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The fundamental pelage color of dusky-footed wood rats is cinnamon with variations toward tints of buff and pink. Every dusky-footed wood rat has vibrissae (whiskers) that are disposed in six parallel, evenly spaced rows. The ears are thin, large, rounded, and broad as well as hairy. The claws are short, sharp, curved sharply downward and almost equal in length. The claws are also colorless. There is some sexual dimorphism in this species. Females are about 38.5cm in length (including the 18.7cm tail). Males are about 44.3cm (including a 21.5cm tail). Males usually also weigh more than females.
Range mass: 230 to 300 g.
Average mass: 275.50 g.
Other Physical Features: endothermic ; bilateral symmetry
The dusky-footed wood rat, although found on hillsides, usually select valleys and lives very close to small streams and water. Since this species likes areas that are covered, they tend to avoid open grassland and open oak woods with small amounts of underbrush. The plant species in the area affect the wood rat through the nature of the cover and screening it offers. Plants such as Arroyo Willow, Red Willow, and Coast Live Oak provide good protection.
Besides the biotic features of a habitat, there are also abiotic features which contribute to the nature of the dusky-footed wood rats' habitat. Light is avoided even when it is as weak as moonlight. Cold air is more suitable than extreme heat. When temperatures approach one hundred degrees fahrenheit, wood rats move to cooler places. Dryness of a wood rat's coat is important for maintaining good health, but low humidity is unfavorable. Within their habitats, rats live in colonies of three to fifteen or more nests (homes).
Terrestrial Biomes: chaparral ; forest
The range of the dusky-footed wood rat is restricted to the Pacific coastal area of the United States and Lower California. The range specifically extends from the Columbia River in Washington southward through the Sierra San Pedro Martir of northern Lower California. Toward the east, the dusky-footed wood rat's range reaches the Cascade-Sierra Nevada mountain system and the Mojave and Colorado deserts. In terms of altitude, this species lives at elevations of around 9,000 feet in the southern areas of its range.
Biogeographic Regions: nearctic (Native )
The dusky-footed wood rat and its relatives in the genus Neotoma are sometimes called pack rats, trade rats, bush rats, and cave rats. This species is known to have many animal associates. These associates have been placed into three groups: predators, parasites, and commensals. Predators of this species are skunks, hawks, owls, and wild cats. The wood rat carries parasites such as ticks, mites, and fleas. Many other animals are commensals with the wood rat, using its nest for shelter. The King Snake is one such animal.
Perception Channels: tactile ; chemical
This species can be found abundantly within its geographgic range. It is not endangered or threatened.
US Federal List: no special status
CITES: no special status
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern
In coastal areas of California, feces from the dusky-footed wood rat can be found in large quantities in the inner base of the rat houses. These feces have be used as garden fertilizer. The commercial use of fertilizer in California has led to the removal of one to three sacks of feces per wood rat nest.
The dusky-footed wood rat feeds on seventy-two different types of plants. Some of these include Blackberry, Maul Oak, Valley Oak, Soap plant, Gold fern, and Bracken. This was determined by analyzing food specimens in homes of dusky-tailed wood rats. The plants consumed by the dusky-footed wood rat are utilized for nutrients as well as their water content. This species derives moisture from eating the vegetation. However, the availibility of certain plants varies with the seasons. This species has a tendency to store a large amount of food in its nests. In one nest, for example, there were one hundred and thirty-two cuttings of fresh material. The dusky-tailed wood rat eats food throughout the night. In one feeding period, they consumed 44.2g on average.
Reproduction by a male dusky-footed wood rat depends on its proximity to other male conspecifics. In the presence of many male rats, individual male rats may not reach full sexual maturity or physical size. However, when a male wood rat is isolated it immediately increases its weight and becomes sexually mature. At this time, the testes increase in size dramatically.
The reproductive period of this species usually begins in late September and continues until mid-June or mid-July. This coincides with the onset of the rainy season and the growth of plants. The inactive reproductive period arrives in the dry season when much of the vegetation is not growing.
