الأسماء في صفحات التنقل
The specific communication systems of black giant squirrels have not been studied thoroughly. However, they likely communicate in much the same way as other members of the squirrel family. This means that they communicate through a series of vocal chirps and barks. In other Malaysian squirrel species, communication plays a large role in mating systems. Males locate and attract females using ultrasonic sounds. They will also bark post copulation for several minutes (Tamura, 1993). When courting, both genders will scent mark using urination to attract members of the opposite sex and show availability (Paulraj, 1988). As with many squirrels, they use alarm calls when they see a predator (Thorington and Ferrell, 2006).
Communication Channels: acoustic ; chemical
Other Communication Modes: scent marks
Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical
Black giant squirrels are susceptible to hunting and deforestation. they are in decline mainly due to over-hunting and secondarily due to habitat loss (Timmins and Duckworth, 2008). Historically, they have been sold in fresh food markets in Loas ("Wildlife in Lao PDR: 1999 Status Report", 1999). Black giant squirrels are significantly less abundant or not present in logged forests and plantation areas. This reduction in number is strongly correlated to the reduction in canopy cover and tree density (Datta and Goyal, 2008), because black giant squirrels nest in the high canopy layer of tall trees (Harrison and Traub, 1950).
CITES: appendix ii
Black giant squirrels are preyed upon by several species. They live in the upper canopy, which allows them to avoid many ground predators (Harrison and Traub, 1950). However, this puts them at risk of predation from birds of prey such as Wallace's hawk eagle, which preys on arboreal mammals in Southeast Asia (Haring et al., 2007). Black giant squirrels are also at risk of predation by snakes when in the canopy. In order to collect food on the forest floor, they will occasionally move down from the canopy (Meijaard and Sheil, 2008); during which they are at risk of predation from terrestrial carnivores. However, the specific species that eat black giant squirrels have not been thoroughly studied.
Black giant squirrels have several means of predator avoidance. As mentioned before, the location that they live in is out of reach of many terrestrial predators (Harrison and Traub, 1950). Also, as with many squirrels, they will use alarm calls when they see a predator. Their fur also provides camouflage, similar to many other squirrels. The ventral, or belly is a light color, while the dorsal, or back remains dark. This helps them blend in with the changing light patterns of the forest layers and avoid being seen from both terrestrial and aerial predators (Thorington and Ferrell, 2006).
Known Predators:
Anti-predator Adaptations: aposematic ; cryptic
Black giant squirrels are characterized by their distinct size and pelage. With masses of 1546 g and lengths of 798 mm (head to tail), black giant squirrels are one of the largest members of the squirrel family (Thorington and Heaney, 1981). They are identifiable by their black fur, tan chest patch and occasionally tan tail tip. As is the case with most tree squirrels they do not exhibit sexually dimorphic. Unlike many squirrels, black giant squirrels do not have a tail that curls over its back. Instead, their tail lays limp behind them (Dobroruka, 1975).
Average mass: 1546 g.
Average length: 798 mm.
Sexual Dimorphism: sexes alike
Other Physical Features: endothermic ; bilateral symmetry
The average lifespan for black giant squirrels is 18 years in captivity. There are very few records detailing the lifespan of black giant squirrels all of which have been collected from captive, wild-born specimens.
Range lifespan
Status: captivity: 19 (high) years.
Average lifespan
Status: captivity: 18 years.
Black giant squirrels are only found in heavily forested areas. Their range spans from sea level to as high as 2000 m. Since they are highly susceptible to deforestation, they are rarely found in degraded areas ("Wildlife in Lao PDR: 1999 Status Report", 1999). These squirrels are commonly seen between elevations of 1900 m and 2000 m, most frequently in areas rich in Vietnamese white pine, Pinus dalatensis (Abramov, Rozhnov and Morozov, 2006). Often, they are found nesting in the canopy of tall trees (Harrison and Traub, 1950).
Range elevation: 0 to 2000 m.
Habitat Regions: tropical ; terrestrial
Terrestrial Biomes: forest
Black giant squirrels are found across much of the Oriental region. Their native range spans from northern Nepal and southern China through Vietnam. They are also numerous across the Malaysian Peninsula (Endo et al., 2004). For this reason they are also referred to as Malayan giant squirrels.
Biogeographic Regions: oriental (Native )
Like most squirrels, black giant squirrels eat fruits and nuts. Little is known about their foraging activity and the amount of food they consumes (Meijaard and Sheil, 2006). Locals within its range insist that they frequent their orchards (Harrison and Traub, 1950).
Plant Foods: seeds, grains, and nuts; fruit
Primary Diet: herbivore (Frugivore , Granivore )
Black giant squirrels have been known to steal fruit from local orchards. (Harrison and Traub, 1950)
Negative Impacts: crop pest
Black giant squirrels were, until recently sold in large quantities at fresh food markets in Vientiane, Loas. At the time, they were one of the most commonly found specimens in several markets. In recent years, they are not as abundant in these markets due to declining wild populations ("Wildlife in Lao PDR: 1999 Status Report", 1999).
Positive Impacts: food
Because of their affinity for fruit and nuts black giant squirrels disperse seeds of large-seeded tree species. More specifically, these squirrels are known to disperse Burseraceae seeds (Canarium euphyllum; Kitamura et al., 2006).
Ecosystem Impact: disperses seeds
Mutualist Species:
Mating behavior of black giant squirrels have only been studied with a few select captive pairs. However, several commonalities have been witnessed. Courtship behaviors include scent marking, chasing, nest building and grooming. Scent marking involves both male and females pressing their anogenital region against an object or the ground and urinating while moving slowly forward (Paulraj, 1988). Chasing involves males pursuing the female while she runs and hides. Often, this gives less dominant males a chance to find her before they can be chased off by older males (Thorington and Ferrell, 2006).
