dcsimg

Habitat ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Animal Diversity Web

In Malaysia, greater long-tongued fruit bats occupy a variety of habitats, including mangrove swamps, montane forests, and lowland forests. When range overlaps occur between Macroglossus sobrinus and Macroglossus minimus, it appears that M. minimus is restricted to coastal mangrove swamps while M. sobrinus is found in montane and lowland forests. A separate study in Thailand found the species in evergreen forests below 1918 m, where pollen is available year round.

Range elevation: 0 to 1918 m.

Habitat Regions: temperate ; tropical ; terrestrial

Terrestrial Biomes: forest ; rainforest

Wetlands: swamp

ترخيص
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
حقوق النشر
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Capizzo, A. and E. Etnyre 2009. "Macroglossus sobrinus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Macroglossus_sobrinus.html
مؤلف
Anthony Capizzo, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
مؤلف
Erika Etnyre, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
مؤلف
Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
محرر
Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
Animal Diversity Web

Benefits ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Animal Diversity Web

Greater long-tongued fruit bats have antigens for the Lyssavirus – a family of viruses containing rabies. It indicates that they may be carriers for the Lyssavirus, and could infect humans with rabies. Their large localized population density results in their being classified as vermin in India, although they do not harm people and are beneficial through pollination services.

Negative Impacts: injures humans (carries human disease)

ترخيص
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
حقوق النشر
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Capizzo, A. and E. Etnyre 2009. "Macroglossus sobrinus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Macroglossus_sobrinus.html
مؤلف
Anthony Capizzo, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
مؤلف
Erika Etnyre, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
مؤلف
Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
محرر
Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
Animal Diversity Web

Conservation Status ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Animal Diversity Web

Due to the large range of Macroglossus sobrinus, the species is considered stable. The lack of endemic subspecies coupled with the locally common nature of Macroglossus sobrinus contributes to this assessment. In addition, the species is present in multiple protected areas across South Asia, minimizing the need for conservation measures. Although the species is generally “safe," it may be locally threatened as a result of habitat loss due to bamboo extraction and the conversion of land for agricultural use. Molur et. al. (2008) recommend survey, population monitoring, and habitat management to the Indian government.

US Federal List: no special status

CITES: no special status

State of Michigan List: no special status

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern

ترخيص
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
حقوق النشر
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Capizzo, A. and E. Etnyre 2009. "Macroglossus sobrinus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Macroglossus_sobrinus.html
مؤلف
Anthony Capizzo, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
مؤلف
Erika Etnyre, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
مؤلف
Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
محرر
Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
Animal Diversity Web

Behavior ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Animal Diversity Web

Like most members of Pteropodidae, greater long-tongued fruit bats do not use echolocation. These bats emit audible calls of less than 9 kHz with a duration of about 15 milliseconds and inter-call intervals around 128 milliseconds. Macroglossus sobrinus occasionally emits double pulses or clicks. The purpose of these double pulses is not yet known. In stressful disturbance situations, these bats emit harsh broadband signals as distress calls. The call is a large series of clicks with duration greater than 100 milliseconds.

Communication Channels: acoustic

Other Communication Modes: pheromones ; scent marks

Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; ultrasound ; chemical

ترخيص
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
حقوق النشر
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Capizzo, A. and E. Etnyre 2009. "Macroglossus sobrinus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Macroglossus_sobrinus.html
مؤلف
Anthony Capizzo, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
مؤلف
Erika Etnyre, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
مؤلف
Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
محرر
Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
Animal Diversity Web

غير معنونة ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Animal Diversity Web

Macroglossus sobrinus was considered to be a subspecies of Macroglossus minimus, from the works of E. Geoffrey in 1810 until the more recent research done by Hill in 1983. Currently, a variety of different authors consider M. sobrinus to be a distinct species, including Corbet and Hill (1992), Koopman (1993), Bates and Harrison (1997) and Simmons (2005). All Indian specimens are referred to by the subspecies name of Macroglossus sobrinus sobrinus. The species name Macroglossus sobrinus is also synonymous with Macroglossus fraternus. The common name is variable, although most sources use either “hill long-tongued fruit bats” or “greater long-tongued fruit bats”.

ترخيص
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
حقوق النشر
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Capizzo, A. and E. Etnyre 2009. "Macroglossus sobrinus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Macroglossus_sobrinus.html
مؤلف
Anthony Capizzo, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
مؤلف
Erika Etnyre, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
مؤلف
Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
محرر
Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
Animal Diversity Web

Benefits ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Animal Diversity Web

Greater long-tongued fruit bats are primary pollinators of wild bananas, Musa acuminata. In addition to producing a widely-consumed fruit, the wild banana tree is also known as a pioneer species. It is useful in recolonizing depleted tropical forest.

Positive Impacts: pollinates crops

ترخيص
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
حقوق النشر
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Capizzo, A. and E. Etnyre 2009. "Macroglossus sobrinus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Macroglossus_sobrinus.html
مؤلف
Anthony Capizzo, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
مؤلف
Erika Etnyre, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
مؤلف
Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
محرر
Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
Animal Diversity Web

Associations ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Animal Diversity Web

One of the major roles that Macroglossus sobrinus fills is that of a pollinator to a variety of ecologically important plant species. A study in 2002 found that Macroglossus sobrinus serves as an effective pollinator for Musa itinerans, an important pioneer species in the rain forests of southwestern China. A separate study found that Macroglossus sobrinus serves an important role in the pollination of a wild banana, Musa acuminata.

Macroglossus sobrinus populations in Cambodia serves as a potential host for a variety of viruses in the Lyssavirus family. This is evidenced by the presence of anti-lyssavirus neutralizing antibodies in serum samples.

Ecosystem Impact: pollinates

Mutualist Species:

  • Musa itinerans
  • Musa acuminata

Commensal/Parasitic Species:

  • Lyssavirus
ترخيص
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
حقوق النشر
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Capizzo, A. and E. Etnyre 2009. "Macroglossus sobrinus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Macroglossus_sobrinus.html
مؤلف
Anthony Capizzo, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
مؤلف
Erika Etnyre, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
مؤلف
Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
محرر
Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
Animal Diversity Web

Trophic Strategy ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Animal Diversity Web

The diet of the greater long-tongued fruit bats varies among localities, but it appears to consist primarily of pollen and nectar, although soft fruit may be taken as well. In Malaysia, Macroglossus sobrinus was found to feed on the pollen and nectar of three species of wild banana, Dubanga grandiflora flowers, and soft fruit. Start (1974) estimated that an adult Macroglossus sobrinus could survive solely off two to three wild banana plants; due to the flowering habits of the banana, food would be available year-long. Generally, Macroglossus sobrinus is considered a banana specialist, although secondary food sources are also used.

