Description
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الإنجليزية
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المقدمة من AmphibiaWeb articles
Among salamanders in the genus Desmognathus, the Black Mountain salamander (D. welteri) is one of the largest. Adults reach total lengths of 170 mm and snout-vent length between 50 and 95 mm SVL. Costal groove number is normally 14 (Petranka 1998). This species fits the description of the large-bodied aquatic form of Bruce (1991) with morphological adaptations to a semi-aquatic existence, including keratinized toe tips and a highly keeled tail. This keel is normally separated from the musculature of the tail. Larvae range in size from SVL 11-12.5 mm at hatching to 21-28 mm before metamorphosis and have the same dark toe tips as adults. The background color of the dorsum is described as light to dark brownish overlain with variable amounts of random dark brown to black vermiculations, small spots, and streaks (Juterbock 1984). Some individuals lack almost all such markings and are a uniform sandy color. It has been suggested that geographical variation exists in color pattern in this species (Juterbock 1984). Many individuals exhibit two lines of light spots running along their sides, one at eye level extending back onto the tail and the other between the front and hind limbs. Recent metamorphs are olive-brown colored with a uniform drab dorsum with little or no spotting. Larvae of D. welteri are a similar brownish color to adults and juveniles, but their dorsum show two rows of light spots characteristic of other congeners. They are stout with a large tail fin, darkened toe tips, and 19-22 gill fimbrea per side (Juterbock 1984; McCleary 1989). Male D. welteri are larger than females, have a small mental gland at the apex of the jaws, and papillose cloacal lips (Juterbock 1978). This species is best separated from the similar D. fuscus by its dark toe tips, large-keeled tail, and the lack of separation of dorsal and ventral coloration (Caldwell and Trauth 1979; Juterbock 1984). Desmognathus monticola can be differentiated from D. welteri by its darker colored dorsum with a roughly spotted pattern, and its venter, which is lightly pigmented with no mottling (Juterbock 1984; Petranka 1998).This interesting species has remained relatively unknown compared to the rest of the genus Desmognathus, likely for reasons of geography. Its range lies west of the areas best studied by early salamander biologists. The first time it was recognized as a full species was by Barbour (1971). Until this point, the literature on the genus Desmognathus throughout the range of D. welteri was very confusing (see review by Juterbock 1975). Desmognathus welteri was traditionally confused with either D. fuscus or D. monticola, likely because of the somewhat subtle nature of the morphological differences between the three species. For these reasons, most aspects of the biology of this species remain little-studied.
- Barbour, R. W. (1971). Amphibians and Reptiles of Kentucky. University of Kentucky Press, Lexington.
- Bruce, R.C. (1991). ''Evolution of ecological diversification in Desmognathine salamanders.'' Herpetological-Review, 22(2), 44-45.
- Caldwell, R.S., and Trauth, S.E. (1979). ''Use of toe pad and tooth morphology in differentiating three species of Desmognathus (Amphibia, Urodela, Plethodontidae).'' Journal of Herpetology, 13, 491-497.
- Felix, Z.I. (2001). ''A Natural History Study of Desmognathus welteri in West Virginia.'' Unpublished Masters Thesis, Huntington, West Virginia
- Gore, J.A. (1983). ''The distribution of Desmognathine larvae (Amphibia: Plethodontidae) in coal surface impacted streams of the Cumberland Plateau, USA.'' Journal of Freshwater Ecology, 2, 13-23.
- Juterbock, J. E., and Z. I. Felix. 2005. Black Mountain salamander. Desmognathus welteri. Barbour, 1950. Pp. 1794-1799. In: M.J. Lannoo (ed.), Status and Conservation of U.S. Amphibians. Vol. 2: Species Accounts. Univ. California Press, Berkeley (In Press)
- Juterbock, J.E. (1975). ''The Status of Desmognathus welteri Barbour (Caudata:Plethodontidae) and a Comparison with Two Sympatric Congeners.'' Unpublished Master's Thesis, Ohio State University
- Juterbock, J.E. (1978). ''Sexual dimorphism and maturity characteristics of three species of Desmognathus (Amphibia, Urodela, Plethodontidae).'' Journal of Herpetology, 12, 217-230.
