Description
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من eFloras
Trees, large. Bark at base of trunk brown-gray, slightly rough, persistent but apically grayish blue, smooth, and exfoliating. Branchlets ± ridged. Young leaves opposite; petiole short; leaf blade lanceolate to ovate, thinly leathery. Mature leaves with a 2-2.5 cm petiole; leaf blade lanceolate, 10-20 × 1.5-3 cm, secondary veins at an angle of 50°-65° from midvein, intramarginal veins very near margin. Inflorescences axillary, simple, umbels 3-9-flowered; peduncle ridged, 0.8-1.2 cm, compressed. Flowers buds obovoid, 8-9 × 4-5 mm. Hypanthium hemispheric, cylindric, or campanulate, 2-3 mm; stipe 0-3 mm; calyptra shortly pyramidal awl-shaped, shorter than or as long as hypanthium, apex acuminate. Stamens slightly longer than flower buds; anthers oblong-elliptic, dehiscing longitudinally, glands abaxial. Capsule cylindric, campanulate, or subpyriform, 5-6 × 5-6 mm; disk narrow; valves 3 or 4, exserted from hypanthium. Fl. Apr-May.
- ترخيص
- cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
- حقوق النشر
- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Habitat & Distribution
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من eFloras
Cultivated in Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Jiangxi, and Taiwan [native to E Australia].
- ترخيص
- cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
- حقوق النشر
- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Distribution
(
الإسبانية، القشتالية
)
المقدمة من IABIN
Chile Central
Associated Forest Cover
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Silvics of North America
In Australia, saligna eucalyptus is usually found in mixture with
tallowwood eucalyptus (Eucalyptus microcorys) and
blackbutt eucalyptus (E. pilularis), the main coastal
species of New South Wales, and is also found associated with
several other eucalypts. It seldom grows in pure stands, whereas
the closely related rosegum eucalyptus is typically found in pure
stands (13). The common names used follow those of Bryan and
Walker (2).
In Hawaii, saligna eucalyptus has been planted in mixture with
three species of eucalyptus-tallowwood, robusta (Eucalyptus
robusta), and rosegum-with melaleuca (Melaleuca
quinquenervia), Formosa koa (Acacia confusa), horsetail
casuarina (Casuarina equisetifolia), silk-oak (Grevillea
robusta), and a host of other species. On most sites, it has
outgrown and shaded out or badly suppressed all of these species
except the equally fast growing rosegum eucalyptus and the
tolerant Formosa koa. In closed stands, about the only understory
species found are strawberry guava (Psidium cattleianum) and
occasional treefern (Cibotium spp.).
- ترخيص
- cc-by-nc
- حقوق النشر
- USDA, Forest Service
Climate
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Silvics of North America
In Australia, the tree grows from sea level to 300 In (1,000 ft)
in the South and to 1220 m (4,000 ft) in the North. The climate
within this range is warm-temperate to subtropical, with winter
frosts to -15° C (5° F) at the higher elevations (12).
In New Zealand, seedlings were frost tolerant to a minimum
temperature of -7° C (21° F) (21). Rainfall is evenly
distributed, or has a summer maximum, and ranges from 890 to 1270
mm (35 to 50 in) annually (13).
In Hawaii, saligna eucalyptus grows well between elevations of
about 150 m (500 ft) and 1100 m (3,600 ft) where the temperature
is never below 4° C (40° F). One stand is at 1980 m
(6,500 ft) where light winter frosts occasionally occur, and the
average daytime temperature is about 16° C (60° F).
Most of the saligna eucalyptus stands have been planted between
300 and 610 m (1,000 and 2,000 ft) elevation in locations with
evenly distributed or winter maximum rainfall of 1520 to 7620 mm
(60 to 300 in) annually. The tree achieves its best growth on
sites with about 2540 mm (100 in) annual rainfall, rather than on
wetter sites, possibly because sunlight is greatly reduced by the
cloud cover on wetter sites.
- ترخيص
- cc-by-nc
- حقوق النشر
- USDA, Forest Service
Damaging Agents
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Silvics of North America
Saligna eucalyptus grown in plantations
in many parts of the world is susceptible to the eucalyptus
canker disease, Cryphonectria cubensis. The disease kills
young trees, deforms stems, and causes basal cankers that reduce
the coppicing ability of stumps (19). Rosegum eucalyptus is
somewhat resistant and Eucalyptus urophylla, perhaps, is
immune to the disease, so these species are now being used in
place of E. saligna in many Brazilian plantings. In
Hawaii, the disease is present only on the island of Kauai. It
attacks E. grandis in Florida but is not causing serious
damage (18).
In Western Australia, two other canker diseases, Botryosphaeria
ribis and Endothia havaensis, were determined to be
pathogenic on E. saligna planted there, while another,
Cytospora eucalypticola, was present but less damaging
(14).
Phoracantha semipunctata, a wood-boring insect, degrades
wood and reduces growth of eucalyptus in many places, including
Hawaii, but is only a serious problem in trees that are stressed
by severe drought. In Australia, saligna eucalyptus is subject to
damage by Spondyliaspis psyllids, which predispose the
trees to attack by the wood-boring beetle Xyleborus truncatus
(22).
In Hawaii, wind damage is a severe problem. In January 1980, a
severe windstorm caused severe blowdown in 75 percent of the
saligna eucalyptus stands planted during the 1960's (17).
- ترخيص
- cc-by-nc
- حقوق النشر
- USDA, Forest Service
Flowering and Fruiting
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Silvics of North America
Saligna eucalyptus trees begin to
flower at 3 to 4 years of age. Flowering in Hawaii is most
prolific during January to March but occurs to some extent year
round. In Australia, the tree also flowers from January to March;
in California, from April to June. Flowers that consist of
numerous stamen filaments surrounding a single shorter pistil
occur in umbels of 4 to 9 flowers. Before opening, the flower
buds are about 10 mm (0.4 in) long and 5 min (0.2 in) in diameter
with a short stalk (pedicel), and a blunt, rather pointed cap
(operculum) enclosing the stamens. Flowers are perfect. The
opened flowers are yellowish white and are insect pollinated.
Pollen is generally shed before the style becomes receptive, so
selfing is rare.
The fruit is a dark-brown, bell-shaped capsule 0.8 em (0.3 in)
long and 0.5 cm (0.2 in) in diameter. It is short stalked and has
four pointed, rim level, or slightly exserted valves. The capsule
ripens about 6 months after flowering but opens to release seed 1
or 2 months after ripening (12,13,20).