The mating systems for black giant squirrels in the wild have not been well studied. However, like many other solitary tree squirrels it is known to be polygynandrous (Dobroruka, 1975). Similar Malaysian tree squirrels are also polygynandrous. Their mating systems are assumed to reflect those of close relatives, Indian giant squirrels. For other close relatives, plantain and gray-bellied squirrels, when a female comes into estrous, six to eight males will come to the area early in the morning. During a several hour mating bout, five to seven males will copulate with the female. Males frequently attempt to chase off other males when in close proximity to the female (Tamura, 1993). Since several males will copulate with the female, it is not uncommon for siblings of the same litter to have different paternity (Thorington and Heaney, 1981). Squirrels that inhabit similar ecological or energetic niches also have similar mating and reproductive systems (Hayssen, 2008).
Mating System: polygynandrous (promiscuous)
Black giant squirrels exhibit very similar reproductive behavior to most tree squirrel species. A female will give birth to one to two altricial young twice yearly. They have a gestation period that lasts an average of 31.5 days. After which, they will nurse their young for approximately five weeks. Like all members of the squirrel family, black giant squirrels reproduce sexually with the male impregnating the female during internal copulation. The reproductive efforts of all tree squirrel species take place in the canopy layer. This includes both nesting and mating efforts (Hayssen, 2008). Black giant squirrels give birth in two periods, from April to May and August to September (Hayssen, Tienhoven, and Tienhoven, 1993).
Breeding interval: Giant black squirrels breed twice yearly.
Breeding season: Mating occurs from March to April or July to August.
Range number of offspring: 1 to 2.
Average number of offspring: 1.44.
Range gestation period: 28 to 35 days.
Average weaning age: 5 weeks.
Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; viviparous
Black giant squirrels give birth to altricial young that must be nursed; mothers provide this in the form of lactation. Males are only present for insemination and do not aid in parental care (Harrison and Traub, 1950). No evidence suggests that the young remain with the mother after they are weaned.
Parental Investment: altricial ; female parental care ; pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female)
L'esquirol gegant negre (Ratufa bicolor) és una espècie de rosegador de la família dels esciúrids. Viu a Bangla Desh, el Bhutan, Cambodja, la Xina, l'Índia, Indonèsia, Laos, Malàisia, Myanmar, el Nepal, Tailàndia i el Vietnam. Es tracta d'un animal diürn i arborícola que s'alimenta principalment de fruita i fulles. Els seus hàbitats naturals són els boscos perennifolis de montà tropicals i subtropicals, així com els boscos caducifolis secs. Està amenaçat per la caça i la destrucció del seu entorn.[1]
L'esquirol gegant negre (Ratufa bicolor) és una espècie de rosegador de la família dels esciúrids. Viu a Bangla Desh, el Bhutan, Cambodja, la Xina, l'Índia, Indonèsia, Laos, Malàisia, Myanmar, el Nepal, Tailàndia i el Vietnam. Es tracta d'un animal diürn i arborícola que s'alimenta principalment de fruita i fulles. Els seus hàbitats naturals són els boscos perennifolis de montà tropicals i subtropicals, així com els boscos caducifolis secs. Està amenaçat per la caça i la destrucció del seu entorn.
Das Schwarze Riesenhörnchen (Ratufa bicolor) ist eine Hörnchenart aus der Gattung der Riesenhörnchen (Ratufa). Sie kommt in Süd- und Südostasien vom Süden der Volksrepublik China über Teile Indiens bis auf die südostasiatischen Inseln Indonesiens vor.
Mit einer Kopf-Rumpf-Länge von 36 bis 43 Zentimetern und einem Gewicht von etwa 1300 bis 2300 Gramm zählt das Schwarze Riesenhörnchen zu den größten Hörnchenarten weltweit. Der Schwanz erreicht eine Länge von 40 bis 51 Zentimetern und ist damit etwas länger als der Restkörper. Der Hinterfuß wird 84 bis 91 Millimeter lang, das Ohr erreicht eine Länge von 30 bis 38 Millimetern.[1] Die Färbung der Tiere ist sehr variabel und kann regional sehr unterschiedlich sein. Das Rückenfell, der Kopf und der Schwanz sind in der Regel vollständig schwarz gefärbt, nur die Nase und die Schnauze sind weiß und die Tiere besitzen einen sandfarbenen Augenring. Die Bauchseite ist ebenfalls sandfarben bis rostig gelb.[1]
Der Schädel hat eine Gesamtlänge von 71 bis 77 Millimetern. Wie alle Arten der Gattung besitzt die Art im Oberkiefer pro Hälfte einen zu einem Nagezahn ausgebildeten Schneidezahn (Incisivus), dem eine Zahnlücke (Diastema) folgt. Hierauf folgen ein Prämolar und drei Molare. Die Zähne im Unterkiefer entsprechen denen im Oberkiefer. Insgesamt verfügen die Tiere damit über ein Gebiss aus 20 Zähnen.[2]
Das Schwarze Riesenhörnchen kommt in Süd- und Südostasien vom Süden der Volksrepublik China über Teile Indiens bis auf die südostasiatischen Inseln Indonesiens vor.[3] In China kommt die Art als Unterart R. b. gigantea im Süden der Provinzen Yunnan und Guanxi sowie als Unterart R. b. hainana auf der Insel Hainan vor.[1] Von hier reicht das Verbreitungsgebiet nach Süden in die indischen Bundesstaaten Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Nagaland und Westbengalen und den Osten Nepals, Bhutan und Bangladesch hinein. In Südostasien reicht es über Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Kambodscha, Vietnam und die malaiische Halbinsel bis auf die indonesischen Inseln Sumatra, Java, Bali, Panaitan, Belitung und den Mentawai-Inseln.[3][4]