Females also show seasonal changes in reproductive activity. The months of April and May are when most females are reproductively active. Females mate with a single male, and there is no evidence of polygamy. During the breeding season, males move about changing nests in search of sexually receptive females. Males pair with the most accessible female, which is usually the one closest to their nests. The fewer females present in an area, the more a male will move.
Females remain in their original nests and may raise a succession of litters. Some females may experience reoccuring oestrous cycles without becoming pregnant. This occurs when there are fewer males than females in an area, and each of these males limits its attention to a single female. The result is that some females are without a male for a long time.
Once gestation begins, the female is intolerant toward the male and somtimes will attack the male. If a male approaches an intolerant female, and if he has not mated yet, he will leave the vicinity and find another receptive female. Once a male mates, he lives alone in a separate nest which he builds himself. By spring, most females begin producing young. The suckling young, about 2.8 per litter, are dependent to the mother until the time of weaning. Weaning begins three weeks after the young are born. After weaning, the young begin to eat the same greens as their parents. Females protect suckling young by hovering over them and attempting to bite an animal who tries to touch them.
Key Reproductive Features: gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual
Neotoma fuscipes és una espècie de rosegador de la família dels cricètids. Viu a Mèxic (Baixa Califòrnia) i els Estats Units (Califòrnia i Oregon). Es tracta d'un animal majoritàriament nocturn que s'alimenta de llavors, núcules, glans, fruita, vegetació verda, escorça interior i fongs. Els seus hàbitats naturals són el chaparral i els boscos de diferents tipus. Es creu que no hi ha cap amenaça significativa per a la supervivència d'aquesta espècie.[1] El seu nom específic, fuscipes, significa 'peu fosc' en llatí.[2]
Neotoma fuscipes és una espècie de rosegador de la família dels cricètids. Viu a Mèxic (Baixa Califòrnia) i els Estats Units (Califòrnia i Oregon). Es tracta d'un animal majoritàriament nocturn que s'alimenta de llavors, núcules, glans, fruita, vegetació verda, escorça interior i fongs. Els seus hàbitats naturals són el chaparral i els boscos de diferents tipus. Es creu que no hi ha cap amenaça significativa per a la supervivència d'aquesta espècie. El seu nom específic, fuscipes, significa 'peu fosc' en llatí.
Die Dunkelfuß-Buschratte (Neotoma fuscipes) ist ein in Nordamerika lebendes Nagetier (Rodentia) aus der Familie der Wühler (Cricetidae). Der Artname leitet sich von den lateinischen Worten fusca und pes mit den Bedeutungen „dunkel“ und „Fuß“ ab.
Dunkelfuß-Buschratten erreichen eine Gesamtlänge von 335 bis zu 468 Millimetern, wovon der Schwanz 160 bis 227 Millimeter ausmacht.[1] Sie wiegen zwischen 200 bis 250 Gramm. Ihr Fell ist an der Oberseite sandfarben bis graubraun, die Unterseite ist heller. Namensgebendes Merkmal sind die dunkel behaarten Füße. Der Schwanz ist ebenfalls leicht behaart. Die Zahnformel lautet I1/1-C0/0-P0/0-M3/3.[1]
Ähnliche Tiere aus der Gattung der Amerikanischen Buschratten (Neotoma) unterscheiden sich in erster Linie dadurch, dass ihre Schwänze nicht behaart sind.
Dunkelfuß-Buschratten kommen entlang der Pazifikküste von Oregon über Kalifornien bis Baja California vor. Sie bewohnen unterschiedliche Lebensräumen, besiedeln jedoch bevorzugt Nadel- und Mischwälder, Gebiete mit Gebüsch und dichtem Gestrüpp sowie Chaparralzonen.