- ترخيص
- cc-by-nc
- حقوق النشر
- USDA, Forest Service
Genetics
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Silvics of North America
Population Differences
In an attempt to solve the problem of confused and probably mixed
introductions of Eucalyptus saligna and E. grandis,
differences between them have been noted for mature trees in
South Africa (12), as follows:
E. saligna
E. grandis
Bark: smooth
type bluish; rough type on lower stem
Bark: smooth type white; rough type often
extends up stem
Flowering (South Africa): January to April
Flowering (South Africa); July to December
Valves of fruit: 3 or 4 pointed, straight
or spreading
Valves of fruit: 4 to 6 blunt, incurved
Root crown: Lignotuberous
Root crown: Not lignotuberous
Branches: Persistent under shade
Not persistent under shade
These characteristics vary among provenances of each species. The
northernmost provenances of saligna eucalyptus, for example, do
not have lignotubers (12). When grown in some locations, for
example, Hawaii, flowering seasons overlap and trees probably
hybridize extensively. Among 6-year-old trees of provenances
collected in Australia growing side-by-side at two locations in
Hawaii, no consistent differences were observed between E.
saligna and E. grandis in leaves, bark, or branching
habit (26).
Saligna eucalyptus produces denser wood than E. grandis, but
in Hawaii (26), and also in the Republic of South Africa (9)
where yields of the two species growing on the same sites have
been compared, the best performing E. grandis provenances
for a particular site produce a higher total weight yield than
E. saligna, despite the wood density difference.
Hybrids
Because of the wide international interest and the problems of
hybridization and identification of the two species, a comparison
of E. saligna and E. grandis populations
representative of the entire range of each species was made in
Australia (4). Distinct differences were found in seedling and
mature-tree morphology and allozyme frequencies between core
populations of the two, but intermediate types were found in some
remote locations. Core mature saligna eucalyptus had smaller
seed, upright valves (4 per fruit), and non-glaucous fruit and
branchlets as compared with E. grandis, which had larger
seed, incurved valves in 5's, glaucous fruit and branchlets.
Saligna eucalyptus seedlings had lignotubers and were glaucous;
not so, E. grandis. Saligna eucalyptus seedlings also had
smaller cotyledons and narrower, longer leaves. The allozyme
patterns found for native populations in Australia showed species
differences and were later compared to patterns found for
populations collected in the Republic of South Africa, which were
thought to be hybridized (5). All the South African trees sampled
fell within the allozyme patterns found in Australia for E.
grandis, even though several were morphologically suspect.
In addition to the Eucalyptus grandis/E. saligna complex,
E. saligna crosses with E. robusta, bangalay
eucalyptus (E. botryoides), and probably with forest
redgum eucalyptus (E. tereticornis) (12,28). In the
southern part of its natural range, a region of introgression of
E. saligna with E. botryoides exists (23).
- ترخيص
- cc-by-nc
- حقوق النشر
- USDA, Forest Service
Growth and Yield
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Silvics of North America
Saligna eucalyptus is a fast growing
tree, well suited for producing high yields of wood fiber on
short rotations. Measurements of a plantation spacing study on a
good site at Kaumahina, Maui (29) provide an example. Four
spacings were tested: 2.4 by 2.4 m, 3.0 by 3.0 in, 3.7 by 3.7 m,
and 4.3 by 4.3 m (8, 10, 12, and 14 ft). At 2 years, trees
averaged 9.6 cm (3.8 in) in d.b.h. and 10.7 rn (35 ft) in height.
At 5 years, they had grown to 20.8 cm (8.2 in) in d.b.h. and 22.9
in (75 ft). Mean annual volume increment had already peaked at
the two closer spacings in the study and was rapidly leveling out
at the wider spacings. At 15 years, the trees in this study
averaged 26.7 cm (10.5 in) in d.b.h. and 39 in (129 ft) tall. The
largest tree was 61 cm (24 in) in d.b.h. and 49 rn (161 ft) tall.
At 5 years, the trees at 2.4 by 2.4 m (8 by 8 ft) had produced
294 m³/ha (4,200 ft³/acre), or 58.8 m³/ha (840 ft³/acre)
per year. At 15 years, these trees yielded 683 m³/ha (9,759
ft³/acre), or 45.6 m³/ha (651 ft³/acre) per year.
Trees at 4.3 by 4.3 m (14 by 14 ft) yielded 33.1 m³/ha (473
ft³/acre) per year.
These figures are comparable to those of Eucalyptus grandis/E.
saligna grown in other countries. In Kenya, a mean annual
increment over 5-year periods of 21 m³/ha (300 ft³/acre)
for the seedling crop followed by 32 m³/ha (457 ft³/acre)
for the first coppice crop was obtained (11). Other mean annual
increment figures cited for E. grandis are 14 to 45 m³/ha
(200 to 643 ft³/acre) in Uganda, 28 m³/ha (400 ft³/acre)
in Zambia, 50 m³/ha (715 ft³/acre) at 14 years in
Argentina, and 22 m³/ha (314 ft³/acre) in New South
Wales, the native habitat of both species (12).
In two 4-year-old stands in Hawaii, annual increment averaged 13
and 36 m³/ha (185 and 515 ft³/acre). The faster growing
stand yielded wood with a specific gravity of 0.41 for an
estimated annual dry-weight yield of stem wood of 15 tonnes/ha
(6.7 tons/acre).
The tallest tree in Hawaii, thought to be the tallest hardwood in
the United States, is a saligna eucalyptus. When last measured in
1979, the tree was about 50 years old, 137 cm. (54 in) in d.b.h.
and 82.3 m (270 ft) tall.
- ترخيص
- cc-by-nc
- حقوق النشر
- USDA, Forest Service
Reaction to Competition
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Silvics of North America
Because the tree is such a fast
starter, planted seedlings can frequently grow faster than
surrounding grass and herbaceous vegetation and shade it out.
This is particularly true if the seedlings have an intact root
system when planted, as in modern tube container planting, so
that little or no "shock" occurs to delay new growth
after planting. At the upper elevational boundaries of sugarcane
fields, saligna eucalyptus grown from seed in the soil at the
time of cane harvest actually outgrew the sugarcane ratoon crop.
In Hawaii, original plantings are made on completely cleared land.
Pre-emergent herbicides, though effective, have rarely been used.
If pre-emergents are not used, one cleaning around trees that
require it is made after 3 months and, depending on the site, a
second cleaning may sometimes be made at 6 months. Further
weeding is seldom necessary. Coppice growth of saligna eucalyptus
is so rapid that competing plants are rarely a problem after
cutting.
Tests in Hawaii show that the leguminous tree Albizia
falcataria outgrows saligna eucalyptus on some sites when
planted row on row with both species equally fertilized. It is
one of the few woody plants known that can grow this fast on
sites that are suited for saligna eucalyptus. The trials of
mixing the legume with E. saligna produced increased yields of
the eucalypt on some wet sites, but reduced yields on other,
drier sites (10).
