Eonycteris spelaea (Dobson 1871)

There is very little information available on the predators of this species, nor the adaptations it uses to evade predation. Like most bats, their nocturnality, flight, and habit of roosting in inaccessible places protects them from most predation. They are likely to be vulnerable to predation by climbing snakes and nocturnal birds of prey, such as owls.

Lesser dawn bats have large eyes, small, simple ears, and lack a tragus. The muzzle is narrow and the tongue long and extendable, with rasp-like papillae. Dorsal pelage is dark brown and the belly is paler. The necks of males are covered with long scent-dispersing "osmetrichia" hairs that are darker than the pelage of the head and body. The second finger is independent and lacks a claw. Molariform teeth are considerably reduced and barely extend past the gums. The dental formula in Eonycteris is i 2/2, c 1/1, pm 3/3, m 2/3 x 2 = 34. The type of tongue, a tail length between 12 and 33 mm, and absence of an index finger claw distiguishes Eonycteris.

Range mass: 35 to 82 g.

Average mass: 60 g.

Range length: 85 to 125 mm.

Range wingspan: 60 to 85 (forearm length) mm.

Average wingspan: 72.5 (forearm length) mm.

Range basal metabolic rate: 0.881 to 0.979 cm3.O2/g/hr.

Average basal metabolic rate: 0.93 cm3.O2/g/hr.

Other Physical Features: endothermic ; homoiothermic; bilateral symmetry

Sexual Dimorphism: male larger

There is little information available on the longevity of this species in the wild or in captivity. The highest lifespans in captivity of other Pteropodidae species include: straw-colored fruit bats (Eidolon helvum), 21.8 years; flying foxes (Pteropus), 31.4 years; and rousette fruit bats (Rousettus), 22.9 years.

Eonycteris spelaea is almost exclusively a cave roosting species. Eonycteris major, their closest relative, has also been known to use hollow tree cavities. Eonycteris spelaea is found in various habitats ranging from forested to mixed agricultural types. They are common in cultivated areas away from forests, within forests they mostly occur in openings. Secondary lowland, primary lowland, and transitional montane-mossy forests are most often used by these bats.

Range elevation: 50 to 1,250 m.

Average elevation: 500 m.

Habitat Regions: tropical ; terrestrial

Terrestrial Biomes: forest ; rainforest

Other Habitat Features: agricultural ; caves

Long-tongued dawn fruit bats or lesser dawn fruit bats, Eonycteris spelaea, are found throughout much of south Asia, from southern China to the islands of Indonesia, and from southwestern India to throughout the Philippines.

Biogeographic Regions: oriental (Native )

Diet consists primarily of the nectar and pollen of night flowering plant species. Two studies state that stomach and tongue contents contained pollen exclusively. Lesser dawn fruit bats are nectarivorous generalists that have been documented feeding on over 31 plant species. The nectar and pollen of Oroxylum indicum is described as their preferred and principle food source. Eonycteris spelaea and O. indicum are referred to as an example of coevolution because the flowers are adapted to the head morphology and feeding behavior of the this bat species. Durio zibethinus, Parkia speciosa, Musa acuminata, and Ficus species are also used. Lesser dawn fruit bats have shown a particular affinity for a specific species of Agave. They use durian fruit nectar and pollen, and it is suggested that they are the among the most important pollinators of this economically important fruit. It is also reported that Eonycteris are occasional flower eaters. In captivity, individuals have been fed coconut (Cocos) pulp and guava (Psidium).

Plant Foods: fruit; nectar; pollen; flowers

Primary Diet: herbivore (Nectarivore )

The primary ecological function of E. spelaea is pollination. A possible secondary role is seed dispersal, however, the use of fruit as a wild food item is not confirmed.

Ecosystem Impact: pollinates

The primary significance of E. spelaea to humans is the pollination of commercially important plant species, especially durian fruits (Durio spp.), which can add up to $120 million (U.S. dollars) to the Southeast Asian economy annually. Lesser dawn bats are also hunted for use as food. Bat guano from the Philippines is harvested for use as fertilizer.

