokallaan vanhojen puiden rungoista.[5]

Lajin katoaminen ja uudelleen löytyminen

Rämetulikärjen uhanalaistuminen johtui sekä sen elinympäristöjen raivaamisesta maatalouden käyttöön[4] että metsästyksestä. Yhdysvalloissa viimeisin varma havainto yksinäisestä, parittomasta naaraasta[8] tehtiin vuonna 1944,[4][10] jolloin laji luokiteltiin sieltä hävinneeksi.[11] Kuubassa lajia ei ole varmuudella nähty vuoden 1987 jälkeen;[4] tosin vuodelta 1992 on yksi epävarma havainto.[5] Rämetulikärki luokiteltiin vuonna 1996 sukupuuttoon kuolleeksi.

Science-lehti uutisoi huhtikuussa 2005, että Mississippijoen laaksossa Yhdysvaltojen Arkansasin itäosassa on havaittu ainakin yksi elävä rämetulikärki.[4][7] Tällä 250 neliökilometrin suuruisella kosteikkoalueella suoritettiin laajoja etsintöjä vuosina 2005 ja 2006, mutta niiden ainoaksi tulokseksi jäi neljä nopeaa ja epävarmaa havaintoa lentävästä linnusta.[10] Etsintöjä on jatkettu edelleen,[10] ja apuna käytetään videokuvaa ottavia robotteja.[8]

Vuoden 2006 lopulla raportoitiin, että Floridassa oli tehty 14 mahdollista rämetulikärkihavaintoa, joista yksi koski kahta samanaikaisesti nähtyä yksilöä.[11]

Silminnäkijät eivät ole onnistuneet saamaan yhtään valokuvaa rämetulikärjiksi olettamistaan linnuista,[11] ja lyhyen videon sekä äänitallenteiden sisällöstä ollaan erimielisiä.[9][6] Todisteiden puutteen takia monet ornitologit ja lintuharrastajat uskovatkin, että väitetyt havainnot koskevat samannäköistä amerikanpalokärkeä.[4]

Vanhat valokuvat ja näyteyksilöt

Rämetulikärjestä on olemassa muutama vanha, mustavalkoinen valokuva ja lyhyt video. Viimeisimmät niistä otettiin vuonna 1938 Koillis-Louisianassa ja vuonna 1948 Kuubassa.[5] Maailman museoissa on yli 400 tämän lajin näytettä ja täytettyä yksilöä. Suurimmat kokoelmat ovat kahdessa yhdysvaltalaisessa museossa, joissa kummassakin on noin 30 näytettä.

Lähteet

  1. BirdLife International: Campephilus principalis IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. 2013. International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN, Iucnredlist.org. Viitattu 12.6.2014. (englanniksi)
  2. Järvinen, Olli; Miettinen, Kaarina: Sammuuko suuri suku? – Luonnon puolustamisen biologiaa, s. 80. Vantaa: Suomen luonnonsuojelun tuki Oy, 1987. ISBN 951-9381-20-1.
  3. BirdLife uutinen huhtikuu 2005 (englanniksi)
  4. a b c d e f Ellermaa, Margus: Kootut. Linnut -lehti, 2005, nro 3, s. 6. BirdLife Suomi.
  5. a b c d e Jackson, Jerome A.: Ivory-billed Woodpecker The Birds of North America Online. Viitattu 2.4.2010. (englanniksi)
  6. a b c Ivory-billed Woodpecker Campephilus principalis www.birdlife.org. 2010. BirdLife. Viitattu 2.4.2010. (englanniksi)
  7. a b Ellermaa, Margus: Sensaatiomainen lintuhavainto Yhdysvalloissa 28.4.2005. deski.fi. Viitattu 02.04.2010.
  8. a b c Fildes, Jonathan: Robot watches out for woodpecker news.bbc.co.uk. 18.2.2007. BBC News. Viitattu 2.4.2010. (englanniksi)
  9. a b Schneck, Marcus ja Koskimies, Pertti: Lintuharrastuksen 101 kultaista sääntöä, s. 121. Suomentanut Becks, Reija. Helsinki: Readme.fi, 2010. ISBN 978-952-220-176-8.
  10. a b c Lehtiniemi, Teemu: Kootut. Linnut -lehti, 2006, nro 3, s. 6. BirdLife Suomi.
  11. a b c Lehtiniemi, Teemu: Kootut. Linnut -lehti, 2006, nro 4, s. 7. BirdLife Suomi.

Aiheesta muualla

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Rämetulikärki: Brief Summary ( الفنلندية )

المقدمة من wikipedia FI

Rämetulikärki eli vanhalta nimeltään norsunluutikka (Campephilus principalis) on virallisesti uhanalainen tikkalaji, joka kuitenkin on mielletty de facto sukupuuttoon kuolleeksi. Se oli vielä 1930-luvulla yleinen Yhdysvaltain kaakkoisosien ja Kuuban vanhoissa metsissä, mutta lajin yksilömäärä laski laskemistaan metsäteollisuuden ja metsästyksen myötävaikuttamana. Viimeinen varma havainto linnusta sijoittuu vuodelle 1987, minkä jälkeen lajin ehdotettiin kuolleen sukupuuttoon. Vuonna 2005 tiedemaailmaa järisytti väite, että laji oli nähty Arkansasin luonnossa. Nyt jotkut epäilevät löydön todenperäisyyttä. Rämetulikärki on maailman kolmanneksi suurin tikkalaji keisaritulikärjen ja isohelmitikan jälkeen.

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Pic à bec ivoire ( الفرنسية )

المقدمة من wikipedia FR

Campephilus principalis

Le Pic à bec ivoire (Campephilus principalis) est une espèce d'oiseau de la famille des picidés et est le deuxième pic le plus grand du monde après le pic impérial. Il a disparu vers 1944, du moins des États-Unis. Jusque dans la première moitié du XIXe siècle, il était répandu et commun dans les forêts primaires du sud-est des États-Unis et de Cuba.

« La destruction de l'espèce est causée (...) par sa beauté et parce que son riche scalp fait un bel ornement pour les parures de guerre de la plupart de nos Indiens ou pour la poche à poudre de nos pionniers et chasseurs. Tous tirent cet oiseau à cet effet. Les voyageurs de toutes les nations recherchent également la huppe et le bec du mâle et j'ai souvent observé des étrangers prêts à payer un quart de dollar pour deux ou trois têtes de ce pic. J'ai vu des ceintures entières de chefs indiens couvertes de huppes et de becs de cette espèce et on leur affecte une grande valeur. »

Jean-Jacques Audubon, Les Oiseaux d'Amérique, 1838

Description

D'une longueur de 48 à 53 cm et d'une envergure supérieure à 1 m, le Pic à bec ivoire a un bec blanc ivoire, tandis que ses pattes sont grises. C'est un oiseau noir avec des bandes blanches très visibles sur les côtés du cou. Les ailes possèdent deux larges taches blanches. Les mâles ont une huppe rouge vif. Son cri d'alarme est un « kent! » ou « hant! » ressemblant au bruit d'une trompette d'enfant. Près du nid, il émet des sifflements. Le tambourinement est très puissant, et un individu serait capable de creuser un trou de 12 cm de profondeur en moins d'une minute. Il forme une super-espèce avec le pic impérial qui est lui aussi dans une situation critique, et même probablement éteint.

Répartition et déclin

Le Pic à bec ivoire était jadis largement répandu dans le sud-est des États-Unis, depuis l’Oklahoma et le Missouri jusqu’en Caroline du Nord et vers le sud jusqu’au Texas et en Floride, son habitat originel étant les vastes forêts marécageuses.

Sa densité de peuplement était faible, maximum 0,006 couple/10 ha, un couple ayant besoin au minimum de 16 km² de milieu adéquat. La destruction et le morcellement de son biotope fut la cause d’une diminution massive de ses effectifs ; dans les années 1930 déjà, l’espèce avait été réduite à un très petit nombre d’individus, et les forêts ont continué à être détruites. La chasse intensive par les pionniers ont accéléré ce déclin[1].

De façon similaire, la plupart des forêts occupées à Cuba par la race bairdii ont disparu au début du XXe siècle, et ce pic fut ainsi confiné à quelques lambeaux résiduels de la forêt de pins de Cuba, dans l’est de l’île. En 1948, une population fut découverte dans les monts Cuchillas de Moa, et 6 territoires y furent localisés en 1956, année au cours de laquelle 8 couples et 1 juvénile furent trouvés dans l’est de Cuba ; des problèmes politiques empêchèrent de poursuivre des recherches sur le terrain jusqu’en 1985, mais entre-temps la majorité des forêts de la région avaient été abattues et l’espèce ne fut plus revue. De nouvelles expéditions menées en 1986 localisèrent 1 oiseau à Ojito de Agua et un couple à Cabezada del Yarey ; en 1991 il semblerait qu’il ne subsistait plus qu’un seul oiseau ; en 1992 et 1993, des recherches intensives sur le terrain dans l’est de Cuba ne parvinrent pas à détecter un seul individu. Avec un déficit de forêts matures subsistant dans les aires de répartition des deux races, il semble peu probable que ce pic survive encore. Le seul espoir réaliste semble résider dans une zone apparemment non perturbée d’une forêt de pins d’altitude dans la Sierra Maestra (sud-est de l’aire d’origine dans l’est de Cuba) ; en effet, l’espèce y fut observée en 1998, mais sans confirmation ultérieure. Plusieurs expéditions avaient été menées pour retrouver le Pic à bec ivoire mais n'ont pas abouti. La confusion avec une espèce proche, mais plus petite et assez répandue, le pic chevelu, a également été source d'erreur.

Disparition

Aux États-Unis, la dernière observation avérée date de 1944[1]. Depuis lors, des données occasionnelles provenant du sud-est du pays se sont toujours révélées se rapporter à une espèce lui ressemblant superficiellement mais plus petite, le Grand Pic (Dryocopus pileatus). L'Union internationale pour la conservation de la nature (UICN) a déclaré en 1996 que l'espèce était éteinte. Cependant, en 2004, des naturalistes affirment l'avoir aperçu en Arkansas mais les recherches déclenchées à la suite de cette observation n'ont pas pu le confirmer[1]. Il a été déclaré disparu le 29 septembre 2021 par la FWS [2]

Le pic à bec ivoire a été repéré dans les forêts de Louisiane le 13 avril 2022[3].

Le pic à bec ivoire dans la culture populaire

  • Dans le sixième épisode de la saison 4 de Grey's Anatomy, l'un des patients rêve de voir le pic à bec ivoire avant de mourir et c'est ce qui le motive à accepter une opération spectaculaire[4].
  • Dans le roman de Carl Hiaasen : Dans la gueule de l'alligator (Thierry Magnier, 2015).
  • Dans l'essai humoristique de Will Cuppy : Comment cesser d'exister (Wombat, 2020) au chapitre prémonitoire Et je sais de quoi je parle

Notes et références

  1. a b et c Henri Gourdin, « Le pic à bec d'ivoire », L'Oiseau magazine, no 100,‎ automne 2010 (ISSN )
  2. (en-GB) « US declares 23 bird, fish and other species extinct », BBC News,‎ 29 septembre 2021 (lire en ligne, consulté le 30 septembre 2021)
  3. « Miracle : une petite fleur orange a ressuscité ! », sur www.franceinter.fr (consulté le 18 avril 2022)
  4. (en) Grey's Anatomy: Episode 4.6 "Kung Fu Fighting", BuddyTV.

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Pic à bec ivoire: Brief Summary ( الفرنسية )

المقدمة من wikipedia FR

Campephilus principalis

Le Pic à bec ivoire (Campephilus principalis) est une espèce d'oiseau de la famille des picidés et est le deuxième pic le plus grand du monde après le pic impérial. Il a disparu vers 1944, du moins des États-Unis. Jusque dans la première moitié du XIXe siècle, il était répandu et commun dans les forêts primaires du sud-est des États-Unis et de Cuba.

« La destruction de l'espèce est causée (...) par sa beauté et parce que son riche scalp fait un bel ornement pour les parures de guerre de la plupart de nos Indiens ou pour la poche à poudre de nos pionniers et chasseurs. Tous tirent cet oiseau à cet effet. Les voyageurs de toutes les nations recherchent également la huppe et le bec du mâle et j'ai souvent observé des étrangers prêts à payer un quart de dollar pour deux ou trois têtes de ce pic. J'ai vu des ceintures entières de chefs indiens couvertes de huppes et de becs de cette espèce et on leur affecte une grande valeur. »

Jean-Jacques Audubon, Les Oiseaux d'Amérique, 1838

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Campephilus principalis ( الجاليكية )

المقدمة من wikipedia gl Galician

O Campephilus principalis é un membro da familia dos pícidos, sendo un dos meirandes Campephilus do mundo, con 51 centímetros de longo e 76 de envergadura. É nativo das fragas virxes do sueste dos Estados Unidos de América (existe unha subespecie nativa de Cuba). Por mor da destrución do seu hábitat e a caza, o seu número caeu moito, sendo incerto o seu status como especie viva.

Notas

Véxase tamén

Bibliografía

  • Audubon, John James LaForest (1835–38): The Ivory-billed Woodpecker. In: Birds of America 4. ISBN 0-8109-2061-1 (H. N. Abrams 1979 edition — the book itself is in the public domain)
  • Farrand, John & Bull, John, The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Birds, Eastern Region, National Audubon Society (1977)
  • Gallagher, Tim W. (2005): The Grail Bird: Hot on the Trail of the Ivory-Billed Woodpecker Houghton Mifflin, Boston. ISBN 0-618-45693-7
  • Jackson, Jerome A. (2004): In Search of the Ivory-Billed Woodpecker. Smithsonian Institution Press. ISBN 1-58834-132-1
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Campephilus principalis: Brief Summary ( الجاليكية )

المقدمة من wikipedia gl Galician

O Campephilus principalis é un membro da familia dos pícidos, sendo un dos meirandes Campephilus do mundo, con 51 centímetros de longo e 76 de envergadura. É nativo das fragas virxes do sueste dos Estados Unidos de América (existe unha subespecie nativa de Cuba). Por mor da destrución do seu hábitat e a caza, o seu número caeu moito, sendo incerto o seu status como especie viva.

ترخيص
cc-by-sa-3.0
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Pelatuk paruh-gading ( الإندونيسية )

المقدمة من wikipedia ID

Pelatuk paruh-gading (Campephilus principalis) adalah salah satu spesies dari familia Burung pelatuk, Picidae; binatang ini secara resmi didaftarkan sebagai spesies terancam, namun pada akhir abad ke-20 telah ditetapkan secara luas sebagai spesies yang telah punah.

Sebuah laporan menyatakan ditemukannya spesies jantan di Arkansas pada tahun 2004 dan 2005 dilaporkan oleh sebuah regu dari Laboratorium Ornitologi Cornell pada April 2005 (Fitzpatrick et al., 2005). Jika benar, hal ini akan menjadikan Pelatuk paruh gading menjadi sebuah spesies lazarus, suatu spesies hidup yang ditemukan kembali setelah ditetapkan punah selama beberapa waktu.

Penawaran sebesar $ 10.000 ditawarkan untuk informasi yang bisa menunjukkan sarang, tempat bertengger atau tempat makan Pelatuk paruh gading.[2]

Pada akhir September 2006, sebuah regu Ornitologi dari Universitas Auburn dan Universitas Windsor menerbitkan makalah yang menyatakan pendapat yang mendetail mengenai bukti-bukti keberadaan Pelatuk Paruh Gading di sepanjang Sungai Choctawhatchee di Florida bagian barat laut. (Hill et al., 2006).

Di samping laporan awal dari Arkansas dan Florida, bukti lain yang dapat menjadi acuan dalam menetapkan keberadaan populasi Pelatuk Paruh Gading yang bedasarkan foto atau video, contoh spesies, atau DNA dari bulu burung tersebut, sampai sekarang belum didapatkan. Meskipun begitu, usaha pembebasan tanah dan pemulihan sekarang sedang dilakukan untuk melindungi kelangsungan hidup pelatuk ini.

Deskripsi

Pelatuk Paruh Gading merupakan jenis burung pelatuk yang berukuran besar dari Amerika Serikat. Spesies yang terbesar dari semua pelatuk adalah Pelatuk Raja (C.imperialis) dari Meksiko barat, yang merupakan spesies langka lainnya. Panjang Pelatuk Paruh Gading adalah 50 cm dan berat 600 gram. Binatang ini memiliki rentang sayap sepanjang 75 cm.

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Warna pada bulu burung jantan (atas) dan betina (bawah).