Greater long-tongued fruit bats move around 1 to 2 km per night while feeding, although this range may be significantly smaller in areas with higher densities of wild banana plants. It has been hypothesized (Gould, 1978) that individuals may follow set routes as they travel from plant to plant each night.

Plant Foods: fruit; nectar; pollen; flowers

Primary Diet: herbivore (Frugivore , Nectarivore )

ترخيص
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
حقوق النشر
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Capizzo, A. and E. Etnyre 2009. "Macroglossus sobrinus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Macroglossus_sobrinus.html
مؤلف
Anthony Capizzo, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
مؤلف
Erika Etnyre, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
مؤلف
Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
محرر
Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
Animal Diversity Web

Distribution ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Animal Diversity Web

Macroglossus sobrinus is found in the southerneastern Palearctic and throughout the Oriental region along with its sister taxon Macroglossus minimus. Populations can be found in India, Myanmar, Thailand, Sumatra and Java, as well as the islands of Sipora, Sibnerut, Mentawei, Nias, and Krakatoa.

Biogeographic Regions: palearctic (Native ); oriental (Native )

ترخيص
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
حقوق النشر
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Capizzo, A. and E. Etnyre 2009. "Macroglossus sobrinus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Macroglossus_sobrinus.html
مؤلف
Anthony Capizzo, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
مؤلف
Erika Etnyre, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
مؤلف
Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
محرر
Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
Animal Diversity Web

Life Expectancy ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Animal Diversity Web

The estimated lifespan for Macroglossus sobrinus is 4 to 6 years. The species has not been bred in captivity.

Typical lifespan
Status: wild:
4 to 6 years.

ترخيص
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
حقوق النشر
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Capizzo, A. and E. Etnyre 2009. "Macroglossus sobrinus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Macroglossus_sobrinus.html
مؤلف
Anthony Capizzo, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
مؤلف
Erika Etnyre, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
مؤلف
Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
محرر
Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
Animal Diversity Web

Morphology ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Animal Diversity Web

Greater long-tongued fruit bats have slender, delicate skulls with long rostra. Length of skull is at least 30 mm. The skull has a low occipital crest, a palate ending beyond the last molar, and weakly developed postorbital processes. The braincase is deflected downward. Males have larger skulls than females. The mandible has low processes and is long and slender with a groove for the tongue at the front. The highly protrusible tongue has a feathery tip made of filiform papillae and is used in feeding on pollen.

Greater long-tongued fruit bats have reduced dentition: cheek teeth are narrow and low-crowned. All teeth are well spaced linearly along the jaw. The incisor tooth row is elliptical with a large gap between both the upper and lower incisors through which the tongue protrudes. The gap between the lower incisors is larger relative to the upper gap. The incisors are forward-sloping and small, and the canines are short and sharp.

The long pelage of Macroglossus sobrinus lacks markings. It is soft, fine, and light reddish-brown, with the chest colored lighter than the head. On the dorsal surface, the pelage is uniformly clay-brown. Hairs are present the inner wing membranes, forearms, and upper surface of the tibiae. Members of this species exhibit no sexual dimorphism in fur color. The ears are medium-sized with small antitragal lobes. Both ear and wing skin is dark brown. Short hairs thickly cover the upper and lower surfaces of the interfemoral membrane. These bats lack an external tail and have reduced calcars.

Basal metabolic rate has not been documented, but in their close relative Macroglossus minimus, it falls around 0.88 and 1.48 cm^3 of oxygen/g/hr for lower range bats and highland bats, respectively. Macroglossus sobrinus closely resemble Macroglossus minimus, but the paler under parts and longer muzzle are distinguishing characteristics of the former species.

Range mass: 18.5 to 23 g.

Range length: 78 to 89 mm.

Average length: 82.5 mm.

Range wingspan: 331 to 336 mm.

Average wingspan: 330 mm.

Other Physical Features: endothermic ; homoiothermic; bilateral symmetry

Sexual Dimorphism: male larger

ترخيص
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
حقوق النشر
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Capizzo, A. and E. Etnyre 2009. "Macroglossus sobrinus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Macroglossus_sobrinus.html
مؤلف
Anthony Capizzo, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
مؤلف
Erika Etnyre, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
مؤلف
Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
محرر
Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
Animal Diversity Web

Associations ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Animal Diversity Web

Predators specific to Macroglossus sobrinus are unknown, but Old World fruit bats generally have few predators. Snakes, birds of prey, and carnivorous mammals occasional prey on them. Of these, snakes are most common predators of bats in roosts. While predation influences behavior and feeding habits, it does not significantly affect population size.

Anti-predator Adaptations: cryptic

ترخيص
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
حقوق النشر
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Capizzo, A. and E. Etnyre 2009. "Macroglossus sobrinus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Macroglossus_sobrinus.html
مؤلف
Anthony Capizzo, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
مؤلف
Erika Etnyre, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
مؤلف
Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
محرر
Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
Animal Diversity Web

Reproduction ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من Animal Diversity Web

Little or no information exists on the mating systems of the species. However, male Macroglossus sobrinus have smaller testes relative to other megachiropteran bats. Across species, testes size has a positive relationship with body size, but also correlates positively to group size, suggesting that members of this species do not live in large groups. Lower intraspecific sexual competition resulting from small or no group-living may be the cause of their reduced testes.

Greater long-tongued fruit bats probably breed year round. Other information on the reproduction of Macroglossus sobrinus is either limited or not available. The closely related Macroglossus minimus is better known. Gestation time of that species in Malaysia ranges from 110 to 130 days, followed by a lactation period of 60 to 70 days. On average, the length between pregnancies ranges from 140 to 160 days, so that Macroglossus minimus likely produces 2 to 2.5 offspring per year. Like most other bats, they give birth to a single young. The degree of seasonality present in reproduction of M. minimus varies with location. For example, reproduction on the island of Maripipi was not seasonal, while 9 km away on Biliran reproduction was more synchronous.

Breeding interval: Breeding interval is not known.

Breeding season: Greater long-tongued fruit bats may breed throughout the year.

Average number of offspring: 1.

Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; viviparous

Like all mammals, female greater long-tongued fruit bats invest heavily in young through gestation and lactation. Mothers sometimes forage with their young as well, perhaps indicating a learning period.