Die überwiegend nachtaktiven Dunkelfuß-Buschratten leben in Nestern. Diese werden aus den unterschiedlichsten Materialien errichtet. Sie sammeln dazu alle gerade verfügbaren und passenden Materialien, in erster Linie jedoch dürre Zweige und abgebrochene Stöcke. Innen wird das Nest mit Gräsern und Moos ausgekleidet. Es wird am Boden, im Gestrüpp oder in niedriger Höhe in Bäumen gebaut und hat eine konische Form. Im Laufe der Zeit wird ein Nest immer weiter ausgebaut und besteht dann aus einem Labyrinth von Durchgängen, Außenöffnungen, einer großen zentralen Kammer, einer Aufzuchtkammer, Nahrungsmittelvorratskammern und zuweilen einem separaten Abort. Im Normalfall entleeren sie sich jedoch außerhalb ihrer Behausung. Je nach Ausbaustufe können die Nester eine Höhe zwischen 35 und 203 sowie einen Durchmesser von 45 bis 230 Zentimetern erreichen.[1] Sie haben eine sehr feste Struktur, so dass sie selbst von kräftigen Fressfeinden nur schwer zu öffnen sind. Die Nester werden zuweilen von mehreren aufeinanderfolgenden Generationen bewohnt und können Lebensdauern von über zehn Jahren erreichen.
Die Weibchen werfen nur einmal pro Jahr in einem Zeitraum zwischen Februar und September. Die durchschnittliche Wurfgröße beträgt zwei bis vier Jungtiere (in seltenen Fällen bis zu sechs), die ca. 30 Tage nach der Begattung geboren werden. Die Entwöhnung beginnt nach ungefähr 21 Tagen, wenn die Jungen beginnen, feste Nahrung zu sich zu nehmen.[1]
Fressfeinde sind Kojoten (Canis latrans), Füchse (Vulpini), Luchse (Lynx), Skunks (Mephitidae), Waschbären (Procyon lotor), Eulen (Strigiformes), Habichte (Accipiter) und Schlangen (Serpentes). Zur Dezimierung der Art trägt zuweilen auch der Mensch bei.
Die Nahrung der Dunkelfuß-Buschratte besteht überwiegend aus Blättern, Früchten und Samen, die meist in der Nähe ihrer Behausung verzehrt bzw. eingesammelt werden. In Kalifornien wurde eine Bevorzugung der Blätter der Kalifornischen Steineiche (Quercus agrifolia) festgestellt.[2] Untersuchungen, inwieweit die Klimaerwärmung das Nahrungsverhalten der Tiere verändert, ergaben, dass zunehmend die genügsame und gegen Trockenperioden relativ unempfindliche Adenostoma fasciculatum das Nahrungsspektrum erweitert.[3]
Im englischen Sprachgebrauch werden die Tiere zuweilen als pack rat („Sammelwütiges Individuum“), eine größere Gruppe der Ratten als pack bezeichnet. Der Begriff Rat Pack („eine Meute von Ratten“) wird hingegen meist auf bestimmte Künstlergruppen angewendet.
Die Dunkelfuß-Buschratte (Neotoma fuscipes) ist ein in Nordamerika lebendes Nagetier (Rodentia) aus der Familie der Wühler (Cricetidae). Der Artname leitet sich von den lateinischen Worten fusca und pes mit den Bedeutungen „dunkel“ und „Fuß“ ab.
The dusky-footed woodrat (Neotoma fuscipes) is a species of nocturnal rodent in the family Cricetidae.[2] They are commonly called "packrats" or "trade rats" and build large, domed dens that can reach several feet in height. Coyotes and other predators will attempt to prey on these rodents by laying waste to the dens, but the sheer volume of material is usually dissuasive. Occasionally, dusky-footed woodrats will build satellite dens in trees. Although these animals are solitary, except in the mating season (when they are most vulnerable to predation), dens are frequently found in clusters of up to several dozen, forming rough "communities". The mating system in this species appears to be variable, with promiscuity most generally at high population densities and monogamy at lower densities.[3]
They are similar in appearance to the common rat species Rattus rattus and Rattus norvegicus, but with larger ears and eyes, softer coats, and furred tails. The California mouse, Peromyscus californicus, which has similar distribution, is sometimes found living in woodrat dens. Dens contain a nest and one or more "pantry" chambers which are used to store leaves and nuts for future consumption. The dental formula of Neotoma fuscipes is 1.0.0.31.0.0.3 × 2 = 16.[4]
The species is found in Mexico and the United States. Woodrats are found from Oregon into the northern part of Baja California. They are found along the Pacific coast, west of the deserts and Great Basin.[4][5] Woodrats can be found near streams and in juniper and mixed coniferous forests. They prefer living in chaparral areas with dense ground cover because these areas offer a steady food supply and protection from predators, as well as an abundance of materials to build houses.[5][6] In northeastern California, woodrats can survive in lava rims and beds with enough vegetation cover.[5]