Burung ini berwarna hitam kebiruan dengan putih pada bagian leher hingga punggungnya dan putih yang lebih lebar pada tepi luar dan dalam sayapnya. Pada dalam sayap juga berwarna putih di sepanjang tepinya, mengakibatkan garis hitam hanya terdapat di sepanjang permukaan dalam sayap bagian tengah lalu melebar pada bagian ujung sayap. Jambul berwarna hitam pada betina dan anak-anak. Pada jantan, jambul berwarna hitam sepanjang sisinya, berubah serampangan menjadi merah pada ujung atas hingga belakang. Dagu dari Pelatuk Paruh Gading berwarna hitam. Ketika bertengger dengan sayap terlipat, baik pada jantan maupun betina akan tampak bidang kecil putih pada bagian punggung bagian bawah berbentuk segitiga kasar. Karakteristik tersebut menjadi cirinya sejak kecil dan Pelatuk Jambul paruh hitam. Pelatuk Jambul umumnya berwarna hitam kecoklatan, abu-abu kehitaman, atau biru kehitaman pada warnanya. Binatang ini juga memiliki belang putih pada leher tapi punggungnya yang umumnya berwarna hitam. Pelatuk Jambul muda dan dewasa memiliki jambul merah dan dagu putih. Kebanyakan Pelatuk jambul biasanya tidak memiliki warna putih pada tepi permukaan luar sayap mereka dan ketika bertengger secara normal akan tampak satu bidang kecil berwarna putih pada setiap sisi tubuhnya dekat pinggir sayap. Bagaimanapun, Pelatuk Jambul, setiap individunya tampak berbeda dari biasanya, telah dilaporkan bahwa permukaan putih pada sayapnya, berbentuk segitiga putih pada bagian punggung terbawah ketika bertengger. Seperti kebanyakan pelatuk, Paruh gading memiliki paruh yang kuat dan panjang, gesit, keras dan lidah pengait. Antar Pelatuk Amerika Utara, paruh gading merupakan spesies unik dalam memiliki paruh yang berujung kasar, membentuk banyak seperti pahatan pada kayu. Gendangan burung ini hanya sekali atau dua kali ketukan. Empat panggilan berbeda diungkapkan dalam suatu kebudayaan dan 2 direkam pada tahun 1930-an. Yang paling umum, adalah kent atau hant, suaranya seperti trompet mainan yang sering diulang secara berurutan. Ketika burung ini diganggu, nada kent naik, hal itu sering diulangi, paling sering dua kali. Suatu, panggilan lain, juga direkam, ini deberikan antara individu di sangkarnya, dan telah diungkapkan seperti yent-yent-yent.

Habitat dan pola makan

Pelatuk Paruh Gading menyukai kayu keras rawa dan Hutan Pinus, yang sejumlah besar pohonnya telah mati dan membusuk. Sebelum Perang Saudara Amerika, sebagian besar Amerika Serikat bagian selatan tertutup hutan kayu keras yang luas yang diperkirakan merupakan habitat burung itu. Pada waktu itu, Pelatuk Paruh Gading tersebar dari Texas bagian timur sampai Carolina Utara, dan dari Illinois bagian selatan sampai Florida dan Kuba.[3] Setelah Perang Saudara, industri kayu menebangi hutan berjuta-juta hektare di Selatan, menyisakan sedikit habitat yang dapat dihuni.

Pelatuk Paruh Gading suka makan larva kumbang pada sarang-sarang di kayu. Binatang ini juga suka makan biji, buah, dan serangga. Burung ini menggunakan paruh putihnya yang besar untuk mematuk, memecah, dan mengupas kulit kayu pada pohon yang mati untuk menemukan serangga. Anehnya, burung ini memerlukan jarak sekitar 25 km² (10 mil persegi) setiap hinggap sehingga mereka hanya dapat menemukan cukup makanan untuk memberi makan anak-anaknya dan dirinya. Karenanya, sedikit sekali populasi yang sehat. Kebanyakan Pelatuk Jambul bersaing untuk makan dengan spesies ini.

Kelangsungan hidup

Pelatuk Paruh Gading hidup secara berpasangan. Setiap pasangan diperkirakan selalu pergi bersama. Pasangan-pasangan burung ini akan kawin setiap tahun antara bulan Januari dan Mei. Sebelum betina bertelur, mereka membuat sarang pada pohon mati sekitar 8–15 m dari tanah. Biasanya 2 atau 5 telur diletakkan dan dierami selama 3 sampai 5 minggu. Kedua induk akan mengerami telur dan menjaga anaknya, jantan akan mengambil tanggung jawab pada malam hari. Mereka akan memberi makan anak tersebut selama beberapa bulan. Sekitar lima minggu setelah menetas, mereka belajar terbang. Bahkan setelah dapat terbang, induk akan tetap memberikan makan dua bulan lagi. Keluarga itu akan berpisah pada akhir musim gugur atau awal musim dingin.

Status

Aktivitas pemulihan diperburuk dengan perburuan para kolektor yang membantai populasi Pelatuk Paruh Gading pada akhir 1800an. Hal ini menjadikan pertimbangan punah pada 1920an, ketika sepasang burung ditemukan di Florida, yang ditembak hanya untuk spesimen.

Pada 1938, diperkirakan 20 individu hidup di alam liar, sekitar 6-8 diantaranya hidup di hutan tua yang sedang tumbuh yang dikenal Tanah Penyanyi di Louisiana, yang dimiliki Penggilingan dan Perusahaan Kayu Chicago. Perusahaan ini meremehkan perizinan dari empat Gubernur Selatan dan Lembaga Nasional Audubon bahwa tanah umum dibeli dan disimpan sebagai cadangan, dan menggundulkan hutan. Pada 1944 terakhir diketahui Pelatuk Paruh Gading betina, meninggalkan area yang gundul itu.

Peninjauan: 1940-an s.d. 1990-an

Pelatuk Paruh Gading dimasukkan sebagai spesies terancam pada 11 Maret 1967, meskipun bukti keberadaannya saat itu hanya berupa rekaman tentang suaranya dari Texas Timur. Laporan peninjauan terakhir terhadap spesies dari Kuba (C. p. bairdii), setelah rentang waktu yang lama, pada tahun 1987; tidak pernah terlihat lagi. Jurnalis dan wartawan asing Kuba, Yohanes O'Donnell-Rosales yang dilahirkan di Kuba, menyatakan pada peninjauan terakhir, melaporkan penemuannya di dekat Pantai Delta, Alabama, pada tahun 1994 tetapi hal ini tidak pernah diselidiki oleh petugas alam liar negara bagian.

Dua foto menarik diberikan kepada museum LSU yang didirikan George Lowery pada 1971 oleh suatu sumber tanpa identitas namun belakangan diketahui pada tahun 2005 bahwa ia seorang pecinta alam bernama Fielding Lewis.[4]

Foto- foto tersebut, diambil oleh Kamera Instamatik murahan, menunjukkan apa yang tampak seperti jantan pada Pelatuk Paruh Gading yang bertengger pada dua batang pohon berbeda di Rawa Atchafalaya, Louisiana. Paruh yang membedakan burung tidak tampak dalam foto yang diambil dari jarak tertentu. Lowery memperkenalkan foto tersebut pada tahun 1971 pada pertemuan tahunan Persatuan Ornitologi Amerika. Para skeptis menuduh foto itu sebagai penipuan, yang mempercayai burung yang terlihat dalam foto adalah Pelatuk Jambul yang salah dimengerti, atau mengingat bahwa burung itu berada kira-kira pada posisi yang sama pada kedua foto spesimen yang telah direncanakan.

Ada banyak laporan yang belum dapat dipastikan kebenarannya mengenai burung ini,[5][6] tetapi banyak Ahli Ornitologi percaya bahwa burung ini telah hilang sepenuhnya, dan itu dinilai telah "punah" oleh IUCN pada tahun 1994. Penilaian ini diubah kemudian menjadi "kritis" pada tempatnya bahwa spesies tersebut mungkin masih ada.[7]

Ekspedisi Sungai Pearl 2002

Pada tahun 1999, belum ada kepastian tentang peninjauan terhadap bagian burung di wilayah Sungai Pearl bagian tenggara Louisiana oleh mahasiswa kehutanan, David Kulivan, karena beberapa ahli mempertimbangkannya dengan paksaan. Pada ekspedisi tahun 2002 di hutan, rawa, dan teluk Area Pengelolaan Cagar Alam Sungai Pearl oleh LSU, para pakar biologi menghabiskan 30 hari untuk mencari burung ini.[8]

27 Januari 2002 sore, setelah 10 hari, suara genderang berupa "ketukan ganda" yang berasal dari Pelatuk Paruh Gading terdengar dan direkam. Suara tersebut tidak ditemukan asalnya karena tanah yang luas dan berpaya-paya, namun tanda-tanda kehidupan pelatuk ditemukan (yaitu, potongan kulit kayu dan rongga besar pada pohon). Ekspedisi belum selesai, karena dari rekaman ini menyatakan bahwa rekaman suara itu lebih menyerupai gema suara tembakan daripada ketukan ganda Pelatuk Paruh Gading.[9]

Sejak 2002, kebanyakan peraturan dalam pencarian Pelatuk Paruh Gading telah diubah dari wilayah Sungai Pearl, meskipun ada beberapa peninjauan yang belum pasti kebenarannya dilaporkan dari sana pada Februari 2006 saksikan video clip.

Laporan Arkansas 2004 dan 2005

Kelompok yang terdiri dari tujuhbelas penulis yang dipimpin Laboratorium Ornitologi Cornell melaporkan penemuan seekor Pelatuk Paruh Gading jantan, di Big Woods wilayah Arkansas pada tahun 2004 dan 2005, yang diterbitkan di Science' pada 28 April 2005 (Fitzpatrick et al., 2005).

Salah seorang penulis, yang berkayak di Tempat Perlindungan Taman Nasional Sungai Cache, Monroe County, Arkansas, pada 11 Februari 2004, melaporkan di sebuah website tentang penampakan pelatuk berjambul merah berukuran besar yang tidak biasa. Laporan ini mendorong pencarian yang lebih intensif di Tempat Perlidungan Taman Nasional Sungai White dan sekitarnya, yang dilakukan secara sembunyi-sembunyi untuk menghindari perebutan para penggemar burung, oleh para pengamat professional dalam empat belas bulan. Sekitar lima belas kali pengamatan terjadi sepanjang periode (tujuh yang memaksa pertimbangnya cukup untuk disebutkan dalam artikel ilmiah), yang percaya semua itu adalah burung yang sama. Salah satu pengamatan yang lebih dapat dipercaya adalah pada 27 Februari 2004. Bobby Harrison dari Huntsville, Alabama dan Tim Gallagher dari Ithaca, New York, melaporkan adanya Pelatuk Paruh Gading pada waktu yang sama. Pencarian rahasia diizinkan Badan Konservasi Alam Liar dan Universitas Cornell untuk memperluas habitat Pelatuk Paruh Gading dengan menambah 120,000 hektare (490 km²) hutan Big Woods yang dilindungi oleh Badan Konservasi.

Pelatuk yang sangat besar disiarkan kembali pada 25 April 2004; ukuran, pola sayap pada saat diam dan terbang, dan bulu berwarna putih antara punggung dan sayap seperti yang disebutkan merupakan bukti bahwa burung pelatuk itu adalah Pelatuk Paruh Gading. Bahwa video yang sama juga menampilkan gambaran lebih awal apa yang disebut sebagai burung yang bertengger pada pohon Tupelo Air (Nyssa aquatica).

Laporan juga mencatat bahwa genderang yang sama dengan genderang Pelatuk Paruh Gading terdengar di daerah itu. Hal itu menjadikan potensi suatu populasi yang tersebar dalam suatu area, meskipun tidak adanya burung yang terletak jauh dari lokasi utama. Saat ini ada kekhawatiran bahwa banyak penggemar burung akan menyerbu daerah ini dengan tujuan berusaha melihat burung langka ini. Ahli ornitologi dan ahli burung vetran melaporkan banyak pelatuk dewasa yang meninggalkan sarang dan anak-anaknya karena takut akan gangguan penggemar burung yang terlalu antusias.

Pada akhir tahun 2006, para peneliti mengembangkan dan mengadakan "observatorium otonomi" menggunakan kamera video robot dengan gambar yang diproses oleh software yang akan mendeteksi dan merekam dengan video resolusi tinggi burung-burung yang sedang terbang di dalam wilayah yang berkemungkinan tinggi di wilayah Sungai Cache. Sejak Agustus 2007, beratus-ratus burung telah terekam, seperti Pelatuk Jambul, namun bukan Pelatuk Paruh Gading. Detail dan video yang diperbarui tersedia di website ACOME.

Perdebatan

Pada Juni 2005, Ahli Ornitologi dari Universitas Yale, Universitas Kansas, dan Universitas Pantai Teluk Florida menyampaikan artikel ilmiah meragukan terhadap laporan awal penemuan kembali.

Pada Agustus 2005, sekalipun ada argumen mengenai keberadaan setidaknya seekor pelatuk, pertanyaan-pertanyaan mengenai bukti hal tersebut terus bermunculan. Sebagai contoh, tidak adanya penemuan Pelatuk Paruh Gading yang mati manapun penemuan sarangnya. Cornell tidak bisa mengatakan dengan kepastian mutlak bahwa suara yang direkam di Arkansas berasal dari Pelatuk Paruh Gading.[10]

Beberapa para skeptis, seperti Richard Prum, percaya video mungkin seekor Pelatuk Jambul.[11]

Bulan Desember 2005, sikap Richard Prum dilaporkan sebagai berikut:

Pada halaman 13 terbitan Assosiasi Unggas Amerika (AUA) berjudul "Winging it" ( November/Desember 2005), mengungkapkan:

Sebuah komentar yang diterbitkan dalam The Auk pada bulan Januari 2006, Jerome Jackson mengungkapkan keragu-raguannya terhadap bukti Pelatuk Paruh Gading pada tidak adanya syarat-syarat yang tidak pasti:

Pada Maret 2006, sebuah regu riset yang pimpin harmoni David A. Sibley, MA menerbitkan penemuannya dalam jurnal Science, mengatakan bahwa siaran ulang tersebut hampir bisa dipastikan seekor Pelatuk Jambul, dengan kekeliruan penafsiran pada tubuhnya. Mereka menyimpulkan bahwa burung pada rekaman itu memiliki kekurangan corak tertentu dari Pelatuk Paruh Gading, dan memiliki bagian lain yang konsisten dengan Pelatuk Jambul (Sibley pada al., 2006). Regu riset Cornell bertahan terhadap penemuan asli mereka dalam artikel tanggapan di jurnal Science yang sama, menyatakan:

Bulan Mei 2006, diumumkan bahwa usaha pencarian besar-besaran yang dipimpin oleh regu Cornell telah dihentikan pada musim itu dengan hanya segenggam pengamatan yang dilaporkan. Kelihatannya rencana petugas konservasi untuk mengizinkan masyarakat kembali ke area Tempat Perlindungan Taman Nasional Sungai Cache terbatas sejak laporan penemuan-penemuan awal. Regu pencari melaporkan rencana-rencana untuk memulai lagi pencarian pada musim gugur setelah musim daun-daun berguguran, walaupun dalam skala yang agak sedikit dan mungkin memusatkan pada wilayah Sungai White.

Laporan Florida 2005 dan 2006

Bulan September 2006, klaim baru bahwa Pelatuk Paruh Gading tidak mungkin punah seperti yang diutarakan oleh kelompok riset terdiri dari anggota dari Universitas Auburn di Alabama dan Universitas Windsor di Ontario. Dr.Geoff Hill dari Universitas Auburn dan Dr.Daniel Mennill dari Universitas Windsor sudah mengungkapkan kumpulan bukti bahwa burung-burung itu masih tersisa dalam pohon seperti cemara rawa di jalur wilayah Florida. Bukti mereka meliputi 14 kali pengamatan burung dan 300 rekaman suara yang bahwa berasal dari Pelatuk Paruh Gading itu, namun juga meliputi kisah pencarian jejak dan ukuran pohon yang wajar untuk rongga sarang (Hill et al., 2006). Bukti tersebut menyisakan keyakinan seperti mengeluarkan fotografis atau bukti DNA yang banyak disebutkan para ahli sebagaimana diperlukan sebelum kehadiran spesies dapat ditetapkan. Ketika Dr. Hill dan Dr. Mennill berkeyakinan keberadaan burung itu di Florida, mereka cepat menyatakan bahwa mereka belum yakin pembuktikan keberadaan burung itu.[12] Regu riset saat ini sedang melakukan suatu peninjauan yang lebih terpadu di Sungai Choctawhatchee, dengan harapan memperoleh bukti fotografis keberadaan burung itu.[13]

Kepariwisataan

Dalam usaha perekonomian Arkansas timur, spekulasi kemungkinan kembalinya Pelatuk Paruh Gading telah menjadikan sumber yang bermanfaat untuk ladang ekonomi, dengan wisatawan yang membelanjakan 30%, terutama di dan sekitar kota Brinkley, Arkansas. "Festival" burung pelatuk, model rambut burung pelatuk (sejenis mohawk dengan warna merah, putih, dan celupan hitam), dan "Burger Pelatuk Paruh Gading" yang telah populer di wilayah itu. Ketiadaan bukti ditetapkan tentang keberadaan burung itu, dan kesempatan yang benar-benar sedikit untuk melihat burung itu sekalipun ada (terutama sejak lokasi tepat melaporkan peninjauan yang masih terjaga), sudah mencegah ledakan beberapa kepariwisataan lokal yang telah diantisipasi.