In South Africa, thinning schedules have been developed for trees
planted at 1330/ha (538/acre) that call for thinning 25 percent
of the stems present at 6 years when the stems removed are 13 cm
(5 in) in diameter, and 25 percent again at 10 years when they
are 20 cm (8 in) (12). These thinnings are continued at 3- to
5-year intervals until a sawtimber harvest is made at age 30. In
the interim, all stumps are allowed to coppice to keep the site
free of competition and to supply fuelwood crops.
Saligna eucalyptus is classed as very intolerant of shade and the
slower growing trees in a stand quickly become suppressed. In
Hawaii, crown closure is usually complete and crown
differentiation begins in 3 years in stands planted at 3 by 3 in
(10 by 10 ft). In coppice stands where numerous stems grow from
every stump, crown differentiation begins as soon as sprouts
appear. Many studies have shown that the maximum yield of wood is
obtained by not thinning coppice at all (12). However, if larger
diameter and straighter stems are desired, thinning to one to
three stems per stump is desirable.
- ترخيص
- cc-by-nc
- حقوق النشر
- USDA, Forest Service
Rooting Habit
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Silvics of North America
Saligna eucalyptus develops roots
throughout the soil profile so that it is quite windfirm on deep
soils, but easily windthrown on shallow soils. It does not
produce a taproot. Roots are primarily from the stem below the
lignotuber, although layering sometimes occurs a short distance
from the lignotuber on buried stems. In plantations in Hawaii
that are not subject to periodic short drought, about two-thirds
of the root system is confined to the upper 61 cm (24 in) of soil
where most of the available nutrients are found. In plantations
subject to occasional drying of the surface soil, the shallow
roots are killed and a deeper root system develops.
- ترخيص
- cc-by-nc
- حقوق النشر
- USDA, Forest Service
Seed Production and Dissemination
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Silvics of North America
Seeds are black,
irregularly shaped, and about 1.3 min (0.05 in) in diameter. They
are released along with a large amount of reddish-brown chaff
when the capsule valves open. There are 460 viable seeds per gram
(13,000/oz) of seed plus chaff (20).
Seeds are naturally dispersed by wind. They can be collected from
ripe capsules dried to open after picking. Some unopened ripe
capsules are always present on trees in Hawaii but are most
common in August and September. Fresh seeds germinate readily in
10 to 20 days without pregermination treatment. Seeds can be
stored in airtight containers for several years at 0° to 5°
C (32° to 41° F) (20).
- ترخيص
- cc-by-nc
- حقوق النشر
- USDA, Forest Service
Seedling Development
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Silvics of North America
The seedling has obcordate (inverse
heart-shaped) cotyledons that are home epigeously as in all
eucalypts. Juvenile leaves are opposite for 3 or 4 pairs, then
become alternate, short stalked and lanceolate, and 2.5 by 5.0 cm
(1 by 2 in) in size. The adult leaves are alternate, stalked and
lanceolate, tapering to a long point, 2.3 by 15 cm (1 by 6 in) in
size (13).
In Hawaii, nursery-grown seedlings in containers reach plantable
size in 4 to 5 months. Although seedlings are hardy and will
survive bare or open-rooted planting, planting of container-grown
stock provides more assurance of success if the weather is dry
just after planting. Under adverse conditions newly planted
seedlings often desiccate and suffer leaf-drop, but such plants
usually sprout from the lower stem and recover. When this dieback
slows growth, additional weeding or maintenance usually is
required to clear competition (32).
Around the world, seeds usually are germinated in flats containing
light-textured medium, and seedlings are transplanted into other
containers after 6 to 8 weeks when a third pair of leaves begins
to appear (12). Seeds also are sown directly into beds or tubes,
but thinning of seedlings is usually required with this method
because the small seeds are difficult to handle individually.
Thinning requirements can be overcome by using pelletized seed
and seeding devices (15,31).
In Hawaii, saligna eucalyptus seedlings have been grown
extensively in open beds. Because of their rapid growth, these
seedlings usually are root pruned at 15-cm (6-in) depth at 6
months and top pruned at 8 months to a 30-cm (12-in) height. Bare
root stock frequently has not survived well after field planting,
and Hawaii's practice has now changed to growing seedlings only
in polyethylene tubes (30).
On favorable sites in Hawaii, planted seedlings grow to about 3 m
(10 ft) in height in 1 year, and 3 to 5 in (10 to 16 ft) per year
for the next 10 years. After clear cutting of a 44-year-old
saligna eucalyptus plantation, natural seedlings that became
established grew to saplings that averaged 9 cm (3.5 in) in
d.b.h., and 11 rn (36 ft) in height, 22 months after logging.
Several of these saplings were 18 m (59 ft) tall.
- ترخيص
- cc-by-nc
- حقوق النشر
- USDA, Forest Service
Soils and Topography
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Silvics of North America
In the northern part of its range in Australia, saligna eucalyptus
extends to the slopes and ridges. In northern New South Wales and
Queensland, it is usually on the slopes, while the closely
related rosegum eucalyptus (Eucalyptus grandis) is usually
near or at the valley bottoms. Saligna eucalyptus does best on
clay loams derived from shales and requires good drainage (13).
In Hawaii, saligna eucalyptus has been planted extensively on
Histosols and Inceptisols on the island of Hawaii, and also on
the Oxisols and Ultisols of Maui, Molokai, Oahu, and Kauai. These
soils have in common moderate to strong acidity, low to very low
available nitrogen and phosphorus, and rapid to very rapid
drainage. All are formed on basaltic parent material, either
volcanic ash or rock. In other respects they differ considerably,
but all are unsuited or only marginally suited for agriculture.
Slopes are usually 10 to 20 percent.
- ترخيص
- cc-by-nc
- حقوق النشر
- USDA, Forest Service
Special Uses
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Silvics of North America
In Hawaii, saligna eucalyptus has been used to some extent for
sawtimber, but only with considerable difficulty and expense.
Most of the milling and lumber quality problems are those
associated with growth stress-severe end-splitting of logs,
spring of cants during sawing, compression failures, and
brashness of the wood near the pith (25). Because of this, the
tree is now planted primarily for early harvest as pulpwood, or,
if it proves economic in the near future, as industrial fuelwood
to replace oil.
Elsewhere in the world, particularly in South Africa and Brazil,
the trees and their close relative, E. grandis, are grown
extensively for pulp, poles, and fuel.
- ترخيص
- cc-by-nc
- حقوق النشر
- USDA, Forest Service
Vegetative Reproduction
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Silvics of North America
Saligna eucalyptus can sprout
prolifically from dormant buds located in the cambium throughout
the stem. After a tree is cut, shoots sprout from many points on
the remaining bark surface. Those highest on the stump suppress
those lower down and, if not broken off by wind or by weak
attachment, become coppice stems that overgrow the stump (12).
