الأسماء في صفحات التنقل
Lecythis ampla produces a large, woody, dehiscent pyxidium. Upon reaching maturity, the operculum detaches, exposing seeds in the pot of the fruit encased in a sweet, fleshy aril. Some large bat species are attracted by the strong smell of the aril and remove the seeds from the pot. The bats will carry seeds to a feeding roost, eat the aril and discard the seed intact. Important dispersers have been identified from the bat genera Artibeus, especially Artibeus jamaicensis, and Phyllostomus (Hartshorn 1983, Flores 1994). Other mammals act as primarily seed predators and only occasional or sporadic dispersers: mantled howler (Alouatta pallinata) and Geoffrey’s spider (Ateles geoffroyi) monkeys are able to open the pots and damage the seeds while eating the aril. Agoutis (genus Dasyprocta) and pacas (genus Cuniculus) predate fallen seeds and have been known to eat arils, occasionally dispersing through caching behaviors (Flores 1994).
Lecythis ampla can grow up to 45 meters tall and 1.75 meters in trunk diameter. The trunk is straight and cylindrical with small buttresses. The bark is dark and deeply vertically grooved, which is a distinctive characteristic making the tree easy to recognize (Hartshorn 1983). Leaves are simple, alternate, and shiny. The leaves are between 7-8 centimeters, and have a characteristic undulating, wavy edge and a serrated margin (Gargiullo et al. 2008, Hartshorn 1983). The tree is deciduous during the rainy season while flowering (Hartshorn 1983).
Lecythis ampla is an endemic species found in Central America along the Atlantic watershed from Nicaragua to Panama. Its South American range includes the Magdalena River Valley, the Choco zone in Colombia, and the northern coast of Ecuador (Flores 1994). This species has the northernmost range of the genus Lecythis (Hartshorn 1983).
Lecythis ampla is a canopy emergent tree from the Lecythidaceae family, commonly known as the Brazil nut family. L. ampla is found in primary lowland moist to wet tropical forests between sea level and 800 meters, endemic to Central America and northern South America (Flores 1994). It is the largest fruited Lecythis species throughout its range, and likely evolved after it was allopatrically separated from its ancestors by the rise of the Andes Mountains during the Pleistocene (Mori and Prance 1981). Lecythis ampla is around 45 m tall, is found in low densities in mature forest, and has shade tolerant seedlings (Clark and Clark 1992). The crown is branched and spherical, with simple alternate leaves that are dropped right before flowers bloom. L. ampla grows well in alluvial, sandy, and clayey soils, however it does not do well in poorly drained areas (Flores 1994). One of the most characteristic aspects of this species of tree is its large, pot shaped fruits that hang upside down revealing seeds within, and can be found around the forest floor long after they have fallen. Large bees pollinate the flowers and frugivorous and omnivorous bats disperse seeds, while monkeys and rodents mostly predate them (Flores 1994). While L. ampla is not currently on the IUCN red list, it is considered threatened by researchers due to its status as highly valuable timber (IUCN 2015, Flores 1994, Madrigal et al. 2011).
While L. ampla has not been evaluated for the IUCN Red List (IUCN 2015), due to over-exploitation by the logging industry and low regeneration rates, the species is considered endangered and at risk for extinction (Flores 1994, Madrigal et al. 2011). Like many canopy emergent species, L. ampla generally occurs at very low densities and is known for having high quality timber, often used in construction and for railway ties (Hartshorn 1983). Its desirability as timber, slow growth rate, and rarity combine to make genetic variation in the population very vulnerable.
Additionally, the fallen fruits are used for crafts, which is not negative unless the fruits are removed before all the seeds have been dispersed (Gargiullo et al. 2008).
This tree flowers during the rainy season annually, from May to July. It takes ten months for fruits to mature (Flores 1994). The inflorescence is branched, and the flowers have six petals that are pale blue, fading to white as the flower ages (Gargiullo et al. 2008). The flowers have numerous staminoids and a highly specialized structure consisting of a hood and a staminal ring, both of which are covered in pollen and cause the flower to appear closed (Hartshorn 1983).