Brinkley, Arkansas, menjadi tuan rumah "Prayaan Panggilan Pelatuk Paruh Gading" bulan Februari 2006. Perayaan mencakup pameran benda-benda, tour menyaksikan burung, presentasi bidang pendidikan, pasar penjualan, dan masih ada lainnya lagi.

Fakta lain

Pelatuk Paruh Gading kadang-kadang dikenal sebagai Burung Grail, Burung Lord God (Lord God Bird), atau Good God Bird, semua itu berdasarkan seruan kagum para penonton.[14] NPR berwawancara mengenai penemuan kembali spesies itu yang diselenggarakan dengan penduduk Brinkley, Arkansas, dan kemudian bersama dengan musisi Sufjan Stevens menggunakan material untuk menulis lagu berjudul "The Lord God Bird".[15] Arkansas telah membuat lisensi gambar ciri-ciri yang grafis mengenai Pelatuk Paruh Gading.

MP3 lengkap "Lord God Bird", yang muncul pertama kalinya pada All Things Considered tersedia untuk didownload di website NPR.

Referensi

Referensi

Catatan kaki

  1. ^ BirdLife International (2005). Campephilus principalis. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. Diakses 9 May 2006. Database entry includes justification for why this species is critically endangered
  2. ^ "Wildlife Group Proposes $10,000 Reward For Ivory-billed Evidence". Eyewitness News everywhere. Clear Channel Broadcasting. 21 June 2006. Parameter |accessdaymonth= yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (bantuan); Parameter |accessyear= yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (|access-date= yang disarankan) (bantuan)
  3. ^ "The search for the Ivory-billed Woodpecker". Cornell Lab of Ornithology. 2006. Parameter |accessdaymonth= yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (bantuan); Parameter |accessyear= yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (|access-date= yang disarankan) (bantuan)
  4. ^ Morris, Tim (9 January 2006). "the grail bird". lection. Parameter |accessdaymonth= yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (bantuan); Parameter |accessyear= yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (|access-date= yang disarankan) (bantuan)
  5. ^ Keith, Stuart (1983). "The Little-Known Status and Distribution of the Ivory-billed Woodpecker". Worldtwitch. Parameter |accessdaymonth= yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (bantuan); Parameter |accessyear= yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (|access-date= yang disarankan) (bantuan)
  6. ^ Mendenhall, Matt (2005). "Reported Ivory-bill Sightings Since 1944". Birders World Magazine. Parameter |accessdaymonth= yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (bantuan); Parameter |accessyear= yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (|access-date= yang disarankan) (bantuan)
  7. ^ Birdlife International (2005). "IUCN Red List - Species Information - Campephilus principalis". IUCN. Parameter |accessdaymonth= yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (bantuan); Parameter |accessyear= yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (|access-date= yang disarankan) (bantuan)
  8. ^ Mayell, Hillary (20 February 2002). ""Extinct" Woodpecker Still Elusive, But Signs Are Good". National Geographic News. National Geographic. Parameter |accessdaymonth= yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (bantuan); Parameter |accessyear= yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (|access-date= yang disarankan) (bantuan)
  9. ^ Fitzpatrick, John W. (Summer 2002). "Ivory-bill Absent from Sounds of the Bayous". Birdscope. Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Parameter |accessdaymonth= yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (bantuan); Parameter |accessyear= yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (|access-date= yang disarankan) (bantuan)
  10. ^ "The Search for the Ivory-billed Woodpecker". Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Auguest 24, 2005. Parameter |accessdaymonth= yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (bantuan); Parameter |accessyear= yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (|access-date= yang disarankan) (bantuan); Periksa nilai tanggal di: |year= (bantuan)
  11. ^ Dalton, Rex (Auguest 02, 2005). "Ivory-billed woodpecker raps on". BioEd Online. Parameter |accessdaymonth= yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (bantuan); Parameter |accessyear= yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (|access-date= yang disarankan) (bantuan); Periksa nilai tanggal di: |year= (bantuan)
  12. ^ "Refuge Opens Bayou DeView to Public Use," Press Release, Cache River Nat'l Wildlife Refuge, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, May 18, 2006, accessed November 25, 2006.
  13. ^ "Evidence suggesting that Ivory-billed Woodpeckers (Campephilus principalis) exist in Florida". The Resilience Alliance. 2006. Parameter |accessdaymonth= yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (bantuan); Parameter |accessyear= yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (|access-date= yang disarankan) (bantuan)
  14. ^ Hoose, Phillip M. (2004). The Race to Save the Lord God Bird. Douglas & McIntyre. ISBN 0-374-36173-8. They gave it names like 'Lord God bird' and 'Good God bird'.
  15. ^ "Brinkley, Ark., Embraces 'The Lord God Bird'". All Things Considered. National Public Radio. July 6, 2005. Parameter |accessdaymonth= yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (bantuan); Parameter |accessyear= yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (|access-date= yang disarankan) (bantuan)

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Pelatuk paruh-gading: Brief Summary ( الإندونيسية )

المقدمة من wikipedia ID

Pelatuk paruh-gading (Campephilus principalis) adalah salah satu spesies dari familia Burung pelatuk, Picidae; binatang ini secara resmi didaftarkan sebagai spesies terancam, namun pada akhir abad ke-20 telah ditetapkan secara luas sebagai spesies yang telah punah.

Sebuah laporan menyatakan ditemukannya spesies jantan di Arkansas pada tahun 2004 dan 2005 dilaporkan oleh sebuah regu dari Laboratorium Ornitologi Cornell pada April 2005 (Fitzpatrick et al., 2005). Jika benar, hal ini akan menjadikan Pelatuk paruh gading menjadi sebuah spesies lazarus, suatu spesies hidup yang ditemukan kembali setelah ditetapkan punah selama beberapa waktu.

Penawaran sebesar $ 10.000 ditawarkan untuk informasi yang bisa menunjukkan sarang, tempat bertengger atau tempat makan Pelatuk paruh gading.

Pada akhir September 2006, sebuah regu Ornitologi dari Universitas Auburn dan Universitas Windsor menerbitkan makalah yang menyatakan pendapat yang mendetail mengenai bukti-bukti keberadaan Pelatuk Paruh Gading di sepanjang Sungai Choctawhatchee di Florida bagian barat laut. (Hill et al., 2006).

Di samping laporan awal dari Arkansas dan Florida, bukti lain yang dapat menjadi acuan dalam menetapkan keberadaan populasi Pelatuk Paruh Gading yang bedasarkan foto atau video, contoh spesies, atau DNA dari bulu burung tersebut, sampai sekarang belum didapatkan. Meskipun begitu, usaha pembebasan tanah dan pemulihan sekarang sedang dilakukan untuk melindungi kelangsungan hidup pelatuk ini.

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Campephilus principalis ( الإيطالية )

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Il picchio dal becco avorio (Campephilus principalis) è un uccello della famiglia Picidi. Tra le specie più appariscenti degli Stati Uniti, è anche uno delle più rare e si teme si sia già estinto. Gli indiani usavano il suo becco e le sue piume per decorare i loro costumi da cerimonia.

Descrizione

È uno dei più grossi componenti della famiglia Picidi dell'ordine Piciformi: misura 50 cm di lunghezza, ed è superato solo dall'affine picchio imperiale del Messico (Campephilus imperialis), che raggiunge i 55 cm. Il piumaggio è nero lucido, con due vistose strisce bianche su collo, dorso e ali. Il becco è bianco e a forma di scalpello, le zampe sono grigie. L'alta cresta sagittale è rossa e appuntita nel maschio, e nera e leggermente ricurva nella femmina

Biologia

La femmina depone da 1 a 4 uova (normalmente 2-3) in una cavità scavata nel tronco di un albero.

Il picchio dal becco avorio si nutre di insetti e larve che estrae con il lungo becco dalla corteccia e dal legno degli alberi.

Distribuzione e habitat

Il picchio dal becco avorio viveva originariamente nelle foreste e zone acquitrinose di tutti gli Stati Uniti sud-orientali, da Carolina del Nord a Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, Arkansas e Oklahoma fino al golfo del Messico e alla Florida, dove se ne trovava il maggior numero. Sempre considerato raro, il picchio dal becco avorio ha subito il massimo declino dalla fine del 1800 al 1915. Nel 1941 si stimava che ne sopravvivessero solo 24 in cinque località sparse e isolate, e nel 1948 scomparve l'ultima popolazione conosciuta, in una zona di 300 km² in Louisiana, a seguito del taglio della foresta per far posto alle coltivazioni di soia. L'ultimo avvistamento provato con fotografie, in Louisiana, risale al 1972. Quelli successivi non sono confermati, anche se talvolta si è registrato su nastro il caratteristico richiamo del picchio, e le località non sono note (o vengono tenute segrete per non richiamare curiosi e collezionisti). Questi ultimi hanno avuto la loro parte nella eliminazione della specie da molte località negli ultimi anni del XIX secolo. Il picchio dal becco avorio è protetto dalla legge federale e dalle leggi degli stati in cui vive (o viveva).

Il picchio dal becco avorio di Cuba (Campephilus principalis bairdii) è una sottospecie del picchio nordamericano. Abitava originariamente le foreste di pini e altre essenze su gran parte di Cuba, ma, scacciato da queste a seguito del taglio degli alberi per far posto alle coltivazioni di canna da zucchero, dal 1900 esiste solo nella provincia d'Oriente dell'isola. Per quanto si sa, oggi sopravvive ancora solo nella riserva Cupeyal. Sembra che non ve ne siano più di 8 coppie, forse solo 6. Il taglio degli alberi non è più permesso nelle riserve di Cupeyal e Jaguani, istituite dal 1963. Ambedue le sottospecie di picchio dal becco avorio sono classificate «in pericolo di estinzione» nel Red Data Book dell'IUCN. Non sono protette dalla CITES in quanto la loro sopravvivenza è incerta e il commercio inesistente.

Specie affine è il picchio imperiale che viveva nelle foreste di conifere e querce della Sierra Madre Occidentale negli stati messicani di Sonora, Chihuahua, Durango, Zacatecas, Jalisco e Michoacán, a oltre 2000 metri di quota nella parte nord e a oltre 2500 nella parte sud. Mai abbondante in alcuna località, scacciato dal taglio delle foreste e sterminato dalla caccia, non si sa se esiste ancora in qualche parte del suo areale originario. Si ritiene che sopravviva in zone remote di Zacatecas e Durango, e forse Chihuahua. L'ultimo avvistamento comprovato risale al 1958, e gli altri avvistamenti (1977) mancano di prove concrete. Se c'è una popolazione, certamente è piccolissima. Un'apposita spedizione organizzata dalla National Audubon Society e composta da G. Plimpton, V. Emanuel e J. Rowlett, nel 1975-76 ha inutilmente cercato di rintracciare questa specie nel suo areale. La specie è protetta dalla legge messicana (difficile da far rispettare), ed è classificata «in pericolo» nel Red Data Book dell'IUCN.

Stato di conservazione

Ha fatto la sua ricomparsa dopo essere stato dato "per estinto" dagli esperti che per sessant'anni non l'avevano avvistato. Grazie a un video che ne testimonia la presenza nel National Wildlife Refuge, oasi dell'Arkansas (Stati Uniti), si è potuto verificare che questo picchio, uno dei più grandi al mondo, potrebbe essere ancora presente con una popolazione vitale. Il filmato risale all'11 febbraio 2004: tra i rami, sotto gli occhi increduli di un birdwatcher, compare il grosso uccello con la tipica cresta rossa. L'avevano già soprannominato Sacro Graal per le difficoltà a rintracciarlo. Il governo ha stanziato 20 milioni di dollari per la sua tutela. Secondo il sito http://www.haisentito.it/articolo/gli-animali-estinti-che-non-vedremo-piu-foto/51819/ Archiviato il 2 febbraio 2014 in Internet Archive. il picchio becco d'avorio era stato dato per estinto non essendovi stati nuovi avvistamenti o prove che ne certificassero l'esistenza.

Nel settembre del 2021 l'agenzia governativa degli Stati Uniti U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service ha dichiarato questa specie estinta[2]. L'IUCN non ha modificato la sua valutazione della specie.

Note

Bibliografia

  • Audubon, John James LaForest (1835-38): The Ivory-billed Woodpecker. In: Birds of America 4. ISBN 0-8109-2061-1 (H. N. Abrams 1979 edition - the book itself is in the public domain)
  • Fitzpatrick, John W.; Lammertink, Martjan; Luneau, M. David Jr.; Gallagher, Tim W.; Harrison, Bobby R.; Sparling, Gene M.; Rosenberg, Kenneth V.; Rohrbaugh, Ronald W.; Swarthout, Elliott C. H.; Wrege, Peter H.; Swarthout, Sara Barker; Dantzker, Marc S.; Charif, Russell A.; Barksdale, Timothy R.; Remsen, J. V. Jr; Simon, Scott D. & Zollner, Douglas (2005): Ivory-billed woodpecker (Campephilus principalis) persists in continental North America. Science 308(5727): 1460-1462. PMID 15860589 preprint PDF fulltext Supporting Online Material
  • Fitzpatrick, John W.; Lammertink, Martjan; Luneau, M. David Jr.; Gallagher, Tim W. & Rosenberg, Kenneth V. (2006a): Response to comment on "Ivory-billed Woodpecker (Campephilus principalis) persists in continental North America". Science 311: 1555. PDF fulltext Supporting Online Material Erratum (requires user account)
  • Fitzpatrick, John W.; Lammertink, Martjan; Luneau, M. David Jr.; Gallagher, Tim W.; Harrison, Bobby R.; Sparling, Gene M.; Rosenberg, Kenneth V.; Rohrbaugh, Ronald W.; Swarthout, Elliott C. H.; Wrege, Peter H.; Swarthout, Sara Barker; Dantzker, Marc S.; Charif, Russell A.; Barksdale, Timothy R.; Remsen, J. V. Jr; Simon, Scott D. & Zollner, Douglas (2006b): Clarifications about current research on the status of Ivory-billed Woodpecker (Campephilus principalis) in Arkansas. Auk 123(2): 587–593. DOI: 10.1642/0004-8038(2006)123[587:CACROT]2.0.CO;2 PDF fulltext
  • Fitzpatrick, John W.; Lammertink, Martjan; Luneau, M. David Jr.; Rosenberg, Kenneth V.; Gallagher, Tim W. & Rohrbaugh, Ronald W. (2006c): Response to letter by J. A. Jackson. Auk 123(4): 1189. DOI: 10.1642/0004-8038(2006)123[1189:RTLBJA]2.0.CO;2
  • Gallagher, Tim W. (2005): The Grail Bird: Hot on the Trail of the Ivory-Billed Woodpecker Houghton Mifflin, Boston. ISBN 0-618-45693-7
  • Hill, Geoffrey E.; Mennill, Daniel J.; Rolek, Brian W.; Hicks, Tyler L. & Swiston, Kyle A. (2006): Evidence Suggesting that Ivory-billed Woodpeckers (Campephilus principalis) Exist in Florida. Avian Conservation and Ecology - Écologie et conservation des oiseaux 1(3): 2. HTML fulltext PDF fulltext with links to appendices Erratum
  • Hoose, Phillip M. (2004): The Race to Save the Lord God Bird. Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, New York. ISBN 0-374-36173-8 (children's book) HTML excerpt
  • Jackson, Jerome A. (2004): In Search of the Ivory-Billed Woodpecker. Smithsonian Institution Press. ISBN 1-58834-132-1
  • Jackson, Jerome A. (2006a): Ivory-billed Woodpecker (Campephilus principalis): hope, and the interfaces of science, conservation, and politics. Auk 123: 1-15. DOI: 10.1642/0004-8038(2006)123[0001:IWCPHA]2.0.CO;2 PDF fulltext
  • Jackson, Jerome A. (2006b): The public perception of science and reported confirmation of the Ivory-billed Woodpecker in Arkansas. Auk 123(4): 1185–1189. DOI: 10.1642/0004-8038(2006)123[1185:TPPOSA]2.0.CO;2
  • National Audubon Society (2006): Watchlist entry for the Ivory-billed Woodpecker Archiviato il 27 settembre 2006 in Internet Archive.- Retrieved 2006-OCT-6.
  • Sibley, David Allen; Bevier, Louis R.; Patten, Michael A. & Elphick, Chris S. (2006): Comment on "Ivory-billed Woodpecker (Campephilus principalis) persists in continental North America". Science 311: 1555. PDF fulltext Supporting Online Material
  • Tanner, James T. (1942). The Ivory-Billed Woodpecker. National Audubon Society, N.Y.
  • U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (2005). Once-thought Extinct Ivory-Billed Woodpecker Rediscovered in Arkansas. April 28, 2005 Press Release. Retrieved 2006-OCT-6.
  • Weidensaul, Scott (2005): Ghost of a chance Archiviato il 15 giugno 2007 in Internet Archive.. Smithsonian Magazine. August 2005: 97-102. Retrieved 2006-OCT-6.
  • Winkler, H.; Christie, D. A. & Nurney, D. (1995): Woodpeckers: A Guide to the Woodpeckers of the World. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston. ISBN 0-395-72043-5

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Campephilus principalis: Brief Summary ( الإيطالية )

المقدمة من wikipedia IT

Il picchio dal becco avorio (Campephilus principalis) è un uccello della famiglia Picidi. Tra le specie più appariscenti degli Stati Uniti, è anche uno delle più rare e si teme si sia già estinto. Gli indiani usavano il suo becco e le sue piume per decorare i loro costumi da cerimonia.