Sprouts will also grow from the lignotuber, a mass of bud tissue
at or just below the groundline. Lignotubers are found on saligna
eucalyptus from all but its northernmost provenances, but not on
rosegum eucalyptus (12). In managing saligna eucalyptus for
coppice, it is desirable to cut stumps 12 cm (5 in) or less in
height, so that the sprouts will develop from near the
lignotuber. Such sprouts generally are more firmly attached but
are frequently suppressed by sprouts arising from higher on the
stump. Lignotubers persist when stems are killed by shading,
thinning, or fire and often sprout vigorously after a mature
stand is cut (8).
Rooting of cuttings of saligna eucalyptus had been difficult (16)
until a method was developed at the Aracruz Co. in Brazil (7).
The method consists of collecting coppice sprouts that are just
beginning to harden and keeping them constantly moist while
2-leaf-pair cuttings are prepared and end-dipped in rooting
hormone. The cuttings are placed under intermittent mist in
individual containers. In Hawaii, saligna eucalyptus has been
easier to root than E. grandis, although most success
elsewhere has been with E. grandis (3,7). However, just
as was found for E. grandis in Brazil (6), cutting
rootability is variable among coppice from individual saligna
eucalyptus trees.
Tissue culture propagation has also been successful in Hawaii. The
techniques used with saligna eucalyptus are essentially those
reported by Boulay (1) for other eucalyptus species. Terminal and
lateral shoot tips of greenhouse-grown rooted cuttings are
multiplied, separated, and rooted in sterile culture, and
afterwards grown to normal size in a mist
chamber. A number of propagules of saligna eucalyptus produced by
tissue culture are now being compared in clonal progeny tests.
Grafting success has been reported for saligna eucalyptus (24,27).
Cleft, side, splice, and bottle grafting were all used
successfully, but the tests were not observed for a long enough
period to determine the extent of long-term incompatibility, a
problem with many species of Eucalyptus.
- ترخيص
- cc-by-nc
- حقوق النشر
- USDA, Forest Service
Brief Summary
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Silvics of North America
Myrtaceae -- Myrtle family
Roger G. Skolmen
Saligna eucalyptus (Eucalyptus saligna), also called
Sydney bluegum, is a fast growing tree, valuable in plantation
forestry. It grows in several warm temperate to subtropical
countries, such as Brazil and the Republic of South Africa, and
the state of Hawaii.
The name Eucalyptus saligna was given to type specimens in
1797. Another very similar but distinct species, found within the
same geographic range, Eucalyptus grandis, was not named
until 1918 (12). Before 1918, many introductions were made
worldwide of seed collected from "E. saligna" that
bore the characteristics of the type later to be called E.
grandis. In most countries where introductions were made,
therefore, considerable mixed planting and hybridization of the
two species are present. Thus, in Hawaii, most saligna eucalyptus
stands contain trees with a range of characteristics intermediate
between those of E. saligna and E. grandis.
Eucalyptus grandis is now preferred in South Africa because
it self-prunes more readily and has smaller branches (28); and in
Brazil because it is resistant to a canker disease and can be
propagated vegetatively (6). Eucalyptus saligna has grown
well where the climate is cooler; for example, in northern New
Zealand (12) and in the uplands of Hawaii. Recent provenance
tests of the two species in Hawaii suggest that E. grandis
would be a better choice than E. saligna for most
sites (26).
- ترخيص
- cc-by-nc
- حقوق النشر
- USDA, Forest Service
Distribution
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من Silvics of North America
Saligna eucalyptus is native to the east coast of Australia from
Bateman's Bay (lat. 36° S.) in southern New South Wales to
the southeastern corner of Queensland (lat. 27° S.) (13). In
the United States, it has been introduced into Florida,
California, and Hawaii. In Hawaii it reproduces at the edges of
planted stands. Although it was introduced into Hawaii in the
late 1800's, the tree was not planted extensively until the
1960's, when it became the principal tree used for
forestation.
- ترخيص
- cc-by-nc
- حقوق النشر
- USDA, Forest Service
Eucalyptus saligna
(
الأذرية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia AZ
Eucalyptus saligna (lat. Eucalyptus saligna) — mərsinkimilər fəsiləsinin evkalipt cinsinə aid bitki növü.
Təbii yayılması
Botaniki təsviri
Ekologiyası
Azərbaycanda yayılması
İstifadəsi
Ədəbiyyat
- ترخيص
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- حقوق النشر
- Vikipediya müəllifləri və redaktorları
Eucalyptus saligna: Brief Summary
(
الأذرية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia AZ
Eucalyptus saligna (lat. Eucalyptus saligna) — mərsinkimilər fəsiləsinin evkalipt cinsinə aid bitki növü.
- ترخيص
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- حقوق النشر
- Vikipediya müəllifləri və redaktorları
Eucalyptus saligna
(
الألمانية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia DE
Eucalyptus saligna ist eine Pflanzenart innerhalb der Familie der Myrtengewächse (Myrtaceae). Sie kommt an der Küste von New South Wales, in der Great Dividing Range, sowie im Südosten und stellenweise an der Ostküste von Queensland vor[1] und wird dort „Grey Gum“, „Blue Gum“ oder „Sydney Blue Gum“ genannt.[2]
Beschreibung
Erscheinungsbild und Blatt
![src=]()
Illustration von Zweigen mit Laubblättern, Blütenständen, Früchten und Samen von
Joseph Maiden aus „Forest Flora, N.S.W.“, Tafel 13
Eucalyptus saligna wächst als Baum, der Wuchshöhen von bis zu 50 Meter erreicht. Die Borke ist am gesamten Baum glatt und verbleibt manchmal am unteren Teil des Stammes, ist pulvrig weiß oder grau bis blassbraun und schält sich in kurzen Bändern oder Flicken.[3][4] Die Rinde der kleinen Zweige ist grün. Weder im Mark der jungen Zweige noch in der Borke gibt es Öldrüsen.[4]
Bei Eucalyptus saligna liegt Heterophyllie vor. Die Laubblätter sind stets in Blattstiel und Blattspreite gegliedert. Die Blattspreite an jungen Exemplaren ist eiförmig und glänzend grün bis dunkelgrün.[3] An mittelalten Exemplaren ist die Blattspreite bei einer Länge von etwa 12 cm und einer Breite von etwa 5 cm ebenfalls eiförmig, gerade, ganzrandig und glänzend grün bis dunkelgrün. Die Blattstiele an erwachsenen Exemplaren sind 15 bis 25 mm lang und schmal abgeflacht oder kanalförmig.[4] Die Blattspreite an erwachsenen Exemplaren mit verschiedenfarbig glänzend dunkelgrünen Ober- und Unterseiten ist bei einer Länge von 10 bis 17 cm und einer Breite von 2 bis 3 cm breit-lanzettlich,[3][4] relativ dick, sichelförmig gebogen, verjüngt sich zur Spreitenbasis hin und besitzt ein mehr oder weniger spitzes oberes Ende. Die kaum sichtbaren Seitennerven gehen in geringen Abständen in einem stumpfen Winkel vom Mittelnerv ab. Die Keimblätter (Kotyledone) sind verkehrt-nierenförmig.[4]
Blütenstand und Blüte
Seitenständig[4] an einem bei einer Länge von 4 bis 18 mm[3][4] und einem Durchmesser von bis zu 3 mm[4] im Querschnitt schmal abgeflachten oder kantigen Blütenstandsschaft stehen in einem einfachen Blütenstand sieben bis elf Blüten zusammen. Die Blütenstiele sind, soweit vorhanden, bis zu 3 mm lang und stielrund. Die nicht blaugrün bemehlten oder bereiften Blütenknospen sind bei einer Länge von 5 bis 8 mm und einem Durchmesser von 3 bis 4 mm eiförmig bis zylindrisch oder spindelförmig.[3][4] Die Kelchblätter bilden eine Calyptra, die früh abfällt. Die glatte Calyptra[4] ist konisch und leicht schnabelförmig, so lang[3][4] oder doppelt so lang wie der glatte Blütenbecher (Hypanthium)[4] und so breit wie dieser.[3][4] Die Blüten sind weiß oder cremeweiß.[4]
Frucht
Die gestielte oder sitzende[4] Frucht ist bei einer Länge von 5 bis 8 mm und einem Durchmesser von 4 bis 7 mm zylindrisch, birnen- oder glockenförmig[3][4] und drei- bis vierfächrig.[4] Der Diskus ist eingedrückt, die Fruchtfächer stehen heraus.[3][4]
Ökologie
Nach Waldbränden regeneriert sich Eucalyptus saligna aus schlafenden Knospen und den unteren Zweigen. Exemplare von Eucalyptus saligna können über 200 Jahre alt werden.