Parental Investment: altricial ; pre-fertilization (Provisioning, Protecting: Female); pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); pre-independence; post-independence association with parents

ترخيص
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
حقوق النشر
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
الاقتباس الببليوغرافي
Capizzo, A. and E. Etnyre 2009. "Macroglossus sobrinus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Macroglossus_sobrinus.html
مؤلف
Anthony Capizzo, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
مؤلف
Erika Etnyre, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
مؤلف
Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
محرر
Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
Animal Diversity Web

Ratpenat llenguallarg de l'Índia ( الكتالونية )

المقدمة من wikipedia CA

El ratpenat llenguallarg de l'Índia (Macroglossus sobrinus) és una espècie de ratpenat que es troba a Birmània, Tailàndia, Sumatra, Java i Bali.

Referències

Enllaços externs

En altres projectes de Wikimedia:
Commons
Commons Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata
Viquiespècies
Viquiespècies
ترخيص
cc-by-sa-3.0
حقوق النشر
Autors i editors de Wikipedia
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
wikipedia CA

Ratpenat llenguallarg de l'Índia: Brief Summary ( الكتالونية )

المقدمة من wikipedia CA

El ratpenat llenguallarg de l'Índia (Macroglossus sobrinus) és una espècie de ratpenat que es troba a Birmània, Tailàndia, Sumatra, Java i Bali.

ترخيص
cc-by-sa-3.0
حقوق النشر
Autors i editors de Wikipedia
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
wikipedia CA

Großer Langzungenflughund ( الألمانية )

المقدمة من wikipedia DE

Der Große Langzungenflughund (Macroglossus sobrinus) ist eine Art der Gattung Macroglossus innerhalb der Flughunde (Pteropodidae). Sie kommt in Ost- und Südasien vom Norden Indiens bis in die Volksrepublik China sowie in weiten Teilen von Südostasien vor. Die nachtaktiven Tiere ernähren sich von Nektar und Pollen aus den Blütenständen vor allem von wilden und kultivierten Bananen und stellen für sie einen wichtigen Bestäuber dar.

Merkmale

 src=
Profil des Großen Langzungenflughundes

Der Große Langzungenflughund erreicht eine Kopf-Rumpf-Länge von etwa 70 bis 89 Millimetern und eine Schwanzlänge etwa 6 Millimetern. Die Hinterfüße sind 10 bis 18 Millimeter lang. Die Ohren messen 14 bis 19 Millimeter.[1] Das Fell ist kurz und weich, es ist an der Rückenseite einfarbig lehmbraun und an der Bauchseite etwas heller sandbraun.[1] Die Schnauze ist lang und dünn ausgezogen und damit an die Ernährung von Nektar angepasst. Die Ohren sind mittelgroß und braun gefärbt, sie haben einen schmalen Antitragus und sind an den Spitzen abgerundet. Die Unterarme sind 38 bis 52 Millimeter lang und ebenso wie die oberen Schienbeine, die innere Handflughaut und die Schwanzflughaut behaart. Die Flughaut setzt an der Basis des vierten Zehs an, der Calcar ist reduziert.[1]

2 · 1 · 3 · 2 = 34 2 · 1 · 3 · 3
Zahnformel des Großen Langzungenflughundes

Der Schädel hat eine Gesamtlänge von 28 bis 29 Millimetern.[1] Die Art besitzt wie andere Arten der Gattung zwei Schneidezähne (Incisivi), einen Eckzahn (Caninus), drei Vorbackenzähne (Praemolares) und zwei Backenzähne (Molares) in einer Oberkieferhälfte.[2] Im Unterkiefer ist ein Molar pro Kieferhälfte mehr vorhanden. Insgesamt besitzen die Tiere entsprechend 34 Zähne.[2] Der Gaumen hat acht ununterbrochene Gaumenkämme, davon liegen fünf zwischen den Zähnen.[2]

Verbreitung

 src=
Verbreitungsgebiet des Großen Langzungenflughundes

Der Große Langzungenflughund kommt in Südasien vom Norden Indiens bis in die Volksrepublik China sowie in weiten Teilen von Südostasien vor.[3][1] In China ist die Art im in Mengla, Xishuangbanna und Yunnan nachgewiesen.[1] In Südasien kommt die Art in Teilen von Indien in Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Tripura und Westbengalen vor.[3] In Südostasien reicht das Verbreitungsgebiet von Myanmar über Thailand, Laos, Vietnam und wahrscheinlich Teilen von Kambodscha bis auf die Malaiische Halbinsel sowie auf die zu Indonesien gehörenden Mentawai-Inseln, Sumatra und Java.[3] Die Höhenverbreitung reicht dabei in Teilen des Verbreitungsgebietes bis etwa 2000 Meter.[3]

Lebensweise

Der Große Langzungenflughund lebt vor allem im Flachland und in Bergregionen in Primär- und Sekundärwaldbeständen sowie in Mangrovengebieten, darüber hinaus auch in Bananenplantagen, Obstgärten und im Bereich von Siedlungen. Er rastet in der Vegetation und vor allem in zusammengerollten Blättern der Bananenpflanzen in kleinen Gruppen von fünf bis zehn Individuen, in Indien wahrscheinlich auch an Gebäuden. Die Art fliegt vor allem in Sekundärwaldgebieten, landwirtschaftlichen Flächen und ähnlichen Gebieten, kommt jedoch auch in Primärwaldgebieten vor.

 src=
Blütenstand der Musa acuminata: Der Große Langzungenflughund ernährt sich vom Nektar und Pollen verschiedener Pflanzen, vor allem von Bananen.

Die Tiere sind nachtaktiv und ernähren sich vom Nektar und Pollen von Bananen und anderen ganzjährig blühenden Pflanzen.[1] Dabei fliegen sie in der Regel einzeln aus und sind auch an den Pflanzen meist nur einzeln anzutreffen. Für einige Pflanzenarten, vor allem die wild wachsende Musa acuminata und deren Kultivare, die Dessert- und Kochbanane, stellt der Große Langzungenflughund einen wichtigen Bestäuber dar. Itino konnte 1991 diese Form der Chiropterophilie für Musa acuminata subsp. halabanensis durch diese Art auf Sumatra nachweisen, wobei die Bananenblüten vor allem in der Nacht einen dickflüssigen Nektar mit einer Zuckerkonzentration von 21 bis 25 % produzieren, während die primär von Vögeln bestäubte, ornithophile, Bananenart Musa salaccensis ihren dünnflüssigeren Nektar vor allem tagsüber produziert.[4] Ein Individuum der Art braucht nach Schätzungen in der Regel zwei Blütenstände einer Banane mit jeweils etwa 16 Blüten und einer Gesamtmenge an Nektar von etwa 1,8 Millilitern (kalkuliert auf der Basis von Musa malaccensis). Die benötigte Gesamtmenge beträgt in diesem Fall also mindestens 3,6 ml Nektar pro Nacht, wobei der konsumierte Pollen nicht mitkalkuliert wurde. Im Fall der kultivierten Dessertbanane liegt die Nektarproduktion bei bis zu 6 ml Nektar pro Blütenstand, die entsprechend für eine Mahlzeit pro Nacht ausreicht.[5] Da die Rastplätze der Tiere in der Regel sehr nah an den Nahrungsquellen liegen, ist der Bewegungsradius während der Nahrungssuche etwa im Vergleich zum Kleinen Langzungenflughund (Eonycteris spelaea) vergleichsweise klein und sie legen auf ihrer Nahrungssuche Strecken von maximal einem bis zwei Kilometer zurück.[5][1]