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Burung Belatuk Paruh Gading ( الملايو )

المقدمة من wikipedia MS

Burung Belatuk Paruh Gading (Campephilus principalis) adalah salah satu spesies dari famili burung belatuk, Picidae; burung ini telah didaftarkan secara rasmi sebagai spesies terancam, namun pada akhir abad ke-20 telah diterima secara luas sebagai spesies yang telah pupus.

Rujukan

Catatan Kaki

  1. ^ BirdLife International (2005). Campephilus principalis. Senarai Merah Spesies Terancam IUCN 2006. IUCN 2006. www.iucnredlist.org. Dicapai pada 9 Mei 2006.

Pautan luar

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Burung Belatuk Paruh Gading: Brief Summary ( الملايو )

المقدمة من wikipedia MS

Burung Belatuk Paruh Gading (Campephilus principalis) adalah salah satu spesies dari famili burung belatuk, Picidae; burung ini telah didaftarkan secara rasmi sebagai spesies terancam, namun pada akhir abad ke-20 telah diterima secara luas sebagai spesies yang telah pupus.

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Grote ivoorsnavelspecht ( البلجيكية الهولندية )

المقدمة من wikipedia NL

Vogels

De grote ivoorsnavelspecht (Campephilus principalis) is de grootste specht van Noord-Amerika. Er is een discussie gaande of het dier al dan niet is uitgestorven.

Kenmerken

De vogel meet 48-53 cm in lengte en 450-570 g in gewicht, te vergelijken met een zwarte kraai (zelfde lengte, 396 tot 602 g).[2] Het verenkleed is zwart met een witte halsstreep, die doorloopt tot de witte vleugels. De gekuifde kop is aan de achterzijde felrood gekleurd. De soort heeft een ivoorkleurige snavel die soms gebruikt wordt als sieraad door mensen.[3] De soort is ook te herkennen aan het geluid van het dubbel tikken op een boom.

Leefwijze

Het voedsel bestaat uit bessen en zeer veel (schadelijke) insecten, zoals keverlarven, die onder de bast van de boom leven.

Verspreiding en leefgebied

De soort telt 2 ondersoorten:

De soort leeft in de ongerept, hoogopgaand, moeilijk toegankelijk bos, zoals bossen van de moerascipres (Taxodium distichum) of bossen met voornamelijk soorten den zoals de Cubaanse den (Pinus cubensis). Belangrijk is ook het voorkomen van rechtopstaande dode, oude stammen die zijn overgebleven na (natuurlijke) bosbranden.[2] Oorspronkelijk leefde het dier in een groot deel van het zuiden van de VS. Voor het laatst was hij in de jaren 1950 gezien aan de golfkust in Louisiana. Er was ook een populatie op Cuba, maar daar is hij sinds 1987 niet meer gezien. De oorzaak is het verlies aan geschikte leefgebieden, zoals beboste moerassen met veel oud en vermolmd hout.

Uitgestorven of niet

De grote ivoorsnavelspecht gold lange tijd als uitgestorven. In 2004 werd de herontdekking gemeld in de bosgebieden (Big Woods) langs de benedenloop van de rivier de Arkansas in het oosten van de staat Arkansas. Onmiddellijk daarna werd deze waarneming (en claims op vervolgwaarnemingen) in wetenschappelijke tijdschriften in twijfel getrokken. Er is namelijk een wat kleinere soort, de Noord-Amerikaanse helmspecht (Dryocopus pileatus) die vrij algemeen voorkomt en ermee verward kan worden. Er is daarom geen consensus over de status van deze specht.[2]

De herontdekking zou zeer opmerkelijk zijn omdat men aannam dat verder in het binnenland, zoals in de staat Arkansas, de vogel al eerder uitgestorven was. Bovendien gaat het om een goed zichtbare, grote vogel (formaat van zwarte kraai) die een territorium van minstens 16 km² nodig heeft. Het is de tweede specht naar grootte ter wereld. De keizerspecht (C. imperialis), een verwante soort uit Mexico, is net iets groter en heeft een vergelijkbare status, maar is waarschijnlijk uitgestorven.

Status

Rond 1920 was het al een zeldzame vogel. De laatste onbetwiste waarnemingen dateren uit de jaren 1940 en 1950. Aanvankelijk werd de jacht als belangrijkste oorzaak van uitsterven aangewezen. Inmiddels is duidelijk dat het vooral kwam door inkrimping van het leefgebied door de omzetting van bos in gronden in landbouwkundig gebruik. Hierdoor werden de laatste populaties extra gevoelig voor het effect van jacht.

Er zijn dus vrij sterke, maar betwistbare aanwijzingen dat de grote ivoorsnavelspecht niet is uitgestorven. Dit geldt zowel voor de Noord-Amerikaanse als de Cubaanse ondersoort C. p. bairdii. Om deze redenen staat de grote ivoorsnavelspecht als ernstig bedreigd (kritiek) op de Rode Lijst van de IUCN.[1]

Planten en dieren die op de rand van uitsterven staan, zijn een probleem voor natuurbeschermers. Uitsterven is vaak een gevolg van habitatverlies. Voor de bescherming is het noodzakelijk om dure projecten op te zetten van ecologische herstel van het leefgebied die meestal pas na vele jaren werkelijk effect hebben. Daarom pleit Micheal Collins (2017) voor minder strenge regels die bepalen of een organisme werkelijk nog voorkomt. In dat geval kan tijdig geïnvesteerd worden in maatregelen voor hun bescherming, met als casus de onzekerheid over de status van deze soort specht.[4]

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
  1. a b (en) Grote ivoorsnavelspecht op de IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  2. a b c (en) Winkler, H., Christie, D.A. & Sharpe, C.J., 2017. Ivory-billed Woodpecker (Campephilus principalis). In: del Hoyo, J. et al. (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. (retrieved from https://www.hbw.com/node/56302 on 7 November 2017).
  3. Onbekende auteur. Robotcamera moet specht betrappen. Quest, mei 2007, blz. 86.
  4. (en) Collins, M.D., 2017. Video evidence and other information relevant to the conservation of the Ivory-billed Woodpecker (Campephilus principalis).Heliyon 3
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Grote ivoorsnavelspecht: Brief Summary ( البلجيكية الهولندية )

المقدمة من wikipedia NL

De grote ivoorsnavelspecht (Campephilus principalis) is de grootste specht van Noord-Amerika. Er is een discussie gaande of het dier al dan niet is uitgestorven.

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Dzięcioł wielkodzioby ( البولندية )

المقدمة من wikipedia POL
Commons Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons

Dzięcioł wielkodzioby (Campephilus principalis) – gatunek dużego ptaka z rodziny dzięciołowatych (Picidae). Przez wiele lat uważany za gatunek wymarły do momentu serii przypuszczalnych obserwacji od 1999 roku. Od 2000 roku jest oficjalnie uznany przez Międzynarodową Unię Ochrony Przyrody (IUCN) za gatunek krytycznie zagrożony wyginięciem[3].

Morfologia

Dzięcioł wielkodzioby jest drugim pod względem rozmiarów – po również krytycznie zagrożonym, prawdopodobnie wymarłym, dzięciole cesarskim – dzięciołem na świecie. Mierzy ok. 50 cm i waży ok. 570 g. Rozpiętość skrzydeł wynosi 75 cm. Pióra o niebieskawo-czarnym połysku z białymi pasami na karku i grzbiecie oraz białymi smugami na końcach spodniej i wierzchniej strony skrzydeł. Dziób u osobników dorosłych koloru kości słoniowej, u młodocianych kredowobiały. Na głowie charakterystyczny czub – u samców czerwony, czarny u samic i młodocianych, u których jest dodatkowo poszarpany. Gdy ptak siedzi ze złożonym skrzydłem, u obu płci widoczna u dołu duża, trójkątna powierzchnia białych piór. Między innymi ta cecha wyróżnia go od mniejszego i czarnodziobego dzięcioła smugoszyjego (Dryocopus pileatus).

Środowisko i dieta

Dzięcioł wielkodzioby preferuje bagna z grubymi drzewami o twardym drewnie oraz lasy sosnowe, z dużą ilością martwych i butwiejących drzew. Przed wojną secesyjną wiele południowo-wschodnich stanów USA pokrytych było rozległymi pasami pierwotnych lasów, które były odpowiednim siedliskiem tych ptaków. Ówczesny zasięg gatunku rozciągał się od wschodniego Teksasu po Karolinę Północną oraz od południowej części Illinois po Florydę i Kubę. Po wojnie secesyjnej na potrzeby przemysłu drzewnego wycięto wiele milionów hektarów lasów na ziemiach południowych, pozostawiając jedynie nieliczne, izolowane pasma odpowiednich siedlisk. Dlatego też występują one w niewielkich zagęszczeniach, nawet w zdrowej populacji. Bardziej powszechny dzięcioł smugoszyi może rywalizować z nim o pożywienie.

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Różnica w upierzeniu głowy samca (u góry) i samicy (u dołu)

Status

Silna działalność wycinkowa oraz polowania kolekcjonerów przetrzebiły znacznie populację dzięcioła wielkodziobego pod koniec XIX w. Był zasadniczo uznany za gatunek wymarły już pod koniec lat 20. XX w., kiedy parę ptaków zastrzelono na Florydzie dla trofeum.

Przed rokiem 1938 szacowana populacja na wolności liczyła ok. 20 ocalałych osobników, w tym 6–8 ptaków zamieszkiwało las pierwotny zwany Singer Tract w Luizjanie. Ostatniego znanego osobnika podgatunku nominatywnego – samicę – odnotowano w północno-wschodniej Luizjanie w 1944 r., a podgatunku C. p. bairdii po długiej przerwie 16 marca 1987 r. w Ojito de Agua[4]. 11 marca 1967 r. wpisano dzięcioła na listę gatunków zagrożonych.

Pojawiały się liczne doniesienia o przypuszczalnych obserwacjach bądź notowaniach jego głosu, ale żadne nie zostało oficjalnie potwierdzone. W roku 1999 pojawiło się bardzo prawdopodobne doniesienie o obserwacji w zlewni rzeki Pearl River w południowo-wschodniej Luizjanie, które zapoczątkowało serię obserwacji[5].

27 stycznia 2002 r. podczas jednej z ekspedycji odnotowano najpierw (słyszano i nagrano) charakterystyczny głos dzięcioła, a potem odnaleziono ślady jego bytowania (np. zdarta kora, duże jamy w drzewach) lecz samego ptaka (bądź pary) nie widziano[6].

W 2004 i 2005 roku grupa 17 osób pod przewodnictwem Cornell Lab of Ornithology doniosła o odkryciu co najmniej 1 osobnika, samca, w rejonie Big Woods w Arkansas, publikując raport w magazynie Science 28 kwietnia 2005[7].

Jak dotąd nie przedstawiono jednak niezbitych dowodów na ponowne odkrycie dzięcioła wielkodziobego. Sollow i in. (2012), analizując doniesienia o obserwacji tych dzięciołów w latach 1897–2010 stwierdzili, że bardziej prawdopodobne jest, iż gatunek ten wymarł[8].

Podgatunki

  • dzięcioł wielkodzioby (Campephilus principalis principalis) (Linnaeus, 1758) – dzięcioł wielkodzioby (podgatunek nominatywny) – pierwotnie południowo-wschodnia część USA[9]
  • dzięcioł reliktowy (Campephilus principalis bairdii) Cassin, 1864 – dzięcioł reliktowy – pierwotnie Kuba[10], przez niektórych autorów uważany za odrębny gatunek[11].

Przypisy

  1. Campephilus principalis, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.).
  2. Ivory-billed Woodpecker (Campephilus principalis) (ang.). IBC: The Internet Bird Collection. [dostęp 24 lipca 2011].
  3. a b Campephilus principalis. Czerwona księga gatunków zagrożonych (IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) (ang.).
  4. Weidensaul, Scott (2005): Ghost of a chance. Smithsonian Magazine. August 2005: 97-102. Dostęp 6 września 2009.
  5. Mayell, Hillary (20 February 2002). "Extinct" Woodpecker Still Elusive, But Signs Are Good.. National Geographic News. National Geographic. Dostęp 6 września 2009.
  6. Fitzpatrick, John W. (2002): Ivory-bill Absent from Sounds of the Bayous.. Birdscope. Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Dostęp 6 września 2009.
  7. Fitzpatrick, John W.; Lammertink, Martjan; Luneau, M. David Jr.; Gallagher, Tim W.; Harrison, Bobby R.; Sparling, Gene M.; Rosenberg, Kenneth V.; Rohrbaugh, Ronald W.; Swarthout, Elliott C. H.; Wrege, Peter H.; Swarthout, Sara Barker; Dantzker, Marc S.; Charif, Russell A.; Barksdale, Timothy R.; Remsen, J. V. Jr; Simon, Scott D. & Zollner, Douglas (2005): Ivory-billed woodpecker (Campephilus principalis) persists in continental North America. Science 308 (5727): 1460-1462.
  8. Andrew Sollow, Wollcott Smith, Mark Burgman, Tracy Rout, Brendan Wintle, David Roberts. Uncertain sightings and the extinction of the Ivory-billed Woodpecker. „Conservation Biology”. 26 (1), s. 180–184, 2012. DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2011.01743.x (ang.).
  9. dzięcioł wielkodzioby (Campephilus principalis principalis) (Linnaeus, 1758). Avibase. [dostęp 6 września 2009].
  10. dzięcioł reliktowy (Campephilus principalis bairdii) Cassin, 1864. Avibase. [dostęp 6 września 2009].
  11. Robert C. Fleischer, Jeremy J. Kirchman, John P. Dumbacher, Louis Bevier, Carla Dove, Nancy C. Rotzel, Scott V. Edwards, Martjan Lammertink, Kathleen J. Miglia, William S. Moore. Mid-Pleistocene divergence of Cuban and North American ivory-billed woodpeckers. „Biology Letters”. 2, s. 466-469, 2006. DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2006.0490 (ang.).

Linki zewnętrzne

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Dzięcioł wielkodzioby: Brief Summary ( البولندية )

المقدمة من wikipedia POL

Dzięcioł wielkodzioby (Campephilus principalis) – gatunek dużego ptaka z rodziny dzięciołowatych (Picidae). Przez wiele lat uważany za gatunek wymarły do momentu serii przypuszczalnych obserwacji od 1999 roku. Od 2000 roku jest oficjalnie uznany przez Międzynarodową Unię Ochrony Przyrody (IUCN) za gatunek krytycznie zagrożony wyginięciem.

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Pica-pau-bico-de-marfim ( البرتغالية )

المقدمة من wikipedia PT

O pica-pau-bico-de-marfim (Campephilus principalis) é uma espécie de pica-pau possivelmente extinto, nativo dos pântanos norte-americanos e das florestas temperadas de coníferas do sul dos Estados Unidos e de Cuba. A destruição de seu habitat e a caça reduziram as populações de forma tão devastadora que a espécie está listada como Criticamente Ameaçada na Lista Vermelha da IUCN,[1][2] e como "definitivamente ou provavelmente extinta" pela American Birding Association.[3] O último avistamento universalmente aceito de um pica-pau-bico-de-marfim americano ocorreu na Luisiana em 1944, e o último avistamento universalmente aceito de um pica-pau-bico-de-marfim cubano ocorreu em 1987; relatos esporádicos de avistamentos e outras evidências da persistência da espécie continuaram desde então. No século XXI, relatos de avistamentos e análises de gravações de áudio e vídeo foram publicados em revistas científicas revisadas por pares como evidência de que a espécie persiste em Arkansas, Luisiana e Flórida. Vários investimentos em terras e a restauração de seu habitat foram iniciados em áreas onde avistamentos e outras evidências sugeriram uma probabilidade relativamente alta da existência da espécie, para proteger quaisquer indivíduos sobreviventes. Em setembro de 2021, a espécie foi declarada extinta pelo Serviço de Pesca e Vida Selvagem dos Estados Unidos.[4] A IUCN não mudou sua avaliação sobre a espécie.