Der Graukopf-Flughund (Pteropus poliocephalus) ernährt sich von den Blüten, der Koala (Phascalarctos cinereus) von den Laubblättern und der Pennantsittich (Platycercus elegans) von den Samen von Eucalyptus saligna.[5] Auch Bockkäfer der Arten Paroplits australis[6] sowie Agrianome spinicollis und Tessaromma undatum fand man schon auf Eucalyptus saligna.[5]
Das Absterben der Kronen von Eucalyptus saligna hängt mit dem Vorkommen des gebietstreuen und aggressiven Vogels „Bell Miner“ (Manorina melanophrys) und des Insektes Glycaspis spec. zusammen, ein Symptom, das im Englischen als „Bell-Miner-associated Dieback“ (BMAD) genannt wird. Die genauen ökologischen Mechanismen, die zu diesem Symptom führen, sind allerdings unbekannt.[7]
Vorkommen
Das natürliche Verbreitungsgebiet von Eucalyptus saligna ist die Küste von New South Wales und die angrenzende Great Dividing Range[1][4] sowie der Südosten und stellenweise die Ostküste von Queensland.[1] Während Eucalyptus saligna nördlich von Sydney als reine Form vorkommt, zeigen die Populationen südlich von ´Sydney nach Süden zunehmend Intergradationen mit Eucalyptus botryoides. Bis nach Batemans Bay ähneln die Exemplare noch vorwiegend Eucalyptus saligna, weiter südlich eher Eucalyptus botryoides.[3]
Eucalyptus saligna gedeiht weitverbreitet und häufig in feuchten Wäldern auf unfruchtbaren oder mäßig fruchtbaren Böden, oft an Hängen.[3][4]
Taxonomie
Die Erstveröffentlichung von Eucalyptus saligna erfolgte 1797 durch James Edward Smith unter dem Titel Botanical Characters of Some Plants of the Natural Order of Myrti in Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, Volume 3, S. 285.[2][8][9] Synonyme für Eucalyptus saligna Sm. sind: Eucalyptus saligna var. protrusa Blakely & McKie, Eucalyptus saligna Sm. var. saligna, Eucalyptus saligna Sm. subsp. saligna.[2]
Es gibt natürliche Hybriden von Eucalyptus saligna mit Eucalyptus acaciiformis und in Queensland auch mit Eucalyptus quadrangulata und Eucalyptus tereticornis.[2]
Nutzung
Das Holz von Eucalyptus saligna ist dunkel honigfarben, hart und besitzt ein spezifisches Gewicht von etwa 850 kg/m³. Es wird als Bauholz, für Verkleidungen und im Bootsbau eingesetzt. Wegen seiner Farbe werden gerne Böden und Möbel aus diesem Holz gefertigt.[10]
Einzelnachweise
-
↑ a b c View Specimen search results: Eucalyptus saligna bei Australia’s Virtual Herbarium. Council of Heads of Australasian Herbaria. Abgerufen am 19. April 2013
-
↑ a b c d APNI = Australian Plant Name Index. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research. Australian Government. Abgerufen am 19. April 2013
-
↑ a b c d e f g h i j k K. Hill: Eucalyptus saligna (Sm.) bei New South Wales Flora Online. National Herbarium of NSW, Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney. Abgerufen am 19. April 2013
-
↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Eucalyptus saligna bei EucaLink - A Web Guide to the Eucalypts. Abgerufen am 19. April 2013.
-
↑ a b Doug Benson & Lyn McDougall: Ecology of Sydney plant species: Part 6: Dicotyledon family Myrtaceae. Cunninghamia 1998, Volume 5 (4), S. 926. (PDF; 765 kB) Abgerufen am 19. April 2013.
-
↑ Trevor J. Hawkeswood: Review of the biology, host plants and immature stages of the Australian Cerambycidae (Coleoptera): Part 1: Parandrinae and Prioninae. Giornale Italiano di Entymologia 1992, Volume 6, S. 207–224. Abgerufen am 19. April 2013.
-
↑ Grant Wardell-Johnson & Christine Stone & Harry Recher & Jasmyn L. Lynch: Eucalypt dieback associated with bell miner habitat in south-eastern Australia Australian Forestry 2005, Volume 68 (4).S. 231–236 (Memento des Originals vom 21. März 2012 im Internet Archive)
![src=]( "i")
Info: Der Archivlink wurde automatisch eingesetzt und noch nicht geprüft. Bitte prüfe Original- und Archivlink gemäß Anleitung und entferne dann diesen Hinweis.@1@2Vorlage:Webachiv/IABot/www.forestry.org.au (PDF; 91 kB) Abgerufen am 19. April 2013. -
↑ Eucalyptus saligna bei Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis Abgerufen am 19. April 2013.
-
↑ Rafaël Govaerts (Hrsg.): Eucalyptus saligna. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) – The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, abgerufen am 19. April 2013.
-
↑ K. R. Bootle: Wood in Australia. Types, properties and uses. McGraw-Hill Book Company, Sydney 1983. ISBN 0-07-451047-9. Das Buch lag dem Autor in der en-Wikipedia vor.