Die Höhenverbreitung liegt bei 500 bis 2500 Metern.[3]
Das Schwarze Riesenhörnchen ist wie alle Arten der Gattung weitgehend baumlebend (arboricol) und lebt in den tropischen Regenwäldern und trockenen Bergwäldern des Verbreitungsgebietes. Es ist tagaktiv und ein guter Kletterer, auch kann es weite Sprünge von mehr als sechs Metern vollführen. In der Regel bewegt sich die Art pirschend mit hängendem Schwanz über die Äste. Den Boden meidet es in der Regel und klettert nur dann von den Bäumen herab, wenn es ein anderes Hörnchen vertreibt, oder wenn die Männchen in der Paarungszeit ein Weibchen verfolgen.[1] Gelegentlich nimmt das Schwarze Riesenhörnchen jedoch auch Nahrung am Boden auf.[3] Die meiste Zeit leben die Tiere als Einzelgänger oder in Paaren, sie nutzen Baumhöhlen als Verstecke. Die Nahrung besteht aus Früchten, Nüssen, verschiedene Baum- und Gebüschrinden, sowie Insekten und Vogeleiern.[1] Vor allem auf der malaiischen Halbinsel steht die Art dabei in Konkurrenz mit zahlreichen anderen baumlebenden Säugern und Vögeln, die sich ebenfalls von Früchten ernähren.[3]
Zur Fortpflanzungszeit bauen die Tiere große Nester aus Blättern, Ästen und Zweigen. Die Weibchen bringen in den Nestern die Jungtiere zur Welt, wobei ein Wurf aus einem bis drei Jungtieren besteht. Die Tragzeit beträgt 28 bis 35 Tage und die Weibchen können sich bis zu zwei Mal im Jahr fortpflanzen, je einmal im Frühjahr und im Herbst.[1]
Das Schwarze Riesenhörnchen wird als eigenständige Art innerhalb der Gattung der Riesenhörnchen (Ratufa) eingeordnet, die aus vier Arten besteht.[5] Die wissenschaftliche Erstbeschreibung stammt von Anders Sparrman aus dem Jahr 1778, der ein Individuum aus der Umgebung von Anyer im Westen der Insel Java beschrieb.[5]
Wahrscheinlich bildet die Art einen Komplex mehrerer nahe verwandter Arten, wobei die genaue Artaufspaltung und Taxonomie in der Diskussion und Forschung ist.[3] Innerhalb der Art werden neben der Nominatform mehrere weitere Unterarten unterschieden, die wiederum zahlreiche Synonyme aufweisen:[5]
Nach Torrington et al. 2012 wird R. b. angusticeps als eigenständige Unterart betrachtet und nicht mit R. b. melanopepla synonymisiert.[4]
Der Bestand der Schwarzen Riesenhörnchen in Süd- und Südostasien ist deutlich abnehmend, wobei der Grad der Bestandsabnahme nicht bekannt ist. In Laos, Thailand und Vietnam kommt die Art regelmäßig vor, vor allem in Regionen, in denen die Jagd reguliert und kontrolliert wird. In fragmentierten Bereichen verschwindet sie dagegen rasch. Vor allem in Laos ist der Rückgang so hoch, dass die Art in vielen Bereichen, in denen sie früher vorkam, in aktuellen Aufnahmen nicht mehr nachgewiesen werden kann und entsprechend selten ist. In Kambodscha ist sie noch immer häufig, in Malaysia wird sie dagegen seltener gefunden. Vor allem auf Java sind die Bestände stark rückläufig und die Art kommt nur noch in abgelegenen Regionen in Restwäldern vor, wobei die Populationen mit dem Lebensraumverlust durch Abholzung weiter abnehmen.[3]
Zu den Hauptbedrohungen für das Schwarze Riesenhörnchen gehört der Lebensraumverlust durch die Umwandlung von Waldgebieten in landwirtschaftliche Flächen, Abholzungen und forstlicher Holzeinschlag, Waldbrände sowie die Ausweitung menschlicher Besiedlungen. Hinzu kommt die Jagd auf die Tiere als Fleischlieferanten in weiten Teilen des Verbreitungsgebietes. Dies trifft für China, Laos, Vietnam und Thailand zu.[3] In Vientiane gehörte das Tier früher zu den am häufigsten angebotenen Säugetieren zur Frischfleischversorgung auf dem Markt. Für Kambodscha wird eine Zunahme der Bejagung angenommen, da durch Überjagung größerer Säugetiere nun auf kleinere ausgewichen wird. Auf Java ist die Jagd verboten, allerdings gehen hier die Bestände durch Lebensraumverlust zurück.[3]
Das Schwarze Riesenhörnchen wird von der International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) als potenziell gefährdet (Near Threatened) eingeordnet. Als Begründung dient der deutliche Rückgang der Bestände durch Überjagung sowie durch den sehr starken Lebensraumverlust der Art im größten Teil seines Verbreitungsgebietes.[3] In China sind die Tiere als bedroht eingestuft und geschützt.[1] Innerhalb des Verbreitungsgebietes kommt die Art in mehreren Naturschutzgebieten vor, außerdem unterliegt sie dem Artenschutz entsprechend dem Washingtoner Artenschutzübereinkommen, bei dem sie im Anhang II als schutzbedürftige Art gelistet ist.[3]
Das Schwarze Riesenhörnchen (Ratufa bicolor) ist eine Hörnchenart aus der Gattung der Riesenhörnchen (Ratufa). Sie kommt in Süd- und Südostasien vom Süden der Volksrepublik China über Teile Indiens bis auf die südostasiatischen Inseln Indonesiens vor.
Crna velika vjeverica (latinski: Ratufa bicolor) je jedna od četiri vrste orijentalnih velikih vjeverica porijeklom iz Jugoistočne Azije.
Ova vjeverica može narasti do jednog metra.
Najčešće živi samostalno na drveću i rijetko kad silazi na zemlju. Hrani se voćem, orasima, insektima i ptičijim jajima.[1]
Crna velika vjeverica (latinski: Ratufa bicolor) je jedna od četiri vrste orijentalnih velikih vjeverica porijeklom iz Jugoistočne Azije.
Ova vjeverica može narasti do jednog metra.
Najčešće živi samostalno na drveću i rijetko kad silazi na zemlju. Hrani se voćem, orasima, insektima i ptičijim jajima.