Positive Impacts: food ; produces fertilizer; pollinates crops

There are no known adverse effects of E. spelaea on humans.

Lesser dawn fruit bats are considered lower risk/least concern by the IUCN. The major threat to E. spelaea is loss and degradation of forest habitat through ongoing wood extraction and limestone quarrying. Conservation actions that are needed include monitoring and research of population numbers, range and trends. The subspecies E. spelaea glandifera of Indonesia and the Philippines and Sulawesi was reported as vulnerable 1992. Populations in Java and the Lesser Sundas Islands are considered endangered because of cave disturbance, hunting, and habitat destruction. Populations of E. spelaea glandifera in the Philippines seem more adaptable to habitat alterations but are at risk due to hunting and human disturbance.

US Federal List: no special status

CITES: appendix i

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern

There is little available information on the way lesser dawn fruit bats communicate and perceive their environment. The presence of long scent-dispersing "osmetrichia" hairs on males indicates the use of olfaction and is probably used in reproductive state determination and mating. In many species of bats males have a much stronger odor than females. Pteropodidae species have large, well-developed eyes, and conspicious simple ears. The perception of their environment is mostly visual. However, E. spelaea is unique in the production of wing-clapping sounds during movement in dark situations, which may be a primitive form of echolocation that aids orientation. Most Pteropodidae species locate food by smell.

Communication Channels: chemical

Other Communication Modes: scent marks

Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical

Lesser dawn fruit bats are thought to be polygynous with single males mating with multiple females. Penis, baculum, and testes size are not a factor in male reproductive success, as sperm competition does not occur as in multi-male polyandrous and polygynandrous mating systems. However, residual baculum lengths are greater than in monogamous systems. It is reasonable that body size is a factor in mate selection in both sexes as it is generally an indicator of superior genes and fitness.

Mating System: polygynous

There is conflicting information on the cycle/pattern of estrus as well as birth in E. spelaea females. One study finds females exhibiting a pattern characterized by synchronous births and seasonal, bimodal polyestry, while other sources find no synchronicity between females and no seasonal synchronicity. Lesser dawn fruit bats are polyestrus and births occur in two seasonal peaks, which is consistent with females coming into estrus twice a year. The usual number of offspring per year is two. Gestation is reported to be 3 to 4 months; however, other reports suggest gestation periods possibly as long as 200 days (between 6 and 7 months). Weaning occurs at 3 months. Females mature between 6 months and 1 year. Males mature between 1 and 2 years.

Breeding interval: Breeding intervals are unknown, but females may breed up to twice each year.

Breeding season: Breeding is not synchronized with a particular season, but tends to be bimodal.

Range number of offspring: 1 to 2.

Average number of offspring: 1.

Range gestation period: 3 to 6 months.

Average weaning age: 3 months.

Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 6 to 12 months.

Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 1 to 2 years.

Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; year-round breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; fertilization ; viviparous

Reports suggest that females are the sole providers of pre-independence parental care. After birth, altricial young take hold of a nipple and stay attached for 4 to 6 weeks as the female flies around. After this time, young can make flights independently for short distances. Complete weaning occurs at 3 months.

Parental Investment: altricial ; pre-fertilization (Provisioning, Protecting: Female); pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); pre-independence (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female)

El ratpenat nectarívor comú (Eonycteris spelaea) és una espècie de ratpenat de la família dels pteropòdids. Viu a Brunei, Cambodja, la Xina, l'Índia, Indonèsia, Laos, Malàisia, Myanmar, les Filipines, Singapur, Tailàndia, el Timor Oriental i el Vietnam. El seu hàbitat natural són els boscos pertorbats i les zones agràries, tot i que també viu a boscos primaris. No hi ha cap amenaça significativa per a la supervivència de l'espècie en general, però algunes poblacions estan amenaçades per la caça, la desforestació i l'activitat espeleològica.