Taxonomia

O pica-pau-bico-de-marfim foi descrito pela primeira vez como Picus maximus rostra albo (latim para "o maior pica-pau de bico branco") na publicação de 1731; Natural History of Carolina, Florida, and the Bahamas, do naturalista inglês Mark Catesby.[5][a] Observando seu relatório, Linnaeus mais tarde o descreveu na décima edição de seu Systema Naturae de 1758, onde recebeu o nome binomial de Picus principalis.[7] O género Campephilus foi introduzido pelo zoólogista inglês George Robert Gray em 1840 com o pica-pau-bico-de-marfim como o espécie-tipo.[8]

Ornitólogos atualmente reconhecem duas subespécies desta ave:

  • Pica-pau-bico-de-marfim americano (C. p. principalis), nativo do sudeste dos Estados Unidos
  • Pica-pau-bico-de-marfim cubano (C. p. bairdii), nativo de Cuba, incluindo a Ilha da Juventude[9]
Vídeo reviravolta de exemplar fêmea taxidermizado de pica-pau-bico-de-marfim cubano (C. p. bairdii), pele RMNH 110097, Naturalis Biodiversity Center
Vídeo reviravolta de exemplar macho taxidermizado de pica-pau-bico-de-marfim americano (C. p. principalis), Naturalis Biodiversity Center

Ambos são semelhantes, com a subespécie cubana um pouco menor[10] e algumas variações na plumagem, com as faixas dorsais brancas estendendo-se até o bico, e as penas da crista vermelha do macho mais longas do que as penas da crista negra da fêmea, enquanto os dois são do mesmo comprimento na subespécie americana.[11]

Existem controvérsias sobre se o pica-pau-bico-de-marfim cubano deveria ser ou não mais apropriadamente reconhecido como uma espécie separada. Um estudo de 2006 comparou amostras de DNA retiradas de espécimes de ambas subespéscies de pica-pau-bico-de-marfim, junto com o pica-pau-imperial (Campephilus imperialis), uma espécie maior, porém muito semelhante. Concluiu-se não apenas que os pica-paus-de-bico-de-marfim cubano e americano são geneticamente distintos, mas também que eles e o pica-pau-imperial formam um clado norte-americano dentro do género Campephilus que surgiu em meados do Pleistoceno.[12] O estudo não tenta definir uma linhagem ligando os três pássaros, embora implique que a subespécie cubana seja mais intimamente relacionado ao pica-pau-imperial.[12] A American Ornithologists' Union Committee afirmou que ainda não estão prontos para listar as subespécies como espécies separadas. Lovette, membro do comitê, disse que mais testes são necessários para apoiar essa mudança, mas concluiu que: "Esses resultados provavelmente iniciarão um debate interessante sobre como devemos classificar essas aves."[13]

"Pica-pau-bico-de-marfim" é o nome oficial dado à espécie pela International Ornithologists' Union.[14] Nomes comuns anglofónos mais antigos utilizados nos Estados Unidos incluíam: Log Cock, Log God, Good Lord, Indian Hen, Kent, Kate, Poule de Bois (Galinha de madeira em francês cajun),[15] e Tit-ka (Galo de madeira em Seminole).[16][17] Alguns autores modernos se referem a ele como o "pássaro do Santo Graal" ou "Pássaro do Graal" por causa de sua extrema raridade e evasão para os observadores de pássaros.

Descrição

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O contraste na plumagem do macho (acima) e da fêmea (abaixo)

O pica-pau-bico-de-marfim é um dos maiores pica-paus do mundo, com aproximadamente 51cm de comprimento e 76cm de envergadura; é o maior pica-pau em sua distribuição. O seu relativo próximo, o pica-pau-imperial (C. imperialis) do oeste do México é o maior pica-pau do mundo. O pica-pau-bico-de-marfim tem um comprimento total de 48 a 53cm, e baseado em informações escassas, pesa por volta de 450 a 570g. As medidas padrão obtidas incluem um comprimento de corda máxima de 23,5–26,5 cm (9,3–10,4 in), a cauda com comprimento de 14–17 cm (5,5–6,7 in), o bico com comprimento de 5,8–7,3 cm (2,3–2,9 in), e o tarso com 4–4,6 cm (1,6–1,8 in) de comprimento.[18]

 src=
Ilustração do pé esquerdo, mostrando zigodactilia típica de pica-paus

A plumagem do pica-pau-bico-de-marfim é predominada por uma tonalidade preta ou azul-escuro brilhante. Existem linhas brancas que se estendem das bochechas até o pescoço, encontrando-se nas costas. As extremidades das penas primárias internas são brancas, assim como todas as penas secundárias externas.[19] Isso cria um branco extenso na borda posterior das asas superior e inferior. A parte debaixo das asas também é branco ao longo de sua borda dianteira, resultando em uma linha preta contínua ao longo das asas debaixo, expandindo para um preto mais extenso na ponta da asa. Algumas aves foram registradas com quantidades mais extensas de branco nas penas primárias.[20]

Pica-paus-bico-de-marfim possuem uma crista proeminente, embora em jovens seja irregular. É uma espécie sexualmente dimórfica, como pode ser visto na imagem à direita, já que a crista é preta ao longo de sua borda dianteira, mudando abruptamente para vermelho nas laterais e na parte traseira nos machos, mas continua preto sólido nas fêmeas e nos machos juvenis. Quando empoleirados com as asas fechadas, ambos os sexos apresentam uma grande mancha branca na parte inferior das costas, de formato aproximadamente triangular. Como todos os pica-paus, o pica-pau-bico-de-marfim tem um bico forte e reto e uma língua longa, móvel, de ponta dura e farpada. Nos adultos, o bico é da cor marfim, enquanto é branco como giz nos juvenis. Entre os pica-paus norte-americanos, o pica-pau-bico-de-marfim é o único a ter um bico cuja ponta é bastante achatada lateralmente, em forma de cinzel de madeira chanfrada. Seu vôo é forte e direto, e pode ser comparado ao de um pato de pequeno porte.

Essas características distinguem o pica-pau-bico-de-marfim (Campephilus principalis) do pica-pau-orelhudo (Dryocopus pileatus), sendo espécies similares, porém o D. pileatus é menor e de bico mais escuro. Além disso, o D. pileatus normalmente é preto-acastanhado, esfumaçado ou de cor preta acinzentada. Também tem uma listra branca no pescoço, mas as costas normalmente são pretas. Os juvenis e adultos do D. pileatus possuem crista vermelha e queixo branco. Os D. pileatus normalmente não possuem branco nas bordas traseiras de suas asas e, quando empoleirados, mostram apenas uma pequena mancha branca em cada lado do corpo perto da borda da asa. No entanto, no D. pileatus, indivíduos aparentemente aberrantes, foram relatados com bordas de fuga brancas nas asas, formando uma mancha triangular branca na parte inferior das costas quando empoleirados.

O tamborilado é uma batida simples ou dupla. Quatro chamadas bastante distintas são relatadas na literatura e duas foram registradas na década de 1930. O mais comum, um kent ou hant, soa como um trompete de brinquedo, frequentemente repetido em uma série. Quando o pássaro é perturbado, o tom da nota de kent aumenta, é repetido com mais frequência e muitas vezes é duplicado. Um chamado de comunicação, também gravado, é dada entre indivíduos no ninho e foi descrita como kent-kent-kent. Uma gravação da ave, feita por Arthur A. Allen, pode ser encontrada aqui.

Habitat e dieta

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Casal sob árvore com ninho, abril de 1935

Ambos os autores reconstruíram a extensão original da ave a partir de registros históricos que consideraram confiáveis, em muitos casos de espécimes com registros históricos de onde foram coletados. Os dois autores produziram estimativas de distribuição amplamente semelhantes, descobrindo que antes do desmatamento e da caça da espécie começarem a diminuir seu alcance, o pica-pau-bico-de-marfim ocorria do leste do Texas até a Carolina do Norte, e do sul de Illinois para a Flórida e Cuba,[21] tipicamente do litoral para o interior até onde a altitude de aproximadamente 30 m.[22]

Existem algumas diferenças significativas em suas reconstruções. O mapa de distribuição de Hasbrouck estendeu-se até o Rio Missouri até Kansas City com base nos relatórios de Wells Woodbridge Cooke de Kansas City e Fayette,[23] que Tanner rejeitou, considerando como um possível relatório acidental ou não comprovado.[24] Da mesma forma, a estimativa de distribuição de Hasbrouck estendeu-se pelo vale do rio Ohio até condado de Franklin, Indiana com base em um registro de E. T. Cox,[25] que Tanner novamente rejeitou, considerando como não comprovado ou acidental. A estimativa de distribuição de Tanner estendeu-se mais acima no Rio Arkansas e Rio Canadian, com base nos relatórios das aves de SW Woodhouse a oeste de Fort Smith, Arkansas, e um avistamento feito por Edwin James nas cachoeiras do Rio Canadian,[26] de qual não foram mencionados e possivelmente desconhecidos por Hasbrouck. O mapa de Tanner é atualmente aceito como o alcance original do pássaro,[27] mas existem vários registros fora do alcance de ambos os mapas, que foram ignorados ou rejeitados por Tanner, ou que surgiram após sua análise. A sudoeste da estimativa de alcance de Tanner, a ave foi relatada ao longo do Rio San Marcos e no Rio Guadalupe, bem como próximo a New Braunfels, por volta de 1900.[28]

Mais adiante do vale do Rio Ohio, William Fleming relatou atirar em um pica-pau-bico-de-marfim em Logan's Fort, Kentucky em 1780.[29] Restos de pica-paus-de-bico-de-marfim foram encontrados em montículos em Condado de Scioto, Ohio, que se inferiu serem de uma ave caçada localmente,[30] e inferências semelhantes foram tiradas de outros restos encontrados perto de Wheeling, Virgínia Ocidental.[31] Também existe um relato de um exemplar abatido e comido em Doddridge county, Virgínia Ocidental por volta de 1900.[32] Ao longo da costa do Atlântico, Hasbrouck definiu o limite norte da distribuição em torno de Fort Macon, Carolina do Norte com base em relatórios que não incluíam espécimes,[33] que foi rejeitado como não provado por Tanner, que usou o registro de um indivíduo que foi abatido a 12 milhas ao norte de Wilmington, Carolina do Norte por Alexander Wilson para definir o limite norte da distribuição.[24]

Existem registros da ave mais longe ao longo da costa atlântica; Thomas Jefferson incluiu-o como uma espécie existente no estado da Virgínia em Notes on the State of Virginia,[34] Audubon relatou que o pica-pau-bico-de-marfim pode ocasionalmente ser encontrado tão ao norte quanto Maryland,[35] e Pehr Kalm relatou que era uma ave presente sazonalmente em Swedesboro, Nova Jersey em meados do século XVIII.[36] Mais para o interior, Wilson relatou ter atirado em um bico de marfim a oeste de Winchester, Virginia. [32] Ossos recuperados em Etowah Mounds na Geórgia acredita-se que venha de aves caçadas localmente. [28]

Dentro de sua área, o pica-pau-bico-de-marfim não é bem distribuído, mas altamente concentrado localmente em áreas onde o habitat é adequado e onde grandes quantidades de alimento apropriado podem ser encontrados.[27]

O conhecimento da ecologia e do comportamento do pica-pau-de-bico-de-marfim é amplamente derivado do estudo de James Tanner de vários indivíduos observados em uma área de floresta ao longo do Rio Tensas, no final dos anos 1930. Até que ponto esses dados podem ser extrapolados para o estudo dessas aves como um todo permanece uma questão em aberto.[37] São encontrados em habitats incluindo; pântanos densos, floresta comparativamente antigas e florestas de pinheiros altos de Cuba, são lugares confirmados como o habitat adequado para a espécie, porém se esta não for a lista de ambientes completa, a lista não está clara.[38] Na região do rio Tensas, Tanner estima que havia um par de aves por 44 km2 (17 sq mi). A partir de dados históricos, ele estimou que havia um par de aves por 25 km2 (10 sq mi) nos pântanos da Califórnia, e no norte da Flórida, um par por 16 km2 (6 sq mi) ao longo do rio Wacissa, ele concluiu que essas aves precisam de grandes quantidades de território adequado para encontrar comida suficiente para alimentar a si mesmas e conseguirem nidificar, e assim deve-se esperar que ocorram em baixas densidades, mesmo em populações razoavelmente altas.[39] Após a Guerra Civil Americana, a indústria madeireira desmatou milhões de hectares no Sul dos Estados Unidos, deixando apenas áreas esparsas e isoladas de fragmentos florestais. Combinado com as exigências de ambiente, isso se tornou o entendimento geral do motivo do declínio da população de pica-paus-bico-de-marfim. Esta ideia foi contestada por Noel Snyder, que argumentou que a caça, em vez da perda de habitat, foi a principal causa do declínio da população. Ele argumentou que as estimativas da população de Tanner foram feitas de uma população já em queda e as necessidades de habitat apropriado eram significativamente menores.[40]

A base da alimentação do pica-pau-bico-de-marfim são larvas de besouro, com cerca de metade do conteúdo estomacal registrado composto de larvas de besouro grandes, particularmente de espécies de besouro da família Cerambycidae,[41] com besouros Scolytidae também fazendo parte da dieta.[42] Também alimenta-se matéria vegetal significativa, com conteúdo estomacal registrado, incluindo frutas de magnólia do sul, noz-pecã,[41] bolotas,[42] nozes de Cayra, e sementes de heras venenosas.[43] Também foi observado que eles se alimentam de uvas selvagens, caquis e derivados das árvores do género Celtis[44] Para caçar larvas em árvores mortas, usa seu bico enorme para martelar, cunhar e descascar a casca das árvores para acessar seus túneis. O pássaro não sofria com competição por alimento; já que nenhuma outra espécie presente em sua área é capaz de remover a casca rígida com tanta eficácia como o pica-pau-bico-de-marfim.[45]

Reprodução e ciclo de vida

 src=
Macho retorna ao ninho, abril de 1935

Acredita-se que o pica-pau-bico-de-marfim viviam juntos para o resto da vida. Os casais também viajam juntos. Esses casais acasalam todos os anos entre janeiro e maio. Ambos os pais trabalham juntos para escavar uma cavidade em uma árvore a cerca de 15-70m[46] do solo antes de terem seus filhotes, com dados limitados indicando uma preferência por árvores vivas[47] ou parcialmente mortas, evitando-se as podres.[46] As cavidades dos ninhos estão normalmente dentro ou logo abaixo de tocos quebrados em árvores vivas, onde a madeira é mais fácil de escavar, e o toco saliente pode fornecer proteção contra chuva e deixar a abertura na sombra, fornecendo alguma proteção contra predadores.[48] Não há registros claros de cavidades de ninho sendo reutilizadas, e pica-paus-bico-de-marfim, como a maioria dos pica-paus, provavelmente escavam um novo ninho a cada ano.[49]

Os ovos são normalmente postos em abril ou maio, com alguns registros de ovos postos em meados de fevereiro.[49] Uma segunda ninhada só foi observada quando a primeira falhou.[50] Normalmente, até três ovos brancos brilhantes são postos, medindo em média 3.5 cm por 2.5 cm,[42]embora tenham sido observados ninhos de até seis ovos e ninhadas de até quatro filhotes.[51] Nenhum ninho foi observado para a duração da incubação, portanto o tempo para os ovos serem chocados permanece desconhecido, embora Tanner tenha estimado em aproximadamente 20 dias.[52] Os pais incubam os ovos cooperativamente, com o macho sendo observado incubando durante a noite, e o casal normalmente trocam de lugar a cada duas horas durante o dia, com um forrageando e outra incubando. Assim que os filhotes nascem, ambos os pais procuram alimentos para lhes trazer comida. [53] Os jovens aprendem a voar cerca de 7 a 8 semanas após a eclosão. Os pais continuam a alimentá-los por mais dois meses. A família acaba se separando no final do outono ou início do inverno.