Die Fortpflanzungszeiten in Indien sind wahrscheinlich asynchron und nicht an eine feste Saison gebunden.[1]

Systematik

 src=
Großer Langzungenflughund mit aufgespannter Flughaut, Vorderseite …
 src=
… und Rückseite

Der Große Langzungenflughund wird als eigenständige Art der Gattung Macroglossus zugeordnet. Die wissenschaftliche Erstbeschreibung stammt von dem dänischen Zoologen Knud Christian Andersen aus dem Jahr 1911 anhand von Individuen aus der Region Perak in Malaysia.[6] Teilweise wurde die Art als Unterart des Zwerg-Langzungenflughundes (Macroglossus minimus) betrachtet, seit den 1980er Jahren wird er jedoch als eigene Art anerkannt.[3]

Innerhalb der Art werden mit der Nominatform zwei Unterarten unterschieden:[6]

  • Macroglossus sobrinus sobrinus K. Andersen, 1911
  • Macroglossus sobrinus fraternus Chasen and Kloss, 1928

Gefährdung und Schutz

Die Art wird von der International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) aufgrund des großen Verbreitungsgebietes und des häufigen Vorkommens als nicht gefährdet (least concern) eingestuft.[3] Bestandsgefährdende Risiken für die Art sind nicht bekannt, in Teilen Südasiens ist sie jedoch regional durch Entwaldungen, die Entnahme von Bambus und Lebensraumumwandlungen in landwirtschaftliche Flächen bedroht.[3]

Belege

  1. a b c d e f g h i Don E. Wilson: Greater Long-Nosed Fruit Bat. In: Andrew T. Smith, Yan Xie: A Guide to the Mammals of China. Princeton University Press, 2008; S. 330–331, ISBN 978-0-691-09984-2.
  2. a b c Don E. Wilson: Macroglossus. In: Andrew T. Smith, Yan Xie: A Guide to the Mammals of China. Princeton University Press, 2008; S. 330, ISBN 978-0-691-09984-2.
  3. a b c d e f g Macroglossus sobrinus in der Roten Liste gefährdeter Arten der IUCN 2017-3. Eingestellt von: A.M. Hutson, A. Suyanto, T. Kingston, P. Bates, C. Francis, S. Molur, C. Srinivasulu, 2008. Abgerufen am 20. Februar 2018.
  4. Takao Itino: Pollination Ecology of the Two Wild Bananas, Musa acuminata subsp. halabanensis and M. salaccensis: Chiropterophily and Ornithophily. Biotropica 23 (2), 1991; S. 151–158. (Volltext).
  5. a b Adrian G. Marshall: Bats, flowers and fruit: evolutionary relationships in the Old World. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 20, 1983; S. 115–135. (Volltext@1@2Vorlage:Toter Link/watermark.silverchair.com (Seite nicht mehr abrufbar, Suche in Webarchiven)  src= Info: Der Link wurde automatisch als defekt markiert. Bitte prüfe den Link gemäß Anleitung und entferne dann diesen Hinweis. ).
  6. a b Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (Hrsg.): Macroglossus sobrinus in Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed).

Literatur

Weblinks

 src=
– Sammlung von Bildern, Videos und Audiodateien
 title=
ترخيص
cc-by-sa-3.0
حقوق النشر
Autoren und Herausgeber von Wikipedia
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
wikipedia DE

Großer Langzungenflughund: Brief Summary ( الألمانية )

المقدمة من wikipedia DE

Der Große Langzungenflughund (Macroglossus sobrinus) ist eine Art der Gattung Macroglossus innerhalb der Flughunde (Pteropodidae). Sie kommt in Ost- und Südasien vom Norden Indiens bis in die Volksrepublik China sowie in weiten Teilen von Südostasien vor. Die nachtaktiven Tiere ernähren sich von Nektar und Pollen aus den Blütenständen vor allem von wilden und kultivierten Bananen und stellen für sie einen wichtigen Bestäuber dar.

ترخيص
cc-by-sa-3.0
حقوق النشر
Autoren und Herausgeber von Wikipedia
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
wikipedia DE

Long-tongued fruit bat ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من wikipedia EN

The long-tongued fruit bat (Macroglossus sobrinus) is a species of megabat. It is nectarivorous, feeding on nectar from primarily banana flowers. It is found in several countries in South and Southeast Asia.

Taxonomy and etymology

It was described as a new subspecies in 1911 by Danish mammalogist Knud Andersen. Andersen described it as a subspecies of the long-tongued nectar bat, with the trinomen Macroglossus minimus sobrinus.[2] Beginning in approximately 1983, it has been considered a full species rather than a subspecies.[3] Its species name "sobrinus" means "cousin;" Andersen possibly chose this name to reflect what he believed was its close relationship to M. minimus minimus.