- Juterbock, J.E. (1984). ''Evidence for the recognition of specific status for Desmognathus welteri.'' Journal of Herpetology, 18(3), 240-255.
- McCleary, E.C. (1989). ''Taxonomic Status of a Desmognathine Salamander in West Virginia.'' Unpublished Master's Thesis, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio
- McCleary, E.C. and Orr, L.P. (1987). ''A new salamander for West Virginia: Desmognathus welteri.'' Ohio Journal of Science, 87(2), 49.
- Mitchell, J. C., and K. K. Reay. 1999. Atlas of Amphibians and Reptiles in Virginia. Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries, Richmond, Virginia, Special Publication 1, 121 pp.
- Redmond, W.H. (1980). ''Notes on the distribution and ecology of the Black Mountain dusky salamander Desmognathus welteri Barbour (Amphibia:Plethodontidae) in Tennessee.'' Brimleyana, 4, 123-131.
- Smith, C.K., Petranka, J.W., and Barwick, R.L. (1996). ''Desmognathus welteri (Black Mountain dusky salamander) reproduction.'' Herpetological-Review, 27, 136.
- Verrell, P., and Mabry, M. (2003). ''Sexual behaviour of the Black Mountain dusky salamander and the evolutionary history of courtship in the Desmognathinae.'' Journal of Zoology, 260(4), 367-376.
Distribution and Habitat
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The current range of the Black Mountain salamander is in the Cumberland Mountains and Plateau in Kentucky and in neighboring portions of western Virginia and northern Tennessee (Juterbock 1984; Redmond and Scott 1996; Mitchell and Reay 1999). This species has also been reported from southwestern West Virginia (McCleary and Orr 1987; Felix 2001). Its habitat includes small- to medium-size, usually permanent, streams in forested areas ranging in elevation between 1000 to 2640 feet (305-805 meters) with relatively high gradient (Redmond 1980; Juterbock and Felix 2005).
Life History, Abundance, Activity, and Special Behaviors
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The Black Mountain salamander has received a Least Concern ranking from the IUCN. Globally they are ranked GS4, and received state ranks of S3 and S1 in Tennessee and West Virginia respectively. The largest threat to this unique species is likely habitat degradation and loss, especially associated with surface mining activities. The entirety of the species range is encompassed by the Cumberland Mountains and Plateau physiographic region. The majority of this region contains moderate sulfur content coal and is mined extensively (Gore 1983). In this same area, larvae of the northern dusky salamander (D. fuscus) were limited in distribution by water quality changes associated with coal surface mines (Gore 1983). The controversial practice of mountain top removal, which possibly results in local extirpation of the species, is used in the same areas.
Life History, Abundance, Activity, and Special Behaviors
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The courtship of Black Mountain salamanders has recently been described by Verrell and Mabry (2003) and placed in an evolutionary context within the Desmognathinae. Male D. welteri use multiple chemical, visual, and tactile cues to stimulate females and then a variety of behaviors to further persuade her to mate with him. Sperm transfer is accomplished through a tail straddle walk. Breeding takes place in the spring of the year (Felix 2001). Females likely deposit eggs in early June and hatchlings can be found in September. Nests are placed in leaf packs above the stream channel, in stream banks, or under rocks in the stream channel (Smith et al. 1996; Juterbock and Felix 2005). Like other aquatic members of the genus (D. quadramaculatus and D. brimleyorum) the larval period of D. welteri is more than one year (20-24 months). Black Mountain salamanders can reach high densities in optimal habitat, and are the most common species in some streams (Barbour 1971). They coexist with up to three members of their genus. In these situations a gradient is observed from the large aquatic species, D. welteri, to smaller and more terrestrial species respectively including the seal salamander (D. monticola), northern dusky salamander (D. fuscus) and the mountain dusky salamander (D. ochrophaeus) (Juterbock and Felix 2005).
Relation to Humans
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المقدمة من AmphibiaWeb articles
Many fishermen that live within the range of D. welteri know the animals, locally called “spring lizards”, as fishing bait. Redmond (1980) commented on this practice and its potential effects on populations and the distribution of the species.