Os pica-paus-de-bico-de-marfim não são migratórios, e os pares são frequentemente observados para nidificar a algumas centenas de metros dos ninhos anteriores, ano após ano.[50] Embora os pica-paus-de-bico-de-marfim se alimentem dentro de um território semirregular a poucos quilômetros de seu ninho/poleiro, eles não são territoriais; nenhum registro é conhecido de pica-paus-bico-de-marfim protegendo seus territórios de outros indivíduos de sua especie quando se encontram. [54] De fato, em muitos casos, o pica-pau-bico-de-marfim foi observado agindo como um pássaro social, com grupos de quatro ou cinco se alimentando juntos em uma única árvore, e até onze observados alimentando-se no mesmo local. [55] Da mesma forma, os pica-paus-de-bico-de-marfim foram observados se alimentando da mesma árvore que o único outro grande pica-pau com o qual compartilham sua área de distribuição, o pica-pau-pilado, porém sem nenhuma interação hostil. [56] Embora não seja migratório, o pica-pau-de-marfim é às vezes descrito como nômade;[57] se mudam de tempos em tempos para áreas onde desastres como incêndios ou inundações criaram grandes quantidades de madeira morta e, subsequentemente, uma grande número de larvas de besouro surjam, servindo como fonte de alimentação.[27]

A estimativa de vida de um pica-pau-bico-de-marfim não é conhecida, mas outros pica-paus do género Campephilus não vivem mais de 15 anos, então esse valor às vezes é usado como uma estimativa.[58] Nenhuma espécie (além dos humanos) é conhecida como predadora de pica-paus-de-bico-de-marfim. No entanto, foi observado que eles exibem comportamentos de resposta à predador em relação ao falcão-do-tanoeiro e ao falcão-de-ombros-vermelhos.[45]

Estado de conservação

 src=
Pica-pau fêmea voltando ao ninho, abril de 1935, da expedição do trato Singer de Allen, Kellogg, Tanner e Sutton. Este pássaro era membro da última população universalmente aceita de pica-paus-de-bico-de-marfim a viver nos Estados Unidos.

A intensa atividade madeireira exacerbada pela caça por coletores devastou a população de pica-paus-de-bico-de-marfim no final do século XIX. Em geral, era considerado extremamente raro e alguns ornitólogos acreditavam que ele estava extinto na década de 1920. Em 1924, Arthur Augustus Allen encontrou um casal em nidificação na Flórida, que taxidermistas locais atiraram em busca de espécimes.[59] Em 1932, um representante do estado da Louisiana, Mason Spencer de Tallulah, Louisiana, matou um pica-pau bico de marfim ao longo do rio Tensas e levou o espécime para o seu escritório estadual da vida selvagem em Baton Rouge, Louisiana.[60] Como resultado, Arthur Allen, professor de ornitologia da Cornell Peter Paul Kellogg, o estudante de PhD James Tanner, e o artista aviário George Miksch Sutton organizaram uma expedição para a Luisiana afim de registrar imagens e sons de pássaros ameaçados de extinção nos Estados Unidos.[59] A equipe localizou uma população de pica-paus em Madison Parish no nordeste da Louisiana, em uma seção da floresta antiga chamada área Singer, de propriedade da Singer Sewing Company, onde os direitos de exploração madeireira eram detidos pela Chicago Mill and Lumber Company. A equipe fez as únicas gravações de áudio e filmagens universalmente aceitas do pica-pau-bico-de-marfim.[61] A National Audubon Society tentou comprar os direitos de extração de madeira para o trato e para o habitat e pássaros poderiam ser preservados, mas a empresa rejeitou a oferta. Tanner passou 1937-1939 estudando os pica-paus-de-bico-de-marfim no trato Singer e viajando pelo sul dos Estados Unidos em busca de outras populações como parte de seu trabalho de tese. Naquela época, ele estimou que havia 22–24 indivíduos restantes, dos quais 6–8 estavam no trato Singer. O último avistamento universalmente aceito de um pica-pau bico de marfim nos Estados Unidos foi feito no trato Singer pelo artista da Audubon Society Don Eckelberry em abril de 1944,[62] quando a extração de madeira do trato foi quase concluída.[63]

O pica-pau-bico-de-marfim foi listado como em risco de extinção em 11 de março de 1967, pelo Serviço de Pesca e Vida Selvagem dos Estados Unidos. Foi avaliado como criticamente ameaçado pela International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources,[1] e é categorizado como provavelmente extinto ou oficialmente extinto pela American Birding Association.[64] Uma revisão de cinco anos feita pelo Serviço de Pesca e Vida Selvagem recomendou que o pica-pau-bico-de-marfim fosse removido da lista de espécies ameaçadas devido à extinção. Em setembro de 2021, a espécie foi declarada extinta pelo Serviço de Pesca e Vida Selvagem.[65]

Apesar disso, é necessário ressaltar que alguns especialistas da area vieram a discordar dessa declaração, como é o caso do professor Geoffrey Hill, da universidade de Auburn. Para ele, considerar a espécie como extinta não é algo novo, e algo errôneo, visto que os fatores que levaram a tal declaração são muito diferentes dos que se aplicaram a outras das 23 espécies da lista. Segundo ele, a população de pica-paus-de-bico-de-marfim não é avistada justamente por conta de chegar a um ponto onde são tão adversos a contato humano, que é praticamente impossível registrá-los de formas convencionais.[66]

Na cultura popular

O personagem Pica-Pau parece um Campephilus melanoleucos mas o pica-pau-bico-de-marfim é a espécie do personagem de desenho animado Pica-Pau. No episódio "Dumb Like a Fox" ("Esperto Contra Sabido", na versão brasileira), do desenho animado Woody Woodpecker, um museu oferece a recompensa de 25 dólares para quem capturar um "Campephilus principalis", o qual é o próprio Pica-Pau.[67][68]

Ver também

  • Woody Woodpecker — desenho animado clássico protagonizado por um pica-pau fictício.

Referências

  1. a b c BirdLife International (2020). «Campephilus principalis». Lista Vermelha de Espécies Ameaçadas. 2020: e.T22681425A182588014 |acessodata= requer |url= (ajuda)no identifier
  2. «Ivory-billed Woodpecker Campephilus principalis». Consultado em 29 de setembro de 2021. Arquivado do original em 21 de outubro de 2018
  3. «Annual Report of the ABA Checklist Committee: 2007 – Flight Path» (PDF). Consultado em 13 de novembro de 2012. Arquivado do original (PDF) em 4 de Dezembro de 2008
  4. Einhorn, Catrin (29 de setembro de 2021). «Protected Too Late: U.S. Officials Report More Than 20 Extinctions». The New York Times (em inglês). ISSN 0362-4331. Consultado em 29 de setembro de 2021
  5. Catesby, Mark (1731). Royal Society House, ed. Natural History of Carolina, Florida, and the Bahamas 1 ed. London: [s.n.] p. 16. Consultado em 7 de outubro de 2019. Arquivado do original em 7 de Outubro de 2019
  6. Polaszek, Andrew (2010). CRC Press, ed. Systema Naturae 250 - The Linnaean Ark. Boca Raton, Flórida: [s.n.] p. 34. ISBN 9781420095029
  7. Linnaeus, Carl (1758). Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, Secundum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Synonymis, Locis, Vol. I (em latim). v.1 10th revised ed. Holmiae: (Laurentii Salvii). p. 113. Consultado em 30 de setembro de 2019. Arquivado do original em 7 de outubro de 2019
  8. Gray, George Robert (1840). A List of the Genera of Birds : with an Indication of the Typical Species of Each Genus. Londres: R. and J.E. Taylor. p. 54. Consultado em 30 de setembro de 2019. Arquivado do original em 10 de Agosto de 2019
  9. «Status review on Ivory-billed Woodpecker». Endangered Species Technical Bulletin. 10 (5). US Fish and Wildlife Service. 1985. p. 7. Consultado em 29 de setembro de 2021. Arquivado do original em 22 de Julho de 2021
  10. Erro de citação: Etiqueta inválida; não foi fornecido texto para as refs de nome dennis1948
  11. Jackson, Jerome A. (9 de Maio de 2006). In Search of the Ivory-Billed Woodpecker. [S.l.]: HarperCollins. p. 197. ISBN 978-0-06-089155-8. Consultado em 30 de setembro de 2021. Arquivado do original em 22 de Julho de 2021
  12. a b Fleischer, Robert C.; Kirchman, Jeremy J.; Dumbacher, John P.; Bevier, Louis; Dove, Carla; Rotzel, Nancy C.; Edwards, Scott V.; Lammertink, Martjan; Miglia, Kathleen J.; Moore, William S. (2006). «Mid-Pleistocene divergence of Cuban and North American ivory-billed woodpeckers». Biology Letters. 2 (#3): 466–469. PMC . PMID 17148432. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2006.0490
  13. Leonard, Pat; Miyoko (2006). «DNA Fragments Yield Ivory-bill's Deep History». Cornell Lab of Ornithology. BirdScope. 20 (#4). Cópia arquivada em 5 de Junho de 2011
  14. Gill, Frank; Donsker, David (2019). «Woodpeckers». World Bird List Version 9.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Consultado em 28 de setembro de 2021. Arquivado do original em 25 de Janeiro de 2020 Parâmetro desconhecido |autor1-link= ignorado (ajuda)
  15. Tanner, James T. (9 de Junho de 2003). The Ivory-Billed Woodpecker. [S.l.]: Courier Corporation. p. 101. ISBN 978-0-486-42837-6. Consultado em 27 de setembro de 2021. Arquivado do original em 2 de Abril de 2021
  16. «USFWS/NCTC - History and Heritage». training.fws.gov. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. 21 de Fevereiro, 2014. Consultado em 27 de setembro de 2021. Cópia arquivada em 10 de Maio, 2015 Verifique data em: |arquivodata=, |data= (ajuda)
  17. Hoose (2004), pagina 92
  18. Winkler, Hans; Christie, David A.; Nurney, David (1995). Woodpeckers: An Identification Guide to the Woodpeckers of the World. [S.l.]: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-395-72043-1
  19. Tanner, James T. (9 de Junho de 2003). The Ivory-Billed Woodpecker. [S.l.]: Courier Corporation. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-486-42837-6. Consultado em 29 de setembro de 2021. Arquivado do original em 22 de Julho de 2021
  20. Wayne, Arthur T. (Outubro de 1905). «A Rare Plumage of the Ivory-billed Woodpecker». The Auk. 22 (4): 414. JSTOR 4070014. doi:10.2307/4070014
  21. Jackson, Jerome. «Ivory-billed Woodpecker». Birds of North America Online. Consultado em 30 de setembro de 2021. Arquivado do original em 20 de Outubro de 2009 Parâmetro desconhecido |abo= ignorado (ajuda)
  22. Hasbrouck, Edwin M. (Abril de 1891). «The Present Status of the Ivory-Billed Woodpecker (Campephilus principalis)». The Auk. 8 (2): 174–186. JSTOR 4068072. doi:10.2307/4068072. Consultado em 28 de outubro de 2021. Arquivado do original em 17 Junho de 2020
  23. Cooke, Wells Woodbridge (1888). «Report on Bird Migration in the Missipi Valley in the Years 1884 and 1885». U.S. Government Printing Office. Bulletin (2): 128
  24. a b Tanner (1942), page 3
  25. Cox, Edward Travers (1869), First Annual Report of the Geological Survey of Indiana, Made During the Year 1869, Indianapolis: Alexander H. Conner, consultado em 28 de outubro de 2020, arquivado do original em 22 de Julho de 2021
  26. Tanner (1942), pagina 12
  27. a b c Jackson (2004), page 47
  28. a b Erro de citação: Etiqueta inválida; não foi fornecido texto para as refs de nome recovery plan
  29. Schorger, A. W. (Dezembro de 1949). «An Early Record and Description of the Ivory-Billed Woodpecker in Kentucky». Wilson Ornithological Society. The Wilson Bulletin. 61 (4): 235. JSTOR 4157806
  30. Erro de citação: Etiqueta inválida; não foi fornecido texto para as refs de nome Wetmore43
  31. Parmalee, Paul W. (Junho de 1967). «Additional Noteworthy Records of Birds from Archaeological Sites». Wilson Ornithological Society. The Wilson Bulletin. 79 (2): 155–162. JSTOR 4159587
  32. a b Jackson (2004), page 264
  33. Coues, Elliott; Yarrow, H. C. (1878). «Notes on the Natural History of Fort Macon, N. C., and Vicinity.». Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 30 (4): 21–28. JSTOR 4060358
  34. Jefferson, Thomas (1787). «6». Notes on the State of Virginia. [S.l.]: John Stockdale. p. 113
  35. Audubon, John James (1842). The Birds of America. IV. [S.l.]: J.J. Audubon. p. 214. Consultado em 1 de outubro de 2021. Arquivado do original em 22 de agosto de 2021
  36. Travels into North America: Containing Its Natural History, and a Circumstantial Account of Its Plantations and Agriculture in General; with the Civil, Ecclesiastical and Commercial State of the Country, the Manners of the Inhabitants, and Several Curious and Important Remarks on Various Subjects. 1 2 ed. Londres: T. Lowndes. 1772. p. 377
  37. Gallagher, Tim (2005). The Grail Bird: Hot on the Trail of the Ivory-billed Woodpecker. [S.l.]: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 53. ISBN 0-618-45693-7. Consultado em 3 de outubro de 2021. Arquivado do original em 22 de junho de 2021
  38. Leese, Benjamin E. (2006). «Woodpecker Campephilus prinicpalis in Ohio». Ohio Cardinal. 29 (4): 181–188. Consultado em 3 de outubro de 2021. Arquivado do original em 23 de agosto de 2020
  39. Jackson (2004), page 50
  40. Snyder, Noel F. R. (2007). An Alternative Hypothesis for the Cause of the Ivory-billed Woodpecker's Decline. [S.l.]: Western Foundation of Vertebrate Zoology. pp. 41–44. Consultado em 3 de outubro de 2021. Arquivado do original em 22 de julho de 2021
  41. a b Jackson (2004), page 24
  42. a b c Allen, Arthur Augustus. «Ivory-billed woodpecker». In: Arthur Cleveland Bent. Life Histories of Familiar North American Birds. [S.l.: s.n.] Arquivado do original|arquivourl= requer |url= (ajuda) em |arquivourl= requer |arquivodata= (ajuda) Parâmetro desconhecido |capitulourl= ignorado (ajuda); Parâmetro desconhecido |arquivoata= ignorado (ajuda); |acessodata= requer |url= (ajuda)
  43. Jackson (2004), page 25
  44. Audubon (1837), page 217
  45. a b Tanner (1942), page 54
  46. a b Erro de citação: Etiqueta inválida; não foi fornecido texto para as refs de nome StevensonAnderson1994
  47. Ojeda, Valeria; Chazarretab, Laura (15 de novembro de 2014). «Home range and habitat use by Magellanic Woodpeckers in an old-growth forest of Patagonia». Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 44 (10): 1265–1273. doi:10.1139/cjfr-2013-0534
  48. Jackson (2004), page 33
  49. a b Jackson (2004), page 28
  50. a b Allen, Arthur A.; Kellog, P. Paul (1937). «Recent Observations on the Ivory-Billed Woodpecker». Auk. 54 (#2): 164–184. JSTOR 4078548. doi:10.2307/4078548. Consultado em 3 de outubro de 2021. Arquivado do original em 28 de fevereiro de 2019
  51. Jackson (2004), page 29
  52. Tanner (1942), página 72
  53. Jackson (2004), página 31
  54. Tanner (1942), página 65
  55. Jackson (2004), página 15
  56. Jackson (2004), página 41
  57. United States Army Corps of Engineers (1982). Atchafalaya Basin Floodway System: Environmental Impact Statement. [S.l.: s.n.] Consultado em 29 de setembro de 2021. Arquivado do original em 22 de maio de 2021
  58. Swarthout, Elliott; Rohrbaugh, Ron (2 de outubro 2018). «What's next for the Big Woods Conservation Partnership and the Ivory-billed Woodpecker». Birdwatching Daily. Consultado em 3 de outubro de 2021. Arquivado do original em 23 de setembro de 2020
  59. a b «Studying a Vanishing Bird». The Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Consultado em 29 de setembro de 2021. Arquivado do original em 12 de dezembro de 2009
  60. «History of the Ivorybill: The Ivory-billed Woodpecker (Campephilus principalis), one of the largest woodpeckers known ... has become elusive to ornithologists as well as birdwatchers». ivorybill.org. Consultado em 29 de setembro de 2021. Arquivado do original em 4 de agosto de 2012
  61. Tensas River National Wildlife Refuge, U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, Ivory-Billed Woodpecker Records (Mss. 4171) Arquivado 5 janeiro 2015 no Wayback Machine, Louisiana and Lower Mississippi Valley Collections, Louisiana State University Libraries, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA (accessed 02/18/2015)
  62. Gallagher (2005), página 16
  63. Weidensaul, Scott (2005): Ghost of a chance Arquivado 28 maio 2014 no Wayback Machine. Smithsonian Magazine. August 2005: pp. 97–102.
  64. «ABA Checklist». American Birding Association. Consultado em 3 de outubro de 2021. Arquivado do original em 11 de outubro de 2019
  65. Einhorn, Catrin (29 de setembro de 2021). «Protected Too Late: U.S. Officials Report More Than 20 Extinctions». The New York Times (em inglês). ISSN 0362-4331. Consultado em 29 de setembro de 2021
  66. Editor, Brian Woodham |. «Auburn professor refutes claim of ivory-billed woodpecker extinction». The Auburn Villager (em inglês). Consultado em 7 de outubro de 2021
  67. «Espécie que inspirou Pica-Pau do desenho será declarada extinta; nova lista nos EUA terá 22 animais». G1. Consultado em 29 de setembro de 2021
  68. Einhorn, Catrin (29 de setembro de 2021). «Protected Too Late: U.S. Officials Report More Than 20 Extinctions». The New York Times (em inglês). ISSN 0362-4331. Consultado em 30 de setembro de 2021

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Pica-pau-bico-de-marfim: Brief Summary ( البرتغالية )

المقدمة من wikipedia PT

O pica-pau-bico-de-marfim (Campephilus principalis) é uma espécie de pica-pau possivelmente extinto, nativo dos pântanos norte-americanos e das florestas temperadas de coníferas do sul dos Estados Unidos e de Cuba. A destruição de seu habitat e a caça reduziram as populações de forma tão devastadora que a espécie está listada como Criticamente Ameaçada na Lista Vermelha da IUCN, e como "definitivamente ou provavelmente extinta" pela American Birding Association. O último avistamento universalmente aceito de um pica-pau-bico-de-marfim americano ocorreu na Luisiana em 1944, e o último avistamento universalmente aceito de um pica-pau-bico-de-marfim cubano ocorreu em 1987; relatos esporádicos de avistamentos e outras evidências da persistência da espécie continuaram desde então. No século XXI, relatos de avistamentos e análises de gravações de áudio e vídeo foram publicados em revistas científicas revisadas por pares como evidência de que a espécie persiste em Arkansas, Luisiana e Flórida. Vários investimentos em terras e a restauração de seu habitat foram iniciados em áreas onde avistamentos e outras evidências sugeriram uma probabilidade relativamente alta da existência da espécie, para proteger quaisquer indivíduos sobreviventes. Em setembro de 2021, a espécie foi declarada extinta pelo Serviço de Pesca e Vida Selvagem dos Estados Unidos. A IUCN não mudou sua avaliação sobre a espécie.