- ترخيص
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- حقوق النشر
- Autoren und Herausgeber von Wikipedia
Eucalyptus saligna: Brief Summary
(
الألمانية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia DE
Eucalyptus saligna ist eine Pflanzenart innerhalb der Familie der Myrtengewächse (Myrtaceae). Sie kommt an der Küste von New South Wales, in der Great Dividing Range, sowie im Südosten und stellenweise an der Ostküste von Queensland vor und wird dort „Grey Gum“, „Blue Gum“ oder „Sydney Blue Gum“ genannt.
- ترخيص
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- حقوق النشر
- Autoren und Herausgeber von Wikipedia
Eucalyptus saligna
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia EN
Sydney blue gum (
Eucalyptus saligna), Lilli Pilli NSW Australia
Eucalyptus saligna with rough lower trunk bark
Eucalyptus saligna, commonly known as the Sydney blue gum or blue gum,[2] is a species of medium-sized to tall tree that is endemic to eastern Australia. It has rough, flaky bark near the base of the trunk, smooth bark above, lance-shaped to curved adult leaves, flower buds in groups of seven, nine or eleven, white flowers and cylindrical to conical or cup-shaped fruit.
Description
Eucalyptus saligna is a tree with a straight trunk that typically grows to a height of 30–55 m (98–180 ft), rarely to 65 m (213 ft), a dbh of 2–2.5 m (6 ft 7 in – 8 ft 2 in), and forms a lignotuber. The trunk has smooth pale grey or white bark with 1–4 m (3 ft 3 in – 13 ft 1 in) of rough brownish bark at the base. Young plants and coppice regrowth have lance-shaped to egg-shaped or oblong leaves that are paler on the lower surface, 37–120 mm (1.5–4.7 in) long and 15–40 mm (0.59–1.57 in) wide. Adult leaves are arranged alternately, glossy green, paler on the lower surface, lance-shaped to curved, 90–190 mm (3.5–7.5 in) long and 15–40 mm (0.59–1.57 in) wide, on a petiole 15–30 mm (0.59–1.18 in) long. The flower buds are arranged in leaf axils in groups of seven, nine or eleven on an unbranched peduncle 5–15 mm (0.20–0.59 in) long, the individual buds sessile or on pedicels up to 5 mm (0.20 in) long. Mature buds are spindle-shaped, oval or diamond-shaped, 5–10 mm (0.20–0.39 in) long and 3–5 mm (0.12–0.20 in) wide with a conical or beaked operculum. Flowering occurs from December to March and the flowers are white. The fruit is a woody cylindrical, conical or cup-shaped capsule 4–9 mm (0.16–0.35 in) long and 4–7 mm (0.16–0.28 in) wide with the valves protruding above the rim.[2][3][4][5][6]
Taxonomy and naming
Eucalyptus saligna was first formally described in 1797 by English naturalist James Edward Smith in Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, and still bears its original name.[7][8] The species name saligna refers to some likeness to a willow, though what attribute this is, is unclear.[5] It has been classified in the subgenus Symphyomyrtus, Section Latoangulatae, Series Transversae (eastern blue gums) by Ian Brooker and David Kleinig. Its two closest relatives are the flooded gum (E. grandis) and the mountain blue gum (E. deanei).[9]
Distribution and habitat
Sydney blue gum is generally found within 120 km (75 mi) of the coastline in its range from Sydney to Maryborough in central Queensland. To the northwest, it is found in disjunct populations in central Queensland, including in Eungella National Park, Kroombit Tops, Consuelo Tableland, Blackdown Tableland and Carnarvon Gorge.[5] It grows in tall forests in more sheltered areas, on clay or loam soils, and alluvial sands.[5][4] It is a component of the endangered blue gum high forest ecological community in the Sydney region.[4] Populations found south of Sydney are now not considered to be E. saligna.[3]
Associated trees include blackbutt (E. pilularis), grey ironbark (E. paniculata), mountain blue gum (E. deanei), flooded gum (E. grandis), tallowwood (E. microcorys), thin-leaved stringybark (E. eugenioides), manna gum (E. viminalis), river peppermint (E. elata), grey gums (E. punctata and E. propinqua ), rough-barked apple (Angophora floribunda), spotted gum (Corymbia maculata), turpentine (Syncarpia glomulifera), brush box (Lophostemon confertus) and forest oak (Allocasuarina torulosa).[5][4]
South of Sydney Harbour and the Parramatta River, pure stands of E. saligna give way to hybrid populations with bangalay (E. botryoides).[4]
Ecology
Eucalyptus saligna regenerates by regrowing from epicormic buds on the trunk and lower branches after bushfire. Trees live for over two hundred years. The grey-headed flying fox (Pteropus poliocephalus) eats the flowers, the koala (Phascalarctos cinereus) eats the leaves, and crimson rosella (Platycercus elegans) eats the seed.[4] The longhorn beetle species Paroplites australis,[10] Agrianome spinicollis and Tessaromma undatum have been recorded from the Sydney blue gum.[4]
The presence of the territorial and aggressive bell miner (Manorina melanophrys) and psyllid insects (Glycaspis) is correlated with dieback of the canopy of E. saligna, a syndrome which has been termed bell-miner-associated dieback (BMAD), though the exact mechanism remains unclear.[11] After colonization by Glycaspis, E. salinga may then be infested by the ambrosia beetle Amasa truncata.[12]
Uses
The wood of this species is heavy (about 850 kg/m3), fairly hard, coarse, even textured and reasonably easy to work. It is used for general building construction, panelling, and boat-building, and is highly prized for flooring and furniture because of its rich dark honey colour.[13]
- Features of the Sydney blue gum (Eucalyptus saligna)
References
-
^ a b "Eucalyptus saligna". Australian Plant Census. Retrieved 18 December 2019.
-
^ a b "Eucalyptus saligna". Euclid: Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
-
^ a b Hill, Ken. "Eucalyptus saligna". Royal Botanic Garden Sydney. Retrieved 18 December 2019.
-
^ a b c d e f g Benson, Doug; McDougall, Lyn (1998). "Ecology of Sydney plant species:Part 6 Dicotyledon family Myrtaceae". Cunninghamia. 5 (4): 926.
-
^ a b c d e Boland, Douglas J.; Brooker, M. I. H.; Chippendale, G. M.; McDonald, Maurice William (2006). Forest trees of Australia. Collingwood, Victoria: CSIRO Publishing. p. 84. ISBN 0-643-06969-0. Retrieved 12-24-2011.
-
^ Chippendale, George M. "Eucalyptus saligna". Australian Biological Resources Study, Department of the Environment and Energy, Canberra. Retrieved 18 December 2019.
-
^ "Eucalyptus saligna". APNI. Retrieved 18 December 2019.
-
^ Smith, James Edward (1797). "Botanical Characters of Some Plants of the natural Order of Myrti". Transactions of the Linnean Society of London. 3: 285–286. Retrieved 18 December 2019.