Jalarang (Ratufa bicolor) nyaéta hiji spésiés rodénsia ti kulawarga Sciuridae (bajing) nu hirup di Bangladés, Butan, Kamboja, Cina, India, Indonésia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Népal, Muangtai, jeung Viétnam. Ieu bajing kaasup nu pangbadagna, hirup solitér dina tatangkalan jangkung/badag di leuweung primér. Bagian luhur awakna ditutup ku bulu hideung meles, sedengkeun bagian handapna krém atawa oranyeu.
Kadaharan jalarang mangrupa bungbuahan jeung sisikian, sarta kadang diselang ku serangga jeung endog manuk. Sayangna gedé buleud, dijieun tina dangdaunnan jeung régang.
Jalarang (Ratufa bicolor) nyaéta hiji spésiés rodénsia ti kulawarga Sciuridae (bajing) nu hirup di Bangladés, Butan, Kamboja, Cina, India, Indonésia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Népal, Muangtai, jeung Viétnam. Ieu bajing kaasup nu pangbadagna, hirup solitér dina tatangkalan jangkung/badag di leuweung primér. Bagian luhur awakna ditutup ku bulu hideung meles, sedengkeun bagian handapna krém atawa oranyeu.
Kadaharan jalarang mangrupa bungbuahan jeung sisikian, sarta kadang diselang ku serangga jeung endog manuk. Sayangna gedé buleud, dijieun tina dangdaunnan jeung régang.
कालो विशाल लोखर्के वा मलाया विशाल लोखर्के लोखर्के प्रजातिमा पर्ने एक ठूलो आकारको लोखर्के हो। यस लोखर्केको आकार अन्य प्रजातिका लोखर्के भन्दा ठूलो र लामो पुच्छर हुन्छ। यस प्रजातिका लोखर्केहरू बङ्गलादेश, उत्तरपूर्व भारत, पूर्वी नेपाल, भुटान, दक्षिण चीन, म्यानमार, लाअोस, थाइल्याण्ड, मलेसिया, कम्बोडिया, भियतनाम र पश्चिमी इण्डोनेसियाका जङ्गलहरूमा भेटिन्छन्।
कालो विशाल लोखर्के विश्वको सबैभन्दा ठूलो लोखर्केको प्रजाति हो। एक वयस्क कालो विशाल लोखर्केको कुल तौल १.५ किलोग्राम हुन्छ। टाउको र शरीरको लम्बाई ३५ देखि ५८ सेन्टिमिटर (१४ देखि २३ इञ्च) लम्बाइमा भिन्न हुन्छ भने पुच्छरको लम्बाइ ६० सेन्टिमिटरसम्म (२४ इञ्च) लामो हुन्छ। यस प्रजातिको कुल लम्बाइ ११८ सेमी (४६ इञ्च) सम्म हुन्छ। यस प्रजातिको जनावरको पछाडिको भाग र कानको रङ्ग कालो हुन्छ। यस प्रजातिको लोखर्केको गाढा खैरो र हल्का खैरो रङ्गको आँखा हुन्छ र यसको शरीरको माथिल्लो तथा टाउको पछिको भाग सबै कालो हुन्छ। यस प्रजातिको लोखर्केको लामो र शक्तिशाली पुच्छर हुन्छ जसको रङ्ग हल्का खैरो देखि सेतो हुन्छ। यस प्रजातिका लोखर्केको भाले र पोथी लगभग समान आकार र उचाईका हुन्छ।[४]
यस प्रजातिका लोखर्केहरू प्रायः समुन्द्री सतहबाट १,४०० मिटर (४,६०० फिट) को उचाइ सम्म भेटिन्छन्। यद्यपि, हालैका दशकहरूमा मानव बसोबास, वन विनाश र कृषिले बस्तीमा निरन्तर अतिक्रमण गरिरहेको छ जसले यस प्रजातिको लोखर्केको बासस्थान क्षेत्रका केही भागमा मानवीय पूर्वानुमानलाई बढावा दिँदै विगतमा जनसङ्ख्याको ३०% सम्पूर्ण क्षति भएको छ। यस प्रजातिका लोखर्केहरू दक्षिण एसियाका उष्णकटिबन्धीय र उप उष्णकटिबन्धीय जङ्गलहरूमा पाइन्छन् भने यी प्रजातिहरू दक्षिणपूर्वी एसियाका हरियाली जङ्गलमा पनि भेटिन्छन्। मलाया प्रायद्वीप र इण्डोनेसियाका कालो विशाल लोखार्केहरू उष्णकटिबन्धीय वर्षामा पर्ने जङ्गलहरूमा भेटिन्छन्।
यसले प्रजातिको लोखर्के मुख्यतया दिउँसोको समयमा सक्रिय हुन्छ। भने यी प्रजातिहरू प्राय साकाहारी हुन्छन्। भारतीय विशाल लोखर्के एक रूखमा बस्ने प्रजाति हो जसले विरलै रूख छाड्छ। यस प्रजातिले ठूलो सल्लाको रूखमा गुँड बनाउने गर्दछ भने यी प्रजातिका गुँड प्राय जमिनको सतहबाट अग्लो स्थानमा निर्माण हुन्छ। यस प्रजातिका लोखर्केहरू कहिलेकाही जमिनमा आहाराका लागि पनि आउने गरेका छन्। यस प्रजातिको जनावरले प्राय फलफूल, बदाम र रूखको बोक्रा खाने गर्छन्। यस प्रजातिका केही उपप्रजातिले भने कीरा र चराको अण्डा पनि खाने गरेको पाइएको छ। यस प्रजातिको लोखर्केको प्रमुख सिकारी भनेको चितुवा, वन बिरालो र सिकार पन्छीहरू हुन्।
कालो विशाल लोखर्के वा मलाया विशाल लोखर्के लोखर्के प्रजातिमा पर्ने एक ठूलो आकारको लोखर्के हो। यस लोखर्केको आकार अन्य प्रजातिका लोखर्के भन्दा ठूलो र लामो पुच्छर हुन्छ। यस प्रजातिका लोखर्केहरू बङ्गलादेश, उत्तरपूर्व भारत, पूर्वी नेपाल, भुटान, दक्षिण चीन, म्यानमार, लाअोस, थाइल्याण्ड, मलेसिया, कम्बोडिया, भियतनाम र पश्चिमी इण्डोनेसियाका जङ्गलहरूमा भेटिन्छन्।
The black giant squirrel or Malayan giant squirrel (Ratufa bicolor) is a large tree squirrel in the genus Ratufa native to the Indomalayan zootope. It is found in forests from northern Bangladesh, northeast India, eastern Nepal, Bhutan, southern China, Myanmar, Laos, Thailand, Malaysia, Cambodia, Vietnam, and western Indonesia (Java, Sumatra, Bali and nearby small islands).[1]
The black giant squirrel is one of the largest species of squirrel in the world. On average, an adult black giant squirrel weighs around 1.05–1.25 kg (2.3–2.8 lb), has a head–and–body length of 34–37 cm (13–15 in), and the tail is 41–42 cm (16–17 in) long. The subspecies R. b. condorensis of Vietnam's Côn Sơn Island averages only c. 30 cm (12 in) in head–and–body length and the tail 32 cm (13 in), but otherwise it resembles the typical subspecies.[4]
This species is typically distinctly bicoloured with dark upperparts and pale underparts. The back, top of the head, ears and bushy tail are deep brown to black and the underparts are light buff-coloured. In Sumatra, Java and Bali the hairs of the back and tail are light-tipped, making these sections appear relatively pale (however, the back is still distinctly darker than the underparts). On small islands off Myanmar and in the Strait of Malacca the black giant squirrel has reddish-yellowish underparts.[4]
Ratufa bicolor's range includes a variety of bioregions that all share the commonality of being forested. It ranges in elevation from sea level up to at least 1,400 metres (4,600 ft), in some of the most rugged land in the world. However, in recent decades, R. bicolor's habitat has been steadily encroached upon by human settlement, timber harvesting and agriculture, which along with overhunting by human predation in parts of its range, has resulted in a total loss of up to 30% of the population in the past ten years.[1] However, in some places this species is protected from hunting by law or tradition.[1]