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Elfenbensnäbb ( السويدية )

المقدمة من wikipedia SV

Elfenbensnäbb[2] (Campephilus principalis) är en amerikansk fågelart som länge befarats vara utdöd. Den var, eller är, den största hackspetten i Nordamerika.

Utbredning, biotop och taxonomi

Arten har tidigare förekommit fåtaligt i sydöstra USA och på Kuba och den delas upp i två underarter:[3]

  • C. p principalis - nominatformen förekom i sydöstra USA
  • C. p. bairdii (Cassin, 1863) - förekom på Kuba.

Den förekom både i låglänta skogar med lövträd och höglänta skogar med barrträd, lövträd eller blandskog. Historiska utsagor gör gällande att den behövde stora revir och återfanns bara fåtaligt i stora obrutna skogsområden.

Status

Den sista säkra observationen av nominatformen C. p principalis gjordes i nordöstra Louisiana 1944. 2004 rapporterades det att den återfunnits i östra Arkansas i området Big Woods. Arten sägs också ha observerats vid ett flertal tillfällen sedan 2005 i området kring floden Choctawhatchee i Florida.[4] Bevisen som lagts fram utgörs av en videoinspelning av låg kvalitet, ljudinspelningar och ett antal observationer. Dock förekommer det fortfarande inga ovedersägliga bevis för att arten fortfarande existerar. Internationella naturvårdsunionen IUCN kategoriserar den ändå trots allt fortfarande som akut hotad, inte utdöd.[1]

På grund av habitatförlust försvann C. p. bairdii och tros idag vara utdöd. Den sista säkra observationera skedde 1986 och 1987 i bergsområdet Sierra de Moa i norra Orienteprovinsen på östra Kuba.

Referenser

Noter

  1. ^ [a b] BirdLife International 2013 Campephilus principalis Från: IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.1 www.iucnredlist.org. Läst 2014-01-23.
  2. ^ Sveriges ornitologiska förening (2017) Officiella listan över svenska namn på världens fågelarter, läst 2017-02-14
  3. ^ Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, D. Roberson, T. A. Fredericks, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood (2016) The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: Version 2016 http://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download, läst 2016-08-11
  4. ^ Dr. Geoffrey E. Hill (2009) Ivory-billed Woodpeckers in the Florida Panhandle Arkiverad 14 juli 2007 hämtat från the Wayback Machine., Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, läst 2009-03-24

Källor

  • BirdLife International 2008. Campephilus principalis. I: IUCN 2008. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. . Läst 24 mars 2009.
  • Lars Larsson (2001) Birds of the World, CD-rom

Externa länkar

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Elfenbensnäbb: Brief Summary ( السويدية )

المقدمة من wikipedia SV

Elfenbensnäbb (Campephilus principalis) är en amerikansk fågelart som länge befarats vara utdöd. Den var, eller är, den största hackspetten i Nordamerika.

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Fildişi gagalı ağaçkakan ( التركية )

المقدمة من wikipedia TR
 src=
1935 yılında çekilen, erkek fildişi gagalı ağaçkakana ait bir fotoğraf

Fildişi gagalı ağaçkakan, erkeklerin başının arkasında taşıdığı büyük kırmızı sorguçla tanınan, 50 cm'yi aşan boyuyla ağaçkakanlar arasında en büyük ikinci tür olarak kayıtlara geçen canlı. Ağaçkakanlar familtasında büyüklük açısından önde gelen Meksika İmparatorluk Ağaçkakanı gibi soyu tükenmiştir. Günümüzde bu kuşa hiç rastlanmamakla birlikte, 2000'lerde Stephen Lyn Bales adlı bir doğabilimcinin araştırmaları sonucu 2010 tarihli "Hayalet Kuşlar" kitabında kendine yer bulmuştur.[1]

Kaynakça

  1. ^ Popular Sience Türkiye, Mayıs 2014, s. 81
Stub icon Kuşlar ile ilgili bu madde bir taslaktır. Madde içeriğini geliştirerek Vikipedi'ye katkıda bulunabilirsiniz.
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Fildişi gagalı ağaçkakan: Brief Summary ( التركية )

المقدمة من wikipedia TR
 src= 1935 yılında çekilen, erkek fildişi gagalı ağaçkakana ait bir fotoğraf

Fildişi gagalı ağaçkakan, erkeklerin başının arkasında taşıdığı büyük kırmızı sorguçla tanınan, 50 cm'yi aşan boyuyla ağaçkakanlar arasında en büyük ikinci tür olarak kayıtlara geçen canlı. Ağaçkakanlar familtasında büyüklük açısından önde gelen Meksika İmparatorluk Ağaçkakanı gibi soyu tükenmiştir. Günümüzde bu kuşa hiç rastlanmamakla birlikte, 2000'lerde Stephen Lyn Bales adlı bir doğabilimcinin araştırmaları sonucu 2010 tarihli "Hayalet Kuşlar" kitabında kendine yer bulmuştur.

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Gõ kiến mỏ ngà ( الفيتنامية )

المقدمة من wikipedia VI

Campephilus principalis là một loài chim trong họ Picidae.[2]

Hình ảnh

Chú thích

  1. ^ BirdLife International (2013). Campephilus principalis. Sách Đỏ IUCN các loài bị đe dọa. Phiên bản 2013.2. Liên minh Bảo tồn Thiên nhiên Quốc tế. Truy cập ngày 26 tháng 11 năm 2013.
  2. ^ Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, B.L. Sullivan, C. L. Wood, and D. Roberson (2012). “The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: Version 6.7.”. Truy cập ngày 19 tháng 12 năm 2012.

Tham khảo


Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết liên quan đến bộ Gõ kiến này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
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Gõ kiến mỏ ngà: Brief Summary ( الفيتنامية )

المقدمة من wikipedia VI

Campephilus principalis là một loài chim trong họ Picidae.

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Белоклювый дятел ( الروسية )

المقدمة من wikipedia русскую Википедию
 src=
Сравнительный рисунок головы самца (сбоку и снизу) и самки

Третий по величине вид дятловых после близкого ему мексиканского императорского дятла (Campephilus imperialis) и большого мюллерова дятла (Mulleripicus pulverulentus) из Юго-Восточной Азии. Длина птицы составляет 48—53 см, размах крыльев 76—80 см, а масса 450—570 г[10][11]. Оперение большей части тела блестяще-чёрное в одних местах или контрастно белое в других. Белый цвет выражен двумя широкими белыми полосами по бокам от середины щёк до середины спины, где они смыкаются, нижней частью спины и крыльев, за исключением внешнего края трёх наружных маховых перьев первого порядка и плечевых перьев. На затылке имеется острый хохол, который у самцов выглядит ярко-красным с чёрной каёмкой сверху, а у самок чёрным. Радужная оболочка глаз белого или кремового цвета. Клюв широкий в основании, долотообразный, слегка изогнутый на вершине, окрашен в цвет слоновой кости. Над ноздрями развиты пучки белых перьев. Ноги тёмные, свинцово-серого цвета. Шея достаточно тонкая и длинная, из-за чего голова с большим хохолком выглядит непропорционально большой. За исключением разного цвета хохолка, самец и самка выглядят одинаково. Молодые птицы похожи на взрослых особей, однако хохолок у них заметно короче, чёрное оперение имеет более бурый оттенок, а радужная оболочка глаз каряя[12][11].

Поведение

Характер полёта несколько отличается от многих других представителей семейства: в то время, когда у других видов он волнообразный, у белоклювого дятла он более мощный и прямолинейный. Во время путешествия они не перепрыгивают с ветки на ветку, а летят над верхушками деревьев[13]. Издаёт громкие носовые звуки, похожие на трубные, что-то вроде «кент-кент-кент», который хорошо слышен на большом расстоянии. Кроме того, он известен уникальным двойным перестуком, которым он долбит дерево. Учёные полагают, что таким образом дятлы предупреждают о своём присутствии[13].

Отличия от близких видов

На территории Северной Америки внешнее сходство и близкие размеры с белоклювым дятлом имеют ещё два вида дятловых: такой же редкий (если не вымерший) императорский дятел и хохлатая желна (Dryocopus pileatus). У хохлатой желны клюв несколько короче и более тёмный; по бокам головы, начиная от основания надклювья, имеются поперечные белые полосы, а также белые полосы над глазами. Нижняя часть спины желны полностью чёрная, а хохолок полностью красный, без чёрной каёмки. Императорский дятел крупнее белоклювого и имеет более длинный и тонкий хохолок. Продольные белые полосы, так хорошо заметные у белоклювого дятла, у императорского отсутствуют.

Распространение

Ранее обитал в юго-восточной части США, вдоль северного побережья Мексиканского залива, и на Кубе. Северная граница ареала проходила через долины рек Миссисипи и Миссури, а также Северную Каролину. Согласно записям второй половины XIX века известного немецкого натуралиста Альфреда Брема, на территории США встречался в Северной и Южной Каролине, Джорджии, на севере Флориды, Алабаме, Луизиане и Миссисипи, на востоке Техаса и в Арканзасе[12]. Местами обитания служили заболоченные широколиственные либо сосновые леса с большим количеством погибших и трухлявых деревьев, где дятлы вели оседлый образ жизни. Некоторые орнитологи предполагают, что дятлы кочевали в поисках корма и места для жилья[13]. Держались в глубине леса, выбирая самые глухие его участки, особенно в гнездовой период. Массовая вырубка лесов и окультуривание ландшафта стали основными причинами исчезновения данного вида[14].

Размножение

 src=
Самец и самка возле гнезда в Миссисипи. Снимок Сингера Тракта 1935 года

Моногамны (то есть на одного самца приходится только одна самка). Полагают, что пары сохраняются в течение всей жизни и повсюду держатся вместе. Исследователь Корнеллского университета Джеймс Таннер (англ. James T. Tanner), изучавший этих птиц в 1930-е годы, указал, что территория гнездовья составляет порядка 6 миль², то есть около 10 км²[13]. Спаривание происходит один раз в год, в январе-мае. Для гнезда выбирается мёртвое или гниющее дерево, в котором на высоте 8-15 м от земли выдалбливается дупло. Кладка состоит из 1-5 (в среднем 3) белых яиц[10], в насиживании участвуют оба родителя. Птенцы вылупляются голыми и беспомощными; за ними ухаживают и кормят как самец, так и самка; причём в ночное время ответственность за птенцов берёт на себя самец. Птенцы остаются в гнезде в течение примерно 5 недель, но ещё в течение года и даже дольше зависят от родителей[13].

Питание

Питается большей частью личинками крупных насекомых-ксилофагов: усачей, златок, короедов, щелкунов, древоедов. В меньшей степени употребляет в пищу сочные плоды растений, ягоды и орехи[15][16]. По наблюдениям Джона Одюбона, которые приводит в своей энциклопедии Брем, дятлы подвешивались к виноградным лозам подобно синицам[17]. В поисках корма он долбит мёртвые или почти мёртвые, но ещё стоящие вертикально, деревья. Имея очень большой, по сравнению с другими дятлами, клюв, способен одним ударом отрывать куски коры длиной 15—18 см, и за короткий промежуток времени зачистить значительный участок[17].

Птица и человек

Экологические проблемы

 src=
Фотография 1948 года на Кубе. Снимок Джона Денниса

Условия обитания белоклювого дятла по-своему уникальны, и их утрата вследствие человеческой деятельности явилось главной причиной сначала резкого падения численности, а затем и исчезновения этого вида. В начале заселения Америки европейцами на юго-востоке США существовали огромные заболоченные пространства, заполненные девственным лесом. Вследствие большой влажности старые деревья подгнивали, и служили хорошим местом для распространения различных древесных насекомых. В этих условиях и обитал дятел, находя здесь для себя лучшее место для прокорма и устройства гнёзд. После окончания Гражданской войны во второй половине XIX века территории стали активно заселяться и облагораживаться, и в результате чего площади, пригодные для проживания этих птиц, многократно уменьшились, а во многих местах и вовсе полностью исчезли. Например, в Арканзасе из 8 млн акров низинного леса, состоящего из твёрдых пород деревьев, на сегодняшний день сохранилось только 550 тыс., что составляет менее 10 % от первоначального[18].

Кроме изменения ландшафта, исчезновению дятла способствовало и их массовое истребление ради красивых перьев, индейских воинских украшений либо чучел. Многие источники, и в частности Альфред Брем, указывают на то, что индейцы издавна охотились на этих птиц, использовали их клювы в качестве украшений и даже торговали этим товаром по всей Северной Америке. Древние находки черепов этих птиц далеко за пределами их природного ареала доказывают, что такая торговля велась ещё задолго до появления европейцев. Кроме того, путешественники скупали головы птиц ради сувениров на память[10]. В результате неблагоприятных условий дятлы в США уже к 1880-м годам стали редкой птицей, а в 1920-е годы и вовсе исчезли. Последний раз одинокую самку случайно увидели в 1944 году, хотя на Кубе, где обитал ещё один подвид этой птицы, имелись отдельные сообщения о наблюдениях вплоть до 1986 года.

Поиски дятла

Усилия по нахождению белоклювого дятла в XX веке предпринимались неоднократно. Последняя достоверная фотография этих птиц была сделана в 1948 году на Кубе, когда Джон Деннис (John V. Dennis) и Дэвис Кромптон (Davis Crompton) нашли этих птиц гнездящимися в дупле мёртвой сосны в месте, далёком от описаний предыдущих исследователей[19][20]. В дальнейшем имелись лишь отдельные сообщения о наблюдении этих птиц, но ни одно из них не было подтверждено документально. В 1994 году Международный союз охраны природы признал птицу вымершей[21], однако после нескольких заслуживающих доверия утверждений о её наблюдении на юге США было принято решение повысить статус до критического[14].

С новой силой поиски возобновились после того, как в 1999 году студент-зоолог Дэйвид Куливан (David Kulivan) сообщил, что видел пару дятлов в долине реки Перл в юго-восточной Луизиане. Университет штата Луизиана зимой 2002 года организовал поисковую экспедицию в указанное место, однако визуальных доказательств добыть не смог. Участники экспедиции всё же записали характерный для данного дятла стук, который позднее был идентифицирован как отдалённый звук оружейной стрельбы[19][22].