-
^ Brooker, M.I.H.; Kleinig, D. A. (1999). Field Guide to Eucalypts. Vol. 1: South-eastern Australia. Melbourne: Bloomings Books. pp. 69–72. ISBN 1-876473-03-7.
-
^ Hawkeswood, Trevor J. (1992). "Review of the biology, host plants and immature stages of the Australian Cerambycidae (Coleoptera). Part 1, Parandrinae and Prioninae" (PDF). Giornale Italiano di Entomologia. 6: 207–24. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-12-29. Retrieved 12-24-2011.
-
^ Grant Wardell-Johnson; Christine Stone; Harry Recher; A. Jasmyn J. Lynch (2005). "Eucalypt dieback associated with bell miner habitat in south-eastern Australia" (PDF). Australian Forestry. 68 (4): 231–36. doi:10.1080/00049158.2005.10674970. hdl:20.500.11937/43260. S2CID 62827173. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-21. Retrieved 2011-12-23. Retrieved 12-24-2011.
-
^ H. D. Gerhold; R. E. Mcdermott; E. J. Schreiner (24 September 2013). Breeding Pest-Resistant Trees: Proceedings of a N.A.T.O. and N.S.F. Elsevier Science. ISBN 978-1-4831-5838-9.
-
^ Bootle KR. (1983). Wood in Australia. Types, properties and uses. McGraw-Hill Book Company, Sydney. ISBN 0-07-451047-9
Eucalyptus saligna: Brief Summary
(
الإنجليزية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia EN
Sydney blue gum (Eucalyptus saligna), Lilli Pilli NSW Australia
Eucalyptus saligna with rough lower trunk bark
Eucalyptus saligna, commonly known as the Sydney blue gum or blue gum, is a species of medium-sized to tall tree that is endemic to eastern Australia. It has rough, flaky bark near the base of the trunk, smooth bark above, lance-shaped to curved adult leaves, flower buds in groups of seven, nine or eleven, white flowers and cylindrical to conical or cup-shaped fruit.
Eucalyptus saligna
(
الإسبانية، القشتالية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia ES
Eucalyptus saligna, eucalipto saligna, es una especie de árbol australiano de madera dura; endémico de Nueva Gales del Sur, Queensland. Es común su plantación para madera en Australia, Sudáfrica, Sudamérica.
Usos
Madera semipesada (cerca de 600 kg/m³), dura, texturada, razonablemente apta para trabajar. Para construcción, paneles, botes. Bien cotizada para pisos y muebles debido a su rico color miel oscura.
Taxonomía
Eucalyptus saligna fue descrita por James Edward Smith y publicado en Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 3: 285. 1797.[1]
- Etimología
Eucalyptus: nombre genérico que proviene del griego antiguo: eû = "bien, justamente" y kalyptós = "cubierto, que recubre". En Eucalyptus L'Hér., los pétalos, soldados entre sí y a veces también con los sépalos, forman parte del opérculo, perfectamente ajustado al hipanto, que se desprende a la hora de la floración.[2]
saligna: epíteto
Referencias
- Bootle KR. (1983). Maderas de Australia. Tipos, propiedades y usos. McGraw-Hill Book Company, Sydney. ISBN 0-07-451047-9
- ترخيص
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- حقوق النشر
- Autores y editores de Wikipedia
Eucalyptus saligna: Brief Summary
(
الإسبانية، القشتالية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia ES
Eucalyptus saligna, eucalipto saligna, es una especie de árbol australiano de madera dura; endémico de Nueva Gales del Sur, Queensland. Es común su plantación para madera en Australia, Sudáfrica, Sudamérica.
- ترخيص
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- حقوق النشر
- Autores y editores de Wikipedia
Eucalyptus saligna
(
الفرنسية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia FR
Eucalyptus saligna, appelé communément gommier bleu de Sydney[2], est une espèce du genre Eucalyptus, famille des Myrtaceae.
Description
Eucalyptus saligna est un arbre qui peut atteindre 65 m de haut [3]. L'écorce est lisse sur tout l'arbre et reste parfois au fond de la tige, est blanche poudreuse ou grise à brun pâle et se décolle en petits rubans ou écussons[4],[5]. L'écorce des petites branches est verte. Il n'y a pas de glandes à huile dans la moelle des jeunes branches ou dans l'écorce[5].
Eucalyptus saligna est hétérophylle. Les feuilles sont toujours divisées en pétiole et en limbe. La feuille sur les jeunes spécimens est ovée et vert brillant à vert foncé[4]. Chez les spécimens d'âge moyen, le limbe des feuilles a également la forme d'un œuf d'une longueur d'environ 12 cm et d'une largeur d'environ 5 cm, droit, vert entier et brillant à vert foncé. Les pétioles des spécimens adultes ont une longueur de 15 à 25 mm et sont étroites, aplaties ou en forme de canal[4],[5]. La feuille du limbe des exemplaires adultes est avec des couleurs différentes des côtés supérieur et inférieur, vert foncé ou brillant, a une longueur de 10 à 17 cm et une largeur de 2 à 3 cm[4],[5], large à lancéolé, relativement épaisse, en forme de croissant et a une extrémité supérieure plus ou moins pointue. Les nerfs latéraux à peine visibles vont à de petites distances à un angle obtus du nerf central. Les cotylédons sont en forme de rein inverse[5].
La tige d'inflorescence étroite ou aplatie d'une longueur de 4 à 18 mm[4],[5] et d'un diamètre de jusqu'à 3 mm[5] se tient dans une inflorescence simple de sept à onze fleurs ensemble. Les tiges de fleurs sont, si elles sont disponibles, jusqu'à 3 mm de long et à tige ronde. Les boutons floraux non-bleu-vert farinés ou dépolis ont une forme cylindrique ou en forme d'œuf avec une longueur de 5 à 8 mm mm et un diamètre de 3 à 4 mm[4],[5]. Les sépales forment un calyptre qui tombe tôt. Le calyptre lisse[5] est conique et légèrement en forme de bec, aussi long ou deux fois plus long que la coupe de l'hypanthium[5] et aussi large que celui-ci[4],[5]. Les fleurs sont blanches ou blanc crème[5].
Le fruit pédonculé ou sessile est cylindrique d'une longueur de 5 à 8 mm et d'un diamètre de 4 à 7 mm, en forme de poire ou de cloche[4],[5] et présent trois à quatre fois[5].
Répartition
Eucalyptus saligna se trouve généralement à moins de 120 km de la côte dans son aire de répartition de la côte sud de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud à Maryborough dans le centre du Queensland. Au nord-ouest, on le trouve dans des populations disjointes dans le centre du Queensland : Le parc national d'Eungella, le parc national de Kroombit Tops, le plateau de Consuelo, le parc national du plateau de Blackdown et les gorges de Carnarvon[3]. Il pousse dans de hautes forêts dans des zones plus abritées, sur des sols argileux ou limoneux et dans des sables alluvionnaires[3]. Il est un élément important de la canopée de la communauté menacée de la Blue Gum High Forest.