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Eonycteris spelaea Eonycteris generoko animalia da. Chiropteraren barruko Pteropodidae familian sailkatuta dago.

Aamulepakko (Eonycteris spelaea) on aasialainen Eonycteris-sukuun kuuluva yhdyskunnittain elävä lepakko.

De grottenvleerhond (Eonycteris spelaea) is een vleermuis uit het geslacht Eonycteris die voorkomt van India en Zuid-China tot de Filipijnen, de Molukken en Timor. In de Filipijnen is de soort gevonden op Biliran, Bohol, Catanduanes, Cebu, Leyte, Luzon, Marinduque, Maripipi, Masbate, Mindanao, Mindoro, Negros, Palawan, Polillo, Sabtang, Siargao, Sibuyan, Siquijor en Tablas, in de Molukken op Batjan, Halmahera, Sanana, Ternate en Tidore. Deze soort komt voor in grotten tot op 1100 m hoogte en vormt vaak zeer grote kolonies tot wel 50.000 individuen. In veel delen van zijn verspreidingsgebied wordt de soort bejaagd; in de Filipijnen is het dier nu vrij zeldzaam. Deze vleerhondsoort vliegt kilometers op zoek naar nectar.

Het is een vrij kleine, grijsachtige vleerhond met een smalle bek en gereduceerde tanden. Hij lijkt oppervlakkig op Rousettus amplexicaudatus. De kop-romplengte bedraagt 8,5-11 cm, de staartlengte 1,5-1,8 cm, de voorarmlengte 6-7 cm cm, de tibialengte 3,4 tot 3,8 cm, de oorlengte 1,7 tot 1,9 cm en het gewicht 61 tot 77 g. Het karyotype bedraagt 2n=36, FN=66.

Eonycteris spelaea är en däggdjursart som först beskrevs av George Edward Dobson 1871. Den ingår i släktet Eonycteris och familjen flyghundar. IUCN kategoriserar arten globalt som livskraftig.

Середовище проживання

Країни поширення: Бруней-Даруссалам, Камбоджа, Китай, Індія, Індонезія, Лаос, Малайзія, М'янма, Філіппіни, Сінгапур, Таїланд, Східний Тимор, В'єтнам. Висотний діапазон поширення: від рівня моря до 1100 м. Частіше зустрічаються в порушених сільськогосподарських угіддях, хоча в первинних лісах також.

Стиль життя

Лаштують сідала в печерах, формуючи компактні кластери і співживучи з іншими рукокрилими. Лаштують сідала у великих групах, що складаються з тисяч особин в печерах в лісових районах. Ці нектароїдні криланові з повільним польотом, і адаптовані до використання квітів багатьох важливих сільськогосподарських і садових культур. Народжується одне маля в рік. Було також повідомлено, що живуть у невеликих групах на горищах сільських хатах на північному сході Індії.

Загрози та охорона

Немає серйозних загроз для цього виду в цілому. У деяких районах Південної Азії вид локально під загрозою вирубки лісу, як правило, в результаті лісозаготівель і перетворення земель в сільськогосподарських та інших видів використання. Печерний туризм є новою загрозою в деяких печерах. У Китаї вид часто знаходиться під важким пресом полювання. Присутній у багатьох охоронних територіях у всьому діапазоні.

Джерела

• Francis, C., Rosell-Ambal, G., Tabaranza, B., Carino, P., Helgen, K., Molur, S. & Srinivasulu, C. 2008. Eonycteris spelaea. In: IUCN 2012

Dơi quả lưỡi dài (danh pháp khoa học: Eonycteris spelaea) là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Dơi quạ, bộ Dơi. Loài này được Dobson mô tả năm 1871.

长舌果蝠（学名：Eonycteris spelaea）为狐蝠科长舌果蝠属的动物。在中国大陆，分布于广西、云南等地，主要生活于热带岩洞。该物种的模式产地在缅甸。