Dusky-footed woodrats are chiefly herbivorous, but will eat insects, especially mealworms and crickets if offered; they eat a variety of cuttings from branches, leaves, fruits, and nuts.[7] Woodrats store food cuttings in their nests; with nests averaging 4.5 species of herbivorous vegetation, though they tend to have a dominant food source making up the majority of cuttings, oak (Quercus) is preferred if available.[4] While most woodrats are habitat generalists, eating many varieties of plants, there is evidence of local specialization in diets.[8] For example, significant differences have been observed in the diets of woodrats living only one kilometer apart, with one group living in juniper forest showing a preference for western juniper and the other, in mixed coniferous forest, substisting largely on incense cedar. [8]
Woodrats are prey items of owls, coyotes, hawks, weasels, skunks, snakes, and cats. These predators, along with humans, keep woodrat populations under control.[4][7][9][10]
If a predator attacks a woodrat's nest, the woodrat may take shelter in another nearby nest. Woodrats alert each other of nearby predators by rattling their tails. [11]
Woodrats build extensive nests in trees, on the ground, and on bluffs with dense vegetation or rock cover. The conical shaped nests can be two to eight feet tall and are made of sticks, bark, and various plant matter. One nest can house successive generations of woodrats, with offspring adding to nests making them larger. The nests can have many rooms used for food storage, resting, nurseries, and protection. Nests can be built in harsh, inaccessible places such as thorny brush or poison oak patches.[4][7] One study suggests that dusky-footed woodrats of California have been found to selectively place California bay leaves (Umbellularia) around the edges of their nest within their middens to control levels of ectoparasites such as fleas.[12] The leaves contain volatile organic compounds which are toxic to flea larvae. Among the terpenes most toxic to flea larvae in the bay leaves are umbellelone, cineole, and cymene.[13] Wood rats are believed to have evolved this behavioral adaptation to cope with the environmental stresses posed by ectoparasites.[13]
One study finds that a woodrat's maternal nest is an integral part of its nesting habits. When their mother moves nests, woodrats that remain in the maternal nest have a better chance of surviving than woodrats that follow their mother to her new nest. Woodrats move to the nearest viable, empty nest to their maternal nest, settling permanently after at least two moves. They often return to the maternal nest to visit.[6]
_(1926)_(17574089463).jpg)
Skeleton of a male N. fuscipes 
Adult female N. fuscipes, UC Davis Quail Ridge Reserve 
N. fuscipes midden, UC Davis Stebbins Cold Canyon Reserve, CA The dusky-footed woodrat (Neotoma fuscipes) is a species of nocturnal rodent in the family Cricetidae. They are commonly called "packrats" or "trade rats" and build large, domed dens that can reach several feet in height. Coyotes and other predators will attempt to prey on these rodents by laying waste to the dens, but the sheer volume of material is usually dissuasive. Occasionally, dusky-footed woodrats will build satellite dens in trees. Although these animals are solitary, except in the mating season (when they are most vulnerable to predation), dens are frequently found in clusters of up to several dozen, forming rough "communities". The mating system in this species appears to be variable, with promiscuity most generally at high population densities and monogamy at lower densities.
They are similar in appearance to the common rat species Rattus rattus and Rattus norvegicus, but with larger ears and eyes, softer coats, and furred tails. The California mouse, Peromyscus californicus, which has similar distribution, is sometimes found living in woodrat dens. Dens contain a nest and one or more "pantry" chambers which are used to store leaves and nuts for future consumption. The dental formula of Neotoma fuscipes is 1.0.0.31.0.0.3 × 2 = 16.