Lifespan, longevity, and ageing
المقدمة من AnAge articles
Maximum longevity: 20 years (captivity)
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Black mountain salamander
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المقدمة من wikipedia EN
The black mountain salamander (Desmognathus welteri) is a species of salamander in the family Plethodontidae.
Distribution and habitat
It is endemic to the southern Appalachian Mountains in the south-eastern United States. Its natural habitats are temperate forests, rivers, freshwater marshes and springs.
The black mountain salamander is found in an area of the Appalachian Mountains covering about 20,000 square kilometres (4,900,000 acres). Its range includes eastern Kentucky, southwestern Virginia, and eastern Tennessee. It is found at heights varying from 300 to 1,220 metres (980 to 4,000 ft) above sea level. Its natural habitat is wooded mountainous countryside where it hides under rocks and logs in swift flowing streams, pools, and wet ditches.[1]
It shares the same range as the seal salamander (Desmognathus monticola) and northern dusky salamander (Desmognathus fuscus) which are both more terrestrial, and the blackbelly salamander (Desmognathus quadramaculatus) which shares its aquatic habits.[2]
Description
The black mountain salamander is one of a number of similar looking species of dusky salamanders inhabiting the upland locations in which it is found. It has a robust body about 12 cm (5 in) long with short, stout limbs. The colour is variable but the upper parts are usually pale or medium brown with an indistinct pattern of paler markings. The under side is whitish with dark spots and blotches.[3]
Reproduction
Courtship behaviour is not known for the black mountain salamander but reproduction takes place in the spring or summer. The female lays clusters of eggs in or just beside small fast flowing streams, in moist crevices, and among wet leaves in the splash zone. About 25 eggs with short stalks are attached to one another like a bunch of grapes. The eggs have large yolks and the larvae develop for some time inside them. The female guards and broods the eggs until they hatch.[4] The larvae are aquatic and usually occupy quiet shallow areas of streams. The larval period lasts twenty to twenty-four months. After metamorphosis, the juveniles seem to occupy rather deeper water than the adults or spend more time on land, perhaps to avoid competition or to avoid encounters with blackbelly salamanders, which are cannibalistic. Black mountain salamanders are believed to mature at four to five years, at a snout to vent length of about 5 centimetres (2.0 in), and have been known to live for twenty years in captivity.[2]
Diet
The black mountain salamander is very secretive during daytime and may largely forage at night. The diet largely consists of flies, beetles and other insects, and the larvae of flies, butterflies and moths.[2]
Status
The population of black mountain salamanders seems to be stable or in slight decline although detailed studies have not been performed. The areas in which it occurs are not heavily populated and its habitat is not under threat. Road building and strip mining have caused an increase in silting in some areas and in West Virginia the salamander is probably now rare.[1][2]
References
Black mountain salamander: Brief Summary
(
الإنجليزية
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المقدمة من wikipedia EN
The black mountain salamander (Desmognathus welteri) is a species of salamander in the family Plethodontidae.
Desmognathus welteri
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الباسكية
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المقدمة من wikipedia EU
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Desmognathus welteri: Brief Summary
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المقدمة من wikipedia EU
Desmognathus welteri Desmognathus generoko animalia da. Anfibioen barruko Plethodontidae familian sailkatuta dago, Caudata ordenan.
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Desmognathus welteri
(
الفرنسية
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المقدمة من wikipedia FR
La salamandre de montagne noire (Desmognathus welteri) est une espèce d'urodèles de la famille des Plethodontidae[1].
Description
La salamandre de montagne noire fait partie des espèces d'aspect similaire de salamandres sombres qui habitent les lieux de montagne dans laquelle elle se trouve. Elle a un corps robuste d'environ 12 cm de long avec de courtes membres solides. La couleur est variable, mais les parties supérieures sont généralement plus pâles ou brun moyen avec un motif indistinct de marques plus pâles. Le dessous est blanchâtre avec des taches sombres.
Distribution et habitats
Cette espèce est endémique des États-Unis. Elle se rencontre dans l'ouest de la Virginie, dans l'est du Tennessee et dans l'Est du Kentucky[1], où elle se trouve à des hauteurs variant de 300 à 1 220 mètres au-dessus du niveau de la mer. Son habitat naturel est un paysage montagneux boisé où elle se cache sous les rochers et bûches dans les courants rapides des ruisseaux, des piscines, et les fossés humides. Elle partage la même gamme que la Salamandre sombre du Nord et la Desmognathus monticola qui sont toutes les deux plus terrestres, et la Desmognathus quadramaculatus qui partage ses habitudes aquatiques.