Description

Andersen noted that it differed from the long-tongued nectar bat in several ways. Overall, it is a larger species with a longer snout. Its forearm is 42–48.5 mm (1.65–1.91 in) long[2] and individuals weigh 18–26 g (0.63–0.92 oz).[4]

Biology and ecology

The long-tongued fruit bat feeds on nectar almost exclusively from banana flowers. It is nocturnal, foraging at night and roosting during the day in trees. It roosts singly or in small, "well-spaced parties."[4]

Range and habitat

Unlike the long-tongued nectar bat, which is considered a coastal species, the long-tongued fruit bat is considered an inland species.[4] Its range includes several countries in Asia, including Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, and Vietnam.[1]

Conservation

It is currently assessed as least concern by the IUCN—its lowest conservation priority.[1]

References

  1. ^ a b c Hutson, A.M.; Suyanto, A.; Kingston, T.; Bates, P.; Francis, C.; Molur, S.; Srinivasulu, C. (2021). "Macroglossus sobrinus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T12595A22027530. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T12595A22027530.en. Retrieved 22 November 2021.
  2. ^ a b Andersen, K. (1911). "LXXV.—Six new fruit-bats of the genera Macroglossus and Syconycteris". Journal of Natural History. 8. 7 (42): 641–643. doi:10.1080/00222931108692987.
  3. ^ Hill, J. E. (1983). Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) from Indo-Australia. British Museum (Natural History).
  4. ^ a b c Marshall, Adrian G (1983). "Bats, flowers and fruit: Evolutionary relationships in the Old World". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 20: 115–135. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1983.tb01593.x.
ترخيص
cc-by-sa-3.0
حقوق النشر
Wikipedia authors and editors
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
wikipedia EN

Long-tongued fruit bat: Brief Summary ( الإنجليزية )

المقدمة من wikipedia EN

The long-tongued fruit bat (Macroglossus sobrinus) is a species of megabat. It is nectarivorous, feeding on nectar from primarily banana flowers. It is found in several countries in South and Southeast Asia.

ترخيص
cc-by-sa-3.0
حقوق النشر
Wikipedia authors and editors
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
wikipedia EN

Macroglossus sobrinus ( الإسبانية، القشتالية )

المقدمة من wikipedia ES

Macroglossus sobrinus es una especie de murciélago megaquiróptero de la familia Pteropodidae.

Distribución

Se encuentra en Birmania, Tailandia, Sumatra, isla de Java y Bali.

Referencias

  1. Hutson, A.M., Suyanto, A., Kingston, T., Bates, P., Francis, C., Molur, S. y Srinivasulu, C. (2008). «Macroglossus sobrinus». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2012.2 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 23 de enero de 2013.

 title=
ترخيص
cc-by-sa-3.0
حقوق النشر
Autores y editores de Wikipedia
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
wikipedia ES

Macroglossus sobrinus: Brief Summary ( الإسبانية، القشتالية )

المقدمة من wikipedia ES

Macroglossus sobrinus es una especie de murciélago megaquiróptero de la familia Pteropodidae.

ترخيص
cc-by-sa-3.0
حقوق النشر
Autores y editores de Wikipedia
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
wikipedia ES

Macroglossus sobrinus ( الباسكية )

المقدمة من wikipedia EU

Macroglossus sobrinus Macroglossus generoko animalia da. Chiropteraren barruko Pteropodidae familian sailkatuta dago.

Erreferentziak

  1. (Ingelesez)Mammals - full taxonomy and Red List status Ugaztun guztien egoera 2008an
  2. K. Andersen (1911) 3 Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 641642. or..

Ikus, gainera

(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
ترخيص
cc-by-sa-3.0
حقوق النشر
Wikipediako egileak eta editoreak
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
wikipedia EU

Macroglossus sobrinus: Brief Summary ( الباسكية )

المقدمة من wikipedia EU

Macroglossus sobrinus Macroglossus generoko animalia da. Chiropteraren barruko Pteropodidae familian sailkatuta dago.

ترخيص
cc-by-sa-3.0
حقوق النشر
Wikipediako egileak eta editoreak
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
wikipedia EU

Macroglossus sobrinus ( الفرنسية )

المقدمة من wikipedia FR

Macroglossus sobrinus, appelé communément grand macroglosse[1], est une espèce de grande chauve-souris de la famille des Pteropodidae.

Description

Macroglossus sobrinus est une petit espèce de chauve-souris plus grande que le petit macroglosse avec un museau plus long. Son avant-bras mesure de 42 à 48,5 mm de long[2]. Les individus pèsent 18 à 26 g[3].

Répartition

 src=
Aire de répartition du grand macroglosse

Contrairement à Macroglossus minimus qui est considérée comme une espèce côtière, le grand macroglosse est considéré comme une espèce dans les terres[3]. Il se trouve dans plusieurs pays d'Asie du Sud-Est, dont le Cambodge, la Chine, l'Inde, l'Indonésie, le Laos, la Malaisie, le Myanmar, la Thaïlande et le Vietnam.

Écologie

Le grand macroglosse est nectarivore. Il consomme du nectar presque exclusivement de fleurs de bananier à l'aide de sa longue langue dont l'extrémité ressemble à une brosse[4]. Il est nocturne, se nourrit la nuit et est perché le jour dans les arbres. Pendant la journée, il dort seul ou en petits groupes bien espacés[3].

Références

  1. Arnaud Clavet, « Mégachiroptères » (consulté le 21 décembre 2018)
  2. (en) Knud Andersen, « LXXV.—Six new fruit-bats of the genera Macroglossus and Syconycteris », Journal of Natural History, vol. 7,‎ 1911, p. 641–643 (lire en ligne)
  3. a b et c (en) Adrian G. Marshall, « Bats, flowers and fruit: evolutionary relationships in the Old World », Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, vol. 20,‎ 1983, p. 115–135 (lire en ligne)
  4. J. et K. MacKinnon (trad. Janine Cyrot), Les animaux d'Asie : Écologie de la région indo-malaise, Fernand Nathan, 1976, 172 p., page 45

Source de la traduction

  • (en) Cet article est partiellement ou en totalité issu de l’article de Wikipédia en anglais intitulé .

ترخيص
cc-by-sa-3.0
حقوق النشر
Auteurs et éditeurs de Wikipedia
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
wikipedia FR

Macroglossus sobrinus: Brief Summary ( الفرنسية )

المقدمة من wikipedia FR

Macroglossus sobrinus, appelé communément grand macroglosse, est une espèce de grande chauve-souris de la famille des Pteropodidae.

ترخيص
cc-by-sa-3.0
حقوق النشر
Auteurs et éditeurs de Wikipedia
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
wikipedia FR

Cecadu-pisang besar ( الإندونيسية )

المقدمة من wikipedia ID

Cecadu-pisang besar atau codot-pisang besar (Macroglossus sobrinus) adalah sejenis kelelawar pemakan nektar, anggota suku Pteropodidae (kerabat codot). Di daerah sebarannya, codot ini acap terlihat di senja hari mengunjungi aneka pohon buah, terutama jantung pisang. Dari situlah diperoleh namanya. Dalam bahasa Inggris, codot ini dikenal sebagai Hill long-tongued fruit bat atau Greater long-tongued fruit bat.