La rata cambalachera patas oscuras (en inglés dusky-footed woodrat) (Neotoma fuscipes) es una especie de roedor nocturno en la familia Cricetidae.[2] Son generalmente llamadas "ratas cambalacheras" y construyen guaridas abovedadas que pueden lograr hasta varios pies en altura. Los coyotes y otros depredadores intentan cazar estos roedores por destrozar las guaridas, pero el grosor del nido les suele disuadir. Ocasionalmente, las ratas cambalacheras patas oscuras construyen nidos satélites en los árboles. A pesar de que estos animales son diligentemente solitarios, excepto en la estación de apareamiento (cuando son más vulnerables como presa), las guaridas se encuentran frecuentemente en grupos de hasta varias docenas, formando "comunidades" aproximadas. El sistema de apareamiento en esta especie parece ser variable, generalmente con promiscuidad en densidades de población altas y monogamia en densidades más bajas.[3]
Son similares en aspecto a la especie de rata común Rattus rattus y Rattus norvegicus, pero con ojos y orejas más grandes, un pelaje más blando, y cola con pelo. El ratón de California, Peromyscus californicus, el cual tiene distribución similar, vive dentro de las guaridas construidas por ratas cambalacheras. Las guaridas contienen un nido y hasta varios cuartos de "despensa" en donde se almacenan hojas y frutos secos para consumir más tarde.
Se conoce que la rata cambalachera patas oscuras de California coloca hojas del Laurel de California (Umbellularia) alrededor de los bordes de su nido dentro de su casa de palitos para controlar niveles de los ectoparásitos (parásitos externos) como pulgas.[4] Las hojas contienen compuestos orgánicos volátiles qué son tóxicos a las larvas de pulga. Entre los terpenos más tóxicos a las larvas de pulga en las hojas de bahía son umbellelone, cineole, y cymene.[5] Se cree que las ratas cambalacheras evolucionaron con esta adaptación de comportamiento para soportar las tensiones medioambientales causadas por ectoparásitos.
La especie se encuentra en México y los Estados Unidos.
Datos: Q1763729
Multimedia:
Especies: Neotoma fuscipes
La rata cambalachera patas oscuras (en inglés dusky-footed woodrat) (Neotoma fuscipes) es una especie de roedor nocturno en la familia Cricetidae. Son generalmente llamadas "ratas cambalacheras" y construyen guaridas abovedadas que pueden lograr hasta varios pies en altura. Los coyotes y otros depredadores intentan cazar estos roedores por destrozar las guaridas, pero el grosor del nido les suele disuadir. Ocasionalmente, las ratas cambalacheras patas oscuras construyen nidos satélites en los árboles. A pesar de que estos animales son diligentemente solitarios, excepto en la estación de apareamiento (cuando son más vulnerables como presa), las guaridas se encuentran frecuentemente en grupos de hasta varias docenas, formando "comunidades" aproximadas. El sistema de apareamiento en esta especie parece ser variable, generalmente con promiscuidad en densidades de población altas y monogamia en densidades más bajas.
Son similares en aspecto a la especie de rata común Rattus rattus y Rattus norvegicus, pero con ojos y orejas más grandes, un pelaje más blando, y cola con pelo. El ratón de California, Peromyscus californicus, el cual tiene distribución similar, vive dentro de las guaridas construidas por ratas cambalacheras. Las guaridas contienen un nido y hasta varios cuartos de "despensa" en donde se almacenan hojas y frutos secos para consumir más tarde.
Se conoce que la rata cambalachera patas oscuras de California coloca hojas del Laurel de California (Umbellularia) alrededor de los bordes de su nido dentro de su casa de palitos para controlar niveles de los ectoparásitos (parásitos externos) como pulgas. Las hojas contienen compuestos orgánicos volátiles qué son tóxicos a las larvas de pulga. Entre los terpenos más tóxicos a las larvas de pulga en las hojas de bahía son umbellelone, cineole, y cymene. Se cree que las ratas cambalacheras evolucionaron con esta adaptación de comportamiento para soportar las tensiones medioambientales causadas por ectoparásitos.
La especie se encuentra en México y los Estados Unidos.
Neotoma fuscipes Neotoma generoko animalia da. Karraskarien barruko Neotominae azpifamilia eta Cricetidae familian sailkatuta dago.
Neotoma fuscipes Neotoma generoko animalia da. Karraskarien barruko Neotominae azpifamilia eta Cricetidae familian sailkatuta dago.