Reproduction
La parade nuptiale n'est pas connue pour la salamandre de montagne noire, mais la reproduction a leur au printemps ou en été. La femelle pond des groupes d'œufs dans ou à côté de petits cours d'eau à débit rapide, dans les crevasses humides, et parmi les feuilles humides dans des zones d'éclaboussures. Environ 25 œufs sont attachés les uns aux autres avec des tiges courtes comme une grappe de raisin. Les œufs sont gros et jaunes, et les larves se développent pendant un certain temps à l'intérieur. Les femelles gardent et couvent les œufs jusqu'à leur éclosion. Les larves sont aquatiques et occupent généralement des zones peu profondes des ruisseaux tranquilles. La période larvaire dure 20 à 24 mois. Après la métamorphose, les juvéniles semblent occuper l'eau plus profondément que les adultes ou passent plus de temps sur la terre, peut-être pour éviter la concurrence ou pour éviter les rencontres avec les Desmognathus quadramaculatus, qui sont cannibales. Les salamandres de montagne noire sont soupçonnées de devenir matures à partir de quatre à cinq ans, ont un museau à orifices d'environ 5 cm, et ont été connues pour vivre pendant vingt ans en captivité.
Régime
La salamandre de montagne noire est très discrète pendant la journée et peut fortement se nourrir la nuit. Le régime alimentaire se compose essentiellement de mouches, coléoptères et autres insectes, larves de mouches, papillons et mites.
Statut
La population de salamandres de montagne noire semble être stable ou en léger recul, bien que des études détaillées n'ont pas été réalisées. Les domaines dans lesquels elles sont présentes ne sont pas fortement peuplés et leur habitat n'est pas sous la menace. La construction de routes et l'exploitation minière ont provoqué une augmentation de l'envasement dans certains domaines et en Virginie-Occidentale ces salamandres sont maintenant probablement rares.
Étymologie
Cette espèce est nommée en l'honneur de Wilfred August Welter (1906-1939)[2].
Publication originale
- Barbour, 1950 : A new subspecies of the salamander Desmognathus fuscus. Copeia, vol. 1950, p. 277-278.
Notes et références
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Desmognathus welteri: Brief Summary
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المقدمة من wikipedia FR
La salamandre de montagne noire (Desmognathus welteri) est une espèce d'urodèles de la famille des Plethodontidae.
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Desmognathus welteri
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المقدمة من wikipedia PT
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Desmognathus welteri: Brief Summary
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المقدمة من wikipedia PT
Desmognathus welteri é uma espécie de salamandra da família Plethodontidae.
É endémica dos Estados Unidos da América.
Os seus habitats naturais são: florestas temperadas, rios, rios intermitentes, marismas intermitentes de água doce e nascentes de água doce.
Está ameaçada por perda de habitat.
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Desmognathus welteri
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الفيتنامية
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المقدمة من wikipedia VI
Desmognathus welteri (tên tiếng Anh: Black Mountain Salamander) là một loài kỳ giông trong họ Plethodontidae. Nó là loài đặc hữu của Hoa Kỳ.
Các môi trường sống tự nhiên của chúng là các khu rừng ôn hòa, sông, sông có nước theo mùa, đầm nước ngọt có nước theo mùa, và suối nước ngọt. Nó bị đe dọa do mất môi trường sống.
Tham khảo
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Desmognathus welteri: Brief Summary
(
الفيتنامية
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المقدمة من wikipedia VI
Desmognathus welteri (tên tiếng Anh: Black Mountain Salamander) là một loài kỳ giông trong họ Plethodontidae. Nó là loài đặc hữu của Hoa Kỳ.
Các môi trường sống tự nhiên của chúng là các khu rừng ôn hòa, sông, sông có nước theo mùa, đầm nước ngọt có nước theo mùa, và suối nước ngọt. Nó bị đe dọa do mất môi trường sống.
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Bài viết Bộ Có đuôi này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn. 