Pengenalan

 src=
Moncong dan lidahnya panjang

Kelelawar yang sedang besarnya. Kepala dan badan 65-70 mm, ekor 0-2 mm. Lengan bawah 40-50 mm, betis 15-18 mm, dan panjang telinga 14-19 mm. Berat hewan dewasa antara 18,5-23 g.[1]

Punggung berwarna coklat kemerahan terang; dengan dada yang kurang kemerahan namun lebih terang warnanya, sementara cuping telinga dan membran sayap coklat gelap. Ekor sangat pendek atau tak ada. Moncong panjang, dengan alis dan kumis yang memanjang sebagai rambut peraba. Jari kedua (“telunjuk”) bercakar. Lidahnya panjang, dengan ujung yang berjumbai untuk mengumpulkan serbuk sari.[1]

Ekologi dan kebiasaan

 src=
Berwarna coklat kemerahan

Cecadu-pisang besar menghuni hutan-hutan yang selalu hijau, hingga ketinggian 2.000 m dpl. Ketersediaan bunga (sebagai penghasil nektar dan serbuk sari) di hutan ini penting dan menentukan kehadiran kelelawar ini.[1]

 src=
Bagian punggung

Codot-pisang ini mungkin bersifat soliter, tinggal sendiri atau dalam koloni kecil (2-9 ekor). Hewan ini biasa tidur di bawah cabang-cabang pohon, di daun-daun pisang kering atau di pucuknya yang masih tergulung, atau di bawah atap pondok-pondok di hutan.[1][2]

Bersifat simpatrik dengan kerabat dekatnya, cecadu-pisang kecil (M. minimus), codot-pisang besar tidak pernah dijumpai di wilayah mangrove, tetapi berasosiasi kuat dengan keberadaan pisang liar (Musa spp.).[1]

Agihan

 src=
Jari pertama dan kedua bercakar

Cecadu-pisang besar menyebar mulai dari daratan Asia Tenggara (Burma, Thailand, Vietnam dan Semenanjung Malaya), Sumatra, dan Jawa[1][2]. Corbet & Hill (1992) juga memasukkan wilayah India timur laut, Laos, pulau-pulau di barat Sumatra (Simeulue, Nias, Siberut, Sipora, dan Pagai Utara), dan Bali sebagai area sebaran hewan ini.[3]

Anak jenis

  • M. s. fraternus, menyebar terbatas (endemik) di Mentawai.
  • M. s. sobrinus, di seluruh wilayah sebarannya, kecuali Mentawai.

Kerabat dekat

Cecadu-pisang kecil (Macroglossus minimus) dapat dibedakan dari cecadu-pisang besar berdasarkan ukurannya yang lebih kecil (lengan bawah 37,74-45,95 mm vs 40,19-53,16 mm; betis 15,13-19,30 mm vs 15,26-21,56 mm; serta panjang moncong 6,70-9,65 mm vs 8,74-13,27 mm). Cecadu-pisang kecil juga memiliki alur di tengah bibir atasnya.[2]

Catatan kaki

  1. ^ a b c d e f Lekagul, B. & J. McNeely. 1988. Mammals of Thailand. Pp. 79-80
  2. ^ a b c Suyanto, A. 2001. Kelelawar di Indonesia. Puslitbang Biologi LIPI, Bogor. Hal. 44-45
  3. ^ Corbet, G.B. & J.E. Hill. 1992. The Mammals of the Indomalayan Region: a systematic review. Nat. Hist. Mus. Pub. – Oxford Univ. Press. Pp. 80

Pranala luar

  • Wilson, D.E. & D.M. Reeder. 2005. Macroglossus sobrinus, pada laman Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Third Edition. (online). Diakses pada 13-09-12.
  • Hutson, A.M., A. Suyanto, T. Kingston, P. Bates, C. Francis, S. Molur, & C. Srinivasulu. 2008. Macroglossus sobrinus. In: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.1.. Downloaded on 13 September 2012.
  • Bat World Sanctuary
  • Bat Conservation International


ترخيص
cc-by-sa-3.0
حقوق النشر
Penulis dan editor Wikipedia
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
wikipedia ID

Cecadu-pisang besar: Brief Summary ( الإندونيسية )

المقدمة من wikipedia ID

Cecadu-pisang besar atau codot-pisang besar (Macroglossus sobrinus) adalah sejenis kelelawar pemakan nektar, anggota suku Pteropodidae (kerabat codot). Di daerah sebarannya, codot ini acap terlihat di senja hari mengunjungi aneka pohon buah, terutama jantung pisang. Dari situlah diperoleh namanya. Dalam bahasa Inggris, codot ini dikenal sebagai Hill long-tongued fruit bat atau Greater long-tongued fruit bat.

ترخيص
cc-by-sa-3.0
حقوق النشر
Penulis dan editor Wikipedia
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
wikipedia ID

Macroglossus sobrinus ( الإيطالية )

المقدمة من wikipedia IT

Il pipistrello dalla lingua lunga maggiore (Macroglossus sobrinus K.Andersen, 1911) è un pipistrello appartenente alla famiglia degli Pteropodidi, diffuso nell'Ecozona orientale.[1][2]

Descrizione

Dimensioni

Pipistrello di piccole dimensioni con la lunghezza della testa e del corpo tra 70 e 89 mm, la lunghezza dell'avambraccio tra 38 e 52 mm, la lunghezza della coda fino a 6 mm, la lunghezza del piede tra 10 e 18 mm, la lunghezza delle orecchie tra 14 e 19 mm e un peso fino a 28 g.[3]

Aspetto

La pelliccia è soffice, densa e lanosa. Il colore delle parti dorsali è marrone, la testa è simile o leggermente più scura, mentre le parti ventrali sono giallo-brunastre, con dei riflessi color crema sulla gola. Le membrane alari, le orecchie ed il muso sono marroni chiare. Il muso è lungo ed affusolato, gli occhi sono grandi. Tra le narici è presente un solco longitudinale che non si estende sul labbro superiore. La mandibola si protrae oltre gli incisivi, formando un mento prominente. La coda è identificabile solo al tatto, l'uropatagio è ridotto ad una sottile membrana lungo la parte interna degli arti inferiori e, insieme alla tibia, è ricoperto di densa peluria. Il palato presenta otto solchi continui, dei quali cinque situati tra le radici dentarie.

Biologia

Comportamento

Si rifugia singolarmente o in piccoli gruppi, tra le fronde di palme o sotto i tetti di abitazioni vicino alla foresta, occasionalmente all'interno di foglie di Banano arrotolate.

Alimentazione

Si nutre di polline e nettare di fiori della foresta tropicale. Nella Penisola Malese è stato osservato nutrirsi su fiori di tre specie di Banane selvatiche e di Dubanga grandiflora[4]. In Vietnam esemplari sono stati catturati mentre volavano intorno ad alberi di Macaranga in fiore[5].

