Nyctophilus howensis McKean 1975

Nyctophilus howensis és una espècie de ratpenat de la família dels vespertiliònids. Viu a Austràlia. El seu hàbitat natural són les coves. Una possible amenaça significativa per a la supervivència d'aquesta espècie serien mussols i rates introduïts.^[1]

Referències

Die Lord-Howe-Großohrfledermaus (Nyctophilus howensis) ist eine höchstwahrscheinlich ausgestorbene Fledermausart aus der Gattung der Australischen Langohrfledermäuse (Nyctophilus) in der Familie der Glattnasen (Vespertilionidae). Die Art war auf der Lord-Howe-Insel endemisch und ist nur durch einen unvollständigen subfossilen Schädel und möglicherweise durch einen Reisebericht aus dem Jahr 1889 bekannt geworden.

Merkmale

Der Schädel wurde 1972 vom Paläontologen Gerard Frederick van Tets in einem Felsvorsprung eines kleinen Kraters in der in einem Palmenwald gelegenen Gooseberry Cave in North Head, Lord-Howe-Insel, zu Tage gefördert. Die Schädellänge beträgt 23,2 mm, die geschätzte Kopf-Rumpf-Länge ungefähr 80 mm und die geschätzte Unterarmlänge ungefähr 50 mm. Eine Altersbestimmung des Schädels durch die Chemieabteilung der University of Queensland, lässt auf ein Alter zwischen 50 und 100 Jahre schließen.^[1]

Status

Neben dem gefundenen Schädel könnte sich möglicherweise ein Reisebericht aus dem Jahr 1889 auf diese Art beziehen. Der englische Paläontologe Robert Etheridge, jr. (1846–1920) bemerkte in seinen Aufzeichnungen:

Vermutlich starb die Lord-Howe-Großohrfledermaus nach 1918 aus, als nach der Strandung der Makambo die Lord-Howe-Insel von Ratten überrannt wurde und mehrere endemische Tierarten (darunter fünf Vogelarten) innerhalb kurzer Zeit ausgerottet wurden. Bei späteren Suchexpeditionen konnte kein Exemplar der Lord-Howe-Großohrfledermaus mehr nachgewiesen werden.

Einzelnachweise

1. ↑ Duncan, A., Baker, G. B. and Montgomery, N. 1999. The Action Plan for Australian Bats. Environment Australia, Canberra, Australia.
2. ↑ Robert Etheridge: The general zoology of Lord Howe Island; containing also an account of the collections made by the Australian Museum Collecting Party, Aug.–Sept., 1887. In: Australian Museum Memoir. 2, Nr. 1, 1889, S. 1–42 doi:10.3853/j.0067-1967.2.1889.479

The Lord Howe long-eared bat (Nyctophilus howensis) was a vespertilionid bat known only by a single specimen, a skull found on Lord Howe Island in 1972. A mammalian insectivorous species resembling the long-eared Nyctophilus, with an elongated head that is comparatively larger, about which almost nothing is known. The bat may have been casually observed in flight during the twentieth century, but is likely to have become extinct since the island's discovery and occupation. The demise of N. howensis is possibly the result of shipwrecked rats and the owls introduced to control them.

Taxonomy

The taxon was published by John McKean in 1975 as a new species of the genus Nyctophilus.^[2] A revision of the genus (Parnaby, 2009), proposed that a reassessment of the status might separate this species to a new genus.^[3] The placement with genus Nyctophilus was regarded as an indefinite arrangement, being limited by a single and incomplete specimen of an unobserved species.^[4]

The holotype is incomplete subfossil material found on a ledge in a cavern during a survey by palaeontologist G. F. van Tets. A label with the specimen notes the type location as beyond the vine covered entrance to a cave, an ingress within an opening in the forest. The site is identified as Gooseberry Cave and located at the northern end of the island.^[3] The cavern where the holotype was located, probably consumed and deposited there by an owl, is detailed as a calcarenite cave.^[3][5]

Common names include Lord Howe island bat.^[6] The specific epithet combines 'Howe', the island named for Richard Howe, and ensis to mean 'inhabiting that place'.^[7]

Description

The species describes a vespertilionid bat, akin to the 'large-eared' species of Nyctophilus and Pharotis, with a large head and body indicated by the size of the skull. The palate is proportionally longer than the rows of teeth, and the head long and narrow. The fore-arm length would be around fifty millimetres, and weight estimated at 20 grams.^[8][4]