In South Asia R. bicolor dwells among tropical and subtropical coniferous and broadleaf forests.[1]
In Southeast Asia R. bicolor lives in tropical broadleaf evergreen and semi-evergreen forests, but is rarely seen in coniferous forests.[1]
In the tropical rainforest of the Malay Peninsula and Indonesia, R. bicolor is not as abundant as elsewhere in its range, which is probably due to competition from other arboreal species (especially primates) for food in the upper forest canopy.[1]
Among the better places to sight the black giant squirrel is the Kaziranga National Park in the state of Assam, India.[5] Several populations are present in the lower range of the Neora Valley National Park, Kalimpong, India.
A recent study from India showed precipitation during the wettest month of a year is one of the major contributing factor for habitat preference of R. bicolor, along with land use, and vegetation. The species also may be found way beyond 1400 meters in several places. More than 20% of the presence records of the species has been observed above 1500 meters and up to 2700 meters in India. It has been predicted through study that by the year 2050, this species may loose more than 97% of its present suitable habitat due to climate change in India.[6]
R. bicolor is diurnal and arboreal, but sometimes climbs down from the forest canopy to feed on the ground.[1] The black giant squirrel rarely enters plantations or settlements, preferring the wild forest.[1]
Its diet consists of seeds, pine cones, fruits, and leaves.[1] It is primarily solitary, and has a litter of from 1 to 2 young, which it raises in a drey (or nest), often located within a hollow space of a tree.[1]
Further study is required to determine whether Ratufa bicolor actually represents several similar species.[1]
The table below lists the ten recognized subspecies of Ratufa bicolor, along with any synonyms associated with each subspecies:[3]
From Kaeng Krachan National Park, Thailand
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) The black giant squirrel or Malayan giant squirrel (Ratufa bicolor) is a large tree squirrel in the genus Ratufa native to the Indomalayan zootope. It is found in forests from northern Bangladesh, northeast India, eastern Nepal, Bhutan, southern China, Myanmar, Laos, Thailand, Malaysia, Cambodia, Vietnam, and western Indonesia (Java, Sumatra, Bali and nearby small islands).
La ardilla gigante negra o ardilla gigante malaya (Ratufa bicolor) es una especie de roedor esciuromorfo de la familia Sciuridae nativo de la región indomalaya. Se distribuye en los bosques del norte de Bangladés, el noreste de la India, el este de Nepal y Bután, el sur de China, Myanmar, Laos, Tailandia, Malasia, Camboya, Vietnam y el oeste de Indonesia.
La longitud de la cabeza y el cuerpo oscila entre 35 a 58 cm de largo, y la cola llega a medir hasta 60 cm de longitud, con una longitud total de hasta 118 cm. La parte superior, las orejas y la cola son de color marrón oscuro a negro con el vientre de color beige.
La distribución de esta especie incluye una variedad de regiones biológicas que todos comparten el carácter común de ser boscosas. Se extiende en elevaciones de hasta al menos 1400 metros sobre el nivel del mar, en algunos de los terrenos más abruptos en el mundo. Sin embargo, en las últimas décadas, su hábitat ha sido invadido de manera constante por asentamientos humanos, la extracción de madera y la agricultura, que junto con la caza excesiva por depredación humana en partes de su área, se ha traducido en una pérdida total de hasta un 30% de su población en los últimos diez años.[1] Sin embargo, en algunos lugares esta especie está protegida de la caza por la ley o por tradición.[1]
En el sur de Asia habita bosques de coníferas y de hoja ancha.[1] En el sudeste asiático vive en bosques de hoja perenne, de hoja ancha y semiperennes, pero rara vez se ve en bosques de coníferas.[1] En las selvas tropicales de la península de Malaca e Indonesia, no es tan abundante como en otros lugares de su área de distribución, probablemente debido a la competencia de otras especies arbóreas (especialmente primates) que se alimentan en el dosel superior del bosque.[1]
Entre los mejores lugares para avistar a esta especie esta el parque nacional de Kaziranga en el estado de Assam, India.[3]
Es una especie diurna y arbórea, pero a veces desciende por desde el dosel del bosque para alimentarse en el suelo.[1] Rara vez entra plantaciones y asentamientos humanos, prefiriendo los bosque salvajes.[1]
Su dieta consiste en semillas, piñas, frutos y hojas.[1] Es principalmente una especie solitaria, durante la reproducción la camada consiste de 1-2 crías.[1]
Se requieren más estudios para determinar si Ratufa bicolor representa en realidad varias especies similares.[1]
La siguiente tabla enumera las diez subespecies reconocidas de Ratufa bicolor , junto con los sinónimos asociados a cada subespecie:[2]
La ardilla gigante negra o ardilla gigante malaya (Ratufa bicolor) es una especie de roedor esciuromorfo de la familia Sciuridae nativo de la región indomalaya. Se distribuye en los bosques del norte de Bangladés, el noreste de la India, el este de Nepal y Bután, el sur de China, Myanmar, Laos, Tailandia, Malasia, Camboya, Vietnam y el oeste de Indonesia.