Riproduzione

In Thailandia si riproduce durante tutto l'anno.

Distribuzione e habitat

Questa specie è diffusa in India, Bhutan, Cina, Indocina, Giava, Sumatra ed alcune isole vicine.

Vive in foreste sia di pianura che montane, frutteti, piantagioni di Banane e villaggi fino a 1800 metri di altitudine. È invece assente nelle mangrovie dove è sostituito dalla specie affine M.minimus.

Tassonomia

Sono state riconosciute due sottospecie:

Gli esemplari dell'isola di Nias e quelli di Bali e Nusa Penida potrebbero appartenere a due sottospecie distinte.[6]

Stato di conservazione

La IUCN Red List, considerato il vasto areale, la popolazione numerosa, la presenza in diverse aree protette e l'adattamento a qualsiasi tipo di habitat degradato, classifica M.sobrinus come specie a rischio minimo (LC).[1]

Note

  1. ^ a b c (EN) Hutson, A.M., Suyanto, A., Kingston, T., Bates, P., Francis, C., Molur, S. & Srinivasulu, C. 2008, Macroglossus sobrinus, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020.
  2. ^ (EN) D.E. Wilson e D.M. Reeder, Macroglossus sobrinus, in Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 3ª ed., Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005, ISBN 0-8018-8221-4.
  3. ^ Smith & Xie, 2008.
  4. ^ Micklenburgh & Al., 1992.
  5. ^ Borissenko & Kruskop, 2003.
  6. ^ Suyanto A., D.J. Kitchener, L.H. Schmitt and N.K. Cooper, Morphometric variation of island populations of Macroglossus spp. (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae), in Treubia, 33(2), 2004.

Bibliografia

 title=
ترخيص
cc-by-sa-3.0
حقوق النشر
Autori e redattori di Wikipedia
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
wikipedia IT

Macroglossus sobrinus: Brief Summary ( الإيطالية )

المقدمة من wikipedia IT

Il pipistrello dalla lingua lunga maggiore (Macroglossus sobrinus K.Andersen, 1911) è un pipistrello appartenente alla famiglia degli Pteropodidi, diffuso nell'Ecozona orientale.

ترخيص
cc-by-sa-3.0
حقوق النشر
Autori e redattori di Wikipedia
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
wikipedia IT

Macroglossus sobrinus ( البلجيكية الهولندية )

المقدمة من wikipedia NL

Macroglossus sobrinus is een zoogdier uit de familie van de vleerhonden (Pteropodidae). De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort werd voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd door K. Andersen in 1911.

Voorkomen

De soort komt voor in India, Cambodja, China, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam en Indonesië.

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
ترخيص
cc-by-sa-3.0
حقوق النشر
Wikipedia-auteurs en -editors
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
wikipedia NL

Macroglossus sobrinus: Brief Summary ( البلجيكية الهولندية )

المقدمة من wikipedia NL

Macroglossus sobrinus is een zoogdier uit de familie van de vleerhonden (Pteropodidae). De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort werd voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd door K. Andersen in 1911.

ترخيص
cc-by-sa-3.0
حقوق النشر
Wikipedia-auteurs en -editors
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
wikipedia NL

Macroglossus sobrinus ( البرتغالية )

المقدمة من wikipedia PT

Macroglossus sobrinus é uma espécie de morcego da família Pteropodidae. Pode ser encontrada na China, Vietnã, Camboja, Laos, Tailândia, Mianmar, Malásia e Indonésia.

Referências

  • SIMMONS, N. B. Order Chiroptera. In: WILSON, D. E.; REEDER, D. M. (Eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. 3. ed. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005. v. 1, p. 312-529.
  • HUTSON, A.M.; SUYANTO, A.; KINGSTON, T.; BATES, P.; FRANCIS, C.; MOLUR, S.; SRINIVASULU, C. 2008. Macroglossus sobrinus. In: IUCN 2008. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. . Acessado em 30 de dezembro de 2008.
 title=
ترخيص
cc-by-sa-3.0
حقوق النشر
Autores e editores de Wikipedia
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
wikipedia PT

Macroglossus sobrinus: Brief Summary ( البرتغالية )

المقدمة من wikipedia PT

Macroglossus sobrinus é uma espécie de morcego da família Pteropodidae. Pode ser encontrada na China, Vietnã, Camboja, Laos, Tailândia, Mianmar, Malásia e Indonésia.

ترخيص
cc-by-sa-3.0
حقوق النشر
Autores e editores de Wikipedia
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
wikipedia PT

Macroglossus sobrinus ( السويدية )

المقدمة من wikipedia SV

Macroglossus sobrinus[2][3] är en däggdjursart som beskrevs av K. Andersen 1911. Macroglossus sobrinus ingår i släktet Macroglossus och familjen flyghundar.[4][5] IUCN kategoriserar arten globalt som livskraftig.[1]

Beskrivning

På huvud och undersida har arten en mjuk, ljust rödbrun päls som är ljusare över bröstet än på huvudet. Ryggsidan är enfärgat gråbrun. Även vingarnas innerdel har päls. Huvudet är långsträckt, med en lång, utsträckbar tunga med en fjäderliknande spets som den använder för att ta upp pollen. Tänderna är små och delvis tillbakabildade. Längden är 8 till 9 cm och vingbredden omkring 33 cm.[6] Flyghunden är med 18,5 till 23 gram vikt tyngre än den andra arten i samma släkte, M. minimus.[7]

Taxonomi

Catalogue of Life samt Wilson & Reeder (2005) skiljer mellan två underarter:[4][8]

  • Macroglossus sobrinus sobrinus K. Andersen, 1911
  • Macroglossus sobrinus fraternus Chasen and Kloss, 1928

Tidigare betraktades arten som en underart till Macroglossus minimus.[1]

Utbredning

Denna flyghund förekommer i Sydostasien från södra Kina, nordöstra Indien och Bangladesh över Burma, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam och Malackahalvön till Bali. Dessutom finns obekräftade uppgifter från Kambodja.[1]

Ekologi

I bergstrakter når arten 2000 meter över havet. Habitatet utgörs främst av låglänt skog och bergsskog. Den finns även i bananplantager, äldre fruktträdgårdar, byar och mera sällan i mangroveträsk.[1]

Individerna vilar ensamma eller i mindre grupper, främst under ihoprullade bananblad. Den kan även förekomma under byggnadstak.[1]