Ещё больший резонанс получило сообщение 2004 года. Американец Джин Спарлинг (Gene Sparling), путешествующий на байдарке в заболоченных лесах Арканзаса (территория заказника Cache River National Wildlife Refuge[en], округ Монро), увидел необычную птицу, о чём сообщил в журнал Корнеллского университета[9][23]. Весной была организована экспедиция под началом директора орнитологической лаборатории этого университета Джона Фицпатрика (John Fitzpatrick). Согласно отчёту, который был опубликован в журнале Science, участникам экспедиции после долгих поисков всё же удалось разыскать и снять на видео одинокого самца. Хотя качество съёмки, датированной 25 апреля 2004 года, оказалось невысоким, в результате споров учёные пришли к выводу, что заснятая птица действительно является белоклювым дятлом. Об этом свидетельствовали, в частности, общие размеры, характерный рисунок крыла у летящей и отдыхающей птицы, и белый участок оперения на спине[7].

После появления статьи федеральное правительство выделило дополнительные средства на поиски птицы, однако каких-либо новых визуальных материалов представлено не было, несмотря на многочисленные экспедиции и расставленные фотоловушки. Наиболее резонансной публикацией после второй половины 2000-х годов стала статья в журнале Avian Conservation and Ecology, написанная сотрудниками Обернского (Алабама) и Виндзорского (Онтарио) университетов. Руководители сводной группы исследователей орнитологи Джеффри Хилл (Geoffrey E. Hill) и Дэниел Менилл (Daniel Mennill) сообщили, что не менее 14 раз наблюдали дятлов на кипарисовых болотах на северо-западе Флориды. Учёные также записали около 300 звуковых файлов, которые могут быть ассоциированы с этой птицей[24]. Орнитологическое общество Флориды (Florida Ornithological Society) не подтвердило выводы учёных, поскольку они не представили биологические, фото или видео материалы, явно свидетельствующие в пользу существования дятла на территории штата[25].

Примечания

  1. Иноземцев А. А. Отряд Дятлообразные (Piciformes) // Жизнь животных. Том 6. Птицы / под ред. В. Д. Ильичева, А. В. Михеева, гл. ред. В. Е. Соколов. — 2-е изд. — М.: Просвещение, 1986. — С. 354—355. — 527 с.
  2. Фишер Д., Саймон Н., Винсент Д. Красная книга. Дикая природа в опасности / пер. с англ., под ред. А. Г. Банникова. — М.: Прогресс, 1976. — С. 349—352. — 478 с.
  3. Винокуров А. А. Редкие и исчезающие животные. Птицы : Справ. пособие / под ред. В. Е. Соколова. — М. : Высшая школа, 1992. — С. 294. — 446 с. : ил. — 100 000 экз.ISBN 5-06-002116-5.
  4. Коблик Е. А. Разнообразие птиц (по материалам экспозиции Зоологического музея МГУ). Часть 3. — М.: Издательство МГУ, 2001. — С. 166, 167. — 360 с. — ISBN 5-211-04072-4
  5. Бёме Р. Л., Флинт В. Е. Пятиязычный словарь названий животных. Птицы. Латинский, русский, английский, немецкий, французский / Под общ. ред. акад. В. Е. Соколова. — М.: Рус. яз., «РУССО», 1994. — С. 194. — 2030 экз.ISBN 5-200-00643-0.
  6. Галушин В. М., Дроздов Н. Н., Ильичев В. Д. и др. Фауна Мира: Птицы: Справочник / под ред. В. Д. Ильичева. — М.: Агропромиздат, 1991. — С. 202. — 311 с. — ISBN 5-10-001229-3
  7. 1 2 Fitzpatrick et al., 2005.
  8. 1 2 Вместо орнитологов вымирающих дятлов будут искать роботы (неопр.). Lenta.ru (20 февраля 2007). Проверено 11 декабря 2015. Архивировано 12 декабря 2015 года.
  9. 1 2 Кошкина, Эльвира. Белоклювый дятел, считавшийся вымершим, найден в Арканзасе (неопр.) (03 мая 2005). Проверено 11 декабря 2015. Архивировано 12 декабря 2015 года.
  10. 1 2 3 4 Jackson, 2002.
  11. 1 2 Winkler et al., 1995, p. 354.
  12. 1 2 Брем, 1893, p. 659.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 The Life of the Ivory-bill - Ecology and Behavior (неопр.). The Cornell Lab of Ornitology, Cornell University. Проверено 12 декабря 2015. Архивировано 12 декабря 2015 года.
  14. 1 2 Campephilus principalis (неопр.). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Международный союз охраны природы. Проверено 12 декабря 2015. Архивировано 12 декабря 2015 года.
  15. Winkler et al., 1995, p. 355.
  16. Winkler & Christie, 2002, p. 534.
  17. 1 2 Брем, 1893, p. 662.
  18. Bird of the Southern Wilderness. Habitat (неопр.). The Cornell Lab of Ornitology, Cornell University. Проверено 12 декабря 2015. Архивировано 12 декабря 2015 года.
  19. 1 2 Eberhart, 2002, p. 253.
  20. Ivory-billed Woodpecker Searches, 1948-1971 (неопр.). The Cornell Lab of Ornitology, Cornell University. Проверено 11 декабря 2015. Архивировано 12 декабря 2015 года.
  21. Mace, 1994, p. 54.
  22. Mayell, Hillary. "Extinct" Woodpecker Still Elusive, But Signs Are Good (неопр.). National Geographic News (20 февраля 2002). Проверено 12 декабря 2015. Архивировано 12 декабря 2015 года.
  23. The ivory-billed woodpecker once ranged through the swampy forests of the southeastern U.S. (неопр.). The Nature Conservancy. Проверено 12 декабря 2015. Архивировано 12 декабря 2015 года.
  24. Hill et al., 2006.
  25. Kratter, Andy. Fos Board Report (неопр.). Florida Ornithological Society Records Committee. Проверено 12 декабря 2015. Архивировано 12 декабря 2015 года.
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Белоклювый дятел: Brief Summary ( الروسية )

المقدمة من wikipedia русскую Википедию
 src= Сравнительный рисунок головы самца (сбоку и снизу) и самки

Третий по величине вид дятловых после близкого ему мексиканского императорского дятла (Campephilus imperialis) и большого мюллерова дятла (Mulleripicus pulverulentus) из Юго-Восточной Азии. Длина птицы составляет 48—53 см, размах крыльев 76—80 см, а масса 450—570 г. Оперение большей части тела блестяще-чёрное в одних местах или контрастно белое в других. Белый цвет выражен двумя широкими белыми полосами по бокам от середины щёк до середины спины, где они смыкаются, нижней частью спины и крыльев, за исключением внешнего края трёх наружных маховых перьев первого порядка и плечевых перьев. На затылке имеется острый хохол, который у самцов выглядит ярко-красным с чёрной каёмкой сверху, а у самок чёрным. Радужная оболочка глаз белого или кремового цвета. Клюв широкий в основании, долотообразный, слегка изогнутый на вершине, окрашен в цвет слоновой кости. Над ноздрями развиты пучки белых перьев. Ноги тёмные, свинцово-серого цвета. Шея достаточно тонкая и длинная, из-за чего голова с большим хохолком выглядит непропорционально большой. За исключением разного цвета хохолка, самец и самка выглядят одинаково. Молодые птицы похожи на взрослых особей, однако хохолок у них заметно короче, чёрное оперение имеет более бурый оттенок, а радужная оболочка глаз каряя.

Поведение

Характер полёта несколько отличается от многих других представителей семейства: в то время, когда у других видов он волнообразный, у белоклювого дятла он более мощный и прямолинейный. Во время путешествия они не перепрыгивают с ветки на ветку, а летят над верхушками деревьев. Издаёт громкие носовые звуки, похожие на трубные, что-то вроде «кент-кент-кент», который хорошо слышен на большом расстоянии. Кроме того, он известен уникальным двойным перестуком, которым он долбит дерево. Учёные полагают, что таким образом дятлы предупреждают о своём присутствии.

Отличия от близких видов

На территории Северной Америки внешнее сходство и близкие размеры с белоклювым дятлом имеют ещё два вида дятловых: такой же редкий (если не вымерший) императорский дятел и хохлатая желна (Dryocopus pileatus). У хохлатой желны клюв несколько короче и более тёмный; по бокам головы, начиная от основания надклювья, имеются поперечные белые полосы, а также белые полосы над глазами. Нижняя часть спины желны полностью чёрная, а хохолок полностью красный, без чёрной каёмки. Императорский дятел крупнее белоклювого и имеет более длинный и тонкий хохолок. Продольные белые полосы, так хорошо заметные у белоклювого дятла, у императорского отсутствуют.

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象牙喙啄木鳥 ( الصينية )

المقدمة من wikipedia 中文维基百科
二名法 Campephilus principalis
Linnaeus,1758) 亚种

象牙喙啄木鸟 Campephilus p. principalis
古巴象牙喙啄木鸟英语Cuban ivory-billed woodpecker Campephilus p. bairdii

象牙喙啄木鳥学名Campephilus principalis),又名象牙嘴啄木鳥,是一種瀕危,甚至已經滅絕啄木鳥

特徵

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雄鳥(上)與雌鳥(下)的分別。

象牙喙啄木鳥是世界上第二大的啄木鳥,最大的是墨西哥西部的帝啄木鳥。牠們長約50厘米,重570克,翼展長75厘米。牠們的頸部及背部呈藍黑色,有白色彩的斑紋,下顎呈黑色。翼面及翼底都有白邊,翼底前亦有白邊,形成中間有一條黑線,逐漸向翼端擴大。成鳥的喙呈象牙色,雛鳥的呈白堊色。頭上有冠,雛鳥及雌鳥的冠呈黑色,雄鳥的冠前邊呈黑色,後及側邊呈紅色。當站立及雙翼折合時,牠們下背部就像有一大幅呈三角形的白色,與北美黑啄木鳥Dryocopus pileatus)有所分別。

象牙喙啄木鳥的直喙強而有力,舌頭長而靈活,有刺及尖端堅硬。牠們的喙尖稍為扁平,在北美洲啄木鳥中算為獨特。牠們的叫聲像小號

棲息地及食性

象牙喙啄木鳥喜歡棲息在密林沼澤及針葉林。在美國內戰前,大部份美國南部都是適合牠們生活的原始森林覆蓋。當時牠們分佈在德克薩斯州韋部至北卡羅萊納州伊利諾伊州科羅拉多州古巴[2]內戰後,南部遭受伐林的影響,只餘下少量適合棲息的地方。

象牙喙啄木鳥主要吃樹棲的甲蟲幼蟲,且會吃種子果實及其他昆蟲。牠們將喙來錘入、鑽入及撕開枯樹尋找昆蟲。牠們每一對需要約25平方公里來搜尋足夠的食物,分佈得算為稀疏。較為普遍的北美黑啄木鳥會與牠們爭奪食物。

繁殖

象牙喙啄木鳥相信是與伴侶終生及一同遷徙的。牠們每年約於1月至5月交配。牠們會在枯樹上離地15米的地方鑿一個巢。每次生2-5隻,約需3-5星期來孵化。雙親都會孵蛋及照顧雛鳥,晚上主要是由雄鳥負責。雛鳥出生後5個星期就會學習飛行,但雙親仍會餵養雛鳥達2個月之久。在冬天雛鳥就會離開獨立生活。

保育狀況

象牙喙啄木鳥於1800年代因獵殺數量而大量下降。於1920年代,當兩隻象牙喙啄木鳥在科羅拉多州被射殺後,一般相信牠們已經滅絕了。

於1938年,在野外就估計只餘下20隻象牙喙啄木鳥,當中的6-8隻在路易斯安娜州的一個私人原始森林。這個森林最終亦被清理及伐林,最後的雌性象牙喙啄木鳥於1944年死去。[3]於1940年代至1990年代有多個聽見象牙喙啄木鳥叫聲的報告,但都不能證實。[4][5]牠們於1967年被列為瀕危物種,並於1994年列為滅絕,但後來因相信牠們仍然存在而改列為瀕危。

於2004年及2005年間,有指在美國阿肯色州發現最少一隻象牙喙啄木鳥。[6]但是,有些學者卻懷疑有關的發現,因為在這個地方未有發現象牙喙啄木鳥的屍體或巢穴[7],甚至懷疑所謂的象牙喙啄木鳥其實是北美黑啄木鳥[8]

參考

  1. ^ Campephilus principalis. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008. International Union for Conservation of Nature. 2008.
  2. ^ The search for the Ivory-billed Woodpecker. Cornell Lab of Ornithology. 2006 [2006-07-08].
  3. ^ Jackson, Jerome A. In Search of the Ivory-Billed Woodpecker. Smithsonian Institution Press. 2004: 98. ISBN 1-58834-132-1.
  4. ^ Keith, Stuart. The Little-Known Status and Distribution of the Ivory-billed Woodpecker. Worldtwitch. 1983 [2006-07-08].
  5. ^ Mendenhall, Matt. Reported Ivory-bill Sightings Since 1944. Birders World Magazine. 2005 [2006-07-08]. (原始内容存档于2006-06-15).
  6. ^ Fitzpatrick, John W.; Lammertink, Martjan; Luneau, M. David Jr.; Gallagher, Tim W.; Harrison, Bobby R.; Sparling, Gene M.; Rosenberg, Kenneth V.; Rohrbaugh, Ronald W.; Swarthout, Elliott C. H.; Wrege, Peter H.; Swarthout, Sara Barker; Dantzker, Marc S.; Charif, Russell A.; Barksdale, Timothy R.; Remsen, J. V. Jr; Simon, Scott D. & Zollner, Douglas. Ivory-billed woodpecker (Campephilus principalis) persists in continental North America (PDF). Science. 2005, 308 (5727): 1460–1462. doi:10.1126/science.1114103.
  7. ^ The Search for the Ivory-billed Woodpecker. Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Auguest 24, 2005 [2006-07-09]. 请检查|date=中的日期值 (帮助)
  8. ^ Dalton, Rex. Ivory-billed woodpecker raps on. BioEd Online. Auguest 02, 2005 [2006-07-09]. 请检查|date=中的日期值 (帮助)

外部連結

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象牙喙啄木鳥: Brief Summary ( الصينية )

المقدمة من wikipedia 中文维基百科

象牙喙啄木鳥(学名:Campephilus principalis),又名象牙嘴啄木鳥,是一種瀕危,甚至已經滅絕啄木鳥

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ハシジロキツツキ ( اليابانية )

المقدمة من wikipedia 日本語
ハシジロキツツキ ハシジロキツツキ 保全状況評価 CRITICALLY ENDANGERED (IUCN Red List Ver. 3.1 (2001))[1]
Status iucn3.1 CR.svg
分類 : 動物界 Animalia : 脊索動物門 Chordata 亜門 : 脊椎動物亜門 Vertebrata : 鳥綱 Aves : キツツキ目 Piciformes : キツツキ科 Picidae : Campephilus : ハシジロキツツキ
C. principalis 学名 Campephilus principalis
(Linnaeus, 1758) 和名 ハシジロキツツキ 英名 Ivory-billed Woodpecker

ハシジロキツツキ(嘴白啄木鳥、学名Campephilus principalis)は、キツツキ目キツツキ科に分類される鳥。

分布[編集]

形態[編集]

全長50センチメートル。キツツキ科の鳥の中では、メキシコ西部に生息する近縁種のテイオウキツツキ (C. imperialis) に次いで2番目に大型の種である。頭部は赤色で、嘴は肌色。顔から背中、翼の上半分、尾羽にかけては黒褐色で、翼の下半分は灰色。顔の横から背中の左右にかけて、白い帯が入る。

亜種[編集]

  • Campephilus principalis principalis アメリカハシジロキツツキ : 北アメリカ南東部
  • Campephilus principalis bairdii キューバハシジロキツツキ : キューバ

生態[編集]

森林に生息する。食性は昆虫食で、巨木の樹皮の下に潜む甲虫の幼虫などを捕食する。巨木に巣穴を掘り、繁殖に利用する。

人間との関わり[編集]

アメリカハシジロキツツキは森林伐採により生息数を減らし、1945年には絶滅が確定されたが、2005年に再発見された。キューバハシジロキツツキも森林伐採により1970年代に絶滅したとみられていたが、1986年4月に再発見された。1950年代から絶滅が危惧されており、国際保護鳥に指定されていた。

アニメーションキャラクター、ウッディー・ウッドペッカーのモデルとされている。

脚注[編集]

 src= ウィキメディア・コモンズには、ハシジロキツツキに関連するカテゴリがあります。  src= ウィキスピーシーズにハシジロキツツキに関する情報があります。
  1. ^ BirdLife International 2009. Campephilus principalis. In: IUCN 2010. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.2.

参考文献[編集]


執筆の途中です この項目は、鳥類に関連した書きかけの項目です。この項目を加筆・訂正などしてくださる協力者を求めていますポータル鳥類 - PJ鳥類)。
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ハシジロキツツキ: Brief Summary ( اليابانية )

المقدمة من wikipedia 日本語

ハシジロキツツキ(嘴白啄木鳥、学名:Campephilus principalis)は、キツツキ目キツツキ科に分類される鳥。

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wikipedia 日本語