The only specimen is an almost complete skull, of unknown gender, missing some teeth and the periotic bones. The greatest length of the specimen is 23.09 millimetres, longer than those of the larger species of Nyctophilus, N. corbeni and N. major; other dimensions for the skull are also greater than these species. The side view is significantly lower in profile than others of the genus. The review of larger taxa named as Nyctophilus timoriensis by Parnaby in 2009, contains a rediagnosis of this species. This examines the relative size of cranial features, principally the greater size and low and narrow profile of a skull in what would be the largest species of the genus. The taxonomic review concludes there is little evidence to support whether the Lord Howe long-eared bat in fact had large ears, or if indications of any facial features, similar to any other species of Nyctophilus, were present in the species. The morphology of the face is difficult to determine, features of larger Nyctophilus such as the size and form of a pre-nasal ridge or rudimentary nose-leaf appendages, are also found in other species of Vespertilionidae. The lack of material evidence and the unstable arrangements of related taxa, the systematics of which are being reexamined, indicates an affinity with the genus can only be implied.^[3]

Ecology

Forest at North Bay, close to the type location. The kentia pam Howea forsteriana in the foreground.

Almost no information on the species is available, the biology and ecology is presumed to be similar to associated species. The skull was obtained in a cave at the island, as a modern deposit of material, and this the only physical source of information. The determined age of the specimen, near contemporary (20th century), suggested the unreported group had disappeared recently.^[4] The small island is a relic of an eroded volcano, approximately 600 kilometres east of the Australian continent, with unique subtropical vegetation assemblages. The flora and fauna is related to that of Australia, yet presenting a high degree of endemism, and Lord Howe has been inhabited by at least two other bats. Nyctophilus howensis is presumed to have descended from wind-blown bats from the nearby continent.^[9]

An insectivorous flying mammal population, a vespertilionid bat, inhabiting an island ecology, with no known threat until the accidental introduction of a cosmopolitan rat species Rattus norvegicus and the deliberate importation of an owl which may have contributed to the decline of the population.^[4] The brown rats established themselves at Lord Howe Island in 1918, when the ship Makambo wrecked at a reef and the load of copra, cargo and these rats landed at Ned's Beach and founded a new colony. The new arrivals ate the fruit of the kentia palms, impacting an industry that cultivated them for export as a popular house plant, and probably incurred on the daytime roosts of this species; the exploitation of this bat as a food by the rats is presumed to have followed. Australian authorities elected to introduce masked and barn owls^[10] as an effective controller of rat populations, although they are also known to occasionally catch slower flying bats such as Nyctophilus in their native range. One other bat is recorded living at the island, the large forest bat Vespadelus darlingtoni, which is common and widespread in southeast Australia and Tasmania.^[8]

Satellite imagery of Lord Howe island, the skull was deposited and found in the north.

It is presumed extinct (EPBC Act 1999; van Dyck & Strahan, 2008),^[6][1] or if still extant, then critically endangered at state and international listings.^[5][11] Due to its current conservation status, the species is identified by the Alliance for Zero Extinction as in danger of imminent extinction.^[12] Actions benefiting the conservation of the species include the eradication of the owl introduced to control the rat irruption, although later surveys to locate the species (1999) have been unsuccessful.^[1] Informal reports of two different bats visible at dusk indicate a larger unidentified species is present on the island.^[1] The presumption of the existence of a large unknown species and its persistence through the twentieth century, aside from the age of that sub-fossil material, is weakly supported by these observations.^[5] The earliest of these was during a survey (Etheridge, 1889)^[13] and later anecdotal reports of second species, larger than Chalinolobus morio, continued to be reported by the islands colonists.^[5]

References

Nyctophilus howensis es una especie de murciélago de la familia Vespertilionidae.

Distribución geográfica

Sólo se encuentra en la isla de Lord Howe (Australia). Es posible que esté extinguida.

Referencias

• SIMMONS, N. B. Order Chiroptera. In: WILSON, D. E.; REEDER, D. M. (Eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. 3. ed. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005. v. 1, p. 312-529.

Nyctophilus howensis Nyctophilus generoko animalia da. Chiropteraren barruko Vespertilioninae azpifamilia eta Vespertilionidae familian sailkatuta dago

Erreferentziak

• 'Nyctophilus howensis'ri buruzko informazioa Mammals of The World datubasean

Ikus, gainera

• Vespertilionidae

Nyctophilus howensis (McKean, 1975) è un pipistrello della famiglia dei vespertilionidi endemico dell'Isola di Lord Howe, in Australia.^[1][2]

Descrizione

Considerate le dimensioni craniche, dovrebbe trattarsi della più grossa specie del genere Nyctophilus.

Biologia

Comportamento

I resti sono stati rinvenuti in un ripiano roccioso su di una parete di una grotta. Potrebbe trattarsi di resti di una predazione da parte di un rapace notturno.

Distribuzione e habitat

Questa specie è conosciuta soltanto attraverso un cranio rinvenuto sull'isola di Lord Howe, lungo le coste orientali dell'Australia.