Föda

Födosöket sker vanligtvis ensamt, någon enstaka gång i par (det förekommer att modern födosöker tillsammans med sin unge, troligtvis som en form av utbildning). Födan varierar med lokalerna, men består vanligtvis av pollen och nektar. Mjuka frukter kan också tas.[6]

Fortplantning

Litet är känt om artens fortplantning. Man antar att den inte har någon särskild lekperiod, utan parar sig året om. Den nära släktingen M. minimus får en unge efter 110 till 130 dagars dräktighet, som hon ger di under 60 till 70 dagar, och man antar att något liknande gäller denna art. Honan tar ensam hand om ungen, och investerar mycken tid i dess uppfostran.[6]

Källor

  1. ^ [a b c d e f] Hutson, A.M., Suyanto, A., Kingston, T., Bates, P., Francis, C., Molur, S. & Srinivasulu, C. 2008 Macroglossus sobrinus Från: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2 <www.iucnredlist.org>. Läst 2 augusti 2016.
  2. ^ Wilson, Don E., and DeeAnn M. Reeder, eds. (1992) , Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 2nd ed., 3rd printing
  3. ^ Wilson, Don E., and F. Russell Cole (2000) , Common Names of Mammals of the World
  4. ^ [a b] Roskov Y., Abucay L., Orrell T., Nicolson D., Flann C., Bailly N., Kirk P., Bourgoin T., DeWalt R.E., Decock W., De Wever A. (red.) (2016). ”Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2016 Annual Checklist.”. Species 2000: Naturalis, Leiden, Nederländerna. http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2016/search/all/key/macroglossus+sobrinus/match/1. Läst 2 augusti 2016.
  5. ^ ITIS: The Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Orrell T. (custodian), 2011-04-26
  6. ^ [a b c] Anthony Capizzo och Erika Etnyre (2009). Macroglossus sobrinus greater long-tongued fruit bat” (på engelska). Animal Diversity Web (University of Michigan). http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Macroglossus_sobrinus/. Läst 2 augusti 2016.
  7. ^ Ronald M. Nowak, red (1999). ”Macroglossus” (på engelska). Walker’s Mammals of the World. The Johns Hopkins University Press. sid. 301–302. ISBN 0-8018-5789-9
  8. ^ (2005) , website Macroglossus sobrinus, Mammal Species of the World

Externa länkar

ترخيص
cc-by-sa-3.0
حقوق النشر
Wikipedia författare och redaktörer
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
wikipedia SV

Macroglossus sobrinus: Brief Summary ( السويدية )

المقدمة من wikipedia SV

Macroglossus sobrinus är en däggdjursart som beskrevs av K. Andersen 1911. Macroglossus sobrinus ingår i släktet Macroglossus och familjen flyghundar. IUCN kategoriserar arten globalt som livskraftig.

ترخيص
cc-by-sa-3.0
حقوق النشر
Wikipedia författare och redaktörer
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
wikipedia SV

Macroglossus sobrinus ( الأوكرانية )

المقدمة من wikipedia UK

Macroglossus sobrinusвид рукокрилих, родини Криланових.

Поширення, поведінка

Країни проживання: Камбоджа, Китай, Індія, Індонезія, Лаос, Малайзія, М'янма, Таїланд, В'єтнам. Зустрічається в низовинних і гірських лісах від рівня моря до 2000 м над ним. Зустрічається у вторинних місцях проживання, а також у старих фруктових садах, бананових плантаціях, також поширені в асоціації з людьми, особливо під дахами будинків. лаштує сідала окремо або кількома тваринами, зазвичай в загорненому банановому листі.

Джерела

ترخيص
cc-by-sa-3.0
حقوق النشر
Автори та редактори Вікіпедії
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
wikipedia UK

Macroglossus sobrinus: Brief Summary ( الأوكرانية )

المقدمة من wikipedia UK
ترخيص
cc-by-sa-3.0
حقوق النشر
Автори та редактори Вікіпедії
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
wikipedia UK

Dơi mật hoa lớn ( الفيتنامية )

المقدمة من wikipedia VI

Dơi mật hoa lớn (danh pháp hai phần: Macroglossus sobrinus) là một loài trong Họ Dơi quạ. Chúng được tìm thấy ở phía đông bắc của phía Á châu, Ấn Độ, phía nam Trung Quốc, Myanma, Thái Lan, Lào, Việt Nam, và có thể ở Campuchia.[1]

Hình ảnh

Chú thích

  1. ^ a ă Csorba, G., Bumrungsri, S., Francis, C., Bates, P., Gumal, M., Kingston, T., Molur, S. & Srinivasulu, C. (2008). Cynopterus brachyotis. Sách Đỏ IUCN các loài bị đe dọa. Phiên bản 2013.1. Liên minh Bảo tồn Thiên nhiên Quốc tế. Truy cập ngày 15 tháng 10 năm 2013.

Tham khảo


Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết họ Dơi quạ này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
ترخيص
cc-by-sa-3.0
حقوق النشر
Wikipedia tác giả và biên tập viên
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
wikipedia VI

Dơi mật hoa lớn: Brief Summary ( الفيتنامية )

المقدمة من wikipedia VI

Dơi mật hoa lớn (danh pháp hai phần: Macroglossus sobrinus) là một loài trong Họ Dơi quạ. Chúng được tìm thấy ở phía đông bắc của phía Á châu, Ấn Độ, phía nam Trung Quốc, Myanma, Thái Lan, Lào, Việt Nam, và có thể ở Campuchia.

ترخيص
cc-by-sa-3.0
حقوق النشر
Wikipedia tác giả và biên tập viên
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
wikipedia VI

긴혀과일박쥐 ( الكورية )

المقدمة من wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

긴혀과일박쥐(Macroglossus sobrinus)는 긴혀과일박쥐속에 속하는 큰박쥐류 박쥐의 일종이다.

분포

버마태국, 베트남, 수마트라 반도, 자와섬, 발리섬에 본포한다.[2][3] 말레이시아 구릉 지대에서 흔하게 발견되는 종이다.[4]

각주

  1. “Macroglossus sobrinus”. 《멸종 위기 종의 IUCN 적색 목록. 2008판》 (영어). 국제 자연 보전 연맹. 2008. 2015년 5월 21일에 확인함.
  2. Lekagul and McNeely 1977
  3. Medway 1978
  4. Lim 1966
ترخيص
cc-by-sa-3.0
حقوق النشر
Wikipedia 작가 및 편집자
النص الأصلي
زيارة المصدر
موقع الشريك
wikipedia 한국어 위키백과