The fruit is a large, woody capsule and one or two are produced per inflorescence. It is between 20 and 30 cm long and 15 to 20 cm wide. Seeds are dropped from March to June after about ten months of development, and fruit ripening is uniform and annual, though size varies (Flores 1994). The fruit is shaped like a pot, called a pyxidium, and hangs upside down (Hartshorn 1983). Upon ripening, the circular lid, or operculum, will fall off (or dehisce), revealing large seeds (about 5 cm in length) surrounded by a white, fleshy aril. The fruits will hang open until gravity or monkey activity causes the pot to fall. The fruit pots take a long time to decompose, and may be found on the forest floor at all times of the year regardless of plant phenology (Flores 1994).
Flowers of the Lecythis genus produce two types of pollen: one of which is fertile, and one of which is sterile and exists only as a pollinator reward. Bees of the genera Xylocopa spp., Bombus spp., and likely Euglossinae spp. are dusted with pollen from the staminal ring on their head and back while collecting pollen from the hood, used to feed the bees’ larvae (Hartshorn 1983, Mori and Prance 1981, Flores 1994).
Lecythis ampla is a species of woody plant in the family Lecythidaceae, which also includes the Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa). Common names include coco, olla de mono, jicaro and salero. [2] It is found in Central and South America. It has been considered an endangered species in Costa Rica (IUCN, 1988).
Lecythis ampla is a large tree growing to 45 m (148 ft) in height with no branches on its lower part. It is deciduous with most of the leaves dropping before it blooms and new leaves appearing in flushes with the flowers. The bark is greyish brown and vertically furrowed. The glossy leaves are alternate and elliptical with wavy edges. The flowers appear between May and July and are pollinated by bees. They have six petals that are either pink or pale mauve, but fade to white as the flower ages. The fruit is a woody capsule up to 20 by 30 cm (7.9 by 11.8 in) that hangs from the branch. It resembles a little pot and when it is ripe, after about ten months, the lid comes off and the nuts fall to the forest floor.[3]
Lecythis ampla is endemic to Central America, extending from Nicaragua to Ecuador [1] and Brazil.[2] It is common in wet forests on the Atlantic slope in Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama, and is found near the Pacific coast in Ecuador and in Colombia's Cauca and Magdalena valleys.[4]
In Costa Rica, this tree grows at low densities in the forest, but the seedlings are shade tolerant, and natural regeneration rates are high. It often grows in association with the oil tree Pentaclethra macroloba, the almond Dipteryx panamensis and the mahogany Carapa guianensis. The seeds are eaten by pacas, agoutis and deer and are believed to be dispersed by rodents and bats. The fruit pulp is consumed by parrots and peccaries.[5] The wet forest in which it grows has a biodiverse fauna of reptiles and amphibians.[6]
The sapwood is a creamy colour and fibrous, while the heartwood is dark brown when fresh and reddish brown when dried. The timber is resistant to marine boring invertebrates and is used for shipbuilding, bridges, and general and marine construction. It is also used to make furniture, tool handles, and posts. The bark can be used in tanning and has various other uses.[3] The seeds can be eaten, but excessive consumption causes loss of hair. They are also used in northern Costa Rica to make sweets and caramel and in Panama as folk medicine to treat pneumonia and diarrhoea.[5]
Lecythis ampla is a species of woody plant in the family Lecythidaceae, which also includes the Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa). Common names include coco, olla de mono, jicaro and salero. It is found in Central and South America. It has been considered an endangered species in Costa Rica (IUCN, 1988).
Lecythis ampla là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Lecythidaceae. Loài này được Miers mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1874.[2]
Bài viết về Họ Lộc vừng này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn. Lecythis ampla là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Lecythidaceae. Loài này được Miers mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1874.