Stato di conservazione

La IUCN Red List, considerato che questa specie è conosciuta soltanto attraverso un cranio rinvenuto nel 1972 e che successive spedizioni non sono state in grado di osservarla, classifica N. howensis come specie in grave pericolo (CR). I residenti dell'isola continuano a riportare la presenza di due differenti forme di pipistrelli di dimensioni diverse e poiché esiste soltanto un'altra forma conosciuta residente, potrebbe allora non essere definitivamente estinta.^[1]

Note

Bibliografia

• H.E.Parnaby, A taxonomic review of Australian Greater Long-eared Bats previously known as Nyctophilus timoriensis (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) and some associated taxa, in Australian Zoologist, vol. 35, n. 1, 2009, pp. 39-81.

Nyctophilus howensis is een uitgestorven vleermuis uit het geslacht Nyctophilus die slechts bekend is van een enkele schedel die in een grot op het eiland Lord Howe (Nieuw-Zuid-Wales) is gevonden. De schedel komt waarschijnlijk uit het Holoceen en is 23 mm lang. Omdat een bezoeker in 1889 aangaf dat er soms een vleermuis op het eiland werd gezien die groter was dan Chalinolobus morio, is het mogelijk dat de soort pas recent is uitgestorven. Dat uitsterven is mogelijk veroorzaakt door de introductie van ratten en/of katten.

Literatuur

• Flannery, T.F. 1995. Mammals of the South-West Pacific & Moluccan Islands. Chatswood: Reed Books, 464 pp. ISBN 0-7301-0417-6
• Simmons, N.B. 2005. Order Chiroptera. Pp. 312-529 in Wilson, D.E. & Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: a taxonomic and geographic reference. 3rd ed. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2 vols., 2142 pp. ISBN 0-8018-8221-4

Nyctophilus howensis é uma espécie de morcego da família Vespertilionidae. Endêmica da Austrália, é encontrada somente na ilha de Lord Howe. Possivelmente se encontra extinta.

Referências

• SIMMONS, N. B. Order Chiroptera. In: WILSON, D. E.; REEDER, D. M. (Eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. 3. ed. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005. v. 1, p. 312-529.
• HALL, L.; LUMSDEN, L.; PARNABY, H. 2008. Nyctophilus howensis. In: IUCN 2008. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. . Acessado em 18 de dezembro de 2008.

Nyctophilus howensis är en fladdermus i familjen läderlappar som förekommer på en ö vid östra Australiens kust.^[2] Placeringen i släktet Nyctophilus är bara tillfällig.^[1]

Arten är bara känd från Lord Howeön som ligger cirka 600 km öster om Australien. Fyndet är en ofullständig skalle som hittades i en grotta. Grottan används troligen av ugglor som viloplats och de har kanske lämnad skallen där. Enligt en studie från 2008 dog individen under 1900-talet. På ön observerades två former av fladdermöss och för den större är arttillhörigheten oklar. Möjligen är de större individerna Nyctophilus howensis.^[1] Den mindre fladdermusen på ön är Chalinolobus morio.^[2]

På grund av skallens storlek antas att arten är större än alla andra medlemmar i släktet Nyctophilus.^[3]

Det ursprungliga beståndet påverkades antagligen av introducerade ugglor och råttor. Ugglor finns inte kvar på Lord Howeön. Det finns ett pågående program att utrota alla råttor. IUCN listar Nyctophilus howensis som akut hotad (CR).^[1]

Referenser

1. ^ [a b c d] Hall, L., Lumsden, L. & Parnaby, H. 2008 Nyctophilus howensis Från: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2 <www.iucnredlist.org>. Läst 2018-01-08.
2. ^ [a b] Wilson, Don E., and DeeAnn M. Reeder, eds. (2005) , Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 3rd ed., Nyctophilus howensis
3. ^ Nyctophilus howensis, Species Profile and Threats Database, Department of the Environment, Canberra, läst 2018-01-08.

Nyctophilus howensis — вид ссавців родини лиликових.

Проживання, поведінка

Країни поширення: Австралія. Цей вид є ендеміком острова Лорд-Хау, Новий Південний Уельс, Австралія. Відомий тільки з неповного черепа.

Загрози та охорона

Цілком можливо, що цей вид потерпів від введення сов і щурів.

Джерела

• Hall, L., Lumsden, L. & Parnaby, H. 2008. Nyctophilus howensis. In: IUCN 2012

Nyctophilus howensis là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Dơi muỗi, bộ Dơi. Loài này được McKean mô tả năm 1975.^[1]

Chú thích

Tham khảo

Bài viết họ Dơi muỗi này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.

• x
• t
• s

로드하우긴귀박쥐(Nyctophilus howensis)는 애기박쥐과에 속하는 박쥐의 일종이다.^[2] 1972년 로드하우섬에서 발견된 두개골 한 점만이 알려져 있으며, 20세기로 거슬러 올라간다. 멸종된 것으로 추정되고 있으며, 그렇지 않으면 멸종 위험에 처해 있다.

각주