Ratufa bicolor Ratufa generoko animalia da. Karraskarien barruko Ratufinae azpifamilia eta Sciuridae familian sailkatuta dago.
Ratufa bicolor
L'Écureuil géant oriental ou écureuil géant de Malaisie (Ratufa bicolor) est une espèce d'écureuil qui se rencontre principalement en Asie.
Ce rongeur est caractérisé par sa taille : il mesure en moyenne 37,3 cm de long (tête et queue) et a une queue d'environ 46,1 cm de long. Le dessus de son corps est noir ou foncé, sa queue noire, les parties ventrales et faces internes de ses membres chamois ou orange.
Il pèse environ 1,4 kg[1].
Son aire de répartition est : Birmanie, Chine du sud (y compris Hainan), nord-est de l'Inde (Assam), Indonésie (Bali, Java, Sumatra), Thaïlande, Cambodge, Laos, Malaisie, Népal, Viêt Nam.
Il vit dans les arbres des forêts tropicales dans les collines et dans les montagnes jusqu'à 2200m.
Il passe presque tout son temps dans les arbres et il ne descend que très rarement à terre. La nuit, il dort dans un creux d'arbre dans lequel il retourne chaque jour.
Il se nourrit principalement de noix, de feuilles, de baies et de fruits ainsi que de diverses graines et de pommes de pins[2].
Il mange aussi des insectes, des mollusques et des oisillons et adore gober les œufs d'oiseaux.
Après environ un mois de gestation la femelle donne le jour à 2 ou 3 petits. Ceux-ci naissent aveugles et n'ouvrent les yeux qu'au bout d'un mois. Dix jours plus tard ils commencent à quitter le nid mais ils tètent leur mère pendant 9 à 10 semaines.[3]
Cet écureuil est parfois chassé pour sa fourrure.
Ratufa bicolor
L'Écureuil géant oriental ou écureuil géant de Malaisie (Ratufa bicolor) est une espèce d'écureuil qui se rencontre principalement en Asie.
Jelarang hitam[2] (Ratufa bicolor) atau tupai kerawak hitam (kurang tepat) adalah sejenis bajing besar dengan rambut berwarna hitam dengan hiasan putih di bagian bawah kepala dan ekor yang panjang, lebih panjang daripada rata-rata anggota keluarga Sciuridae lainnya. Hewan ini dapat dijumpai di hutan-hutan Asia Tropis dan Subtropis, mulai dari India hingga bagian selatan Cina serta wilayah barat Indonesia.
Hewan yang dapat mencapai panjang 1 m ini dilindungi oleh undang-undang di Indonesia.
Jelarang hitam (Ratufa bicolor) atau tupai kerawak hitam (kurang tepat) adalah sejenis bajing besar dengan rambut berwarna hitam dengan hiasan putih di bagian bawah kepala dan ekor yang panjang, lebih panjang daripada rata-rata anggota keluarga Sciuridae lainnya. Hewan ini dapat dijumpai di hutan-hutan Asia Tropis dan Subtropis, mulai dari India hingga bagian selatan Cina serta wilayah barat Indonesia.
Hewan yang dapat mencapai panjang 1 m ini dilindungi oleh undang-undang di Indonesia.
Lo scoiattolo gigante nero (Ratufa bicolor Sparrman, 1778) è un grosso scoiattolo arboricolo del genere Ratufa originario dell'ecozona orientale.
Attualmente, gli studiosi riconoscono dieci sottospecie di scoiattolo gigante nero[1]:
Nello scoiattolo gigante nero la lunghezza del corpo è di 35-58 cm, e quella della coda può raggiungere i 60 cm, per una lunghezza totale che può essere di 118 cm. Il dorso, le orecchie e la folta coda sono di colore variabile dal marrone intenso al nero; il ventre è di un colore fulvo più chiaro.
Lo scoiattolo gigante nero vive in Nepal orientale, Cina (dal Tibet sud-orientale allo Yunnan meridionale e sull'isola di Hainan), India (Assam), Myanmar, Thailandia, Laos, Cambogia, Vietnam, penisola malese, Sumatra, Giava e Bali.
L'areale di R. bicolor comprende una vasta gamma di bioregioni, tutte accomunate dal fatto di essere forestate. Esso spazia in altitudine dal livello del mare ad almeno 1400 m di quota, in alcuni dei territori più impervi del mondo. Tuttavia, negli ultimi decenni, l'habitat di R. bicolor è stato pesantemente intaccato dagli insediamenti umani, dalla deforestazione e dall'agricoltura, i quali, insieme alla pressione venatoria in alcune aree, hanno portato, nel corso degli ultimi anni, a una diminuzione del 30% della popolazione[2]. Tuttavia, in alcune zone, questa specie è protetta dalla caccia dalla legge e dalle tradizioni locali[2].
Nell'Asia meridionale R. bicolor abita nelle foreste di conifere e latifoglie tropicali e subtropicali[2].