Les espèces associées sont Eucalyptus pilularis, Eucalyptus pilularis, Eucalyptus paniculata, Eucalyptus deanei, Eucalyptus grandis, Eucalyptus microcorys, Eucalyptus eugenioides, Eucalyptus viminalis, Eucalyptus elata, Eucalyptus punctata, Eucalyptus propinqua, Angophora floribunda, Corymbia maculata, Syncarpia glomulifera, Lophostemon confertus, Allocasuarina torulosa[3].
Écologie
Eucalyptus saligna se régénère en repoussant des bourgeons épicormiques sur le tronc et les branches inférieures après le feu de brousse. Les arbres vivent plus de deux cents ans. Le renard volant à tête grise mange les fleurs, le koala mange les feuilles et la perruche de Pennant mange les graines. Les espèces de longicorne Paroplites australis, Agrianome spinicollis et Tessaromma undatum ont été observées sur le gommier.
La présence du Méliphage à sourcils noirs et des insectes du genre Glycaspis est corrélée avec le dépérissement de la canopée de Eucalyptus saligna.
Exploitation
Le bois de cette espèce est lourd (environ 850 kg/m3), assez dur, grossier, même texturé et raisonnablement facile à travailler. Il est utilisé pour la construction générale de bâtiments, de lambris et la construction de bateaux, et est très prisé pour les revêtements de sol et les meubles en raison de sa riche couleur miel foncé.
Références
-
↑ « Trove », sur gov.au (consulté le 2 octobre 2021).
-
↑ nmauric, « Eucalyptus delegatensis - Gommier de Tasmanie », sur nature.jardin.free.fr (consulté le 2 octobre 2021).
-
↑ a b c et d (en) Douglas J. Boland, M. I. H. Brooker, G. M. Chippendale et Maurice William McDonald, Forest trees of Australia, CSIRO Publishing, 2006 (ISBN 0-643-06969-0, lire en ligne), p. 84
-
↑ a b c d e f g et h (en) K. Hill, « Eucalyptus saligna », sur National Herbarium of NSW, Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney, 2003 (consulté le 8 mars 2018)
-
↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m et n (en) Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney, « Eucalyptus saligna », sur EucaLink: A Web Guide to the Eucalyptus, 2011 (consulté le 8 mars 2018)
Source de la traduction
-
(en) Cet article est partiellement ou en totalité issu de l’article de Wikipédia en anglais intitulé .
- ترخيص
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- حقوق النشر
- Auteurs et éditeurs de Wikipedia
Eucalyptus saligna: Brief Summary
(
الفرنسية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia FR
Eucalyptus saligna, appelé communément gommier bleu de Sydney, est une espèce du genre Eucalyptus, famille des Myrtaceae.
- ترخيص
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- حقوق النشر
- Auteurs et éditeurs de Wikipedia
Eucalyptus saligna
(
البرتغالية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia PT
Eucalyptus saligna é uma espécie do gênero Eucalyptus, o E. saligna é originário da Austrália, principalmente do estado de New South Wales (NSW) e lá forma florestas de grande porte em associação com outras espécies florestais.[2] É uma árvore de grande porte, atingindo facilmente mais de 50 m de altura e diâmetros acima de 1,2m. É muito semelhante ao E. grandis e forma híbridos com outras espécies de eucaliptos do mesmo Subgênero Symphyomyrtus com facilidade. Esta espécie é típica de clima quente e húmido e apresenta alto potencial de adaptação e crescimento.[2]
No Brasil foi plantado em mais de 1 milhão de hectares desde os anos 1900 principalmente nos estados de SP, PR, SC, RS e MG. Hoje ainda é plantado puro ou através de híbridos clonados de altíssima produtividade, em SP e PR. Esta espécie é muito usada para a produção de dormentes, moirões e celulose para a fabricação de papel.[2]
Referências
-
↑ a b «Eucalyptus saligna». Australian Plant Census. Consultado em 18 de dezembro de 2019
-
↑ a b c Silva, ALL, Gollo AL, Brondani GE, Horbach MA, Oliveira LS, Machado MP, Lima KKD, Costa, JL (2015). «Micropropagation of Eucalyptus saligna Sm. from cotyledonary nodes». Pakistan Journal of Botany. 47 (1): 311-318
- ترخيص
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- حقوق النشر
- Autores e editores de Wikipedia
Eucalyptus saligna: Brief Summary
(
البرتغالية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia PT
Eucalyptus saligna é uma espécie do gênero Eucalyptus, o E. saligna é originário da Austrália, principalmente do estado de New South Wales (NSW) e lá forma florestas de grande porte em associação com outras espécies florestais. É uma árvore de grande porte, atingindo facilmente mais de 50 m de altura e diâmetros acima de 1,2m. É muito semelhante ao E. grandis e forma híbridos com outras espécies de eucaliptos do mesmo Subgênero Symphyomyrtus com facilidade. Esta espécie é típica de clima quente e húmido e apresenta alto potencial de adaptação e crescimento.
No Brasil foi plantado em mais de 1 milhão de hectares desde os anos 1900 principalmente nos estados de SP, PR, SC, RS e MG. Hoje ainda é plantado puro ou através de híbridos clonados de altíssima produtividade, em SP e PR. Esta espécie é muito usada para a produção de dormentes, moirões e celulose para a fabricação de papel.
- ترخيص
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- حقوق النشر
- Autores e editores de Wikipedia
Eucalyptus saligna
(
الفيتنامية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia VI
- ترخيص
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- حقوق النشر
- Wikipedia tác giả và biên tập viên
Eucalyptus saligna: Brief Summary
(
الفيتنامية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia VI
Eucalyptus saligna là một loài thực vật có hoa trong Họ Đào kim nương. Loài này được Sm. mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1797.
- ترخيص
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- حقوق النشر
- Wikipedia tác giả và biên tập viên
柳叶桉
(
الصينية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia 中文维基百科
柳叶桉: Brief Summary
(
الصينية
)
المقدمة من wikipedia 中文维基百科
柳叶桉（学名：Eucalyptus saligna），为桃金娘科桉属下的一个植物种。
_-_stocking_bark.jpg)
_-_trunk_bark.jpg)
_-_bark_shedding.jpg)
_-_leaves.jpg)
_-_buds.jpg)
.jpg)
Sydney blue gum (Eucalyptus saligna), Lilli Pilli NSW Australia 
Eucalyptus saligna with rough lower trunk bark 
Bài viết tông thực vật Eucalypteae này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn. 
这是一篇桃金孃科小作品。你可以通过编辑或修订扩充其内容。 