Neotoma fuscipes, ou Néotoma à pattes sombres, est une espèce de rongeurs de la famille des Cricétidés.
Neotoma fuscipes is een zoogdier uit de familie van de Cricetidae. De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort werd voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd door Baird in 1858.
De soort komt voor in de Verenigde Staten en Mexico.
Bronnen, noten en/of referentiesNeotoma fuscipes is een zoogdier uit de familie van de Cricetidae. De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort werd voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd door Baird in 1858.
Neotoma fuscipes[2][3][4][5][6] är en däggdjursart som beskrevs av Baird 1858. Neotoma fuscipes ingår i släktet egentliga skogsråttor och familjen hamsterartade gnagare.[7][8] IUCN kategoriserar arten globalt som livskraftig.[1]
Arten når en absolut längd av 33,5 till 47 cm, inklusive en 16 till 22,7 cm lång svans (längden av alla svanskotor). Vikten ligger vanligen mellan 200 och 250 g och enstaka exemplar kan väga upp till 310 g. Bakfötterna är med en längd av 3,4 till 4,7 cm större än framtassarna och de har fem tår. Neotoma fuscipes har fyra fingrar vid händerna. Den mjuka pälsen är ljus gråbrun på ovansidan med rödorange skugga och populationer som lever nära kusten är mörkare. Undersidan är vitaktig. Gnagaren avviker från andra släktmedlemmar genom olika detaljer av tändernas konstruktion.[9]
Denna gnagare förekommer i västra USA i delstaterna Oregon och Kalifornien. Habitatet utgörs av olika slags skogar med tät undervegetation. Det kan vara blandskogar, barrskogar, buskskogar (chaparral) eller lövskogar.[1]
Individerna bygger på marken bon av grenar, kvistar och annan bråte. Boet används vanligen av flera generationer. Utanför parningstiden har hanar egna bon. Ofta ligger flera bon nära varandra vad som liknar en koloni. Neotoma fuscipes äter olika växtdelar som frön, frukter, nötter, gröna växtdelar, floem och svampar. Den är främst nattaktiv.[1]
Mellan februari och maj föder honan en kull med en till fyra ungar efter 30 till 37 dagar dräktighet. Ungarna diar sin mor cirka tre veckor. Arten har flera naturliga fiender som hökfåglar, ugglor, rödlo, prärievarg eller vesslor.[1] Honan parar sig bara med en hane under ett år. Ungarna har vid födelsen bara morrhår och är annars naken och blinda. De väger 12,5 till 14 g och har en klaff mellan framtänderna för att dia. Ögonen öppnas efter 11 till 17 dagar och ungefär samtidig växer pälsen.[9]
Arten delas in i följande underarter:[7]
Wilson & Reeder (2005) listar inga underarter.[4]
Wikimedia Commons har media som rör Neotoma fuscipes.
Wikispecies har information om Neotoma fuscipes.
Neotoma fuscipes är en däggdjursart som beskrevs av Baird 1858. Neotoma fuscipes ingår i släktet egentliga skogsråttor och familjen hamsterartade gnagare. IUCN kategoriserar arten globalt som livskraftig.
Neotoma fuscipes là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Cricetidae, bộ Gặm nhấm. Loài này được Baird mô tả năm 1857.[2]
Bài viết liên quan đến họ gặm nhấm Cricetidae này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn. Neotoma fuscipes là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Cricetidae, bộ Gặm nhấm. Loài này được Baird mô tả năm 1857.
검은발숲쥐(Neotoma fuscipes)는 비단털쥐과에 속하는 설치류의 일종이다.[2] "팩랫(packrats)" 또는 "트레이드랫(trade rats)"으로도 흔히 불리며, 높이가 60~240cm에 이르는 커다란 돔 형태의 굴을 만든다. 미국과 멕시코에서 발견된다.
검은발숲쥐(Neotoma fuscipes)는 비단털쥐과에 속하는 설치류의 일종이다. "팩랫(packrats)" 또는 "트레이드랫(trade rats)"으로도 흔히 불리며, 높이가 60~240cm에 이르는 커다란 돔 형태의 굴을 만든다. 미국과 멕시코에서 발견된다.