Nell'Asia sud-orientale vive nelle foreste sempreverdi e semi-sempreverdi di latifoglie, ma solo raramente è stato visto in foreste di conifere[2].
Nella foresta pluviale tropicale della penisola malese e dell'Indonesia la specie non è così abbondante come nelle altre aree dell'areale, probabilmente a causa della competizione per il cibo, nella volta della foresta, con altre specie arboricole (specialmente Primati)[2].
Tra i luoghi migliori per avvistare uno scoiattolo gigante nero vi è il Parco nazionale di Kaziranga, nello stato dell'Assam (India)[3].
R. bicolor è diurno e arboricolo, ma talvolta scende giù dalla volta della foresta per andare in cerca di cibo sul suolo[2]. Si spinge raramente nelle piantagioni o negli insediamenti umani, prediligendo le foreste vergini[2].
La sua dieta è costituita da semi, strobili, frutta e foglie[2]. È prevalentemente solitario, e ogni anno partorisce 1 o 2 piccoli, che alleva in un nido, spesso situato all'interno della cavità di un albero[2].
R. bicolor, inserito dalla IUCN tra le specie prossime alla minaccia, è minacciato soprattutto dalla caccia e dalla deforestazione.
Lo scoiattolo gigante nero (Ratufa bicolor Sparrman, 1778) è un grosso scoiattolo arboricolo del genere Ratufa originario dell'ecozona orientale.
De tweekleurige reuzeneekhoorn (Ratufa bicolor) is een zoogdier uit de familie van de eekhoorns (Sciuridae). De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort werd voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd door Sparrman in 1778.
De soort komt voor in delen van Zuid- en Zuid-Oost Azië.
Bronnen, noten en/of referentiesDe tweekleurige reuzeneekhoorn (Ratufa bicolor) is een zoogdier uit de familie van de eekhoorns (Sciuridae). De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort werd voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd door Sparrman in 1778.
Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons Wiewióra czarna[3], dawniej: jelarang[4] (Ratufa bicolor) – gatunek ssaka z rodziny wiewiórkowatych (Sciuridae), jeden z jej największych przedstawicieli.
Długość ciała - 50 cm, ogon - 55 cm. Sierść czarna lub brunatna, brzuch jasny.
Półwysep Indochiński, Jawa, Sumatra, Bali, część Indii[5]. Żyje na drzewach.
Żywi się owocami, jajami, owadami i ich larwami, nasionami.
Gatunek zagrożony wyginięciem. Znajduje się w wykazie gatunków CITES.
Wiewióra czarna, dawniej: jelarang (Ratufa bicolor) – gatunek ssaka z rodziny wiewiórkowatych (Sciuridae), jeden z jej największych przedstawicieli.
Svart jätteekorre (Ratufa bicolor[2][3][4]) är en däggdjursart som först beskrevs av Anders Sparrman 1778. Ratufa bicolor ingår i släktet jätteekorrar och familjen ekorrar.[5][6] IUCN kategoriserar arten globalt som nära hotad.[1]
Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.[5] Wilson & Reeder (2005) skiljer mellan 10 underarter.[3]
Arten når en absolut längd av 80 cm (inklusive svans) och väger cirka 1,5 kg. Den har huvudsakligen svart päls. Kännetecknande är ett ljusbrunt område på bröstet och på angränsande delar av halsen, kinderna och övre frambenen. Ibland kan även en smal strimma på bålens sidor och svansens spets vara ljusbrun. Svart jätteekorre håller svansen inte böjd över kroppen som flera andra ekorrar utan den fortsätter nästan rak bakåt.[7]
Denna jätteekorre förekommer i sydöstra Asien från nordöstra Indien (Assam) och Bhutan över Burma och sydöstra Kina till Hainan och Java. Kanske finns djuret även i östra Nepal. Arten vistas i kulliga områden och i upp till 2500 meter höga bergstrakter. Habitatet utgörs av fuktiga städsegröna skogar och torra lövfällande skogar.[1]
Liksom andra ekorrar som lever i träd är svart jätteekorre aktiv på dagen och den håller ingen vinterdvala. Arten bygger ett näste uppe i trädet. Den lever vanligen ensam. Bara i samband med fortplantningen förekommer par eller mindre grupper. Arten äter frukter, nötter och andra växtdelar.[7]
Svart jätteekorre har två parningstider, en mellan mars och april och den andra mellan juli och augusti. Honan parar sig med flera hanar under parningstiden. Därför kan tvillingar ha olika fäder. Vid en eller vid båda parningstider har honan en kull med en eller två ungar. Dräktigheten varar ungefär en månad och de nyfödda ungarna diar sin mor cirka 5 veckor. Med människans vård kan arten leva 18 år.[7]
Wikimedia Commons har media som rör Svart jätteekorre.
Wikispecies har information om Ratufa bicolor.
Svart jätteekorre (Ratufa bicolor) är en däggdjursart som först beskrevs av Anders Sparrman 1778. Ratufa bicolor ingår i släktet jätteekorrar och familjen ekorrar. IUCN kategoriserar arten globalt som nära hotad.
Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life. Wilson & Reeder (2005) skiljer mellan 10 underarter.
Sóc lớn đen, tên khoa học Ratufa bicolor, là một loài sóc cây trong chi Ratufa. Nó được tìm thấy trong các khu rừng ở miền Bắc Bangladesh, phía đông bắc Ấn Độ, phía đông Nepal, Bhutan, miền nam Trung Quốc, Myanma, Lào, Thái Lan, Malaysia, Campuchia, Việt Nam và phía tây Indonesia.
R. bicolor sống ban ngày và trên cây, nhưng đôi khi trèo xuống từ tán rừng để kiếm ăn trên mặt đất.[1] Sóc lớn đen hiếm khi đi vào đồn điền hoặc khu định cư, nó thích rừng hoang dã.[1]
Chế độ ăn uống của nó bao gồm các loại hạt, nón thông, trái cây và lá. Nó chủ yếu sống đơn độc,[1] nó đẻ một lứa từ 1-2 con non, mà nó đặt ra trong một tổ sóc (hoặc tổ chim), thường nằm trong một hốc rỗng của một cái cây.
Bảng dưới đây liệt kê mười phân loài được công nhận của Ratufa bicolor, cùng với từ đồng nghĩa kết hợp với mỗi phân loài:[2]
Sóc lớn đen, tên khoa học Ratufa bicolor, là một loài sóc cây trong chi Ratufa. Nó được tìm thấy trong các khu rừng ở miền Bắc Bangladesh, phía đông bắc Ấn Độ, phía đông Nepal, Bhutan, miền nam Trung Quốc, Myanma, Lào, Thái Lan, Malaysia, Campuchia, Việt Nam và phía tây Indonesia.
Ratufa bicolor (Sparrman, 1778)
Ареал
Двухцветная белка, или двухцветная ратуфа[1] (лат. Ratufa bicolor) — вид грызунов рода гигантские белки (Ratufa).
Это крупные древесные белки, распространённые в Индомалайской зоне: на севере Бангладеш, северо-востоке Индии, востоке Непала, Бутане, юге Китая, Мьянме, Лаосе, Таиланде, Камбодже, Вьетнаме и западной Индонезии. На юге Азии двухцветные белки встречаются в хвойных и широколиственных тропических и субтропических лесах. В Юго-Восточной Азии они обитают в тропических широколиственных вечнозелёных и полувечнозелёных лесах, но изредка встречается также в хвойных лесах. В тропических дождевых лесах на Малайском полуострове и в Индонезии вид представлен не так обильно, как в других частях ареала, вероятно, из-за конкуренции со стороны других древесных животных (особенно приматов) на пищу в верхнем ярусе леса. Лучшим местом для обитания двухцветных белок является национальный парк Казиранга в штате Ассам, Индия.
Двухцветные белки обитают в различных экологических регионах, покрытых лесами. Они обитают на высоте над уровнем моря, достигающей, как минимум, 1400 м, в том числе и в самых тяжёлых для жизни местах.
В последние десятилетия среда обитания двухцветных белок постоянно уменьшается из-за деятельности человека, лесозаготовок и сельского хозяйства, а также охоты. Из-за этого численность особей этого вида сократилась почти на 30 %. Однако в некоторых местах этот вид защищён от охоты законом или местными традициями.
Длина головы и тела составляет 35—58 см, хвост же достигает до 60 см длины, так что общая длина тела достигает до 118 см. Спина, уши и пушистый хвост тёмно-коричневого, почти чёрного цвета, а брюхо тёмно-жёлтое.
Двухцветные белки — древесные дневные животные, однако иногда они спускаются вниз и кормятся на земле.
Питаются двухцветные белки в основном семенами, шишками хвойных растений, фруктами и листьями.
Животные обычно одиночные. 1 или 2 детёныша живут в специальных гнёздах, часто расположенных в дуплах деревьев.
Двухцветная белка, или двухцветная ратуфа (лат. Ratufa bicolor) — вид грызунов рода гигантские белки (Ratufa).
巨松鼠（学名：Ratufa bicolor）也称为树狗，黑狸，藤狸，黑果狸，黑大松鼠，马来亚大松鼠，为一种分布于亚洲东南部的大型啮齿类动物。
身体瘦长，长约40厘米，尾长可达50～60厘米；头小，耳有明显的毛簇；四肢短；背部、四肢外侧及尾部为深棕色和黑色，腹部、四肢内侧及脸颊为黄色，眼周有黑色眼环。
以植物的果实、花蕊等为食。栖息于亚热带、热带的雨林中。为中国国家二级保护野生动物[2]。
这是一篇與哺乳动物相關的小作品。你可以通过编辑或修订扩充其内容。 巨松鼠（学名：Ratufa bicolor）也称为树狗，黑狸，藤狸，黑果狸，黑大松鼠，马来亚大松鼠，为一种分布于亚洲东南部的大型啮齿类动物。
身体瘦长，长约40厘米，尾长可达50～60厘米；头小，耳有明显的毛簇；四肢短；背部、四肢外侧及尾部为深棕色和黑色，腹部、四肢内侧及脸颊为黄色，眼周有黑色眼环。
검은큰다람쥐(Ratufa bicolor, 영어: black giant squirrel)는 다람쥐과에 속하는 설치류의 일종이다.[2] 대형 나무 다람쥐의 일종으로 인도말레이 생물 지리구의 토착종이다. 방글라데시 북부와 인도 북동부, 네팔 동부, 부탄, 중국 남부, 미얀마, 라오스, 타이, 말레이시아, 캄보디아, 베트남, 인도네시아 숲에서 발견된다.[1]
검은큰다람쥐는 10종의 아종이 알려져 있다.[2]
검은큰다람쥐(Ratufa bicolor)의 아종 및 이명 아종 명명자 이명 R. b. bicolor Sparrman (1778) albiceps, baliensis, humeralis, javensis, leschnaultii, major, sondaica R. b. condorensis Kloss (1920) 없음 R. b. felli Thomas and Wroughton (1916) 없음 R. b. gigantea McClelland (1839) lutrina, macruroides R. b. hainana J. A. Allen (1906) stigmosa R. b. leucogenys Kloss (1916) sinus R. b. melanopepla Miller (1900) anambae, angusticeps, dicolorata, fretensis, penangensis, peninsulae, tiomanensis R. b. palliata Miller (1902) batuana, laenata R. b. phaeopepla Miller (1913) celaenopepla, marana R. b. smithi Robinson and Kloss (1922) 없음검은큰다람쥐(Ratufa bicolor, 영어: black giant squirrel)는 다람쥐과에 속하는 설치류의 일종이다. 대형 나무 다람쥐의 일종으로 인도말레이 생물 지리구의 토착종이다. 방글라데시 북부와 인도 북동부, 네팔 동부, 부탄, 중국 남부, 미얀마, 라오스, 타이, 말레이시아, 캄보디아, 베트남, 인도네시아 숲에서 발견된다.
